ChaptF!

r 11
i -- .1-;,.. J

Induction Motors

OBJE CTIV ES
After complet ing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Show that a rotating magnetic field is generated by three-phase currents.

speed.
• State the reason why an induction motor cannot run at synchronous
• Describe the construction of two types of rotors for an induction motor.
• Determi ne slip for a given speed of the motor.
• Derive an expression for the emf induced in the rotor.
• State how the induction motor differs from a transformer.
• Draw the power flow diagram for an induction motor.
• Draw the equivale nt circuit of an induction motor.
• Draw the torque-slip characteristic of an induction motor.
motor by inserting more resistance.
• State how the starting torque can be increased in a phase-wound induction
• Derive the conditio n for obtaining maximum torque.
• Derive an expression for the ratio of torque rfor any s to the maximum torque rm.
• State why the starting torque in a single-phase motor is zero.
• State the double-f ield revolving theory for a pulsating field.
• State how a rotating field is produce d by a two-phase motor.
motor into almost a two-phase motor: (i) Split-
• State and explain following techniques of converting a single-phase
motor, (iv) Permanent<apacitor motor. and
phase motor, (iij Capacitor-start motor: (iii) Capacitor-start capacitor-run
(v} Shaded-pole motor.

1111 INTRODUCTION -
in home an~!
A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy•. Most motors that we meet
and they~
industry are induction motors. These motors are more rugged, they need less maintenance,
. tioO
expensive than the de motors••.
Induction motors are available both for three-phase and single-phase operation. Three-phase
~dl(S.

motors are used for high power and industrial applications such as lifts, cranes, pwnps, exhaust fanS,

• An electrical generator does the reverse,

•• We shall discuss de motors in the next Chapter.
 Induction MotMl 31 S
• n motors find use in domes tic electric appliances such a~ fan~. refrigerator~,
-phase wa~hing
•0gle
io<l~ctdiori·ers etc. Let us first discuss the workin g of big si1.e, high duty three-pha~c
hatr- ' mothr4 '.
etC· S~ es, puJllps, he workin g of an induct ion motor, we need to sec how a rotating field i~ genera
ttchtn discuss t ted by
111 13efofC wehase currents.
. three-P
s10
t1 g TAT ING MAG NET IC FLU X DUB TO
~~RE E-PH ASE CUR REN TS
cylindr ical magne tic structu re with one windin
g excited by a single- phase curren t. The
. ure 11. la sh?wsi:to the bottom conduc tors and comin g out of the top conduc tors. If the curren t i is de,
f~~nt is ent.en~ the air gap will also be de and it will have a maxim um value
cuw along the horizo ntal plane.
.~ flux density in 1·t decrea ses sinuso idally as we move away tn •
t h e atr
· gap from h. d. . n, and r ed
u,v r However, t is trect1o uces
Bm::: l(i. n the vertical plane, as shown in the figure. Thts• • ·d 1 d.
s1nuso1 a 1stn utton ts accom p1·as hed by h avmg
·b · · ·
to zero alo g ·tion of conduc tors in the centre of the coil, tapere d to few
concentra . conduc tors at the edge of the
and ts
. .
given as B = B m cos um.
Th s the flux density is a functio n n
n of angle um,
",iorling. u 't ·s alterna ting (i = I cos rot), so will be the flux density
If the curren 1 . m . Theref ore, the flux density along the
•
air gap 1s function of tune t as well as angle Om,
B(t, Om)= Bm cos rot COS Om
(11.1)

+iR
(a) Single-p hase current.
( b) Three-p hase currents .
rFlg~
' ii ;
11.1[£ } Magne tic flux produc ed by curren t(s) in the coil(s) .

b Ne~,. we consider Fig. 11.1 b which shows a two-po le magne tic structu
20 re wound with three coils separa ted
~~ 1:"- space. These coils are suppli ed three-p hase (RYB) curren ts. Note that the
coil R corres ponds to the
of Fig. 11. la. The curren t ;R enters into the bottom conduc tors and return s
from the top. The curren t iy
---- ;-__
•• ~; s~ewing o~ the rotor helps in reducing noise, in increasing the starting
8 18 torque and in elimina ting cloggin g.
its why
ndar this type of motor is called an inducti on motor. In fact, an inducti on motor is like a transfo rmer with
fr~e«,to y winding short-circuited. The only difference is that in an inducti on motor,
rotate. the second ary winJin g is
 316 B,is,'c liltwn~·al b'r,1i1i,,tt,.ir,g

entc~ in the fi~t quadrnnt and cun'Cnl enters In the second quadrant. The
i u
mmf.CJ are tape d . c o i l

anJ share slots between their most dense regions. As shown in Fig. 11.1 b, the maximum fl re sinusoida)I
coil R lies in the horizont:il pl:inc, and the maxima from coiJs Y and Bare c.lisplaced 1200 an~~~~i
ty fr~
Ir) SJ>ac
~Spt'\.'ti\'dy. c,

Analysis of Three-Phase System

Th~'e-phase voltages are shown in Fig. 9.2, and are represented by Eqs. 9.2 to 9.4. Similarly the th
currents supplied to the three-phase structure of Fig. 11.1 b can be represented as ' ree.Pha.,e
iR(t) =lm cos(Wt)
iy(t) = Im cos(wt- 120°)
and ie(t) = Im cos (Wt- 240°) = Im cos (mt+ 120°)

Therefore, the flux density from coil R is given as

BR(t,Bin)= Bm cos(mt) cos(Om)
h B • th maximum• ( ak) fl · as in Eq. 11.1. Similarly, the flux densi (I 1.2)
• form one coll,
w ere m1s e or pe ux density
ty from
coils Y and B are respectively given as
.I By(t, Om)= Bm cos(mt-120°) cos(Om -120°) (11.3)
Be(t, Om)= Bm cos(wt + 120°) cos(Om + 120°) 01.4)
The combined flux density is obtained by adding Eqs. 11.2 to 11.4,
B(t, Om)= BR(t, Om)+ By(t, Om)+ Ba(t, 0m)
= Bm cos (mt) cos (Om) + Bm cos (mt -120°) cos (0m -120°)

',
•
+ Bm cos(mt+ 120°) cos(0m + 120°)
Using trigonometric identities, we obtain
1 1 .
B(t, 8 n J = 2Bm {cos (mt - Om) + cos (mt + 0m)} + 2 Bm{cos (mt - 0m) + cos (mt + 0m - 240°)}
1
2 Bm{cos(wt- Om)+ cos(mt + 0m
+ + 240°)}

