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Strictly as per Revised Syllabus of

Anna University
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) - 2017
Semester - V (IT)

Web Technology

Mrs. Anuradha A. Puntambekar

M.E. (Computer)
Formerly Assistant Professor in
P.E.S. Modern College of Engineering, Pune

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ISBN 978-93-332-0238-1

TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS
An Up-Thrust for Knowledge 9 7 8 9 3 3 3 2 0 2 3 8 1

(i)
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Unit I

1 1 Web Site Basics

Syllabus
Web Essentials : Clients, Servers, and Communication. The Internet-Basic Internet Protocols -The
World Wide Web-HTTP request message-response message-Web Clients Web Servers.

Contents
1.1 Web Essentials
1.2 Internet Protoco........................................................ Dec.-09,11, May-14, ............ Marks 8
1.3 HTTP Request and Response Message.................. June-09, May-12, 13,14,
................................................................................. Dec.-12, 13 ........................... Marks 8
1.4 Features of HTTP Protocol
1.5 Web Clients ............................................................. Dec.-11, ............................... Marks 8
1.6 Web Server .............................................................. May-10,12,13 ..................... Marks 12
1.7 Client, Sever and Communication
Two Marks Questions with Answers

(1 - 1)
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1.1 Web Essentials

1.1.1 What is Web Technology?

 Web technology is a technology that acts as an interface between web client and web server. It
includes markup languages, programming interfaces, online presentation tools, Java applets,
video editing tools and so on.
 The commonly used client side scripting languages are HTML, JavaScript, CSS, XML and so
on.
 The commonly used server side technologies are ASP, JSP, Java Servlets, PHP and so on.

1.1.2 Concept of Internet

Definition : Internet is global system in which millions of computers are connected together. It is
basically a network of networks.

 Using internet many people can share resources and can communicate with each other. To have
internet service one must go to the service providers. That means your computer must be
connected to the Internet Service Providers (ISP) through phone-line modem or DSL.
 There are some privately owned internet service providers from which we can hire the internet
services.

1.1.3 Concept of World Wide Web

Definition : World Wide Web (WWW) is collections of software and corresponding protocols used to
access the resources over the network.

 The world wide web is a information system in which various documents containing
information are interlinked together. User can access this information or write the information
via computers. This information is typically stored on the web pages and through web browsers
we can access these web pages.
 The web pages may contain the information in the form of text, audio, video, images and
graphics. We can navigate between the web pages using hyperlinks.
 The concept of WWW was introduced by Sir Tim Berners-Lee the contractor at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland in 1980. He built a personal
database of people and software models and used hypertext so that each new page of
information was linked to an existing page.

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1.1.4 Internet or WWW?

 The term internet and WWW is often used interchangeably, but these are two different terms.

 The internet is collection of computers and other devices (such as printers, scanners etc.)
connected together whereas World Wide Web (WWW) is collection of software and
corresponding protocols used to access the resources over the network.
 The world wide web contains huge amount of documents, images and other resources which can
be accessed using the hyperlinks.
 Thus people use internet through the Web.

1.2 Internet Protocol Dec.-09, 11, May - 14

Various protocols used in internetworking are -

(1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 The file transfer protocol sets the rules for transferring files between computers.
 When user wants to download a file from the server FTP is used.
 FTP uses two connections between client and server. One connection is used for actual data
transfer and other is used for control information (used for commands). This separation of
data and commands makes the FTP more efficient.

Fig. 1.2.1 Two connections used in FTP processing

 When client makes a request for particular file download then using the data transfer
connection actual data gets transmitted from server to the client.
 At the same time server keeps track of how much data is sent so far and how much is
remaining. This tracking can be done using the control transfer connection.
 Hence during the file downloading/uploading we can see a message about how many bytes
are getting transferred and how much time is remaining.

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(2) HTTP
 The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a request/response protocol.
 It is a communication protocol used to transfer the information on local area network and
World Wide Web (WWW).
 It is the network protocol used to deliver virtually all files and other data (collectively called
resources) on the World Wide Web, whether they're HTML files, image files, query results,
or anything else. Usually, HTTP takes place through TCP/IP sockets.
 It is also called as a stateless protocol because this protocol is not able to maintain the
previous conversation/information.

