FIVE PHASE SPLIT-SOURCE INVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An Interim Project Report

Submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By
B. SPANDANA PRIYA [B21EE125L]
H. NAVYA NIVEDITHA [B20EE028]
D.NAGARAJU [B20EE024]
G. VARUN RAJ [B21EE127L]

Under the Guidance of

Dr. C. VENKATESH
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE - WARANGAL
(An AUTONOMOUS Institute under Kakatiya University - Warangal)
2023- 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE - WARANGAL

(An AUTONOMOUS Institute under Kakatiya University - Warangal)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of the Interim Project work entitled

“FIVE-PHASE SPLIT-SOURCE INVERTER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE” carried out by

B. SPANDANA PRIYA (B21EE125L), H. NAVYA NIVEDITHA (B20EE028), D.

NAGARAJU (B20EE024), G. VARUNRAJ (B21EE127L) students of IV/IV B.Tech.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology of Kakatiya University.

Dr.C. VENKATESH Dr.G. RAJENDER

Professor, Dept. of EEE HOD,Dept. of EEE
 ABSTRACT
In this project, we delved into the interesting area of shifting sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) and its influence on waveform quality. Our objective was to see how
changing the modulation to the positive half cycle may minimise distortion and produce a
cleaner output waveform. We ran several tests and analysed the findings to determine the
efficacy of this strategy. We found that employing the shifted sinusoidal PWM approach
resulted in a considerable improvement in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). This
enhancement shows a decrease in undesirable harmonics and a better approximation to the
ideal sinusoidal waveform. The effects of different modulation frequencies and duty cycles
on waveform quality were also investigated. A minor imbalance in the output waveform was
one of the challenges we faced throughout our investigation. We didn't let that stop us! To
properly handle this difficulty, we used novel design strategies and compensating
mechanisms. We were able to obtain a more balanced output waveform by carefully
modifying the modulation signal's phase and amplitude. The shifted sinusoidal PWM
approach we researched fits neatly into current systems, making it a viable and cost-effective
option. It is easily applied in a variety of applications, including power electronics, motor
control, and audio systems. This method's capacity to produce exact control and high-quality
output makes it extremely beneficial in various domains. In conclusion, our experiment
illustrates the efficiency of the shifted sinusoidal PWM approach in enhancing waveform
quality and minimising distortion. We reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) by
changing the modulation to the positive half cycle. This strategy provides researchers and
engineers with a simple yet effective tool for improving their projects and achieving superior
results.

We feel that the applications of this technology are numerous and intriguing. It has the
potential to revolutionise power electronics, motor control, and audio systems by producing
a more precise and cleaner output waveform. Researchers and engineers may use the shifted
sinusoidal PWM approach to improve their ideas and develop more efficient and dependable
systems.

i
 Table of Contents
Abstract i
Table of Contents ii
List of Figures iii
CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER NAME
NO. NO.
1 Introduction 1-3
1.1 Current Source Inverter 1-2
1.2 Voltage Source Inverter 2
1.3 Z-Source Inverter 2-3
1.4 Split Source Inverter 3
2 Literature survey 4-5
3 Working of five phase Split source inverter 6-8
3.1 Circuit of five phase Split source inverter 6-7
3.2 Operation of five phase split source inverter 7-8
4 Simulation and results and analysis 9-17

5 flowchart 18

6 Conclusion 19

7 References 20

ii
 LIST FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 Inverter Types 1
1.2 Current Source Inverter 2
1.3 Voltage Source Inverter 2
1.4 Z-Source Inverter 3
1.5 Split Source Inverter 3
3.1 Circuit diagram of five phase split source inverter 6
3.2 waveform of Three phase split-source inverter 8

4.1.1 Circuit of Sinusoidal pulse width modulation 9

4.1.2 Control Circuit of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 10
4.1.3 Control Circuit Waveforms of Sinusoidal Pulse width 10
Modulation
4.1.4 Triggering Pulse Waveforms of Sinusoidal Pulse Width 11
Modulation
4.1.5 Input Current Waveform of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 11
4.1.6 Output Voltage Waveform of Sinusoidal Pulse Width 11
Modulation
4.1.7 FFT Analysis of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 12
4.2.1 Circuit of level shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation 13
4.2.2 Control Circuit of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width 14
Modulation
4.2.3 Control Circuit Waveforms of Level Shifted Sinusoidal pulse 14
width Modulation
4.2.4 Triggering pulse Waveforms of level shifted sinusoidal pulse 15
width modulation
4.2.5 Input Current Waveforms of level shifted sinusoidal pulse width 15
modulation
4.2.6 Output Voltage Waveform of level shifted SSI 16
4.2.7 FFT Analysis of level shifted SSI 17
5.1 Flowchart of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 18

