Java Tutorials - Java Example Codes and Tutorials

Java is great programming language for the development of enterprise grade applications. This programming Language
is evolved from a language named Oak. Oak was developed in the early nineties at Sun Microsystems as a platform-
independent language aimed at allowing entertainment appliances such as video game consoles and VCRs to communicate
. Oak was first slated to appear in television set-top boxes designed to provide video-on-demand services. Oak was
unsuccessful so in 1995 Sun changed the name to Java and modified the language to take advantage of the burgeoning
World Wide Web.

Java is an object-oriented language, and this is very similar to C++. Java Programming Language is simplified to eliminate
language features that cause common programming errors. Java source code files are compiled into a format called
bytecode, which can then be executed by a Java interpreter.

If you are beginner read New to programming section.

Java programming tutorials:

 Core Java
 Java SE 6
 Java SE 7
 Advanced Java
 J2ME
 JSP
 Servlets
 JDBC
 EJB
 Web Services
 JSTL

Java Flavors

Java For Beginner Master-Java

1. New to Java? 1. Master Java Tutorials (TOC)
If you are new to Java technology and This tutorial will make you perfect
you want to learn Java and make in Java i.e. the master of Java.
career in the Java technology then this You can be master of Java by
page is for you. going through the Master Java
Tutorial.
2. Use of Java
Java technology is a high-level 2. Java as a programming language
programming and a platform Java is an Object oriented
independent language. Java is application programming
 designed to work in the distributed language developed by Sun
environment on the Internet. Microsystems. Java is a very
powerful general-purpose
3. Java Exception programming language.
In this Java exception handling
tutorial, you will learn about different 3. Java as an Object Oriented
types of exception and errors with the Language
solutions to handle it. Basically In this section, we will discuss the
exceptions in Java are used to handle OOPs concepts along with
errors and exceptional events. Go fundamentals used to develop the
through the given tutorial to find out java applications and programs.
more on exceptions..

4. Java Get Example

An introduction to various methods 1. JEE 5 Tutorial
and functions to get the different Welcome to JEE 5 tutorial guide,
values in Java. After going through here you will find everything need
this section, you will be able to get the to know about Java Enterprise
date, time, certain values and directory Edition 5 for developing best
path etc.. enterprise application based on
JEE technologies.
5. Pass Value Example
2. JDK 6 Tutorial
6. Java Break Example The latest news for the java
programmers that the Sun
7. Java Biginteger MicroSystems has released the
Java SE 6 on Monday December
8. Java Bigdecimal 11. So go and grab your copy. It
has been released with the
9. JavaScript Array promises to ease the complexities
faced in the jdk 1.5.
10. Java Methods
3. Java IO Package Examples
11. Java Write The Java I/O is the collection of
java classes and interfaces for
12. Java Programming Introduction reading and writing on to stream,
Java programming language is useful byte stream and array of byte
for development of enterprise grade stream.
applications. Java language comes in
light from a language named Oak. 4. Java AWT Package Examples
In this section you will learn about
13. Learn Java In A Day the AWT package of the Java.
Java is the most exciting object Many running examples are
oriented programming language in provided that will help you master
computer programming landscape AWT package.