= B m [ i
cos(rot - O m ) + i {cos (wt + 6 m ) + cos(wt + O m - 240") +cos (wt + 6m + 240") J]

g
The three bracketed terms add to zero at all times because they form a balanced three-phase set (considerin
that-240° means the same as+ 120°. Hence, the combined flux density becomes
3 (11.5)
B(t, = - Bm COS ( (J)/ - 8m) = B r COS ( Wt - 8m)
2
8 n J

where, = (3/2)Bm is the magnitude of the rotating flux density with all coils operating together.
Equation 11.5 shows that the flux density retains a stable pattern that rotates in space with the following
B r

properties ;
L The magnitude is 50 per cent greater than what each coil gives individually.
2. If time is fixed, the flux is sinusoidal in space (air gap) with the maximum flux density at~'= OJI,
. is
and if t = 0 the maximum flux occurs at 8m = 0°.
3. At a fixed 8m, the flux density magnitude is sinusoidal in time. The time of peak flux density
Ip= 0mlm.
 lnrl11ait>n Mf1tM1 J17
oft equal to l /f. namely the Jur
nlion of on.e
cydc. the electrical nnglc i~
!
0
voh1e 0 = ror =(2rtf)( I/[) =2n clcclnca1
ru<lian~
f'{1 pasition of the peak value of the res
ultant flux density rotates through
1
,,tis, t1 e • 't can easily be shown two fK>lc pitc.heq in nne cydc.
'fl'·ftirtht::•rnf rota
1 1
ore,tion tha t changi ng the three-phase sequence from RYB to RBY
•
to give Eq. 11 ,5 wit• 11 - 0m 1or
r. RYl1
:1 sequence an<l +
rcver~c, the
Jit\--ctiOtl 0 Om for RBY sequence.
uous Sp ee d
S.rrt
r cttro if the armature wm. d'mgs
on tl1e stator are des1. gned for two
" 8 ge nerator,
om 1 • poles, the induced emf pa ~e,
l,. hone c plete eye e m one revo1uho • n of t he
rotor. One revo1ut1• 5
}\(\lug done cycle of emf represents 360·· 1 • l d on of rotor represent~ 360 mechanical
e ectrrca egrees. Thus, ma • two
\-srees a~ angles are identical. Now,
,, 1ee, tt1c
-pole machine, the mechanical
a1 suppose that the machine has 4 pol
afld e d when the field structure (on the es. Then one cycle of emf would
rotor) rotates through one-half rev
t,eSC~era:o cycles of emf is genera olution only. Thus, in a 4-pote
ted when the rotor completes one
f11llclune ~es the number of cycles revolution. It means that if the ma
of emf in one revolution will be chine
bas p ran d the mechanical ang P/2 . Therefore, in general the electri
(P)
le em in a machine are related as cal
angle e
0e = - (Jm
2 ( 11.6)
tor bas a speed of ns revolutions per
If the ro sec ond, the frequency f of the induce
p d emf would be
f =2 ·ns
rrequency to remain constant, the spe
ed ns must remain constant. There
for at a constant speed known as syn fore, a synchronous generator mu
chronous speed. Alternatively, st
:olutions per minute• ) is given as the synchronous speed, N (expre
5 ssed in
N =p xf x 60 =120f
s p (11.7)
In India, the frequency of ac supply
is 50 Hz. Therefore, for a two-pole
machine, the synchronous speed
12 0f is
120 X 50
Ns =P =
=3000 rpm
2
Note that, as a machine cannot have
less than 2 poles, the maximum spe
3000rpm. ed a synchronous machine can
have is

EXAMPLE 11.1 A 6-J>C?le ac generator is runnin

g and pro
ducing voltage at a frequency of
1 revolutions per minute of the genera
tor. If the frequency of the genera
60 Hz. Calculale the
how many poles would be needed ted voltage is required to be decreased to 20
on the generator, if it still runs at
the same speed?

Solution Given: P = 6,f = 60 Hz

,/'= 20 Hz.
The speed of rotation is given as
_ 12 0/ _ 12 0x 60 _ 1
Ns -p - 6 - 200 rpm
• The speed of rotation of a machi
ne is normally expressed in revolution
s per minute (rpm).
 318 Biist'c l:tt'cn·,,·al U11~i'1C'crt'11g

If the fn'qucncy is lk'l·rc:-1sl'J to 20111., rcquit'l•d nu111hl'r of polc11,

I
,, =t20/' 120 x 20 =l
J

I
:'c:

N 1200

CONS1"1tU(~1~1()N ()F JNDUc·r10N MO]~OI(

t

I Like :my other l'\)tating nrnchinc, nn induction motor has H stator nncJ a rotor. The stator ha h
windings whkh t\''\X'h-c energy form three-phase nc supply. The rotor carries windings in whic; :h;ec.Ph~,,
\'U~nts are indUl'Cd. Wr,rki11g

Stator
The stat()r core is a hol1ow cy]indrica] structure. It is made of sheet-steel laminations, each abo t
thick, sll)ttN on its inner surface. The slots in large size motors are open type to facilitate the i: 0-~ lllni
form-wound coils, which are wen insulated before they are sJipped into the slots. In smaJJ size rnsen,on r,f
slots are partially closed type. This helps in reducing the effective length of the air gap between the :tor3, the
the rotor. The coils are extema1ly wound and are inserted through the narrow openings one wire at aat~or and
nne.
End ring (Shorting ring)

Conductor bar
Assembly Cage conductors •
(a) Squirrel-cage rotor

Skewed rotor slots

.___ _ _ Ventilated holes

Actual Photo Sketch showing details

(b) Wire-wound rotor
"Fig. 11.2 j Types of rotors of induction mofor.
r Jmltwion MotorJ 319
1

010
Jt r . n inner cylindrical core. It may be either s4uirrcl-cngc type or
..ntor is a wire-woun<l type.
fbe•"
. rel Cage Roto r About 90 per cent uf the nmtors In u~c have thi~
type of rotor (~cc
(0 5qu;rThis rotor has two main advantages. First, it Is udnptablc to
uny numbe r of pole~. Scc_ondlr,
fig, 1~- 2c • •n construction, has no slip-rings an<l brushes, is very tugged,
and is very cconom1cal m
it is sirnP1e_ g The only disadvantage it has is that its resistance is low (and
1
factunn • fixed) and hence it ha<1 low
,11anu
·og torque.
. _ or Phas e-Wo ttnd Roto r It has three-phase double layer distrib
uted windings placed m
.
(2) JViref the rotor core. It is wound for the same number of poles as the stator.
The windings are usually
we slots do 1-0 star though they may be connected in delta. The three ends of the windin
gs are brought out and
co0\ ~wdered to the ' s.lip rings_ mounted
on the shaft. ~arbo~ brushes, fixed wit~ !he stato~, make c~ntact wJt 'h
ares 1 oving slip nngs. This arrangement makes it possible to connect add1t10
nal resistances m the rotor
tb~;. to give high starting torque (see Fig. 11.9). The external resistances are
gradually reduced to zero as
win intor picks up speed. Under normal running conditions, the wound rotor is short-c
werno ircuited like a squirrel
cage rotor.

PRIN CIPL E OF WORKING

The stator of an induction motor is shown in Fig. 11.3a. It has three-phase windin
gs, P poles, sinusoidal mmf
and flux distribution. For simplicity, the stator slots and windings are omitte
d in the figure. When three-phase
currents flow through the stator windings, a magnetic flux is produced that rotates
at synchronous speed given
by Eq. 11.7, repeated here for convenience,

N
s
=120/
p (1 l.S)
The rotor is an iron laminated cylinder with large embedded conductors
in the form of copper or
aluminium baFs in the semiclosed slots. The slots are usually not made paralle
l to the axis, but are given
a slight twist. The rotor is then known as skewed rotor. The bars are short-c
ircuited at each end by a
conducting ring or plate (Fig. 11.3b). The bars and the shorting rings look
like a squirrel cage, as shown
in Fig. 11.2a. Theair-gap between the rotor and the stator is uniform
and is made as small as possible
mechanically.
Suppose that the stator is wound for two poles. Let the distribution of magne
tic flux due to stator currents
at a particular instant be as shown in Fig. 11.3a. Assume that the stator flux
rotates anticlockwise. With
respect to this flux, the rotor conductors move in clockwise direction. The
emfs are thus induced.. in the rotor

. •
•• Th~ s_kewing of the rotor helps in reducing noise, in increasing the starting torque
and in eliminating clogging.
!his 1s why this type of motor is called an induction motor. In fact, an induction motor
is like a transformer with
its secondary winding short-circuited. The only difference is that in an induction motor,
free to rotate. the secondary winding is
 320 Bas;c Blccm'cal B11g;11cc,·i11g

j Rotntion
Mflux
Stntor
J l'Ol'C

I
Rotor cote

----·----
----- ----
--·--
----- -·--
---- )Cop pctot
---··--·-
--·-
---------
aluminium
-----
----- -·--
----
bars

....._ ___
• D' /
Copper or
aluminium
---------
Copper or
aluminium
ring Shorting rings on ends
ring
(a) Front view. (b) Side view. (c) Squirrel-cage rotor.