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CHAPTER- I

INTRODUCTION

Power electronics is the efficient conversion and control of electric power utilising power
semiconductor devices. Power electronics are based on contemporary technology and can
be used for a variety of purposes. Power electronics converters play an important part in
the conversion of electric power signals to another signal. An inverter is a power
electrical device that transforms a direct current (DC) signal to an alternating current
(AC) signal. Inverters are essential for numerous applications such as battery-powered
mobile phones, electric vehicles, and continuous power delivery, among others. Inverters
are characterised as stand-alone or grid-connected. There are several single-phase and
three-phase inverters available, including voltage source inverters (VSI), current voltage
inverters (CSI), Z-Source inverters, and quasi Z-Source inverters.
Multiphase inverters are developed as new technology and approach expanding the five
phase inverters are introduced to alleviate the shortcomings of single and three phase
inverters. Instead of employing a three-phase inverter, a five-phase inverter can provide
improved efficiency, fewer copper losses, higher output power, and control of actual and
reactive power flow.

Fig 1.1. Inverter Types

1.1: Current source inverter: The current source inverter, also known as the current fed
inverter, transforms the input dc to ac and produces three-phase or single-phase output.
The five-phase current source inverter (CSI) employs five phase ten-switches to
eliminate harmonic distortion and enhance the output waveform. Variable frequency
drives, induction heating, renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic (PV)
systems, and electric vehicle (EV) chargers Power factor correction is used in power

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systems. The fundamental disadvantage of CSI is that it cannot reduce the voltage level
and has additional problems such as higher cost, size, and weight.

Fig 1.2. Current Source Inverter

1.2. Voltage source inverter:

It is a power electronic converter that converts dc to alternating current voltage. Voltage
source inverters provide exact control over the output voltage and frequency, allowing for
efficient and accurate motor speed control. The primary issue is that the power factor of
the drive varies with firing angle and can be quite low at low frequencies. To increase
voltage gain, more VSI circuits are required. As a result, additional passive components
are required, raising the system's cost, and decreasing its overall efficiency.

Fig 1.3. Voltage Source Inverter

1.3 Z-Source Inverter:
The five phase Z-Source inverter provides a five-phase variable voltage and variable
frequency supply with approximate shoot through pulse width modulation (PWM) and
peak to peak voltage. The ZSI inverter circuit, which consists of parallel linked
capacitance, inductance, resistance, and an ultrafast diode, is used to avoid current
reversal towards the dc power source. The Z-Source inverter provides other advantages,
such as boost mode capability, removal of inrush current, and resolution of dead time

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difficulties. However, the ZSI has a few drawbacks: it requires a larger starting current, a
restricted voltage, higher voltage stresses, and more passive parts.

Fig 1.4. Z- Source Inverter

1.4 Split Source Inverter
Recently, the split source inverter (SSI) has been created to overcome all the
disadvantages of the CSI, VSI, and ZSI. Initially created for single phase and three phase
topologies that demand smaller passive components, reduced voltage stresses across
switches for high-voltage gains, continuous flow of input current, and DC voltage.
Because of the passive parts or components, the SSI topology decreases the number of
switches, as well as the volume and weight of the inverters. When compared to other
inverters, the SSI may achieve better efficiency and lower ripple current.

Fig 1.5. Split Source Inverter

CHAPTER –II

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LITERATURE SURVEY

• Abdelhakim, A.; Mattavelli, P.; Spiazzi, G. Three-Phase Split-Source Inverter

(SSI): Analysis and Modulation. IEEE Trans. Po Electron. 2016, 31, 7451–7461.
[CrossRef]
• Dabour, S.M.; Alotaibi, M.A.; Abd-Elaziz, A.A.; Alshahat, M.A.; Abdallah, M.;
Eltamaly, A.M.; Abdel-Khalik, A.S.; Massoud, A.M. Ahmed, S. Modeling and
Control of Single-Stage Quadratic-Boost Split Source Inverters. IEEE Access 2022,
10, 24162–24180.

