O'ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI

OLIY VA O'RTA MAXSUS TA'LIM VAZIRLIGI

NAMANGAN DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI

FILOLOGIYA FAKULTETI
INGLIZ TILI VA LEKSIKA STILISTIKA KAFEDRASI O`QITUVCHISI

ABDULAZIZ TURDIYEVNING
INGLIZ TILI FANIDAN “SPORT GAMES” MAVZUSIDA YOZILGAN

REFERATI

Namangan - 2011

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 THEME: SPORT GAMES

PLAN:

a) History and development

b) Association football

c) Rugby union

d) Golf

IV: Used literature

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 Association football
A player (wearing the red kit) has penetrated
the defence (in the white kits) and is taking a shot at
goal. The goalkeeper will attempt to stop the ball from
crossing the goal line. Highest governing body:
FIFA
Nickname(s): Football, Soccer
Characteristics:
Contact Contact
Team Members: 11 at a time
Category: Indoor or Outdoor
Ball: Football
Olympic: 1900
Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played
between two teams of eleven players, and is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the
world. It is a football variant played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal at
each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing
goal. In general play, the goalkeepers are the only players allowed to use their hands or arms to
propel the ball; the rest of the team usually use their feet to kick the ball into position, occasionally
using their torso or head to intercept a ball in midair. The team that scores the most goals by the end
of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game
goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the format of the competition.
The modern game was codified in England following the formation of The Football
Association, whose 1863 Laws of the Game created the foundations for the way the sport is played
today. Football is governed internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (International Federation of Association Football), commonly known by the acronym
FIFA. The most prestigious international football competition is the FIFA World Cup, held every
four years. This event, the most widely viewed in the world, boasts an audience twice that of the
Summer Olympic Games.
Football and History of association football
Map showing the popularity of football around the world. Countries where football is the
most popular sport are coloured green, while countries where it is not are coloured red. The various
shades of green and red indicate the number of players per 1,000 inhabitants.
Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries
throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which there is

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scientific evidence was an exercise of precisely this skilful technique dating back to the 2nd and 3rd
centuries BC in China (the game of cuju)." In addition, the Roman game harpastum may be a
distant ancestor of football. Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though
rules varied greatly by both period and location.
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the
widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.
The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly
influential in the development of subsequent codes, including Association football. The Cambridge
Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from
Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted.
During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the
English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct
codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in
1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of
Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA)
in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great
Queen Street, London.[16] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse.
The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December,
which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA
treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of
two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand
and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and
holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or
subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven
remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen
laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar,
rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in
Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of
its rules until there was little difference between the games.
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association
Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football
Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish
Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded
by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official

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international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at
the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was
founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12
clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that
they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the
international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football
Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and
one representative from each of the four British associations.
Cricket
Cricket is played on village greens
and in towns/cities on Sundays from April
to August The rules of cricket became the
responsibility, in the 18th century, of the
Marylebone Cricket Club(MCC), based at
Lord’s cricket ground in north London.
How to play Cricket? Teams are
made up of 11 players each. They play with
a ball slightly smaller than a baseball and a
bat shaped like a paddle. Two batters stand in front of wickets, set about 20 metres apart. Each
wicket consists of three wooden rods (stumps) pushed into the ground, with two small pieces of
wood (bails) balanced on top. A member of the opposing team (the bowler) throws the ball towards
one of the batters, who must hit the ball so that it does not knock a bail off the wicket. If the ball
travels far enough, the two batters run back and forth between the wickets while the fielders on the
opposing team try to catch the ball. The game is scored according to the number of runs, which is
the number of times the batters exchange places.
Football (Soccer) Football is undoubtedly the most popular sport in England, and has been
played for hundreds of years. In the English Football League there are 92 professional clubs. These
are semi-professional, so most players have other full-time jobs. Hundreds of thousands of people
also play football in parks and playgrounds just for fun.The highlight of the English football year is
the FA (Football Association) Cup Final each May.

Rugby

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Rugby originated from Rugby school in Warwickshire. It is similar to football, but played with
an oval ball. Players can carry the ball and tackle each other. The best rugby teams compete in the
Super League final each September.
For many years Rugby was only played by the rich upper classes, but now it is popular all
over the country. There are two different types of rugby - Rugby League, played mainly in the north
of England, and Rugby Union, played in the rest of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. England,
Scotland, Wales and Ireland, together with France and Italy, play in an annual tournament called the
Six Nations. American Football derived from our game of Rugby also Baseball derived from the
old English game of Rounders.
Tennis
The world's most famous tennis tournament is Wimbledon. It
started at a small club in south London in the nineteenth century. It begins
on the nearest Monday to June 22, at a time when English often have the
finest weather. Millions of people watch the Championships on TV live. It
is traditional for visitors to eat strawberries and cream whilst they watch
the tennis.

Basketball
Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian-born physical education teacher James
Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. Of those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball
is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind football. However, in regards to professional
sports, basketball, or the NBA, is ranked third.[1]
The National Basketball Association, more popularly known as the NBA, is the world's
premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of
North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and 1 in Canada) that play an 82-game
season from November to April. After the regular season, eight teams from each conference
compete in the playoffs for the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. The American Basketball
Association, active from 1967 until 1976, when it merged with the NBA, was the last major
competitor of the NBA.
Notable NBA players in history include Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, George
Mikan, Wilt Chamberlain, Michael Jordan, Hakeem Olajuwon, Magic Johnson, Bob Cousy,
Pete Maravich, Oscar Robertson, Bill Russell, John Stockton, and Jerry West, whose silhouette
is featured on the NBA's logo. Notable players in the NBA today include Kobe Bryant, Yao Ming,
Tim Duncan, Kevin Durant, Derrick Rose, Kevin Garnett, LeBron James, Paul Pierce, Pau
Gasol, Dwyane Wade, Carmelo Anthony, Steve Nash, Dirk Nowitzki, Manu Ginóbili, Dwight