'Fig. 11.3 j Induction motor.

right-hand rule as indicated b

: nd ~cto~, whose directions can be determined by Fleming's s aJld
is a maximu~ in the · yofcrosse
ots m F~g. l l .3a. The emf generated in the rotor conductors region maxiznul))
flux density.
Now, consider conductors A and B of the rotor which
f~ce the N-pole and S-pole of the stator, as shown in
F1g. 11.4. The emf generated in these conductors
circulates a current, which in tum produces its own
flux. The resultant of these two fluxes is such that
it strengthens the flux density on the right-side and
weakens that on the left side for the conductor A.
Consequently, the conductor A experiences a force F1
leftward. Similar action talces place for the conductor B,
so that it experiences a force F2 rightward. These two
forces create a torque 'l'e that tends to rotate the rotor in
the direction of the rotating flux.
Once the rotor starts rotating, the relative movement
between the stator's rotating field and the rotor-
conductors is reduced. As a result, the induced emf, the
f
~g.
•
11.4
•
>
Torque generated on the rotor.
- current, and its frequency are all reduced. If the motor
anical losses. The rotor speed can approach
shaft is not loaded, the machine has to rotate to meet the mech
same as the synchronous speed. If it does, the
very close to the synchronous speed. But, it can never be the
there would be no torque produced. Hence, the
induced emf in the rotor-conductors would become zero and
s speed.
rotor speed always remains slightly less than the synchronou
diate reaction is to slow down the rotor.
Now, suppose we put a mechanica11oad on the shaft. Its imme
field increases. The induced emf in the rotor-
As a result, the relative speed with respect to the rotating
rotor increases. Ultimately, an equilibrium state
conductors focreases and hence the torque r exerted on the
e r sufficient to balance the mechanical-I~
is attained. The rotor speed adjusts itse1f to make the torqu
r running under fuII load is le~" than the n~
torque and the load torque. Obviously, the speed of the moto
load speed.
 Induc tion M otorJ 3 21
e induc tion moto r has field on the ...tator and arma ture•
t-J'ote that t1' m-, tl,e rotor.
•
. of I n duc tion Mo tor
Slit' ed above, the rotor speed must nlwnys rema in less than
the ~ynchronou~ ~peed N~ gjven by P...q. 11.8.
AS discuss betw een the synch ronou s speed Ns and the actua l speed
r d·tference • • N of the rotor is know n as .flip .,peed.
'{1\e 1 _ N. This tenn is d_escnpt1ve o.f hl~
,.
mann er t h e rotor s lips back ~rum the exact synch ronou
N~::: Ns. ed slip speed , or simp ly the slip s is usual s speed . The
ly expre ssed as per-u mt or fraction of the ~ync hrono us
,,o,-,,,n1's N N - N speed ,
s = -A-= s
NS N'S (I 1.9)
.
given slips, the rotor speed is given as
8
fof N = N 5(1 - s)
(11.1 0)
. can also be expre ssed as a perce ntage of the synch ronou s speed
fheSh P , as
N -N
s= s x100 %
NS (11.1 1)
the moto r is at stand still (that is, it is not runni ng),
\\Then the rotor speed N is zero, and henc e s = 1. The
_ of s can never be zero. Beca use t h.1s woul d mean that the
1
""'ue rotor is rotat ing at sync hron ous speed w h'1ch
·s impassible.
1
In practice, the value of slip is very smal l. At no load,
the slip is aroun d 1 per cent only and at full load, it
is around 3 per cent. For large size, effici ent moto
rs, the slip at full load may be aroun d 1 per cent only.
an induction moto r almo st has a cons tant speed . Thus ,
. •
Thus, we find that O < s < 1. Is it possi ble to make the
slips have a negat ive value ? Yes, if the rotor is made
to rotate by a prim e move r at a speed highe r than
the synch ronou s speed . The negat ive slip corre spon ds
generator action. to the

Freq uenc y of Rot or Cur ren ts Whe n the induc tion moto r is at stand still, the frequ
currents induc ed in the rotor wind ing is the same as the ency of the
supp ly frequ ency. Howe ver, when the moto r runs, .
the frequency of rotor curre nts depe nds upon the relati
ve speed or slip speed . If the rotor -spee d N and the
synchronous-speed Ns are expre ssed in rpm (revo lution
s per minu te), the frequ ency fr of the rotor curre nts is
given by an expre ssion simil ar to that in Eq. 11.8, as

Ns -N=---
120/r
p
Dividing the above equa tion by Eq. 11.8, we get

Ns - N = fr or s= fr
f f
...
I 1r=s·1 I
(11.1 2)

•
Armat~re is that part of a mach ine where an emf is
create d by the relativ e motio n of condu ctors and magn
field. It is the powe r-prod ucing comp onent of an electr
ic mach ine. etic
 322 Basic Electrical E,igt'nee,-ing

Speed of Rotation of Rotot• Field The rotor currents produce their own rotatin
Since the frequency fr of the rotor currents is ,\f. the speed of this rotating field is sN with reg magnetic n
8
winding. However, the rotor itself is running ot n speed N with respect to the stator. Hence SJ)ect to the ~.
, rrt
The speed of t\ltor field in space = Speed of rotor field relative to the rotor ir
+ Speed of rotor relative to the stator
= sN8 + N= sN8 + Ns(1-s) = N5
Thus, we find that even though the rotor is not rotating at synchronous speed, the rotor fi
the synchronous speed. In fact, the rotor field remains locked with the stator field, irrespecf eld 1otatc
sl-""~u. ive of the •1at
rl'.lfl),

EXAMPLE 11.2 A 12-pole, 50-Hz, three-phase induction motor runs at 485 rpm. What is the~- •••• ·
current'! -,~,11:1 otft11ar.l
I
J

iI
I
Solution Given: P = 12,f= 50 Hz, N = 485 rpm
120/ 120 X 50
The synchronous speed, N5 = - - = - - - = 500 rpm
P 12
. 500-485
Shp, s = - - - = 0.03
500
Rotor currents frequency, fr = sf= 0.03 x 50 = 1.5 Hz
---,,.r--- ..-9" ""' • .....,.~..,,,.._ -:I""""":- ~,.~.,._____...__ - , , , - - - ~ - - - --- - ·-.--· .> : I P , - , ~...