5. Java UDP Tutorial

14. Learn Java Quickly UDP Tutorial with many
This is one page introduction to java, examples in Java.
that will teach you the basics of java.
In this quick Java tutorial you will 6. Swing Example
download, install and then create very Here you will find many Java
first java program. Swing examples with running
source code. Source code provide
15. Java Tools here are fully tested and you can
Java Development Kit or JDK comes use it in your program.
with lots of tools for compiling and
running the programs. These tools 7. Java util Examples
also contains programs to test and The util package or java provides
document the programs. In this Java many utility interfaces and classes
Tools tutorials we will provide you for easy manipulation of in-
detailed introduction of these Java memory data. The java util
Tools. package tutorials at RoseIndia.net
introduces you with the Java util
16. Beginners Java Tutorials package of JDK.
Java Tutorial for beginners.
8. Java Threading Tutorial
17. Java Conversion Tutorials Threading concept is very
Java conversion tutorials with important in Java Programming
example. language. A thread is a sequential
path of code execution within a
18. Java Comparison program. And each thread has its
own local variables, program
19. Java String Examples counter and lifetime.
Java String tutorials with example.
9. Java 5 Tutorials
20. Java Exceptions Java 5.0 tutorials.
Exceptions are nothing but some
anomalous conditions that occur 10. Java-Network Tutorials
during the execution of the program. The Java platform is extremely
Exceptions are the conditions or preferable to write an application
typically an event which may interrupt program require to communicate
the normal flow of the program's with the resources on network.
instructions.
11. Simple java program
21. Wrapper Class Tutorials and Examples Write a simple java program to
Wrapper class is a wrapper around a makes a profit a local store marks
primitive data type. It represents up the prices of its items by 25%.
primitive data types in their
corresponding class instances e.g. a 12. Java Virtual Machine
boolean data type can be represented JVM is the main component of
as a Boolean class instance. Java architecture and it is the part
of the JRE (Java Runtime
22. Reflection API Tutorials and Examples Environment) . It provides the
Reflection API is a powerful cross platform functionality to
technique (that provides the facility) java.
to find-out Its environment as well as
to inspect the class itself. Reflection 13. Collection
API was included in Java 1.1.
14. Java Date
23. Java Applet Tutorials
Introduction to Java Applet and
example explaining how to write your
first Applet. Java Applet tutorials for
beginners, collection many Java
Applets example with running code.

24. Java iText - Open Source PDF

Libraries
iText is a java library that provides the
facilities for generating PDFs. You
can improve the look and feel of your
html which is the browser independent
by using this java library. You can get
more about the iText library inside the
topic.

25. Java Ftp Libraries

Here you will get some tutorials
related to the java ftp including ftp
libraries and some important
explained examples.

26. Various Commands that are used in

java are given below
A Java Compiler javac is a computer
program or set of programs which
translate java source code into java
byte code.

27. Java ClassPath

Java is an OOP language. In java
programming language for compiling
the program we use the compiler that
converts the source code into the byte
code after that, that byte code is
interpreted by JVM that converts the
bytecode into the machine
independent code.
 28. Task Scheduling in JAVA
In some applications some task need
to run periodically, for example a
application of report generating
checks for new database entry after
one day and make reports according to
the entries then save all entries in
company's permanent record.

Detailed Java Course Material

Section I - Introduction to Java

This section introduces you the Java programming language. These days Java
programming language is being used for programming web applications. It is also widely
used for mobile and electronic items.

1. What is Java?
Java is a high-level object-oriented programming language developed by the Sun
Microsystems. Though it is associated with the World Wide Web but it is older
than the origin of Web.

2. Java as an Internet Language

Java is an object oriented language and a very simple language. Because it has no
space for complexities. At the initial stages of its development it was called as
OAK. OAK was designed for handling set up boxes and devices.

3. Java as general purpose language

Java is an Object oriented application programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems.

Java Features

4. Case sensitivity
What is case sensitivity: Case sensitivity is the mechanism in which words can be
differ in meaning based on different use of uppercase and lowercase letters.

5. Java is Simple and platform Independent

The concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the Platform independent) is
one of the important key feature of java language that makes java as the most
powerful language.

6. Java Enabled browsers

Java language is the most powerful language and is widely used in the web
 application. Today most of the web browser are java compatible.

Java Tools

7. Java Compiler
To commence with Java programming, we must know the significance of Java
Compiler.

8. Java Interpreter
We can run Java on most platforms provided a platform must has a Java
interpreter.

9. Java Debugger
Java debugger helps in finding and the fixing of bugs in Java language programs.

10. Java Header File Generator

In Java programming we need to implement some native methods. To implement
these methods Javah generates C header and source files that are used by C
programs to reference an Object's instance variables from native source code.