(3) SNMP

 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol which enables network

administrators to manage network devices and to diagnose network problems.
 The network management system is based on two main elements : a supervisor and agents.
o The supervisor is the terminal at which the network administrator requests for network
management.
o The agents are found at the level of each interface connecting the managed devices to
the network. With the help of these agents information on the different objects (such as
switch, hub, routers) can be collected.

(4) SMTP
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a simple protocol which is extensively used for
transfer of e-mails to remote servers.
 It is an asynchronous protocol, because it allows delayed delivery of message.
 With the help of mail transfer agent and user agent the SMTP sends and receives the emails.

(5) POP3
 Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is used by local email clients (such as Microsoft
Outlook Express).
 The POP3 protocol works only at the receivers end and has no work at the sender’s end.
 The POP protocol has two parts, a client POP i.e. receiver’s POP and a server POP i.e.
reciever’s email server. The client i.e. the receiver opens TCP connection with receiver’s
POP server. This client must be authenticated first by using the user name and password.
Then the client can receive the emails from the mailbox.

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(6) TCP
 The Transmission Control Protocol is used for,
1. Safe delivery of data
2. Error detection
3. Assurance of the correct sequencing of data being received.
 This protocol is called connection oriented protocol because before sending the data this
protocol requires that two computers have established connections.
 The TCP allows the transmission of arbitrary amount of data by breaking it into stream of
separate IP packets.
 These IP packets are numbered so that it could be reassembled properly at arrivals. Along
with the data an acknowledgement is also sent/received in order to know whether the
reliable connection has occurred or not.

(7) UDP
 The user datagram protocol is a connectionless protocol without any error detection
facility.
 This protocol is used for simply transmission of data.
 The UDP is known as an unreliable protocol however this is much faster than TCP.

(8) IP
 Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer protocol which consists of addressing information.
 Using this information the communication between uniquely addressed computers is
possible.

University Questions

1. Explain the various Internet protocols used for client server communication.
AU : Dec.-09, Marks 8,May-14, Marks 8
2. Explain TCP/IP in detail. AU : Dec.-11, Marks 8

1.3 HTTP Request and Response Message

AU : June-09, May-12, 13,14, Dec.-12, 13, Marks 8
 The basic feature of HTTP protocol is that it follows the request response model.
 The client makes a request for desired web page by giving the URL in the address bar. This
request is submitted to the web server and then web server gives the response to the web
browser by returning the required web page.

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1. HTTP Request Message Structure

The basic structure of request message is given by following general form -
<Start line>

<Header fields>

<Blank Line>

<Message Body>

<start Line>

The start line consists of three parts which are separated by a single space. These parts are -
i) Request method ii) Request-URI iii) HTTP version
(i) Request Method : Various methods used for making the request are enlisted in the following
table
HTTP method Description
GET The GET method is used to retrieve information from a specified URI and is
assumed to be a safe, repeatable operation by browsers.
POST The POST method is used to request the server for desired web page and the
request made is accepted as a new subordinate of the resource identified.
The POST method is used for operations that have side effects and cannot be
safely repeated. For example, transferring money from one bank account to
another has side effects and should not be repeated without explicit approval
by the user.
HEAD The HEAD method is identical to GET. The only difference is that the server
should not return a message-body in the response. The meta-information
contained in the HTTP headers in response to a HEAD request should be
similar to the information sent in response to a GET request.
OPTION This method supports for the specified URL. It can be used to check the
functionality of a web server by requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.
PUT This method uploads a representation of the specified resource.
DELETE This method is useful in deleting the specified resource.
TRACE When request is made using TRACE method the server echoes back the
received request so that a client can see what intermediate servers are adding
or changing in the request.