EXAMPLE 11.3 A three-phase, 6-pole, 50-Hz ~duction motor has a slip of I _per cent at no load and 3 per-;;;i

~~~~~rr;;;~~z;;;~;;I;:::::~~~==n
Solution Given: P = 6,f= 50 Hz, s = l % = 0.01, s'= 3 % = 0.03

(a) The synchronous speed, N5 = p120/ = 1206X 50 = 1000 rpm

(b) The no-load speed, N = Ns(l - s) = 1000(1- 0.01) = 990 rpm
(c) The full-load speed, N = N5(l - s') = 1000(1 - 0.03) = 970 rpm
(d) At standstill, s = 1. Hence, the frequency of rotor-currents,
fr = sf= l X 50 = 50 Hz
=
(e) At full load, s' 0.03. Therefore, the frequency of rotor-currents,
fr= sf= 0.03 x 50 =1.5 Hz
- """"•-•~,..~-.,-~-~ ,. . . _.., __ , . , ~ . . . ~ - - ......- • - - - ~ - : , . . - . •·--'-'*"""'·•w~,t',l•••'-":""" \o;,',.. . . . •-1
.EXAMPLE 11.4 . -~~-ind . motor is fed from SO-Hz supply. If the frequency of JOI01' emf~ full lcial.J
L H z , ~ ~ ~. . A,,..~~·--~ ~---..,.._._...,: _ _ _,,...............-.-~-...c.-.,............, ........._ ••~...._-...

Solution Given: P =6,/= 50 Hz,/,= 2 Hz

120/ 120 X 50
The synchronous speed, N8 =p = 6
=1000 rpm
 lnduc.t fon Mm~ , 323
/, 2
·p = = - = 0.04 = 4 %
'fhe s l t •at full load,
s
/ 50
'fhC full-load speed, N = Ns(l - s) = HX)()(I -0.04 ) =9<,0 rpm
A thrcc-p hnsc induct ion motor is wound for four po1c1 and i11 suppli
ed from a ~J-H.r. ,uppty .
nchronous speed, (b) the speed of the rotor when the 1llip 114 per cent.
(a) the sy and (c) the rotor frequency
c,1cUl11te ........i of the rotor is 600 rpm.
f\\·Jlel' t)le SV"'"'-
i Given: p == 4,f== 50 Hz, s = 4 % = 0.04, N = 600 rpm
0tuti01' 120/ 120 X 50
S hronous speed, Ns = - - = - - - = 1500 rpm
) 'fhe sync P 4
(II --A of the rotor when the slip is 4 %,
) 'fhe Spv..,_.
(b N= Ns(l -s) = 1500( 1-0.04 ) = 1440 rpm
When the speed of the rotor is 600 rpm, the slip is
(c) 1500 - 600
s=----=0.6
1500
The rotor frequency, fr= sf= 0.6 x 50 = 30 Hz

DR ROTOR EMF, CURRENT AND POWER FACTOR

Th analysis of induct ion motor perfor mance is done under the assum
ption that the applie d voltag e V1 per phase
. :nstan t and purely sinuso idal of consta nt freque ncy f It is furthe
r assum ed that the flux per pole cJ> is
:inusoidally distrib uted in the space aroun d the air gap and is rotatin
g at synch ronou s speed Ns. We define
following quantities :
V1 = Appli ed voltag e to stator per phase (V)
N 1 = Numb er of turns in series per phase of the stator
N2 = Numb er of turns in series per phase of the rotor
<P = Flux per pole (Wb)
f = Frequ ency of the supply (Hz)
E 1 = emf induc ed per phase in the stator (V)
Ei = emf induc ed per phase in the rotor (V) (when the motor
is runnin g)
Eio = emf induc ed per phase in the rotor (V) (when the motor
is stands till)
R2 = Resist ance of the rotor windi ng per phase (Q)
X2 = React ance of the rotor windi ng per phase (Q)
(when the motor is runnin g)
X20 = React ance of the rotor windi ng per phase (Q)
(when the motor is stands till)
Lio = Induc tance of the rotor windi ng per phase (H) (when the
motor is stands till)
Ns = Synch ronou s speed (rpm)
fi When the rotor is stands till, an emf is induc ed in both the
stator windi ng and rotor windi ng. The rotati ng
eld produced by stator three- phase curren ts cuts the stator and
rotor condu ctors at synch ronou s speed Ns.
 324 Basic Elccrrical En1,·1inccring

Since the rot:itir\O fidd m·,kcs N /60 rps (revolutions per secon
• 'e • d) und the stator (or rotor) con-•
flux P<I> per revolu tion. uuc,
f,r~ Cl!t tr
~N8
I Flux cut per secon d=
60
This is also the a\'cragc value of the emf induced in each condu
ctor. Therefore; if K,(= 1. lt fi
wa,-e..~hape) is the fonn factor, therm s value of induced emf in
each conductor of the stator is or ~inu~~~a,
PcJ>N5 PN5
e1 =Krx = Krx 2<.P x-- = 1.11 x 2</J.f= 2.22<1>.f
60 120
In the stator, there are N1 turns per phase or 2N conductors in series
. th . given
. 1 per phase. Therefore th .
per ph ase m e stator 1s as ' e Ind~
enir
E1 =e1 x 2N1 =4.44/cPNi
Similarly, the induced emf E20 per phase in the rotor at standstill is
given as Ol.13)
= 4.44/<PN2
E20
\\lien the rotor rotates at a slips , the induced emf also reduc
es by a facto rs. Thus, the• d OI.J 4)
E2 per phase in the rotor running at a slip s is given
as in UCed Ctnf
£i =sE20 =4.44sf<PN2 =4.44(s/)<PN2 =4.44fr<PN2
. .
'Ille mduced emf Bi 1s zero when the rotor revolves at synchronous
speed (that is, N =N. ors= 0) It. I.JS)
(1
•
m proportion to the slip speed because the speed of the rotor-condu s
ctors relative to the stator flux increases.
Roto r I,np edan ce The rotor reactance X2, when it is rotating at a slip s, is given as
X2 =21tfrLio =2TC(s/)Li0 =s21t/Lio =sX20
Therefore, the rotor impedance per phase, under running condition,
is given as
Z2 = R2 + jX2 = R2 + jsX20 = .JRi + (sXi0 ) 2 Ltan -1 s~o
R2
Thus , Zi = JRi + (s~ 0)
2
and Bi= Ltan -1s;o (11.16)
The impe dance of the rotor circuit increases with slip speed becau 2
se of the increase in the frequency of the
induc ed emf~ - At very small slip speeds, the impedance is
largely resistive. But at larger slip speeds, the
inductive reacta nce of the rotor dominates.

Rou w Cur rent The induc ed emf per phase in the rotor
circuit, under running condition, is given by
Eg. 11.15 The magn itude of the rotor current is therefore given as
E2 20 sE
12 = -
= --== === == (11.17)
Z2 JR;
+ (s"Xio)2
For small values of s, on increasing slip speed, the induced emf
£ 2 increases at a faster rate than the rotor
impe dance Zz. As a result, on increasing slip speed s, the rotor
curre nt / 2 initially increases, and then tends to
appro ach a maxi mum value, wher e the increase in £ is offset
2 by the corresponding increase in Zi-
PO'W er Fac tor The phase angle between the induced emf £
and the rotor current 12 is same as t h e ~
angle Bi, as given by Eq. 11.16. Thus , the power factor of the 2
rotor circuit, under running condition, is gi\'en
 lnd11ctimr Mouw, JlS

(lagging)
(1 J.IBJ

d increases, the rotor circuit become~ more inductive and the power factor becomc
·p spee
i.e slt 1
AS t••

pa°
re'·
. Motor as Tra11sforn1er
\lcuon . . .
Jlld . fan induction motor resembles m many respects with that of a transformer. The stator winding
0
ll'hf ,,,ork ~
1
ary The rotor winding works as secondary. Under standstill condition when a three--ph
rtnl • ase
""°'i
l ,,- . . ,
~s P nnected to the stator, emfs are mduced m both the stator and the rotor, as given by Eqs. 11.13 and
~uppl)' 1s tively. These equations are similar to Eqs. 10.11 and 10.12 for a transformer.
4
11.1 , resr; rotor circuit is closed, a current flows in the rotor winding. This current creates
an mmf. The