11. JavaDoc
This tool is used to generate API documentation into HTML format from Java
source code.

12. Applet Viewer

Applet viewer is a command line program to run Java applets.

Section II- Java Language

1. Java Comments
To comprehend any programming language, there are several kind of comments
which are used.

2. Java Keywords
There are few keywords in Java programming language. Remember, we cannot
use these keywords as identifiers in the program. The keywords "const" and
"goto" are reserved though, they are not being currently used.

3. Java Data Types

Java programming language is a language in which all the variables must be
declared first and then to be used i.e. to specify the name and the type of the
variable. This specifies that Java is a strongly-typed programming language

4. Literals
By literal we mean any number, text, or other information that represents a value.
This means what you type is what you get. We will use literals in addition to
 variables in Java statement. While writing a source code as a character sequence,
we can specify any value as a literal such as an integer.

5. Arrays
In this section you will be introduced to the concept of Arrays in Java
Programming language. You will learn how the Array class in java helps the
programmer to organize the same type of data into easily manageable format.

6. Operators
Operators are symbols that performs some operations on one or more then one
operands. Once we declare and initialize variables, we can use operators to
perform certain tasks like addition, subtraction etc.

7. Controlling your program

We all know that the execution of the statements in a program takes place from
top to bottom. We will learn how the different kinds of statement have different
effects in looping like decision-making statements (if-then, if-then-else, switch),
the looping statements (for, while, do-while), and the branching statements (break,
continue, return) in Java programming language.

8. Java Classes
In this section you will be introduced to some essential classes in Java like
Exceptions, Basic I/O, Concurrency etc.

9. Class Inheritance
To know the concept of inheritance clearly you must have the idea of class and its
features like methods, data members, access controls, constructors, keywords this,
super etc.

10. Summary
You have been introduced to the contents of Java language providing a great
amount of information. Perhaps it would be a bit arduous to grasp the whole lot of
things at one go. However, the implementation of these little basics will make you
a substantial programmer.

Related Java Tutorials/Articles

1. Java Tutorial and articles
Here you will find articles related to the Java Programming Language. Some
of the articles are:
Deadlocks in Java, Java GC, Java Compile Time Constants, Enum Inversion
Problem, Head First Design Pattern, LinkedList vs. ArrayList, Java Break to Label
Statement, Strategy Pattern of Hascode Equality, Object Adapter based on
Dynamic Proxy, Making Enumerations Iterable, JTable in JDK, JDK 1.5
Performance Surprises ... Click Here to View all tutorials
 2. Java Tutorials - Complete Java Tutorial for Beginners and Advance Programmers
o Chapter 1: Overview: The Mental Landscape
o Chapter 2: Programming in the Small I: Names and Things
o Chapter 3: Programming in the Small II: Control
o Chapter 4: Programming in the Large I: Subroutines
o Chapter 5: Programming in the Large II: Objects and Classes
o Chapter 6: Applets, HTML, and GUI's
o Chapter 7: Advanced GUI Programming
o Chapter 8: Arrays
o Chapter 9: Correctness and Robustness
o Chapter 10: Advanced Input/Output
o Chapter 11: Linked Data Structures and Recursion
o Chapter 12: Generic Programming and Collection Classes
o Appendix 1: Other Features of Java
o Appendix 2: Some Notes on Java Programming Environments
o Appendix 3: Source Code for All Examples in this Book

3. Java Security Packages JCA/JCE

In this tutorial, the author explains the cryptography-related concepts and
packages in JDK, with code examples. Many of the concepts and technical terms
thus learnt will be useful in understanding the Cryptography API in MFC also.

Browser All Tutorials

Latest Java News

New to Java?

If you are new to Java

technology and you want to learn Java and make career in the Java technology then this page is for you. Here we have
explained how to learn Java and master the Java technologies.