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Howard, Chris Paul, Shaquille O'Neal, Kirk Hinrich, Chris Bosh, Kevin Love, Tracy
Mcgrady, David Lee, Ray Allen, Vince Carter, Russell Westbrook, Jason Kidd, Rajon Rondo,
John Wall, and LaMarcus Aldridge.
In the past decade, an increasing number of players born outside the United States have
signed with NBA teams, sparking league interest in different parts of the world. Among the notable
foreign-born players in the NBA today are two-time MVP Steve Nash (a South Africa-born
Canadian), Peja Stojakovic (Serbia), Andrei Kirilenko (Russia), Andrea Bargnani (Italy),
Žydrūnas Ilgauskas (Lithuania), Yao Ming (China), 2007 Finals MVP Tony Parker (France),
Gasol brothers Pau and Marc (Spain), Manu Ginóbili (Argentina), and Dirk Nowitzki
(Germany), who was the first European player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award.
Notable retired foreign-born players include Hakeem Olajuwon (Nigeria), who has won an MVP
award, two Defensive Player of the Year awards, and two Finals MVP awards, and Dikembe
Mutumbo (DR Congo), who has won four Defensive Player of the Year awards.

United States men's national basketball team

playing in the 2008 Summer Olympics
Since the 1992 Summer Olympics, NBA players
have represented the United States in international
competition and won several important tournaments. The Dream Team was the unofficial
nickname of the United States men's basketball team that won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics.
Like American football, basketball at both the college and high school levels is quite popular
throughout the country. Every March, a 65-team, six-round, single-elimination tournament
determines the national champions of NCAA Division I men's college basketball.
Most U.S. states also crown state champions among their high schools. Also like American
football, many high school basketbXall teams have intense local followings, especially in the
Midwest and Upper South. In states like Indiana and Kentucky, it is common for local high
school basketball teams to play in gyms that seat more than 5,000 spectators, even in the more rural
areas.[4] Indiana alone has 10 of the 12 largest high school gyms in the United States and is
famous for its basketball passion, famously known as Hoosier Hysteria.
More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National
Sporting Goods Association.
Netball, a derivative of basketball invented in the United States and usually played by
women, is popular in Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, and the West Indies.

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Horse racing
Horseracing, the sport of Kings is a very popular sport with
meetings being held every day throughout the year. The Derby
originated here, as did The Grand National which is the hardest horse
race in the world.
Horse racing and greyhound racing are popular spectator sports.
People can place bets on the races at legal off-track betting shops.
Some of the best-known horse races are held at Ascot, Newmarket, Goodwood and Epsom. Ascot, a
small town in the south of England, becomes the centre of horse-racing world for one week in June.
It's called Royal Ascot because the Queen always goes to Ascot. She has a lot of racehorses and
likes to watch racing.
Find out more here ....

Table Tennis (ping pong)

Table tennis was invented in England in 1880. It began with
Cambridge University students using cigar boxes and
champagne corks. Although the game originated in England,
British players don't have much luck in international
championships.

Badminton
Badminton takes its name from the Duke of Beaufort’s country home,
Badminton House, where the sport was first played in the 19th
century.

University Boat Race

In the nineteenth century, students at Oxford and Cambridge, Britain's two
oldest universities, were huge fans of rowing. In 1829, the two schools
agreed to hold a race against each other for the first time on the Thames
River. The Oxford boat won and a tradition was born. Today, the
University Boat Race is held every spring in either late
Swimming
Swimming is also a popular pastime and enjoyed by people of all ages. Martial arts Various martial
arts, mainly derived from the Far East, are practised in the UK, such as judo and karate.

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 USED LITERATURE:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseracing#History

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union#History

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket#History

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_%28track_and_field%29

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis#History

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf#History

8. www.google.com

9. www.google.com

10. www.referat.ru

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 Namangan Davlat Universiteti Filologiya
fakulteti Ingliz tili va leksika-stilistika kafedrasi
o’qituvchisi A.Turdiyev 2011 yil noyabr oyida
“Sport games” mavzusidagi referatiga

TAQRIZ
Respublikamizda Kadrlar Tayyorlash Milliy Dasturi va Ta’lim to’g’risidagi Qonunni
bajarilishi yuzasidan salmoqli ishlar olib borilmoqda. Jumladan, Oliy Ta’lim muassasalarida ta’lim
sifatini yaxshilash, o’quv jarayonini zamonaviy bilimlar bilan to’ldirish zamon talabi bo’lib
qolmoqda. Bu jarayon fanlarni usluban va mazmunan boyitish uchun salmoqli hissa qo’shadi.
Ingliz tili va leksika-stilistika kafedrasi o’qituvchisi A.Turdiyev tomonidan tayyorlangan
“Ingliz tili” fani bo’yicha “Sport games” mavzusidagi referati o’zining ilmiyligi, qiziqarliligi va
mavzuning dolzarbligi bilan ajralib turadi. Bu mavzuda turli hil sport oyinlarini aks ettirilgan
Ushbu referatda sport oyinlari borasida bir nechta qiziqarli va muhum ma`lumotlar
keltirilgan va ualr berilga reja asosida aniq yozib ko`rsatilgan.
Men oqituvchi A.Turdiyev tomonidan yozilgan refaratni uslubiy jihatda ijobiy deb
baholayman.

Taqrizchi: Ingliz tili va leksika-stilistika kafedrasi

kat.o`qit. Q.Siddiqov

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