\\fhe:; :d stator mmf can be combined just in the same way as in a transformer. In a transform
er, the
rotor fll secondary fields remain stationary. But in an induction motor, the stator and rotor fields
keep
prit1\~; space. However, this does not make any difference; these two fields, though rotating,
remain
rot~ttng with respect to each other.
current. s·1milar1y, •m an •md uctJOn
~aoonaJ'Y transformer, a greater secondary current causes an mcreas
• ed pnmary
• •
~; a greater load on the. sh~ft causes an incr~~sed stator current to balance the rotor mmf.
If the _sha~ is
rnot ~tionary with rotor crrcu1t closed (a condition known as blocked rotor or locked rotor), the
s1tuat1on
llcld s es same as in a transformer with its secondary short-circuit (a dangerous condition). Under
such
:;e.d rotor condition, excessive heating of the induction motor occurs as it draws a very heavy
current from
the ac supply.

Differences from a Trans forme r An induction motor differs from a transformer in

following
ways:
1. Magnetic leakage and hence the leakage reactances of stator and rotor are much higher than those
in a
transformer.
2. Because of the presence of the air gap, the magnetising current required is much greater than
that in a
tranSformer.
3. Because of the distributed windings, the ratio of the stator and the rotor currents is not equal
to the ratio
of turns.
4. The losses are much greater, and hence the efficiency is lower than that of a transformer.
5. The no-load current is about 25 per cent to 40 per cent of the rated current, whereas it is
only about
2 per cent to 5 per cent of the rated current in a transformer.

EXAMPLE 11.6 The induced emf between the slip-ring terminals of a tblee-phase induction motor, when the rotor l
1is standstill, is 100 V. The rotor windinp are star-connected and have resistance and standstill reactanc:c of O.OS Q t
; and 0.1 0 per phase, respeaively. Calculate the rotor current and phase difference between the
rotor wltage and rotor \
at (a) 4 per cent slip, and (b) 100 per cent slip.
-._____.....,_..,_,_...-.,.-..
~........ ..,___- --------
I
---.l
. . , _ _ ~ _......_ ~ ~ - - -.................
q ............- : . ~ - • 1 ... , ttrC· ...........
 326 Basic Electrical Engineering

Solution Given: EL= JOO V, R2 = 0.05 '1, X20 =O.l n

. . • d d emf 1,cr phase is given m1
For star-connected rotor wmdmgs, t11c m ucc
E 100
Ew=j=p= 57.1V

(a) Ats= 4 % = 0.04:

E,, sE20 - 0.04 x 57.7
12 =
z: = J 2
Ri + (sX10 ) - J(0.05) +(0.04 X 0.1)
2 2
= 46 A

R2 _ o.o5 = 0.9968
J
cos 8i = Ri + (sX20)2 - J(0.05)2 + (0.04 x 0.1)2 .
... Bi= cos-10.9968 =4.58°
(b) Ats= 100% = 1.0:
E2 sE20 = 1.0 x 57.5 =514 A
12
= Z2 = J Ri + (s"20 ) 2
J
(0.05) 2 + (1.0 X 0.1) 2

cos 8i = R2 = 0.05 =0.447

2
JR;+ (s¾i0 ) J (0.05) 2 + (1.0 x 0.1) 2
8i =cos-10.447 =63.4°

,,d
-
EFFICIEN CY OF AN INDUCTI ON MOTOR
Like any machine, the efficiency of an induction motor is given as
Output Power P,
Efficiency, T/ =-----x1 00% =.....Q..xlOO %
Input Power Pin (11.19}

Entire input power Pin supplied by three-phase source to the stator of an induction motor is not converted
into the mechanical output power P0 • There are always some losses in the induction motor. Hence, the effi-
ciency is always less than 100 per cent, though we may try to improve it by better design.

Stator Losses
As shown in Fig. 11.5, a portion of the input power Pin is lost in the stator as copper loss and iron loa.
Three-phase currents flow thorough the stator windings. Since the copper wires in the windings have some
resistance, there occurs copper loss or /2R loss. The core is made up of iron, which causes both types of iro•
loss - the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Both these losses heat the stator.
The remaining power Pg is transferred to the rotor via the air-gap magnetic field, similar to the power
transferred from primary to the secondary in a transformer. This process of transferring power from stator to
rotor is loss-free. Thus, the rotor input power is same as Pg.

Rotor Losses
Like stator, the rotor also has copper loss and iron loss. Induced emf in rotor conductors shorted at both e~)
causes current flow. This results in appreciable copper or /2R loss. However, as the frequency of currents Ill
conductors is very small (say, around 1.5 Hz), the iron loss is negligibly small.
 lnd,wfon Mor011 321

Elcctricol - - • - - • Mcch1111ic11I

Stator Rotor

,,
0
""
Output power
P;n at shaf't

PR =sP pm
Ps 8 Friction and
Stator Cu Rotor Cu loss windage loss
and iron loss

f Fig. 11.S
S C t iU
,> Power flow diagram for an induction motor.

. to Eqs. 10.12 and 10.13, we know that the hysteresis loss, Ph is proportional to frequency/ and
Jlefertl~t loss, pe is proportional to / 2. If fr is 1.5 Hz, which is merely 3 per cent of normal frequenc_Y
c<ldY c~e hysteresis loss (Ph)_ would reduced to 3 per cent of its normal value. Since curren~ loss (Pe) 1s
(SO }lz)_, al to/2, it would drastically reduce to 0.09 per cent of its normal value. Thus, the total iron loss can
proJ'°:: while determining efficiency of the motor. Thus, we can say that the power developed is given as
be igtt pd = Pg - PR = Pg - Rotor copper loss (11.20)

~echanical Loss

:::t are two kinds of mechanical loss-friction loss and windage loss. The friction loss is due to the fric-
bearings and slip-rings. The windage loss is due to the air resistance experienced by the rotating shafL
As shown in Fig. 11.5, the mechanical power (PcI) developed by the rotor minus mechanical loss (PrrJ gives
the net mechanical output power (P0 ) available at the shaft to meet the external mechanical load. Or,
po = pd = pm (11.21)

Power Relations
Let r(in Nm) be the electromagnetic torque exerted on the rotor by the rotating magnetic field at synchronous
speed Ns (in rpm). Then the air-gap power Pg (in W) transferred from the stator to the rotor is given as
p = 21ttNS
g 60 (1 l.22)
This is the input power to the rotor. If the rotor rotates at a speed N (in rpm), the total mechanical power
developed by the rotor is given as
_ 21ttN
Pd- (11.23)
60
Putting Eqs. 11.22 and 11.23 in Eq. 11.20, we get the rotor copper loss as
27tf
PR= Pg - pd= ~NS - N)
(11.24)
Dividing the above equation by Eq. 11.22, we get

(according to the definition of slip)

 PR =sx P8
•
Thcrefure, the power Pd deveIoped by the rotor, using Eq. 11.20, is then given as
•

Pd= P,,- PR = P,,- sPg = (I -s)P g

We can put the air-g.1p power as (1 J.~,

p8 = p -sP ,, +sP = (l-s )P + s~

g e 8 8
____ ___, .._..,
p P,. (I J.27,
This shows that the air-gap power divi
des bdetwecn the developed power and roto