Java is a vast language and it requires a lot of effort to learn and master the necessary Java technology to start your real life
projects.

Here at RoseIndia.Net, we have developed hundreds of tutorials, examples and articles to help you learn Java quickly and
easily. We have tried to put support examples related to each Java technology that will help you master the concepts.

These tutorials and examples are arranged in a sequence, so that you can learn Java step by step and master the Java and
JEE technologies.

Basics of Java Technology

This section provides an overview of Java technology as programming language and a platform. Java technology is a
simple, secure, robust, complete object oriented and platform independent high level programming language. It is also
portable, high performance, multithreaded and networksavy that enable it in constructing software that can run along in
small machines. The whole technology is based on the concept of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that acts as a translators of
byte code into machine language. In other words JVM converts the java byte codes into platform specific machine language.

Understanding the Java Technology

Java technology is high-level, object-oriented, very robust programming language. Java is platform independent
programming language and you can run your compiled code on any operating system without recompiling your source code.
Java technology is based on the concept of a single Java virtual machine (JVM) -- a translator between the language and
the underlying software and hardware. All implementations of the programming language must emulate the JVM, enabling
Java programs to run on any system that has a version of the JVM.

If you want to start java programming then you need to use a text editor to create and edit the source code. By using the
Java complier, you can change the source code into byte code. The byte code can be run on any platform having Java
interpreter that can convert the byte code into codes suitable for the operating system.

Why Java Technology is so important?

This high-level powerful programming language provides a powerful software platform as the JVM installed on different
platform understand the same byte code. This is ideal for server side web programming and runs in a secured manner over
internet. It enhance the computing power of the users by taking merely from desktop to the resource of the web. It contains
JVM and Java Application Programming Interface (API) that are kinds of readymade software components, and for using
any component, the need is just to import a related package in your program use the functionality. It offers development
tools that can be used in compiling, running, debugging and documenting the application, making the Java programming fun
and easy. The automatic garbage collection mechanism helps in avoiding memory leaks and its coding takes less
development time than other programming languages like C++.

Different Editions of Java Technology

a) Java SE - Java SE or Java Standard Edition provides tools and API's that you can use to create server applications,
desktop applications, and even applets. These programs developed using Java SE can be run on almost every popular
operating system, including Linux, Macintosh, Solaris, and Windows.

b) JEE - Based on the foundation framework of the standard edition, Java Enterprise Edition helps in web application
service, component model and enterprise class service oriented architecture (SOA).

c) JME - Java Micro Edition or JME for short is an accumulation of Java APIs that are used for the development of software
for devices like mobile phones, PDAs, TV set-top boxes, game programming. The platform of micro edition generally
consists of an easy user interface, a robust security model and a wide variety of built-in networks for running Java based
application.

Components of each edition

JSE Components

JavaBeans - It is the component architecture for J2SE platform and one can develop and assemble these software
programs for better web application. It is a reusable software component that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool.
This software assists visual builder tools in using reflection, introspection, and also analyze and customize JavaBeans.

Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - It is a part of Java class libraries based on the Java platform used for developing
graphical user interface (GUI). JFC helps in 2D graphics, imaging, text formatting and printing with the help of Abstract
Window Toolkit (AWT), Swing and Java2D. With the help of input method framework, the JFC technology assists in
preparing application that can be accessible to all users around the world in different languages. Drag and Drop is another
feature of JFC that supports data transfers between different Java applications.

JavaHelp - It is a platform independent and a feature oriented software system that offers developer an automated help
component. JavaHelp 2.0 API is useful while building online documentation and presenting online information to the
application users.

Java Web Start - It is framework in the Java platform that assists in starting Application software directly from the internet by
using a web browser. As we know Java applet can run in a browser but in case of Java Web Start, it doesn't run inside and
solve many complex problems associated with Javaplugins and JVM. It also provide many classes that in turn provides
various services and allow better access to resources. Version 1.0 was introduced in the year 2001. Now with the release of
J2SE 1.4, Java Web Start is included with Java Runtime Environment and does need any separate installation.