This work offers a new cascaded multilevel inverter architecture that extends the notion
of Split-Source Inverter (SSI) to cascaded Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) setups. This
construction combines boosting and dc-to-AC conversion in a single unit with fewer
passive parts, making it a viable alternative to the well-known Z-Source MLIs. Based on
the design of each SSI unit, two distinct configurations of the proposed inverter are
introduced. The suggested inverter's topological structure, working principle, and
modulation approaches are provided for each configuration. A simulation study is used to
assess the correctness of the analysis and the performance of the proposed topology. The
advantages of cascaded H-Bridge topologies, such as modularity and decreased system
cost, space, and performance, are highlighted in the article. The study also examines the
split-source inverter, which has two alternative topologies (P-type and N-type) and
consists of a single inductor and a diode for each inverter leg.

This work focuses on the development of single-stage quadratic-boost split source

inverters (QBIs) to improve their boosting properties. The authors provide novel SSI
topologies with high voltage gain that make use of an extra inductor, capacitor, and two
diodes. The suggested converters square the basic SSI's boosting factor by utilising an
extra inductor, capacitor, and two diodes. Four distinct QBI topologies are presented: one
with continuous input current (CC-QBI), one with discontinuous input current (DC-QBI),
and one with decreased capacitor voltage stresses. The research presents a small-signal
model of the CC-QBI utilising state variable perturbance and proposes a closed-loop
voltage and current control technique for the dc-boosting factor. A modified space vector
modulation (MSVM) technique is also proposed to eliminate input current ripples. To

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evaluate their performance, a comparison study between the suggested topologies and
their equivalents is introduced. When operating with low input voltage, the CC-QBI
architecture provides superior boosting properties, with more boosting capability, lower
capacitor voltages, and reduced semiconductor stresses, especially when significant
voltage gains are required.

CHAPTER –III

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WORKING OF FIVE PHASE SPLIT SOURCE INVERTER

A five-phase split-source inverter is a type of power electrical equipment that converts

direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is made up of two independent DC
sources, each coupled to a pair of five-phase legs. The load is then linked to these legs.
The inverter may create several output voltage waveforms with varied phase angles by
managing the switching of the semiconductor components. This offers for more power
control flexibility and increased performance in some situations.

The five-phase split-source inverter transforms DC power to alternating current (AC) by

connecting two DC sources to five-phase legs. It produces numerous output voltage
waveforms with varying phase angles, which improves power control and performance.

3.1 Circuit of five phase split source inverter

A five-phase split-source inverter's circuit is made up of two different DC sources. These

switches are programmed in such a manner that the DC sources can be linked to the load
in various ways, resulting in five distinct output voltage waveforms.
The DC sources may be linked in various configurations by manipulating the switches,
allowing for varied combinations of phase voltages. This facilitates the creation of five-
phase alternating current electricity.

Fig 3.1 Circuit diagram of five phase split source inverter

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The circuit is made up of two distinct DC sources and one set of switches for each leg,
with each set of switches regulating the connection of the DC sources to the load.

The switches are adjusted in a specified order to create the five-phase AC electricity. This
sequence specifies the phase voltage combinations that are created. Different
combinations of phase voltages may be obtained by altering the connections of the DC
sources, resulting in the necessary five-phase output. PWM methods are commonly used
to control the switches, which modify the switching patterns to regulate the output
voltage waveform. This enables accurate control and modification of the output power.

3.2 Operation of five phase split source inverter

A five-phase split-source inverter converts direct current (DC) electricity from a power
source into alternating current (AC) power with five output phases. The switches are
programmed in such a manner that the DC sources can be linked to the load in various
ways, resulting in five alternative output voltage waveforms.

When compared to standard three-phase inverters, this type of inverter offers advantages
such as enhanced fault tolerance, higher power density, and increased efficiency. It is
widely utilised in applications requiring excellent power quality and dependability,
including as electric cars and renewable energy systems.

Typically, the switches are regulated using pulse width modulation (PWM) approaches.
Changing the switching patterns of the switches allows you to alter the width and timing
of the voltage pulses. This exact control allows the required AC voltage waveform to be
generated.

Overall, to generate the necessary five-phase output, the five-phase split-source inverter
requires precise synchronisation of the switches and DC sources.