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(ii) Request-URI:
 The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string used to identify the names or resources
on the Internet.
 The URI is a combination of URL and URN.
 The URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and URN stands for Uniform Resource
Name.
 The web address denotes the URL and specific name of the place or a person or item
denotes the URN. For example
urn : ISBN 978-81-8431-123-2
specifies the address of some book.
 If the URI is written in the form of http: then it is both an URI and URL but there are some
other URI which can also be used as URL. For example
URL Intended server

ftp://ftp.mywebsite.com/index.txt File can be located on FTP server

telnet://mywebsite.org Telnet server

mailto:[email protected] Mail box

http://www.mywebsite.com Web server

(iii) HTTP Version : The first HTTP version was HTTP/0.9 but the official version of HTTP was
HTTP/1.1
<Header Field> and <Message Body>
 The host header filed is associated with the http request.
 The header fields are in the form of field name and field value.
 Thus typical structure of http request is given be following example -

Fig. 1.3.1 HTTP request message structure

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2. HTTP Response Message Structure

The basic structure of response message is given by following general form -
<Status line>

<Header fields>

<Blank Line>

<Message Body>
<Status Line>

Status line is similar to the start line in the request message. It consists of three fields.
HTTP version Status code reason phrase

The HTTP version denotes the HTTP version such as HTTP/1.1. The status code is a numeric
code indicating the type of response. The reason phrase is in the text string form and presents the
information about the status code.
For example -

Following table explains some commonly used status codes.

Status code Reason phrase Description

200 OK This is a standard response for successful request.

201 Created It shows that the request is fulfilled and a new resource is
being created.

202 Accepted When the request is accepted for processing but is not
processed yet is denoted by this status code.

301 Moved The URI for requested resource is moved at some another
permanently location.

401 Unauthorized The requested resource is protected by some password and

the user has not provided any password.

403 Forbidden The requested resource is present on the server but the server
is not able to respond it.

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404 Not Found The requested resource is not present currently but may be
available in future.

500 Internal Server It is a generic error message that appears due to software
Error internal failure.
<Header Fields>
The header field in response message is similar to that of request message.
<Message Body>
The message body consists of response message.
For example
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 07:59:01 GMT
Server: Apache/2.0.50 (Unix) mod_perl/1.99_10 Perl/v5.8.4
mod_ssl/2.0.50 OpenSSL/0.9.7d DAV/2 PHP/4.3.8
Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Feb 2009 08:32:41 GMT
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 2010
Content-Type: text/html
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>...</html>
The response header fields are enlisted in following table
Header field Description
Date It represents the date and time at which the response is generated.
Server The name of the server which is responding
Last-Modified The date and time at which the response is last modified.
Accept-ranges It specifies the unit which is used by the client to accept the range request.
For example if there is a large document and only a single web page is
currently needed then this specifies the Accept-range.

University Questions

1. Write short note on HTTP protocol AU : June-09, Marks 6

2. Explain the structure of HTTP request and response messages.
AU : May-12, Dec.-12,Dec.- 13 Marks 8
3. Write and explain HTTP request message format. AU : May-13, Marks 4
4. Write the header format of Request and Response between Client/Server and explain it.
AU : May-14, Marks 8

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1.4 Features of HTTP Protocol

1. It is a communication protocol used between web browser and web server.
2. This protocol is based on request-response messaging. That means client makes the request
of desired web page and then the server responds it by sending the requested resource.
3. It is a stateless protocol. That means HTTP protocol can not remember the previous user’s
information nor it remembers the number of times the user has visited particular website.
4. The request-response message consists of plain text in fairly readable form.
5. The HTTP protocol has a cache control. This is an advanced feature of HTTP. Most of the
web browsers automatically store(Cache) the recently visited web pages. This is very useful
feature because if the user requests the same web page that has been visited already then it
can be displayed from the cache memory instead of requesting the web server and bringing it
from there.

1.5 Web Clients AU : Dec.-11, Marks 8

 Web client is a kind of software that runs on the clients machine.

 This software sends the HTTP request to the server and then processes the HTTP response.

