TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MANABÍ

Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Educational Sciences

Department of Pedagogy of National and Foreign Languages

Academic period: Oct. 2nd, 2023-Jan. 27th, 2024

Professor: BA Jesús R. Fernández Leyva, Ph. D.
Subject: Morphology & Phonetics

GROUPS A-B-C (Second midterm)

Lesson 9

Topic: Phonology. 3. Consonants Point and Manner of articulation: Plosives (stops) /p-b, t-d, k-g/;
Affricates /tʃ-dƷ/; Spelling; Phonemes vs. Allophones (diacritics); Articulation vs. Perception; Phonemes
in different environments; Positional Allophones (I-M-F); Comparisons of Plosives/Oclusivas and
Affricates allophones in Spanish and English; Consonant clusters compared according to their positions;
The voiced intervocalic tap. Transcription practice
Chart of English consonant phonemes

https://thesoundofenglish.org/plosives/
Plosives: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LkiYmqKY2g
Affricates: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0tk49Ml1lc

1. Area (place, point) of Articulation for PLOSIVES: bilabial; alveolar and velar; for AFFRICATES:
alveolo-palatal
2. Manner of Articulation: Plosives -stops, occlusive- (complete blocking of air and “explosion”) and
Affricates (glide from a plosive –complete closure- directly to a fricative –release with friction)
3. Voicing (vibration of the vocal cords): Plosives /p, t, k/ and Affricate /tʃ/ are VOICELESS. Plosives /b,
d, g/ and Affricate /dƷ/; are VOICED
4. Tension: Fortis- Plosives /p, t, k/ and Affricate /tʃ/. Lenis- Plosives /b, d, g/ and Affricate /dƷ/.
5. Soft palate position (raised or lowered): Plosives and Affricates are ORAL (the air escapes thru the
mouth).
6. Aspiration (voicelessness): strong puff of air in consonant pronunciation. Conditions: in initial stressed
position, followed by a vocalic sound and being voiceless (fortis). Aspirated plosives. E. g. people
[pʰipɫ]. Not aspirated if preceded by /s/ initially: Spain /speɪn/ or followed by /l, r, w, j/ play.
7. Devoicing: partial lack of voicing (vibration), mainly in final position of voiced consonants (final voiced
consonants are realized and perceived as voiceless). E. g. bag [bæġ]
8. Diacritics=little “marks” to convey allophonic variants. E. g. [pʰ] or [ɫ])
9. The voiced intervocalic tap (flap) [ɾ]. E. g. party. (Produced retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar
ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing).

Complete production of a plosive: closing, compression and release phases (post-release phase).

English consonants: /p-b, t-d, k-g, tʃ-dƷ, f-v, Ɵ-ð, s-z, ʃ-Ʒ, h, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j/
Spanish consonants: /p-b, t-d, k-g/ /č-ǰ/ /f, s, ɦ/ /m, n, ɲ/ /l, r, ȓ/

Allophonic variants of English consonants:

http://www.siff.us.es/fil/publicaciones/apuntes/teresals/apartado%209-0.pdf

Exercises. English consonants. (ASSIGNMENT)

1. Give common word spellings for each plosive and affricate sounds in initial, medial and final
positions.
2. Phonological transcription practice. Transcribe the following words and say which plosives are
aspirated, please:
1. Pain [ ] 2. Team [ ] 3. Key [ ] 4. Supper [ ] 5. Batter [ ] 6. Hate [ ] 7. Break [ ]
8. Spain [ ] 9. Steam [ ] 10. Ski [ ] 11. Haste [ ] 12. Task 13. Asthma

ballet, castle, listen, whistle,bomb, climb, comb, crumb, dumb, lamb, limb, numb, plumb, thum
b, tomb, acquire, indict, muscle, handkerchief , handsome, Wednesday, sign, phlegm,
gnarl, gnash, gnat, gnaw, gnostic, gnu,high, though, through,knee, knife, knight, knit, knob, kn
ock, knot, know, knuckle, pneumonia, pneumatic, psalm, psyche, psychology,
corps, coup, receipt, lacquer?, forecastle /‘fɔʊsəl/, victual /ˈvitᵊl/, Theresa, Thompson, Thomas,
thyme

3. Define the consonant sounds in bold: Fortis/lenis - Place of articulation - Manner of articulation
Forty
Debate
Raccoon
Ladder
Game
Park
Gill (organ)
Niche

4. Read the tongue twisters as quickly as you can.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!

5. What phonetic property distinguishes each of the following pairs of sounds? E.g. [p] and [b]: voicing;
[s] and [ʃ]: place of articulation; [t] and [s]: manner of articulation
(a) [k] and [g]
(b) [b] and [d]
(c) [d] and [z]
(d) [z] and [ʒ]
(e) [ʃ] and [ʒ]
(f) [d] and [g]

6. Practice /tʃ/ in sentences. Say the words first, then the sentences.
1. teacher – research – speeches
Our teacher taught us how to do research for speeches.
2. matching – chopsticks – lunch
We need a pair of matching chopsticks for lunch.
3. chess - checkers - porch
Do you want to play chess or checkers on the porch?
4. search – attachment
Use the search bar to find the email with the attachment.
5. exchanged – WeChat – touch
The students exchanged WeChat information so they could stay in touch.
6. choose – cheaper – charger
You can choose a cheaper charger.

7. Practice /dʒ/ in sentences. Say the words first, then the sentences.
1. original – strategy – procedure - gill
Our original strategy didn’t work, so we’re trying a new gill procedure.
2. graduated – college – languages
She graduated from college with a degree in Asian languages.
3. jar – jam – edge
A jar of jam fell off the edge of the counter.
4. manager – just - packages
The manager just picked up the packages
5. vegetables – juice – fridge
The vegetables and juice should be in the fridge.
6. imagine – jacket – July
I can’t imagine why you’d need a jacket in July.