WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?

-Programmable device
-Performs arithmetic and logical
-Fetch instruction, decode and execute
- memory and I/O components are externally connected
WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
- device used for controlling other portions of an electronic system, usually via a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory,
and some peripherals.
- memory and I/O components are internally connected
ARDUINO
-Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as analog input/output)
-GND stands for ground
-In ESP8266 the most suitable pin for connecting the sensors is the PWM Pins.
-Resetting the program code in Arduino microcontroller is by resetting the button of the board

ARDUINO IDE INTERFACE

-Menu Bar: Gives you access to the tools needed for creating and saving Arduino sketches.
-Verify Button: Compiles your code and checks for errors in spelling or syntax.
-Upload Button: Sends the code to the board that’s connected such as Arduino Uno in this case. Lights on the
board will blink rapidly when uploading.
-New Sketch: Opens up a new window containing a blank sketch.
-Sketch Name: When the sketch is saved, the name of the sketch is displayed here.
-Open Existing Sketch: Allows you to open a saved sketch or one from the stored examples.
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
-Variables-are containers for storing data values.
Types of variable
int char

bool string

array

FUNCTIONS
Digital I/O
digitalRead()-Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.
digitalWrite()-Sets the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.
Delay()-Pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds) specified as parameter. (There are 1000 milliseconds
in a second.

Serial.begin(9600)- This tells the Arduino to get ready to exchange messages with the Serial Monitor at a data rate of
9600 bits per second.
CONTROL STRUCTURE
IF- The if statement checks for a condition and executes the following statement or set of statements if the condition is
'true'
ELSE- is used to exit from a for, while or do…while loop, bypassing the normal loop condition. It is also used to exit from
a switch case statement.

Do…While- The do…while loop works in the same manner as the while loop, with the exception that the condition is
tested at the end of the loop, so the do loop will always run at least once.

SAMPLE CODES (Familiarize or Memorize it. 😊)

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
1. If we have 3 mol of NaCl, and more than enough AgNO3, how many
moles NaNO3 can we make? 3mol NaNO3
2. If we have 3.59 mol of AgNO3, how many grams of AgCl can react with it?
514.52g AgCl
3. How many moles of NaNO3 are produced if 250 g of NaCl are reacted?
4.28mol NaNO3
4. If 52 g of salt reacts with silver nitrate, what mass of silver chloride will be
produced?
127.53g AgCl
5. If we have 53.2 g of NaCl and 65.8 g of AgNO3, what is the limiting
reactant, theoretical yield, and percent yield if 50g of AgCl were
produced?
Limiting reactant- AgNO3
Theoretical yield- 55.51g AgCl
Percent yield-90.07%

6. If a 6.0 L pocket of air above sea level has a pressure of 100 atm.
Suppose the air pockets sink at the bottom to a certain height and contact
to a volume of 2.0 L. What is the pressure of the air at the new volume?
Construct a graph illustrating the relationship between pressure and
volume. 300 atm
Concepts:
1. What relationship should be used to convert
mass A to mole A? Molar mass
2. what relationship should be used to convert
mole A to mole B? Mole ratio
3. What is a limiting reactant? The reactant that is completely consumed in a
chemical reaction.
4. What is an excess reactant? The reactant that is not completely
consumed when the reaction is done.
5. What is a mole ratio? Mole-to-mole conversion
6. Why is the actual yield lesser than the theoretical yield?
The impurities in the reactants are ignored while calculating the theoretical
yield.
7. What is theoretical yield? The amount of product produced based on the
limiting reactant.
8. What is actual yield? The actual product produced when the reaction is
carried out.
9. What is the relationship between pressure and volume? Inverse
relationship.
If volume decreases, pressure increases and vice versa.
10. What is the relationship between temperature and volume?
direct relationship.
If temperature increases, volume increases and vice versa.

CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGIONS REVIEWER FINALS

THEATER
-Refers to an art form that involves performing carefully planned actions and emotions in front of an audience.
ELEMENTS OF THEATER
PERFORMERS- these are the persons who are onstage and portray their characters in a convincing way for
the audience. AUDIENCE- they tend to respond to the energy of the performer shows while watching the play.
DIRECTOR- serves as an overseer to the entire production.
PERFORMANCE SPACE- this element may refer to the space in which the actors can perform.
DESIGN- it is essential in placing the overall feel of the
production. TEXT- refers to the script.

FORMS AND TYPES OF PHILIPPINE THEATER

DULANG PAHIYANG (RITUALS) DALUMBAYAN (PEOPLE’S THEATER) TEATRONG PANSIMBAHAN
(CHURCH-RELATED THEATER)

DULANG PAHIYANG

-RITUALS- these are described as a way to communicate with Gods and

spirits -DUPLO- is described as a poetic debate, in which the balagtasan
was derived from.
-BAYOK- it is a Maranao mimetic joust.
-BALITAW- it is a poetic debate between a man and a woman.