 Various forms of web client software are -

(1) Web browsers
(2) Browsers running on mobile phones
(3) Software robots which crawl on the web for retrieving the information
(4) User agents which assists the user in browsing the web.
 Web browser is a kind of software which is basically used to use resources on the web.
 Over the networks, two computers communicate with each other. In this communication, when
request is made by one computer then that computer is called a client and when the request gets
served by another computer then that computer is called server. Thus exchange of information
takes place via Client-Server communication.
 When user wants some web document then he makes the request for it using the web browser.
 The browsers are the programs that are running on the clients’ machines. The request then gets
served by the server and the requested page is then returned to the client. It is getting displayed
to the client on the web browser.
 The commonly used web browsers are (i) Internet explorer (ii) Mozilla Firefox (iii) Netscape
Navigator (iv) Opera (v) Google Chrome (vi) Safari.
 Web browser supports variety of protocols but the most commonly used protocol on the web
browser is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP). This protocol is typically used when browser
communicates with the server.

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1.5.1 Functions Defined by Web Browser

Various functions of web browser are -
1. Reformats the URL and send a valid HTTP request.
2. When user gives the address of particular web site it is in the form of domain name. The web
browser coverts the DNS to corresponding IP address.
3. The web browser establishes a TCP connection with the Web browser while processing the
user’s request.
4. The web browsers send the HTTP request to the web server.
5. The web server processes the HTTP request sent by the web browser and returns the desired
web page to the client machine. The web browser on the client’s machine displays this web
page in appropriate format.

1.5.2 URL
 The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is unique address for the file that has to be accessed over
the internet.
 When we want to access some website we enter it’s URL in the address bar of the web browser.
 For example if we want to access www.google.com then we must specify its URL in the address
bar as shown

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However any other file such as some text file or image file or some HTML file can also be
specified. The URL contains name of the protocol such as http://
 The URL may contain the name of the protocol as such as ftp. For example
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/standards/RFC/rfc2166.txt
 The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two forward slashes.
The syntax of writing URL is as given below,
protocol://username@hostname/path/filename
 Sometimes instead of domain name servers IP addresses can also be use. For example,
http://192.168.0.1
But use of IP address as URL is not preferred because human can not remember numbers very
easily but they can remember names easily.

Absolute and Relative URL

 The absolute URL is a URL which directly point to a file. It exactly specifies exact location of a
file or directory on the internet. Each absolute URL is unique. For example -
http://www.vtubooks.com/home.aspx
 The relative URL points to the file or a directory in relation to the present directory. For
example
 Consider the absolute address which refers an image mother.jpg
http://www.mywebsite.com/myphotos/mother.jpg
 For the above given absolute address the relative address will be -
../myphotos/mother.jpg
That means from the current URL the directory myphotos will be searched for the image
mother.jpg. The two peroids .. instruct the server to move up one directory which is the root
directory, then enter myphotos directory (/myphotos) and finally point at mother.jpg. Thus using
relative URL writing of long path name can be avoided.

University Question

1. Explain the use of relative URL with example. AU : Dec.-11, Marks 8

1.6 Web Server AU : May-10,12,13 , Marks 12

 Web server is a special type of server to which the web browser submits the request of web page
which is desired by the client.
 There are some popularly used web servers such as Apache and IIS from Microsoft.

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Functions of web server

Various functions of web server are -
1. The web servers accepts the requests from the web browsers.
2. The user request is processed by the web server.
3. The web servers respond to the users by providing the services which they demand for over
the web browsers.
4. The web servers serve the web based applications.
5. The DNS translate the domain names into the IP addresses.
6. The servers verify given address exists, find necessary files ,run appropriate scripts exchange
cookies if necessary and returns back to the browser.
7. Some servers actively participate in session handling techniques.

1.6.1 Apache
 It is an excellent server because of its two important features : Reliability and Efficiency.

 Secondly it is more popular because it is an open source software. That means it is freely
available to anybody. Apache web server is best suitable for UNIX systems but it can also be
used on Windows box.
 The apache web server can be configured as per the requirements using the file httpd.conf. This
file is present in the Apache software package.

1.6.2 IIS
 The Internet Information Services or Internet Information Server is a kind of web server
provided by Microsoft.
 This server is most popular on Windows platform.
Following are some differences between Apache and IIS servers
Sr. No. Apache web server IIS web server
1. Apache web server is useful on both IIS web server is used on Windows
Unix based systems and on Windows platform.
platform.
2. It is an open source product. It is a vendor specific product and can
be used on windows products only.
3. The Apache web server can be For IIS server, the behaviour is
controlled by editing the configuration controlled by modifying the window
based management programs called IIS
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file httpd.conf snap in. We can access IIS snap-in

through the
Control-Panel->Administrative Tools.