r-copper loss in a ratio tliac
depends only on the slip speed.
-...---
- • ...,. ·-- & -. .~ -
- - - -
- - --

A thrtt-phase, four-pole, 50-Hz induction moto

- - - - 1 , ... - -
- ------
- · · - -.. ·
·---

EXA MPL E 11.7

- - -. . . . . . _
__

r has a full-load output power of Shp• 1470'PII.

-·------~

: The efficiency of the molOr at full load Is

81.S per cent. The mechanical losses are S
! ~ ~ t h e ~ . ~ ~ '-~- ~a p~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~-~ ~~ ?.'. .!~ :-. ,I ,· ·~ •• per cent of the IDlal ...... j
,. ·- . -~ -· .. "- • • -~
Solu tion Given: P= 4,f= 50 Hz, Po= 5 hp, N= 1470 rpm,
r, = 87.5 %, Pm= 5 % of Pe
The output power, P0 =5 hp= 5 x 746 = 3730 W
The input power, P 3730
P· = .....Q.. = - - = 4263 W
ID T/ 0.875
Total losses, P1 = 4263 - 3730 = 533 W
Mechanical losses, Pm= 0.05 X 533 26.65
W =
Electrical losses, Pe = P1 - Pm= 533 - 26.65 = 506.35 W
Developed power, Pd P +Pm= 3730 + 26.6
0
= 5 3756.65 W =
To determine the air-gap power Pg from the
developed power Pd, we need the slip s. Fus
t we calculate synchronous spet.d ,
120 / 120 X 50 •
Ns = - - = - - - = 1500 rpm
p 4
. N -N 150 0-1 470
Therefore, the slip, 5
s = --= -- = - - - - = 0.02
From Eq. 11.26, the air-gap power, NS 1500
_ Pg = Pd = 3756.65 =
3833.3 W
From Eq. 11.25, the rotor copper loss, 1-s 1-0 02
•

Hence, the stator loss,

PR= s X Pg= 0.02 X 3833.3 =76.7 W
Ps =P e-P R= 506.35 - 76.7 = 429.65 W
Note that the stato r loss coul d also be dete
rmined by subtracting air-gap power from
the input power,
Ps = Pin - P = 4263 - 3833.3 = 429.7 W
8

TO RQ UE -SL IP CHARACTERISTIC
S
The input power to the rotor transferred from the
air gap is given by Eq. 11.22, repeated here for
convenience,
_ 21ttf'5
P.g-
60 (11.28)
The rotor copper loss is given as
 lnd,taion Mottm 32?

• ( .,l.£20 ) x l . R2-- - -
E 1 os 0 = 3 x (sE20) x
PR:;:: 3 ·2 2C 2 Ri + (sX20)2 "u; + (.,X20)2
i

3s2Ei0 R2 _ 3s2Ei<l2 (11.29)

- - 2 - R2 2x2
- R; + (sX20) 2 + s 20
se of Eqs. 1l. 17 and l 1. 18. According lo Eq. 11.25. we have
re ,nade u
.re, ,,ie ha' 3s2 E22 R2 2nt Ns
,·ltC O - S •- ~
' p :: s x Pg or 2 2 2 - 60
R R2 + s X20
·hanical torque exerted on the rotor is given as
e1ectr0mec
th
1'tillS· e 60 3sEi0 Rz (l l .30)
,r::::-X 2 2 2
2rrN5 R2 + s X 20
f E is proportional to the air-gap flux <I> and, in turn, the flux <I> is approximately proportional
2
file induced e~ ap;1ied to the stator. That is,
voltage 1
10 the £20 oc <I> oc V1 or £ 20 = kV1
. 30 can then be modified to
fqllaoon 11 • 2
60 3s(kV1lR2 vl sRz
-r=-X 2 2 2 =K 2 2 2
21tNS R;, + s X20 R;, + S X20

KVi.1sRz
't" = (11.31)
or 2
R;,
2,,,2
+ s-.A20
·here constant K is given as
' 2
K= x (3k2) = 90k (11.32)
27tNS 1tNS
Thus, the torque for a given machine is seen to depend on two factors: (z) the applied voltage Vi, and (ii) the
slip, s.

Starting Torque
At starting, the rotor is stationary. Hence, s = 1, and Eq. 11.31 reduces to

-r.st = K½_2sRz = K½_2R,_ (11.33)

y2+s2X2 112+X2
·-i 20 ·-i 20
However, in practice, the value of X20 is much greater than that of R2 (typically, X = 1.5 Q and R =0.2 Q).
20 2
We can therefore ignore R~ compared to X~0 , so that the starting torque is given as
KV.2Rz
1
'rst =
Xia (11.34)

a given_ machine, the reactance X20 is constant. Hence, we find that t'st oc v: and t'st oc R . Thus, to obtain
2
ge starting torque we should have large rotor-resistance R2 as well as large applied voltage v1.
330 Basic Elecrrical Engineering

Torque-Slip Characteristic Curve

Fro~1 Eq. 11.31, we can predict the general sh?pc of the torque-slip characteristic curve. If
We keep the
apphed voltage V1 constnnt, Eq. 11.31 can be wnttcn as
sR2
r=K1- -;;._-
R2 + s2X2
I 2 20
•
where, n1:,1 1s anot 1cr constant.

Fot·S,n all 1-blues ofSlip For very small values ofslip (say, from Oto 0.1), the termJxi2018.
small compared to Ri, We can therefore rewrite Eq. 11.35 as neg1igibfy
sR2 s
r=K1- =K1-
R2
Ri
Thus, f oc s [R2 being constant]

Hence, for small values of s, torque is seen to be directly proportional to slips. The torque-slip~ 8
be a straight line, as shown in Fig. 11.6. e houfd

Stable
motor - - - - Unstable motor action - - - ~ , . _ - Brake action
action

...
A ------+
.
sm ····-····-······················· -----
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Slip,s---- .
0.9
I
I I.I 1.2 1.3

l- - - - - Rotor speed, N 0

(rig. ~11.6-J Torque-slip characteristic curve for an induction motor.

SC 521

Few Large Value ofSlip Whens is large (say, from 0.2 to 1), the term R~ becomes negligibly small~
compared to s2Xi<,, so that Eq. 11.35 can be rewritten as
sRi Ri
i=Ki 2 2 =Ki-2-
s X20 sX20

Thus, f oc ! [R2 and Xu, being constant]

s
 fndw.tit>n MntMI 311

f torque is seen to be Inversely proportion.it tu slip.,. 'fhc t,,rq1Jc-~l1p <.urve ~hnuld

s
O
c v,,tucs • ns shown in Fig. 1t .6.
1n1'}; 7
1
edJO <1, • •
,c, ~'\ ·,,1t1r /1.''1 i characteristic curve has a shape as shown in Fig. 11.6. We can interpre t
111 s1 t the va ue,
11(·~,1'l·r g \\ t0 ,-que· P eJ N. Whens = 0, the rotor speed N is same as the synchro
nou, c;pccd N~. When
,- ...i,c o,tfllof thC rotorsp
"'~
b comes zero (1.e.,
• t\1c motor •is standsll·11).
i :· tc111\S .~cd N ec
f 5'" rotor sl' -
,, ., \. the f Oper ation
0 dCS O
{" y,J
.-ee 1.1'• . .
of slips, there can be following three modes of operation of an inducti
\
on motor
11t .,,0 011 the va u:tion (0 < s 1), (2) Brake action (s > 1), and (3) Generator action (.f <
~ 11dt•'D 0).
tfig• t 1•
n= (\) Motor a .
Three Modes of Operation

ft

-l.0
0 0.5 l.O

- - - Generator - - - - - - M o t o r - - - •\f+•- Brake -

, Fig. i 1.7 • I Three modes of operation of an induction motor.

., Action (0 < s 1) In this mode, the rotor rotates in the same direction as the stator
(1) ,uotor
1
field.
ed is less than the synchronous speed.
TbeWhspe _ 1 the rotor speed N is zero corresponding to point Con the curve (Fig.
ens- , 11.6). The torque at zero
speed is called starting torque 'l'st· Point B on the characteristic curve corresponds to a value . ,
of shp Sm 1or
which the torque developed by the motor is maximum torque 't'm.
The shaded portion (for 0.01 < s < 0.06) shows the normal working-range of
the induct ion motor.
Obviously, if the motor is to start running, the load torque 'l'L at the shaft must
be less than the startin g
torque 't'st· The motor will accelerate from standstill, until the torque developed and
the load torque t'L comes
to equality at point A at a speed close to but less than the synchronous speed. In the
region AB, the machin e
has a stable motor action. If the load torque increases (but still remains below
