Good afternoon, classmates, and to our lovely adviser, Ms. Hugos.

In this report, we
delve into the intricate world of statistical analysis through the lens of "Analysis of
Variance" (ANOVA). Join us on a journey through the intricacies of variance analysis,
where the subtle nuances of data come to light, paving the way for informed decision-
making and a deeper comprehension of statistical significance.

To begin, Let’s define ANOVA.

• It is a method for testing the hypothesis that there is no difference between two or more
population means.

• The ANOVA technique enables us to perform the simultaneous test and as such is
considered to be an important tool of analysis in the hands of a researcher.

In simpler understanding, ANOVA is like a statistical detective that helps

researchers figure out if there's a real difference in averages between two or more
groups.

The significance of the difference of means of the two samples can be judged through
either z-test or t-test

Z-test, Z test is applied to find out the degree of reliability of a statistics in case of
large samples
- the Z-test is like a reliability check for statistics, especially when dealing with big
groups of data. It helps us make sure our numbers are trustworthy when we're
working with a lot of information.

T-test, T- test is used to test the null hypothesis that the population means of two
group are the same.

T-test with two samples is commonly used with small sample sizes, testing the
difference between the samples and the variances of two normal distributions are
not known.
- T-test is a tool to check if the average values of two groups are really the same.
We use it when we have small amounts of data, and we're not sure about the
variations in these groups

Basic Principle of ANOVA: The basic principle of ANOVA Is to test for differences
among the means of the populations by examining the amount of variation within each of
these samples, relative to the amount of variation between the samples

Assumptions in ANOVA:
• 1. The experimental errors of data are normally distribute. Equal Variances between
treatments I.e. Homogeneity of variances Homoscedasticity
• 2. Independence of samples I.e. each sample is randomly selected and independent
ANOVA techniques:

1. One-way (or single factor) ANOVA

• T is the simplest type of ANOVA, in which only one source or variation, or factor, Is
investigated.
• It is an extension to three or more samples of the T-test procedure with two independent
samples.
• In another way t-test for use with two independent samples is a special case of one-way
analysis of variance
- think of a one-way ANOVA as a way to compare averages in three or more
groups, like siblings' heights. While, the t-test for two groups is like the little
sibling of the one-way ANOVA, focusing on just two groups.

Here are the formulas, please copy it in your notebook:

In solving for the mean of the samples:

And for calculating the sum of squares for variance between the samples or “SS
between”:

More formulas:

So, right now, what we can see on the screen is an example of calculation the mean of the

samples. We will use the formula:

Now, after we find the mean. Let’s work out SS between and SS within samples:
For SS between we will use the formula:
And for SS within, we will use:

2. Two-way ANOVA
• it is use when the data are classified on the basis of two factors.
• As statistical test use to determine the effect of two nominal predictor variables on a
continuous outcome variable.
• it analyzes the effect of the independent variables on the expected outcome along with
the relationship to the outcome itself.
• Two-way design may have repeated measurements of each factor or may not have
repeated values.
- Two-way ANOVA is like a detective that helps us understand how two different
things influence a result. It helps us figure out how two factors, like two different
things we're studying, affect something continuous, like a result or outcome. It
explores the impact of two factors on our data, checking if there's a connection
between them and what we're studying.

Types of Two-way ANOVA:

• 1. ANOVA technique in context of two-way design when repeated values are not
there.
- It's a way to see if these two factors have a significant impact on our data without
having the same measurements repeated. It as a straightforward method to figure
out if there's a meaningful difference in outcomes when we're dealing with two
distinct categories.
• 2. ANOVA technique in context of two-way design when repeated values are there.
- It helps when you're studying two things and collecting data more than once. The
difference in this is you might measure things repeatedly. It considers changes
over time.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

Study that requires ANOVA:

1. Study: Investigating the yield of crops under the influence of different fertilizers
across multiple farms.
- This helps determine if there are significant differences in mean yields, indicating
which fertilizer may be more effective or if there is no significant difference.
- It can reveal whether the differences observed are due to the type of fertilizer used
or if other factors (such as soil type or weather conditions) contribute to
variability.
• ANOVA serves as a powerful analytical tool in this study, helping researchers discern
patterns, draw comparisons, and make informed decisions regarding the influence of
different fertilizers on crop yield across multiple farms.
2. Study: Analyzing the impact of different teaching methods on student
performance in three or more classrooms.
- This helps determine if there are statistically significant differences in
performance means among the classrooms.
- ANOVA can explore interaction effects between teaching methods and other
factors, such as student characteristics. This helps in understanding if the impact
of a teaching method varies depending on certain student attributes.