University Questions

1. Explain briefly the IIS Web Server. AU : May-10, Marks 8

2. Explain in detail the functions of web server. May-12, Marks 8
3. Explain the capabilities of web client and web server. May-13, Marks 12

1.7 Client, Sever and Communication

 In this architecture, there are 3 components.
1) Client PC or Web client
2) An application server or web server
3) A database server.

Working

Step 1 : The client PC or web client submits the request for desired web page to the web
server.
Step 2 : The work of server is distributed among application server and database servers.
Application server possess the required communication functions.
Step 3 : The data required by this business logic is present on database server. The required
data is returned to application servers
Step 4 : The web server or application server prepares the response page and sends it to the
web client.

Fig. 1.7.1 Client Server Communication

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Advantages :
1. High performance and persistent objects take part in communication.
2. This architecture is scalable. That means it can support increased number of users and
resources.
3. High degree of flexibility in deployment platform and configurations.
4. Code/data reusability can be achieved.
5. Improved data integrity
6. Improved security as clients can not directly access the database.
7. The maintenance and modifications can be done effectively without disturbing other modules
in the architecture.

Disadvantages :
1. The complexity gets increased.
2. Cost for network maintenance and deployment is increased.

Two Marks Questions with Answers

Q.1 List any two types of web servers with its application usage. AU : May-09
Ans. : There are two types of web servers one is vendor specific and another one is open
source. The example of vendor specific web server is IIS and example of open source web server
is Apache.
The IIS web server is used on Windows and Apache web server can be used on both Unix
and Windows platform.
Q.2 Why is HTTP called as stateless protocol ? AU : Dec.-09
Ans. : The HTTP protocol can not remember the previous user’s information nor it remembers
the number of times the user has visited the particular web page. That means it can not
remember the previous states. Hence HTTP is called stateless protocol.
Q.3 What is a web server ? Explain its functionalities. AU : Dec.-09
Ans. : Web server is a special type of server to which the web browser submits the request of
web page which is desired by the client. For example: IIS ,Apache.
Web server processes the request of the user which it submits using the web browser.
Sometimes the web servers access the database system and fetche the required information. The
required web page is compiled and sent to the user in his/her web browser.
Q.4 State the use of web server logs and list the contents of a message log. AU : May-11

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Ans. : Web server log records the information about the server activity. It stores the
information about every http request processed by the server. A web server may produce more
than one message logs.
Every message log contains variety of debugging information and other information
generated by web application. Following information is present in the message log -
A. Host name or IP address of the client machine making the request.
B. Name of the user.
C. Date and time of response along with the time zone.
D. Start line of HTTP request.
E. HTTP status code of response.
F. Number of bytes sent in body of response.
Q.5 What is the use of cache control in HTTP response header ?
Ans. : Cache is used as a temporary repository. Use of cache improves the performance. Many
web browsers store web pages viewed by the client in the cache memory. This brings efficiency
in browsing the web page. The cache control help the user to display the web page quickly.
Q.6 List some basic internet protocols. AU : May-13
Ans. : Following are some basic Internet protocols.
i. http ii. ftp iii. smtp iv. pop3.
Q.7 For handling the mails which protocol is used ?
Ans. : There are two commonly used protocols for handling the emails. Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) is a simple protocol which is used to transfer emails to remote servers. Another
protocol is POP3 i.e. Post Office Protocol Version 3. This protocol works only at the receivers
end and has no work at the sender’s end.
Q.8 Give the functionalities of IP protocol.
Ans. : There are two functionalities provided by Internet Protocol -
Decomposition of the initial information flow into packets of standardized size and
reassembling of data at the destination.
The Internet protocol routes the packet through successive networks, from the source
machine to the destination which can be identified by its IP address.
Q.9 What is the difference between WWW and Internet ?
Ans. : The WWW and Internet are the two different terms. The Internet is a collection of
computers and other devices such as printers, scanners etc. connected together whereas WWW is
collection of software and corresponding protocol used to access the resources over the network.

