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TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It increases or decreases voltage without changing frequency. The transformer has a primary coil connected to an energy source and a secondary coil connected to a load. When current flows through the primary coil, it creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to step voltage up or down for different applications like power generation, distribution to homes, and protection of electrical components.

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39 views2 pages

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It increases or decreases voltage without changing frequency. The transformer has a primary coil connected to an energy source and a secondary coil connected to a load. When current flows through the primary coil, it creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This allows transformers to step voltage up or down for different applications like power generation, distribution to homes, and protection of electrical components.

Uploaded by

mohammadham242
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The


transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The
transformer works on the basic principles of electromagnetic induction and
mutual induction.

[Transformer Types]
Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid, distribution
sector, transmission and electric energy consumption. There are various types of
transformers which are classified based on the following factors:

Working voltage range


The medium used in the core
Winding arrangement
Installation location

Based on Voltage Levels


Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage, are classified as
follows:

Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power
grid. The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
Step-down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high-voltage
primary supply to low-voltage secondary output.
Based on the Medium of Core Used
In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used.

Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and secondary winding is
through the air. The coil or windings wound on the non-magnetic strip.
Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron plates stacked
together, which provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.
Based on the Winding Arrangement
Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated core. The
primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto means “self” in the Greek
language.
Based on Install Location
Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations, as they are suitable
for high voltage application
Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at distribution lanes for domestic
purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It is very easy to
install and characterised by low magnetic losses.
Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for measuring voltage, current
and power.
Protection Transformers: They are used for component protection purposes. In
circuits, some components must be protected from voltage fluctuation, etc.
Protection transformers ensure component protection.

[Working Principle of a Transformer]


The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.

There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two
coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes through
the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux induces an EMF
(electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked to the core having
a primary coil. This is mutual induction.

Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:

Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another


Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

[The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of]

1. Core

The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a
low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is wound on the
core, as shown in the picture. It is made up of a laminated soft iron core in
order to reduce the losses in a transformer. The factors, such as operating
voltage, current, power, etc., decide core composition. The core diameter is
directly proportional to copper losses and inversely proportional to iron
losses.

2. Windings

Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core. Copper
wires are used due to the following:

The high conductivity of copper minimises the loss in a transformer because when
the conductivity increases, resistance to current flow decreases.
The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that allows it to be made
into very thin wires.
There are mainly two types of windings: primary windings and secondary windings.

Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which the supply current is
fed.
Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output is taken.
The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other using
insulation coating agents.

3. Insulation Agents

Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings from each other


and to avoid short circuits. This facilitates mutual induction. Insulation
agents have an influence on the durability and stability of a transformer.

The following are used as insulation mediums in a transformer:

Insulating oil
Insulating tape
Insulating paper
Wood-based lamination
Ideal Transformer
The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic leakage flux, ohmic
resistance in its windings and no iron loss in the core.

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