DALUMBAYAN
-DRAMA SIMBOLIKO- this refers to allegorical nationalist drama which began during the American regime.
-STREET THEATER- this refers to theater that is presented outside the theater building and without the stage
area.

TEATRONG PANSIMBAHAN
-KOMEDYA- the Komedya is a play in verse that portrays lives of saints.
-DAPIT- it refers to the tradition of fetching of image of the community’s
patron saint. -FLORES- it is presented in the month of May. (flores de Mayo,
alay, flores de Maria) -HUDAS- it refers to the burning of the image of Judas
Scariot.
-HULING HAPUNAN- it is an actual supper enacted to commemorate the last supper of Jesus with his
disciples on the night before his crucifixion.
-PAGHUHUGAS NG PAA- this short ritual reenacts Christ washing the feet of his disciples before the Last
Supper.
-PANUNULUYAN- this is a procession that reenacts Mary and Joseph’s search for an inn in Bethlehem.
-PASTORES OR SHEPHERD’S DANCE- this is a reenactment of the shepherds honoring the infant Jesus.
-OSANA- it is a short reenactment of the triumphal entry of Jesus Christ to Jerusalem.
-SIETE PALABRAS- this is a reenactment of the last three hours of Jesus Christ on the cross.
-SINAKULO- it is play performed during the Holy Week.
-TATLONG HARI- this is a reenactment of travel of the Magi to worship the infant Jesus in Bethlehem.

THEATER AS ART
-INDEGINEOUS THEATER- this type of theater is usually seen in the form of rituals mimetic customs, and
dances.
-PLAYS WITH SPANISH INFLUENCE- it is generally described as musical play with a particular structure and
standards.
THEATER WITH ANGLO- AMERICAN INFLUENCE
-BODABIL- it is a stage presentation that consists of a range of musical and comedy acts, skits and
monologues, novelty and acrobatic numbers, solos and chorus lines.
-MODERN OR ORIGINAL PLAYS BY FILIPINOS- the themes of these plays still revolve around social,
economic, political, and cultural issues in the country.
Contemporary Performing Art - Performing arts is a form of creative activity that is performed in front of an
audience, which includes drama, music, and dance. Degrees that focus on performing arts are highly practical,
and actively immerse you in cutting-edge, interdisciplinary practice which prepare you to enter the competitive
industry.

Filipinos is a race that is bursting with talents. Not only do we excel in the visual arts, we are also considered to
be a source of world class performers. In the diverse field of the performing arts, whether in Music, Dance, or
Theater, there will always be Filipinos that attest to our country’s artistic giftedness.
MUSIC

Filipinos love to sing. No celebration is complete without a karaoke or videoke machine. Contemporary Music
in the Philippines is a product of our indigenous traditions and the colonial influences. Though the country is
geographically located in the East, our music is heavily influenced by the West. This no doubt due to being
under centuries of Spanish rule and almost half a century under American control.

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the types of indigenous music found in the country were instrumental and
vocal. Musical sounds were created by various instruments such as flutes, shell trumpets, drums, and gongs.
Vocals were performed by individuals or as a group.

The singing styles differ from one ethic group to another. Though many types and examples of indigenous
music have been lost, there are still a number of local music that exist due to the preservation efforts of many
artists and of the government. During the Spanish colonization, parallel with the visual arts, the Spaniards
promulgated religious music. The different religious orders believed in the power of music to convert the
natives that is why the friars received musical training in Spain before travelling to the country. These friars in
turn taught the Filipinos music whose pedagogy were based on the Western musical traditions. This resulted in
music that is a

combination of both Indigenous and western aesthetics. Musical forms that were born from this period were
religious hymns and chants, orchestras, bands, and ensembles such as the rondalla. Other than the various
stringed instruments of the rondalla, favored musical instruments in homes during the Spanish colonial times
were the piano and the harp. Young ladies were often asked to play these instruments to entertain guests.
Musical entertainment was also enjoyed during the various stage plays, dances, and operas.

The Americans through the public school system taught children simple hymns and Filipino songs rendered in
a western style or beat Schools also became a venue to study other musical instruments such as the cello,
violin, etc. These schools produced musicians that would later become leading figures in the development of
Filipino contemporary music such as Nicanor Abelardo, Felipe Padilla de Leon, and Francisco Santiago
Unsurprisingly, music that were made during this time are mostly imitation and assimilation of mainstream
western music adopting its style and melodic structure. The mid-twentieth century Filipino music, though still
influenced by foreign music eventually developed a more 'Filipinized' flavor through the use of the vernacular in
lyrics and creation of wholly original compositions.