the value Tm), the motor
develops increased torque at a slightly reduced speed.
If the load torque is increased beyond 't'm, the speed decreases and the point of operati
on goes beyond B.
The motor further decelerates and ultimately comes to a standstill. Thus, the region BC
represe nts an unstab le
motor action. For this reason, the maximum torque 't'm is also called pull-out torque or
brealcdown torque .
(2~ Brake Action (s > 1) There are two ways of making s greater than unity. First,
the rotor can be
dnven by a prime mover in a direction opposite to the rotating magnetic field. Second
, we can reverse any two
of the phase supplies while operating the machine as a motor. The effect of reversi
ng two supply phases is
t~ make the stator field rotate in the opposite direction. Thus, at the time of switch-over,
the rotor is rotatin o
amos~ at synchronous speed in one direction and the stator field is rotating
opposite directio Th d·tt at synchr onous speed in th:
• 1m •
n. e 1 erence IS a ost twice the synchronous speed and hence the slip s is almost 2.
332 Basic E/ecm·cal Engi,ieering

Its effect is that the rotor now attempts to reverse its d~rection ?f r~tation. This _amo_unts to brak'
th
ncing rotation m eJ opposi te direction 'l't. .111gL Of ,Li"I
rotor in order to bring it to a standstill prior to comme
. st0 s h • • • {IJJS
is known as pluggin g. As soon as the machin e P , t e power supp Y is switched off and th urak;
effect
e niach;~
remains at standstill.
to rot
(3) Genet"ator Action (s < O) The sJip s can be made negative if the rotor is made
e works ate at a~
higher than the synchronous speed with the help of a prime mover. In such cases, the machin
nous rn ash~ ~ctr,~,,i
However induction generators are rarely used. The most significant generators are synchro
' ac Jnes.
,

Cond ition for Max imum Torque

the value of h
\Ve have seen that the torque developed depends on the value of slips. To determine
and equate the ~·tr/'·~
maximum torque, we differentiate the expression for r (Eq. 11 .35) with respect to s 1
erentiaj
to zero.
2X2)
2 2 2 2 Tl (ll2
dr -K·(R 2+sX 20)R2 -s!li·2 sX2o =Ki' .. '2 .. '2-s 20 -o
.... ds - I (Ri + s2Xio>2 (I?;+ s2XJo>2 -
Thus, for r to have a maximum value, we should have
Ol.36)
. (Ri-s2X;0) = 0 or R2 = sX20
rotor reactance ll1tder
This means that the torque is maximum when the rotor resistance is equal to the
running condition.
is maximum .
For a given machine (i.e., for given R2 and X20), the value of slip s at which the torque u

s =Ri- (11J7)
m ~o

Max imum Torque

Putting the value of sfrom Eq. 11.37 in Eq. 11.35, we get the maximum value of the
torque as

'l'm = Ki (l?ilX20)R2 = K Ri = Ki . _1_ {1138)

1
Ri + (l?ilX20 )2Xi, 2RiXio 2 X20
tional to the leakage
Thus, we find that the maximum torque of an induction motor is inversely propor
ce
reactance at standstill X20 and is independent ofthe value ofthe rotor resistan 2 R .
Eq. 11.35 by
The ratio of torque i- for any slip s to the maximum torque 'fm can be determined by dividing
Eq. 11.38,
K s!li
+ s2xJo = 2sRi~o = 2s(RilX20) 2s·s (11.39)
i- = I Ri - m
Ri+s2xJo (RIX )2+s2 - s2m +s2
Ki __1_ •-i 20

2 ~o
given by putting s=1
Since s = l at the starting, the ratio of starting torque 1'st to the maximum torque 1in is
in Eq. 11.39,
(11.40)
rst - 2sm
- -
rm s; + l
 /,r,J,,afon Jrfornr, 333
f }totor Jtesistancc on the Stnrtlng ·1or,iuc
O
tdcct inductio.n motor, the rutor resistance U2 I~ fixed. Such tm,tor~ arc . cd h
Y sqllirrcl-c~gcof the type shown in Fig. 11.6. For such tnotor~, the starting toniu~1~:~gn t,, dahve t'1r<tth11
~
fv·11'·.,,:tritctc . 1 heavy loads conncclcl.\ 11owcvcr, ,llt case of pnasc-w
r !\. risltC t nma11 an cnce ey
l wit t . . 't ( .. ound induction m, 1, 't . ,. '"-le
s1tr t st:ir , bl value of resistance mt11c rotor c1rcu1 sec 1·1g. 11.9J ~o , ,n 1 11 po,,11)
00 u1 e , a~ to give dcsir--·•
. w sta rt'mg torque.
(~. ,,wdc 5 d ce of the stator winding is assumed negligible, then for a given ~upply vc,1tage the
0 01
tl' 11 •tlll,c an torque i,
•
1f thC ~q. 11 .35,
..,o bY
,,,.. K sR2
-r= t' 2 2 2
R2 + s X20
f X is far greater than that of R2, For simplicity, assume X20 = 1.0 n. Using above equation,
O
111evalue1 to~~e-slip characteristics for four different values of R2 as 0.1 n, 0.2 n, 0.6 n and 1.0 n. The
,,re can P~\hown in Fig. 11.8. Let us see the effect of doubling the resistance R from OJ n to 0.2
re511ltS ar working range (say, s = 0.05) the torque reduces by about 50 per cent. But,
2 n. In
1 the starting torque
t)le no~;; almost doubles. Hence, if a large starting torque is required, the rotor must have relativel
y high
(for s - 'From the characteristic curves given in Fig. 11.8, following observations are made:
• tance.
rests The starting torque 't'st increases on increasing the rotor resistance.
~ij The maximum torque 't'm is constant for all the curves.
~,_O The slip corresponding to maximum torque is greater for higher values of rotor resistance.
(iii)
(iv) Maximum starting • torque 1s• obtam • ed. when R = sX •
2 20

t R2 = LO n

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 LO Slip, s -

(Fig.i is
& PLI
> Effect of rotor resistance on torque-slip characteristic ofan induction motor.

EXAMPLE 11.8 Athree-phase, 400-V, 50-Hz, 6-pole, star-connected induction motor hlops maximum tonpJe at ;
I aspeed of 940 rpm. If the rotor resistance per phase is 0.1 n, determine the standstill
L - - -J..•,.--~. .....::...~~ • """""wt--.....,wJ ...-...,..,,----..... rotor reactance.
rt,_...._._..,. _..__.._. ..~_-,._,_._.. ,;..__._.~-- •~•..L ,._,__
:
I - - - ~ - - • - - ·. . . . . . . ;

Solution Given: V = 400 V, / = 50 Hz, P = 6, N = 940 rpm, R = 0.1 n

2
120/ 120 X 50
Thesynchronous speed N = - - = - - - = 1000 rpm
' s p 6

Slips= N5 -N = 1000-940 =0.06

' N 1000
•
Maximum torque occurs at a slip so as to satisfy the condition: R2 = sX20• Therefore,
 334 Basic Elctt1it.'al E,rgi,rrcri,rg

R 0.1
x~o.. =J.
s
: - : : 1.t,6 u
0.l)6

ST,\Rl"ING Ol1 JNDUC'l''ION Mo·roJ{S

There arc t\\\l problems in starting nn induction motor: (1) Low starting torque,
and (2) H
current. though for n short duration.
cavy starti~
As \;AA he st'X'n from Fig. 11.8, an induction motor having a low-resistance rotor; such
as th a
squirrel<~~ l\)tor, the starting torque is small compared to the maximum torque availabl
e. Howev~u.~ua1 tYpe r~
the c3e~ rotor were made with sufficiently high resistance to give high starting torque,
the slip for f~J:.i:: f'Jf
,,\)uld_be quit~ large.. This would 1.1ave two adverse effects. First, th~ l~R loss in the