The 5-Phase output voltage is applied to the load, which is a 5 Phase Induction Motor.
The Fast Fourier Transform is used in a variety of control systems, including sinusoidal
pulse width modulation, and shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation. THD and
Fundamental Voltage are displayed in FFT Analysis for each phase, and the results are
compared and assessed depending on the control technique.

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Fig 3.2 waveform of Three phase split-source inverter

Based on this Three phase split source inverter waveforms we will extend it to 5 phase
split source inverters in level shifted approach.

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CHAPTER –IV

SIMULATION ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The simulation is run for two different control methods: sinusoidal pulse width
modulation and shifted sinusoidal modulation. The control circuits and waveforms for
both systems are distinct, and FFT analysis is conducted for both ways. Furthermore, the
fundamental voltage and THD have been detected for both control approaches. The
results show that the THD is lower with the level shifted technique than with the
sinusoidal pulse width modulation.

SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION FOR 5 PHASE SSI

Fig 4.1.1. Circuit of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

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Fig 4.1.2. Control Circuit of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

Fig 4.1.3. Control Circuit Waveform of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

Both the positive and negative half cycles are present in the sinusoidal and triangular
waveforms. Higher switches are in the on state when the sine wave exceeds the triangle
wave, and lower switches are in the on state when the triangular wave exceeds the sine
wave.

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Fig 4.1.4. Triggering Pulses Waveforms of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

These pulses serve as the IGBT switches' triggering signals. The display indicates the on
and off states of the switches. In a on state, the high signifies, and in an off state, the low.

Fig 4.1.5. Input Current Waveform of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation.

This is the Split-Source Inverter's input current, which is of the dc variety. DC to AC is

converted by the split source inverter.

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Fig 4.1.6. Output Voltage Waveform of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

This is the 5-phase split source inverter's output voltage waveform. This covers every
stage of the SSI. The output is provided to the waveform produced by the R-L load. 50
Hz is the frequency, and 500 V is the output voltage. The THD for every given phase is
calculated using the output voltage waveform. Other control approaches are contrasted
with it.

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Fig 4.1.7. FFT Analysis of Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation

In sinusoidal pulse width modulation, we can observe that the Fundamental Voltage is
486.2 and the THD is 12.99%. This is what was discovered while looking at the
sinusoidal pulse width modulation's output voltage waveform.

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LEVEL SHIFTED SINUSOIDAL PULSE WIDTH MODULATION FOR 5 PHASE

SSI

Fig 4.2.1. Circuit of level shifted Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation.

Fig 4.2.2. Control Circuit of level shifted Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation.

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Fig 4.2.3. Control Circuit Waveforms of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation.

Both the triangular and sinusoidal waveforms have a positive half cycle. Lower switches
are in the on state when the triangle wave exceeds the sine wave, while higher switches
are in the on state when the sine wave exceeds the triangular wave.

Fig 4.2.4. Triggering pulses Waveforms of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation.

The triggering pulses produced by the IGBT switches are these. It indicates which states
the switches are in—on and off. The low denotes an off state, whereas the high represents
a on state.

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Fig 4.2.5. Input Current Waveform of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation.

This input current, which is dc in nature, is sent to the Split-Source Inverter. Ac is

produced from dc by the split source inverter.

Fig 4.2.6. Output Voltage Waveforms of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Modulation.

The 5-phase split source inverter's output voltage waveform looks like this. This applies
to every SSI step. The R-L load and the waveform that is produced by that load receive
the output. 50 Hz is the frequency, and 100 V is the output voltage. This output voltage
waveform is used to calculate the THD for every given phase. It's contrasted with
alternative control strategies.

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Fig 4.2.7. FFT Analysis of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation.

Here, we can see that the fundamental voltage is 47.85 and the THD in sinusoidal pulse
width modulation is 1.49%. This is the information derived from the sinusoidal pulse
width modulation's output voltage waveform. In the case of level-shifted sinusoidal pulse
width modulation, the THD is decreased.