THE KUNDIMAN AND HARANA

The kundiman is a musical form that is a product of Spanish colonization Kundiman is an art song that signifies
love and affection for someone the kundiman, like many art songs is performed as a solo vocal composition
combined with an instrumental accompaniment to achieve musical harmony. The kundiman is described as
highly emotional and sentimental because it expresses personal sorrow. It can be about love or patriotism. The
lyrics of the traditional kundiman made use of old and archaic Tagalog The melody is often smooth, flowing and
gentle rhythm. Examples of which are Nicanor S Abelardo's (1893-1934) "Nasaan Ka, Irog" and Dr Francisco
Santiago's (1889-1947) "Pakiusap Many kundimans music were often used for traditional Filipino courtship.
The traditional kundiman is rarely heard in the present except for the occasional radio play in the AM radio
Contemporary kundiman is often the modern iteration of the art form using contemporary vernacular lyrics and
accompanied by electronic instruments The kundiman is often mistaken for the harana, which is another
Spanish-influenced musical form. The harana is a traditional courtship ritual in the Philippines wherein a suitor
serenades his object of affection Almost any love song can be sung during the harana, including kundiman
songs Traditional harana also use deep Tagalog words and is used to implore the girl to listen or give attention
such as "Dungawin Mo, Hirang" and "O, llaw." The harana is almost always performed by a man while the
kundiman can be performed by both genders Collections of traditional and modern reinterpretations of the
kundiman and harana can be found and heard on the Internet.
BALLAD

The ballad is traditionally a song that narrates an event in a community. There are many examples of traditional
ballads throughout the
Philippines. The style varies from region to region and from one ethnic tribe to another Some examples are the
idangdang of Bukidnon yangkit parang sabil of the Tausug, and composo of the Hiligaynon A popular example
of a traditional ballad would be Yoyoy Villame's (1932-2007) "Magellan It must be mentioned that in modern
times, the term ballad has been applied to describe love songs, and a balladeer is an artist whose set of songs
are primarily romantic songs Notable Filipino contemporary ballad composers are Ernani Cuenco (1936-1988)
and Jose Mari Chan (b. 1945) Some of the most popular and successful Filipino contemporary balladeers
include Regine Velasquez-Alcasid (b. 1970), Sarah Geronimo (b. 1988). Jed Madela (b 1977) and many more.

CHAMBER MUSIC

Chamber music is a form of instrumental music composed by a small ensemble wherein each part is played by
one player, as opposed to an orchestra where a part is performed by a group of musicians Chamber music is
usually performed by a group of three to eight musicians Chamber music in the country were pioneered by Dr.
Francisco Santiago and Nicanor S. Abelardo, who received training abroad, and later on shared with the
younger generation of composers. More contemporary chamber music examples include Arlene Chongson's
Luduyan I and II and Conrado del Rosario's Yugto for chamber ensemble. Some popular chamber music
groups in the Philippines include the Clarion Chamber Ensemble and the String Minstrels.

CHORAL MUSIC

Choral music is a musical composition intended to be perform by a group of singers called a choir The choir is
arranged accord to voice categories such as soprano, alto, tenor and bass The ear choirs in the Philippines
performed in churches singing religious hymns during the mass This is still practiced today with many churches
and religious groups having their own choir composed of talented volunteers Schools also have their own
choral groups that perform here and abroad Perhaps the most well-known school choir is the choral group of
the University of the Philippines, the Philippine Madrigal Singers or the "Madz The "Madz" is one of the most
awarded choral groups in the Philippines and in the whole world They have been taught and trained by some
of the country's best musical composers and arrangers such as Eudenice Palaruan (1968), Robert Delgado,
and Fidel Calalang. Some other well-known and internationally recognized choral groups in the Philippines
include the Samiweng Singers of Laoag. Ilocos Norte the University of Visayas Chorale, and the Zamboanga
Hermosa Chorale.