~otor would be hi !or~
e.x~1,-e heatmg and reduced efficiency of the motor. Second, the vanatmn of speed with
load would be gh.~mg
Another problem is that the motor draws about four to seven times the fulJ-load
current, if it
switched to the power supply. At the instant of starting, the slip is unity, the frequen 19
cy of induced di~eqly
rotor is fr = sf= 50 Hz, and hence a large emf is induced. The induction motor works
as a transf or:r ~n the
secondary short-circuited. This results in a large circulating current in the rotor winding
. Such aJar WitJt its
causes large voltage drops in the lines and thereby produces an undesirable dimmin
,icinity. Therefore, the direct-on-line starting of induction motors is not desirable.
supply companies do not permit the direct-on-line starting of three-phase inducti
g of the 1a:e ~ent
Rules laid down ; t
on motors above 5 : cctric
such heavy-duty motors, we use some method by which either more resistance is
included in the rotor ~· F~
in the starting, or a reduced voltage is applied at the starting.
CJrcuit
Star ting of Wound-Rotor Induction Motor
The best (but costly) solution is to use a phase-wound rotor induction motor,
with a starting arrangement
shown in Fig. 11.9. The motor is designed to have low rotor resistance. Extern
al variable resistance is
connected across the slip rings. The motor is started with all the resistance include
d in the rotor circuit This
gives a high starting torque. As the motor picks up speed, the resistance is slo\\'.lY
reduced. When the motor
attains full speed, all the resistance is cut out.
R
Carbon brushes
Start Run
....
0.
0.
:,
"'
-&-
I
f")

y Slip
rings
B
Stator Rotor
Starting
resistance
tFlg.1 1.9) Starting of wound-rotor induction motor.
j

Large motors are often fitted with a short-circuiting and brush-lifting device. On attainin
g full speed. firstdu~
• off the rmgs.
the three-rings are short-circuited and then the brushes are hfted • Th'1s e1·•~a • tes. the.losses
to the brush-contact resistance and the brush friction. Also, the wear of the brushes 15
reduced.
and shp rings
 /nd11ctinn A-lotorl 33S

O
rca ge- Ro tor Ind uct ion Mo tor
_ .. tiflg ave squi rrel- cage type rotor. 1t i~ usua l to start
~t.-v
-;, . doctioO motors Ild volt •
age usin g one of the meth od~ give •
cage -roto r mot on-- excc pt ~mall
t ,o ••h a redu ce ' n hclo w.
~,os . s_,,,1u•
1

11
,:1~11, oe It can be used only for thos e mot ors with
l)ef ta Sta r~e rl ,crat ion. All the six term Mator wind ing dc,i gne d for delt a
1 ,·g inal s of the thre e-ph a~e stato r winding.11 are brou ght out
5,a,... .00 Juring noim a. °F 10a Usin g the doub le-th row tripl e-po le swit
oeeu as shown m 11
• • • ch. in the start ing. the ~tator
"'{:~ "'.Oiloected d. tar so that the volt
r,;
age acro ss each phas e is I/'\/ 3 time , the norm
pu c
-.. cr1. are con
nccte 111 s • al valu e. A4J the
d h . .
hang eovc r swit mg term .mats and then reco nnec ts t h em m
'
•0Juic- pee , t e c ch disc onne cts the wmd •
1 5
'' r picks up tenn inal s. Eac h phas e now gets the norm al voltage.
11"1\,"" ross the supp1y
Jell3 3,
R - - _ ._ _ __
Y---4---41---
8-- -4- --+ -.--
Auto -tran sronn cr

= ==============+£=~=====
l B
Start

:9 !9
·u ; u Run

Stator

Stato r
• Delta -run

Star- start

Roto r

(a) Star- delta starte r.

(b) Auto -tran sform er starte r.
.,.Fig~ 11.1 0 j Two way s of starting a cage -roto r indu ctio n moto
r.
This method redu ces the curr ent draw n by the
mot or to one- third the norm al valu e. How ever
torque too is reduced to one- third . This meth od s the star ting
is chea p but is limi ted to appl icati ons whe re
torque is not necessary, e.g., mac hine tools, pum high star ting
ps, etc.
~ut otra nsf orn ier Sta rte r We use a thre e-ph
ase auto tran sfor mer to supp ly a redu ced ,·olt
t e motor at the start ing (Fig. 11.l Ob) . Two
or thre e volt age to
age- step s (in the auto tran sfor mer ) are used duri
ng
 '1
336 Bas;c Hltctt'ical /J',rgi,rrc,·i11g
up speed to.
1ing pm~c~~- The nutotrnnsformcr is completely cut out once the motor pkks
the ~1m •rs rar
'<I
w1luc.
TOJt
SINGLE-l'IIASE INDUc·r10N MO
ors al some Jeng th. But it is not always
convenient to have h
~idc rru the three-ph ase mot
\\'c h:wc l'On lly we have s~nree.Phat,e
ation is in a house where almost universa
~upplics available. The most common situ g)e,Pha.t,c
~upplics availab le. These are
various equipments in homes and offices.
Single-phase motors are widely used for fanrn0suYu8ed
al hor se-p owe r rang es. In 1/8 hp to 1/4 hp range, these motors are widely used in
in fraction s (11300 hp t~ ;a.,hing
hines, refriger ators, blow ers, cen trifu gal pumps, etc. Motors of very smaII size hpJ
mac
ers, vending mac hine s, etc., are also single-phase motors. The ac series motor/2Q
used in toys, hair dry hen equ· s, also
wid ely used in portable tools, vacuum cleaners, and kitc
l-nown as uni ver sal mot ors are ase mo::,nrs.
pha se mo tors ope rate at low pow er fact or and low efficiency relative to the three-ph
Single-

Problem with Single-Phase Motor

irrel cage induct·
sica l app eara nce , a sing le-p has e indu ction motor is similar to a three-phase squ /on
In phy
dist ribu ted sing le-p has e win ding . The rotor has a short-circuited squirrel cage wm
motor. The stator has • mg.
uni form air gap betw een the stat or and the rotor.
There is 11.11. Fi
with suc h a mo tor is that it has no starting torque. This can be seen from Fig.
The problem distributed. Wb or
of und erst and ing , the stat or field win ding is shown as concentrated, instead of
clarity the vertical axis, and~
ply, the magnetic flux is produced along
terminals A-B are connected to an ac sup n terminal B is positive with respect to term
inal A and
soid al man ner. Con side r an inst ant whe
varies in a sinu is increasing. Because of
cur ren t i is increasi ng. The resu lting magnetic field is from top to bottom and rding to
the
on, emf s are indu ced in the roto r bars. Since the bars are shorted at the ends, acco
the transformer acti s left-hand rule,
the cur ren ts flow in them in the dire ctions shown in Fig. 11.11. As per Fleming'
Lenz's law t half are leftward. As
bars in the left hal f exp erie nce righ twa rd forces and the forces on the bars in the righ
the
.
a result, the net torque developed is zero
t in the stat or win ding , the field pulsates sinusoidally. That is, the field poles alternate
Due to the ac curren
.
in polarity and vary in strength sinusoidally
A i

Bars

B I

r FJt 1k11 ! The starting torque in a single-phase inductio

n motor is zero.