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Thus World Wide Web (WWW) contains huge amount of documents, images and other
resources which can be accessed using the hyperlinks. People use Internet through web.
Q.10 Explain any two functionalities of web browser.
Ans. : Various functions of web browser are -
1. Reformat the URL and send a valid HTTP request.
2. When user gives the address of particular website it is in the form of domain name.
The web browser converts the DNS to corresponding IP address.
3. The web browser establishes a TCP connection with the web browser while
processing the user’s request.
4. The web browsers send the HTTP request to the web server.
Q.11 What is URL ? Write different parts of URL.
Ans. : The general format of URL is -
Scheme:Address
That is
protocol://username@hostname/path/filename
The scheme specifies the communication protocol. Different schemes have different forms
of addresses.
Various schemes that are used are http, ftp, gopher, file, mailto, news and so on.
Example : http://www.vtubooks.com/index.aspx
Q.12 Define URI. AU : May-11
Ans. : The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string used to identify the names or resources
on the Internet. The URI is a combination of URL and URN. The URL stands for Uniform
Resource Locator and URN stands for Uniform Resource Name. The web address denotes the
URL and specific name of the place or a person or item denotes the URN. For example
urn:ISBN 978-81-8431-123-2
specifies the address of some book.
Every URI consists of two parts, the part before the colon : denotes the scheme and the part
after colon depends upon the scheme. The URIs are case insensitive but generally written in
lower case. If the URI is written in the form of http: then it is both an URI and URL.
Q.13 What is GET and POST request ?
Ans. : The GET method is used to retrieve the information from a specified URI. The POST
method is used to request the server for desired web page. This is supposed to be a safe method
of retrieving the information.

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Q.14 What is www ?

Ans. : The WWW is a World Wide Web which is a collection of software and corresponding
protocols used to access the resources over the network. The WWW contains huge amount of
documents, images, and other resources which can be accessed using hyperlinks. Thus Internet
can be used through the web.
Q.15 What is TCP ?
Ans. : The TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. This is the connection oriented
protocol which help in communicating two machines. Using TCP the message gets transferred in
an orderly manner.
Q.16 List any four common browsers. AU : Dec.-11
Ans. : The common browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari

Q.17 State the uses of Internet protocol. AU : May-12

Ans. : Following are the uses of Internet protocols -
i) The Internet protocol is used to decompose the initial information flow into packets of
the standard size. At the destination these packets are reassembled back.
ii) The Internet protocol routes the data packets so that transmission of data is possible to
the machine having desired IP address.
Q.18 State the functions of DNS and protocol used. AU : Dec.-12
Ans. : Following are the functions that are carried out by DNS –
1. Accepting and then requesting the programs to convert domain names to IP addresses.
2. Accepting and then requesting the other DNS servers to convert domain names to IP
addresses.
Q.19 Explain the way in which a DNS server resolves the address ? AU : Dec.-13
Ans. : Using the domain name space the computer which is to be accessed is identified
uniquely. The internet logically arranges the domain names in an hierarchical form. Secondly,
the DNS server maintains the huge database of domain names. The desired address is searched
in this database and if the IP address of corresponding name is found then IP address is returned
to user computer.
Q.20 List the two forms of URL and its uses. AU : May-14
Ans. : The two forms of URL are Absolute URL and Relative URL. The absolute URL directly
points to a file whereas the relative URL points to the file or directory in relation to the present
directory. The URL is a unique address of the file which is accessed over the internet.

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Q.21 Differentiate between internet and intranet. AU : CSE : Dec.-15

Ans. :

Sr. Internet Intranet

No.

1. Internet is a network of computers and it Intranet is a network of computers but it is

is open for all. designed for specific group of users.

2. The number of users of internet are The number of users of intranet are limited.
unlimited.

3. Internet contains different sources of The intranet contains limited information on

information on variety of subjects. limited subjects.

4. Internet contains large number of Internet can be accessed from the intranet but
intranets. with restrictions.

5. It is a collection of various LANs, WANs It is mostly any of LAN, WAN or MAN.

and MANs.



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Notes

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Technical Publications - An up thrust for knowledge