LITURGICAL MUSIC

Liturgical music are songs intended for Christian church services. Its early form was inspired by Jewish chants
during their religious rituals Many musicians have adapted liturgical music to reflect contemporary musical
styles and forms. Some of these artists include National Artist Francisco F Feliciano (1941-2014) as seen in his
work Mass of Saint Andrew (b. 1981), Ryan Cayabyab (b. 1954) with his work Misa, and the praise and gospel
songs of Gary Valenciano (b. 1964).
OPERA

Opera is a combination of both music and theater. It is a sung drama that entails collaborative efforts of
singers, dancers, composers, choreographers, etc. One type of song found in an opera is the aria which is a
song sung in solo that portrays the character's emotional state The opera was introduced in the Philippines in
the middle of the 1800s Many Filipino musicians have adapted the form reflect more contemporary Filipino
experiences and tastes. Examples of which are Felipe Padilla's (1912-1992) Noli Me Tangere, the first full-
length Filipino opera, and Reynaldo T Paguio (1935-1999) and Fides Asensio's (b 1931) Mayo Bisperas ng
Liwanag which was based on a short story by Nick Joaquin.

Notable Filipino opera singers include Jovita Fuentes (1805-1978) the first Filipina to be recognized as a
National Artist for Music and the female soprano Rachelle Gerodias.

POP MUSIC

Popular music or pop music is used to describe music that is readily Pop Music available to the broad
populace. It is an umbrella term
that encompasses a multitude of different genres of music such as RnB, Rap, Rock Hip Hop, Dance, etc. Many
critics look down on this type of music because some songs gain recognition due to its popularity and rarely for
its quality A song's popularity can be manipulated through the amount of radio play marketing hype, and
gimmicks of recording companies which often overshadow a song's creative merits. Many of the popular music
played in the Philippines are Western imports that become a strong influence to many contemporary singers
and artists. Filipino musicians create their own version of pop music by combining the Western style with
Filipino taste. Early examples of Filipino pop were Fred Panopio's (1939-2010) "O! Ang Mga Babae and Yoyoy
Villame's (1932-2007) "Mag-exercise Tayo Tuwing Umaga Pinoy pop or Filipino pop music came about when
Filipino musicians wanted to create music that they can call their own. These composers and musicians
focused on the youth for support and gave birth to early Pinoy rock. A product of this genre was "Ang Himig
Natin" by the Juan de la Cruz Band. This song inspired other Pinoy rock artists such as Sampaguita and Mike
Hanopol The musical group called Hotdog similarly combined Western pop with Filipino lyrics and created what
was then known as Manila Sound These songs were light and carefree, using words and lyrics that combined
Tagalog and English; these songs were quickly accepted by the youth of the time. Songs that fall into this
category include "Ikaw ang Miss Universe ng Buhay Ko" by Hotdog, and Apo Hiking Society's Mahirap
Magmahal ng Syota ng iba." Pinoy folk music is a genre of Pinoy pop that is heavily influenced by the musical
style of Western folk singers such as Bob Dylan, Peter Paul and Mary, among others. Well-known Pinoy folk
musicians include Freddie Aguilar, Noel Cabangon, Grace Nono, and Gary Granada. Like their Western
counterparts, these songs are often accompanied by classical and acoustic guitars, and their message are
often commentaries about society. Rap is a music genre that became popular in the late 1980s in the
Philippines it originated from the African-Americans and is distinct of its fast and rhythmic narration
accompanied by electronic must The pioneers of Pinoy rap were Francis Magalona (1964-2009) are his song
"Mga Kababayan ko," and Andrew E (b. 1967) with his son "Humanap Ka ng Pangit Closely related with rap is
hip-hop. This music genre incorporate not only rap but also includes RnB, beatboxing, and electronic a
turntable as accompaniments.

PROTEST SONGS

Protest songs are songs that bring to light injustices and inequality society. These seek to inspire nationalism
and heroism from their listeners These can come in many musical forms and genre such as kundiman as seen
in "Bayan Ko" (1928). "Bayan Ko" is one of the most popular and recognizable examples of a protest song. It
was a collaboration between Jose Corazon de Jesus (1896-1932) who wrote the lyrics that was set the music
by Constancio de Guzman (1903-1982). Although it was made almost a century ago, this song is still used in
many protests’ movement because of the strong emotional effect it has on its audience The songs melody is
similar with that of a love song, but instead of it being dedicated to a woman it is a tribute to the Motherland
and the plea of its citizens be free from struggle and oppression. The band Asin's protest pop song "Masdan
ang Kapaligiran" (1978) and Gloc-9 rap song "Nag-iisang Mundo"
(2005)

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

Dynamics
Learn about the differences in volume – loud and quiet. Understand musical terms for dynamics including
pianissimo, piano, forte, fortissimo, crescendo and decrescendo

Rhythm
Rhythm is all about the timing of sounds. Listen to some instruments and clap along. You’ll learn how to
combine different sounds to create a rhythm. The organization of music in time. Also closely related to meter.

Melody
A succession of musical notes; a series of pitches often organized into phrases.

Harmony
The simultaneous, vertical combination of notes, usually forming chords.