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CHAPTER –V

FLOWCHART

Fig 5.1. Flowchart of Level Shifted Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

• Begin the simulation and record the DC input voltage and current.
• Use spwm/level shifted modulation to build a reference sine waveform.
• Generate a carrier triangle waveform and compare it to a reference sine waveform.
• For each phase, generate pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. Control the power
device switching.
• Contrast the carrier and reference waveforms.
• Produce PWM signals for each phase.
• Manage the Power Switching Devices
• Monitor and regulate output voltage and current for each phase, as well as perform FFT
analysis.
• Repeat the same processes for different SSI control techniques and do FFT analysis and
comparison for different control ways approaches.
• Analyse the results and document your findings.

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CHAPTER – VI
CONCLUSION

It is clear from a comprehensive study and assessment that there are major benefits that
the shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation approach has over the conventional
sinusoidal pulse width modulation methodology. Through moving the carrier wave and
the reference wave to the positive half cycle, this method produces an output waveform
that is cleaner and exhibits a noteworthy improvement in Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD). This project's main goal was to examine and contrast the performance of the
shifted technique and the conventional way. Shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation is
a great option for situations where a high-quality output waveform is crucial because of
its superior ability to minimise harmonic distortions, as demonstrated by rigorous testing
and data analysis. The large reduction in THD that the shifted method accomplished is
one of the study's main results. The technique successfully removes the negative part of
the waveform by restricting the modulation to the positive half cycle, producing an output
that is smoother and less distorted. In applications where harmonic distortions can impair
performance and add undesired noise, such audio amplification, power electronics, and
motor control, this THD reduction is essential. In addition, the shifted sinusoidal pulse
width modulation technique exhibits improved control and accuracy while producing the
desired waveform. The technique enables more precise depiction of the reference wave
by limiting the modulation to the positive half cycle, which facilitates improved
manipulation and fine-tuning of the pulse width. Applications like audio synthesis and
signal processing, which need for accurate waveform replication, benefit greatly from this
degree of control. The shifted approach's compatibility with current hardware and
software implementations is another important benefit. With few changes or intricate
electronics, the technique may be smoothly incorporated into current pulse width
modulation systems. Because of how simple it is to execute; it is an affordable and useful
solution for a range of applications and industries. It is important to remember that there
are several restrictions with the shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique.
Although it is quite effective at lowering THD, because it confines the modulation to the
positive half cycle, the output waveform may become somewhat asymmetrical. However,
by using compensatory strategies and proper design considerations, this imbalance may
be lessened. Finally, as a strong substitute for the conventional sinusoidal pulse width
modulation method, the shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation approach is presented.
Its interoperability with current systems, improved control over the output waveform, and
substantial reduction of total harmonic distortion

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CHAPTER – VII
REFERENCES

 Dabour, S.M.; Abdel-Khalik, A.S.; Ahmed, S.; Massoud, A.M. A Family

of Discontinuous PWM Strategies for Quasi Z-SourceNine-Switch
Inverters. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 169161–169176. [CrossRef]
 Ribeiro, H.; Pinto, A.; Borges, B. Single-stage DC-AC converter for
photovoltaic systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, GA, USA, 12–16 September 2010; pp.
604–610.
 Abdelhakim, A.; Mattavelli, P.; Spiazzi, G. Three-Phase Split-Source
Inverter (SSI): Analysis and Modulation. IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
2016, 31, 7451–7461. [CrossRef]
 Akbar, F.; Cha, H.; Ahmed, H.F.; Khan, A.A. A Family of Single-Stage
High-Gain Dual-Buck Split-Source Inverters. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top.
Power Electron. 2020, 8, 1701–1713. [CrossRef]
 Chen, M.; Yin, C.; Loh, P.C. Magnetically Coupled High-Voltage-Boost
Split Y-Source Inverter Without Leakage-Induced Voltage Spikes. IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron. 2020, 67, 5444–5455. [CrossRef]
 Dabour, S.M.; Alotaibi, M.A.; Abd-Elaziz, A.A.; Alshahat, M.A.;
Abdallah, M.; Eltamaly, A.M.; Abdel-Khalik, A.S.; Massoud, A.M.;
Ahmed, S. Modeling and Control of Single-Stage Quadratic-Boost Split
Source Inverters. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 24162–24180. [CrossRef]
 AbdulSalam, M.; Dabour, S.M.; Rashad, E.M. Cascaded Multilevel Split-
Source Inverters: Analysis and Modulation. In Proceedings of the 2019
21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON),
Cairo, Egypt, 17–19 December 2019; pp. 1204–1209. [CrossRef]

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