Pitch
Learn about how melodies can either be high or low. We’ll show you the difference between ascending and
descending pitches using a range of instruments.

Form
Musical form describes the structure in a piece of music. The sections or movements of a piece; i.e., verse and
refrain, sonata form, ABA, Rondo (ABACADA), theme, and variations. Sing along to Twinkle, Twinkle, Little
Star and Ring-a-ring o’ Roses to learn about different musical forms including ternary form, ostinato, call and
response and a canon.

Timbre
The tone color of a sound resulting from the overtones. Each voice has a unique tone color that is described
using adjectives or metaphors such as “nasally,” “resonant,” “vibrant,” “strident,” “high,” “low,” “breathy,”
“piercing,” “ringing,” “rounded,” “warm,” “mellow,” “dark,” “bright,” “heavy,” “light,” “vibrato.
Pitch: The frequency of the note’s vibration (note names C, D, E, etc.).
Amplitude: How loud or soft a sound is.
Duration: How long or short the sound is.

Texture
The density (thickness or thinness) of layers of sounds, melodies, and rhythms in a piece: e.g., a complex
orchestral composition will have more possibilities for dense textures than a song accompanied only by guitar
or piano.
Most common types of texture:
Monophony: A single layer of sound; e.g., a solo voice
Homophony: A melody with an accompaniment; e.g., a lead singer and a band; a singer and a guitar or piano
accompaniment; etc.
Polyphony: Two or more independent voices; e.g., a round or fugue.

MUSIC NOTE
Frontal Lobe

- Involve in planning and thinking

t is the rational and executive control of the brain

It also contain the self will area or what others personality.

Temporal Lobe

It deals with sound, music, face and object recognition and some part of long-term memory.

Speech center

Parietal Lobe

It involved mainly with spatial orientation, calculation and certain types of recognition.

Occipital Lobe

Function for visual processing

Cerebellum

Coordinate the learning motor skills

Brain stem

Control the vital body function (heartbeat, respiration, body temperature and digestion).

INTERIOR PART OF THE BRAIN

Hypothalamus

Monitoring the internal system to maintain the normal state of the body.

Thalamus

Involve the cognitive activities including the memory.

Hippocampus

Capable of production of new neurons, which has a significant effect learning and memory.

Amygdala

Take part in emotions

It encodes the emotion whenever a memory is kept in a long-term storage.

 Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences

Brain Mystery

 Brain works like a muscle that changes and gets stronger when used all the time.

 And when you stop exercising these muscles, it shrinks and you get weaker.

NEURONS – the basic functional units of the nervous system.

* Consists of billions of tiny nerve cells that communicates together.

* Branches that passes signals to your body.

• A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships
among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the
center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts
of words are added.
• It can be used in studying, organization, research, planning and the likes.
Emotion - is your reaction to any stimulus and comes from your limbic system, the area in your brain that reacts automatically to the
world around you without your rational thought or reasoning. All emotions have reasons as to why you feel them.

(Hasson, 2012)

TYPES OF BASIC EMOTIONS

1. HAPPINESS
2. SADNESS
3. FEAR
4. DISGUST
5. ANGER
6. SURPRISE

Emotional Intelligence - is the capacity to understand and manage emotions. It includes the individual’s ability to
motivate oneself despite frustration, capacity to control impulses and ability to empathize with others.

 Keep track on your emotions. – recognition

 Developing (EI) by mastering your emotions.
 Learn new concept – having an open mind.
 Practice self-care – hygiene, meditation, sleeping.
 Savor Happiness.
RELEVANCE
> The opportunity must be aligned to the vision, mission and goals of the entrepreneur.
RESONANCE
 Opportunity should match with VALUES that you wish to impart with the customers.
REINFORCEMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
> How does the opportunity resonate with the entrepreneur’s personal interest, talents and skills?
REVENUES
 It is important to determine the sales potential of the products and/or of the services that the
company wants to offer. Is there a big market out there to grab and nurture for growth?
RESPONSIVENESS
 Be responsive to the unfulfilled needs and wants of the customers.
REACH
 Opportunities have a good chance of expanding through branches, distributors, dealerships or
franchise outlets in order to attain rapid growth and opportunities
RANGE
> The opportunity can potentially lead to a wide range of possible product or service
offerings thus tapping many market segments in the industry.
REVOLUTIONARY IMPACT
 NEXT BIG THING or the game changer in the industry.
RETURNS
 What you will get as an exchange of your action. To maximize returns, a company must strive
to minimize cost
RELATIVE EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION
 Will the opportunity be relatively easy to implement for the enterprise? What are the possible
hurdles along the way?
RESOURCES REQUIRED
 Opportunities requiring less resources from the industry may be more favored than
those requiring more.
RISKS
> Guided by the basic rule in finance that THE HIGHER THE RISK, THE GREATER THE RETURNS.
3S OF OPPORTUNITY SPOTTING
 SEEKING
 SCREENING
 SEIZING
 SOURCES OF OPPORTUNITIES (MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS)

INDUSTRY SOURCES OF OPPORTUNITIES

PARTICIPANTS IN THE INDUSTRY
 Rivals of competitors in a particular type of business
 Suppliers of input
 Substitute products/services
 Other support and enabling industries
MARKET SOURCES OF OPPORTUNITIES
MICROMARKET
It refers to the specific target market segment of a particular enterprise. These are the target customers that represent
the immediate customers of an enterprise, meaning those who are currently buying the goods or services offered by
the enterprise and its direct competitors.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES, PIQUES, AND PERCEPTIONS
CONSUMER PREFERENCES
It refers to the tastes of particular groups of people. Some examples are the clothes people wear, the food they eat,
the music they listen to and the movies they watch. The consumers’ age, culture and status affect their preferences.
OTHER SOURCES OF OPPORTUNITIES
1.CONSUMER PREFERENCE CHANGE OVER TIME.
2.PEOPLE’S TASTE IN CLOTHES, MUSIC, SHOES, ENTERTAINMENT, DANCE, AND OTHERS EVOLVE OVER TIME.
3. WHAT PIQUES THE CUSTOMERS IS A GOOD SOURCE OF OPPORTUNITY.
4. BATTLE OF THE MIND, HEART, AND WALLET.
5. LOYALTY OF CUSTOMERS.
6. OPPORTUNITIES IN SHAPING CUSTOMER’S PERSPECTIVE
7. MODERNIZATION AND INVENTION.
8. PERSONAL PREFERENCES.
9. UNEXPECTED OCCURRENCES
7P’S
1. POSITIONING
Positioning in the context of a marketing battle plan has three overlapping objectives:
i. Positioning has an enterprise perspective. The enterprise scans the market environment and decides to
position itself with products that specifically addresses the needs of the target market
ii. Positioning has a competitive perspective. The enterprise has to differentiate and distinguish itself from the
competitors.
iii. Positioning tales the customers’ perspectives. It is the way the customers perceive the enterprise and its
products or services in their minds.
2. PRODUCTS
A product is a tangible good or the intangible service that the enterprise offers to its customers in order to satisfy their
needs and to produce their expected results. Products are often identified with their brand names to distinguish them
with other products in the market. Some products have built up so much loyalty to the point that their brand names
have become their best-selling proposition.
3. PACKAGING
Now, packaging can even be more important than the product itself if done imaginatively.
4. PLACE
Location is an often-recited mantra of a salesperson who want to have the best access to their customers. In finding a
good location, one must consider the following in the initial screening process.
i. The number of customers residing or working in the area
ii. The density or number of customers per unit area
iii. The access routes to alternative locations and their traffic count
iv. The buying habits of customers
v. Location features such parking areas among others
5. PEOPLE
People are the ultimate marketing strategy. People sell and push the product. People search hard to find the right
market. People distribute, promote, price and sell the products in the most attractive market places. People aim to
please the customers have bought the product.
6. PROMOTION
Promotion is the explicit communication strategy adopted by an enterprise to elicit the patronage, loyalty and support
not only from its customers but also from its other significant stakeholders.
7. PRICE
Pricing depends on the business objectives set by the enterprise. While price is a major factor for the customer in
buying a product, it is not the only factors such as n the case of buying premium products.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

IN CHINESE WRITING, THE WORD CRISIS IS COMPOSED OF TWO CHARACTERS. THE FIRST CHARACTER MEANS DANGER
WHILE THE SECOND CHARACTER MEANS OPPORTUNITY. WHAT TRAIT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MIND FRAME WAS
MANIFESTED? OPTIMISM

WHAT DO YOU CALL THE FRAMEWORK THAT MOST PROMISING ENTREPRENEURS USE TO FINALLY COME UP WITH THE
ULTIMATE PRODUCT SUITED FOR SPECIFIC OPPORTUNITY? 3S

THE SOLE PURPOSE OF A BUSINESS IS TO EARN PROFIT. WHAT DETERMINES TO THE SALES POTENTIAL OF THE PRODUCT
OR SERVICES THAT COMPANY WANTS TO OFFER? REVENUES

MS. SSIPPI SOUGHT A GOOD CHANCE OF EXPANDING HIS BUSINESS THROUGH BRANCHES AND DEALERSHIP TO ATTAIN
RAPID GROWTH. WHICH ONE OF THE 12R’S CAN REACH

COVID-19 VACCINES ARE PRODUCTS THAT HAS BORNE OUT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FIELD DURING PANDEMIC. WHAT TYPE
OF PRODUCT HAS BEEN INTRODUCED? BREAKTHROUGH

ANIMAL TESTING CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND POLLUTION
FROM THE DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL CARCASSES AND LABORATORY WASTE. IN CHOOSING A PRODUCT, WHAT DO YOU NEED
TO CHECK TO MAKE SURE THAT ANIMALS ARE GUARDED? CRUELTY-FREE

SUPPLIERS ARE PARTICIPANTS IN THE INDUSTRY OF OPPORTUNITIES. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MEANS THAT THE
ENTERPRISE HAS THE GOODS OR SERVICES ON HAND? AVAILABILITY

THE FACILITATOR WANTS TO KNOW HOW MANY PEOPLE PURCHASE ON A CERTAIN BUSINESS INCLUDING THE GENDER,
TIME AND AGE BRACKET. THIS PROCESS NORMALLY LASTS FOR AN HOUR AND A HALF UP TO THREE HOURS. WHAT
INFORMATION WOULD YOU USE TO PRIORITIZE TO ANALYZE A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE? FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

CONSUMER’S PURCHASE DECISION-MAKING IS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS FACTORS INCLUDING THE QUANTITY AND
QUALITY OF A PARTICULAR COMMODITIES. HOW WOULD YOU IMPROVE THE SELLING POWER TO CONVINCE
CUSTOMERS IN AVAILING WHAT YOU OFFER? INCREASE THE VARIABLE COSTS

KNOWING THE TARGET MARKET IS ONE CHALLENGE OF STARTING A BUSINESS. WHAT ALTERNATIVE WOULD YOU
SUGGEST FOR AN ENTREPRENEUR TO OBTAIN RELEVANT MARKET INFORMATION? CONDUCTING A GOOD MARKET
RESEARCH

THE CEO OF TIN.CO ENSURES THAT THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH CUSTOMERS, EMPLOYEES AND SUPPLIERS ARE
NURTURED. WHAT DOES THIS EFFORT PORTRAY? HEART FLAME
ENTREPRENEUR’S FAR-REACHING CHANGE THAT IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY AN EVENT IS THE NEXT BIG THING. WHAT DO
YOU CALL THE GAME CHANGER IN THE INDUSTRY? REVOLUTIONARY IMPACT

MODIFIED T/F

PEOPLE SELL AND PUSH THE PRODUCT. PEOPLE SEARCH HARD TO FIND THE RIGHT MARKET. THEREFORE, PROMOTION IS
THE ULTIMATE MARKETING STRATEGY.

POWERFUL BRANDS HAVE BECOME THE GENERIC NAME FOR THEIR PRODUCT CATEGORIES LIKE KLEENEX, COLGATE,
BAND-AID, XEROX AND SCOTCH TAPE. THIS IS AN INSTANCE OF LONGITUDE POSITIONING.

A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF COPYCAT PRODUCT IS BEER NA BEER BRAND AGAINST THE SAN MIGUEL PALE PILSEN. BOTH
HAVE AMBER-COLORED BOTTLES WITH SIMILARLY STYLED WHITE COLORED FONT PRINTED OUTSIDE THE BOTTLE. (TRUE)

PLACE IS AN OFTEN-RECITED MANTRA OF A SALESPERSON WHO WANT TO HAVE THE BEST ACCESS TO THEIR
CUSTOMERS.

WHEN A PRODUCT TRIES TO CLAIM A NEW SPACE IN THE MIND OF THE CUSTOMER DIFFERENT FROM THE SPACES
OCCUPIED BY THE EXISTING PRODUCTS, IT IS RECOGNIZED AS A DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS.

LONGITUDE LAYS OUT WHAT IS IMPORTANT TO THE DIFFERENT CUSTOMER SEGMENTS FROM THEIR DIFFERENT POINTS
OF VIEW. (TRUE)

MARKET POTENTIAL

TO FIND ASSETS

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY

TO FIND LIABILITIES

LIABILITIES = ASSETS - EQUITY

TO FIND EQUITY

EQUITY = ASSETS – LIABILITIES

TO FIND ASSETS

PROFIT OR LOSS

INCOME - EXPENSES = PROFIT

IF RESULTS TO LOSS

INCOME - EXPENSES = (LOSS)

*PUT PARENTHESES ON THE NUMBER

 Media and Information Literacy
Mastery Test

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is the means of communications or communication tools like newspaper, magazines, TV, radio,
and internet that reach or influence people widely.
a.Media b. Opportunities c. Challenges d. Power
2. Means the concentration of symbolic power in media institutions, particularly those of television,
radio and the press (the common sense definition of ‘the media’), although the long-term impact of
new media on media power is considered.
a.Media b. Opportunities c. Challenges d. Media Power
3. A legal device that gives the creator of a Literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the Sole
right to publish and sell that work.
a.Plagiarism b. Copyright c. Digital divide d. Media
4. The excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. It interferes with work
or sleep, result in problems with social interaction, or affect mood, relationships, and thought
processes. a. Computer addiction b. Copyright c. Digital divide d. Media
5. An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author
without authorization; the representation of that author’s work as one’s own, as by not crediting the
original author.
a.Plagiarism b. Copyright c. Digital divide d. Media
6. Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. Others refer to the
trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information.
a.Reliability of Information b. Accuracy of Information
c. Value of Information d. Authority of the source
7. Sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are considered as having sound
authority on the subject.
a.Reliability of Information b. Accuracy of Information
c. Value of Information d. Authority of the source
8. It is transmission of information through local channels or forms. It is a means by which culture is
preserved, handed down, and adapted.

a.Indigenous b. Indigenous Communication

c. Indigenous Knowledge c. Indigenous Media and Information

9. Original information created by a local group of people. This also refers to content about
indigenous peoples that may be distributed through dominant forms of media or through forms of
communication unique to their people or group.
a.Indigenous b. Indigenous Communication
c. Indigenous Knowledge c. Indigenous Media and Information
10. Native; local; originating or produced naturally in a particular region.
a.Indigenous b. Indigenous Communication
c. Indigenous Knowledge c. Indigenous Media and Information
11.It is something new and difficult which requires great effort and determination.
a.Media b. Opportunities c. Challenges d. Media Power
12. It also called computer crime, the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends,
such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing
identities, or violating privacy.
 a.Cybercrime b. Identity Theft c. Copyright Infringement d. Plagiarism
13. It is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive
rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform
the protected work, or to make derivative works.
a.Cybercrime b. Identity Theft c. Copyright Infringement d. Plagiarism
14. It is the deliberate use of someone else’s identity, usually as a method to gain a financial
advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person’s name, and perhaps to the other
person’s disadvantage or loss. a. Cybercrime b. Identity Theft c. Copyright Infringement d.
Plagiarism
15. It is a set of situations that makes possible to do something.
a.Media b. Opportunities c. Challenges d. Power
16. It pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that media and
information professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information and
knowledge.
a.Language b. Media Language c. Technical Codes d. Symbolic Codes
17. It includes sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting. They may include, for example,
ominous music to communicate danger in a feature film, or high-angle camera shots to create a
feeling of power in a photograph.
a.Language b. Media Language c. Technical Codes d. Symbolic Codes
18. It includes the language, dress or actions of characters, or iconic symbols that are easily
understood.
a.Language b. Media Language c. Technical Codes d. Symbolic Codes
19. People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a
finished media product.
a.Producers b. Audience c. Stakeholders d. Convention
20. The information sent from a source to a receiver.
a.Producers b. Messages c. Stakeholders d. Convention
21. In the media context, refers to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behaviour.
a.Producers b. Audience c. Stakeholders d. Convention
22. The group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as anyone else
who is exposed to the message.
a.Producers b. Audience c. Stakeholders d. Convention
23. Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.

a.Reliability of Information b. Accuracy of Information

c. Value of Information d. Authority of the source

24. Refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data.

a.Reliability of Information b. Accuracy of Information

c. Value of Information d. Authority of the source

25. These include social media, blogs, and flash mob performances. It provides greater freedom
and power to ordinary individuals and are a quicker way of distributing information.

a.Media b. Library c. Alternative Media d. Media Power

26. The spectrum of rights which re-use is permitted without permission under the specifications
shared in the license.
a.Copyright b. Creative Commons c. Fair Use d. Public Domain
27. Legal stating that one can use a copyrighted work with a license for the following purposes:
commentary, criticism, reporting and teaching.
a.Copyright b. Creative Commons c. Fair Use d. Public Domain
28. Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or
acquired.
a.Reliability of Information b. Accuracy of Information
c. Timeless d. Authority of the source
29. It is more difficult to determine its reliability and accuracy. It is easy, but requires more
discipline to check and validate. Factual and fictitious data are often merged together. Sources
always have to be validated.
a.Library b. Internet c. Alternative Media d. Books
30. A legal device that gives the creator of a Literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the
Sole right to publish and sell that work.
a.Plagiarism b. Copyright c. Digital divide d. Media