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) - JDBC API is a part of Java Standard Edition that helps in accessing data from a
SQL based database. Besides, it also process the result and allows in using the programming language with "Write Once,
Run Anywhere" feature. Some of its key features are like full access to metadata, no special installation and database
identification.

Java Media Framework (JMF) - Its an advanced API that allows Java developers to process and add audio-video source to
Java application and applets. It is useful for multimedia developers to capture, playback, transcode different media formats.

JEE - Components:

Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) - This technology is a server side component of Java platform used for the construction of
enterprise application. It is one of the Java APIs attached with the enterprise edition. By using Java technology, EJB helps in
quick development of small, distributed, transactional and secure application.
JavaMail - This JavaMail API technology allows to build mails and messaging application in a platform independent and
protocol independent framework. It is both a part of JSE and JEE platform. Thus, JavaMail uses an extensible platform for
transferring all kinds of Multimedia Internet Mail Extension (MIME).

Java Message Service (JMS) - Developed under Java community process, JMS technology is used for sending messages
between users. Basically, it is an enterprising messaging tool used for building enterprising application. The JMS API is a
combination of Java technology and enterprising messaging that provides facilities for building small message based
application. It functions under two models:Point-to-Point and Publishing & Subscribing model.

JavaServer Pages (JSP) - The JSP technology enables web developers in developing and maintaining web content pages
in formats like HTML and XML. With the help of JSP, it becomes very easy to build server and platform independent web
based application. This uses HTML and XML tags that offers logical solution for the content. This separately user interface
and content development from each other, which allows the designer to change page layout without changing the content.

Java Servlets - This enables a developer in adding content to a web server by using Java platform. This provides the
mechanism for enhancing the functionality of web server. In short, servlets provides platform independent and component
based web based application without the performance limiting of CGI program.

JME - Components:
Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) - It is one of the configurations of Java Micro Edition. 'Configuration'
describes minimal features of a complete Java. The CLDC specifies the capabilities of JVM, the base set of API for resource
limited devices like pager and mobile phones. There are two version of CLDC: version 1.0 was released in 2000 and came
to be known as Java Specification Request (JSR)30. Later version 1.1 or JSR 139 but 1.0 is more widely used. The
Connected Limited Device Configuration and the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) together provides solid Java
platform for developing application to run on less processing power devices.

Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) - This is another configuration of Java Micro Edition and coupled with CLDC, it
provides a farm Java Runtime Environment for various mobile devices and other personal digital assistance (PDA). With the
help of MIDP, developers can develop application once and then redistribute them into various mobile information devices in
a very small period of time. Its principal functions include the user interface, network connectivity data storage and overall
application process management. There are two versions of MIDP: one is MIDP 2.0 or JSR 118 and the second one is the
MIDP 1.0 or JSR 37.

Connected Device Configuration (CDC) - Developed under the Java Community Process (JCP), it is a standard
framework of Java technology used for building and delivering application that can be shared in a wide range of networks
and devices ranging from pagers, mobile phones, set top box and other PDA devices. It is in two versions: the JSR 36 (CDC
1.0) and the latest one is the JSR 218 (CDC 1.1).

What should be my learning path:

 a. Learn Core Java - The Core Java Technology is the foundation of Java Platform of JSE. It is used in all
classes of Java programming from desktop to Java Enterprise Edition. This include Java APIs, Java Application,
JVM, JavaBeans, JavaScript, JSP etc.

a. Learn JSP - JSP technology assists developers in generating HTML, XML web pages. It uses Java code and
some predefined actions while creating web content. This helps in the creation of JSP tag libraries that acts as
extensions to HTML and XML tags.

b. Learn Servlets - In a Java Platform, Servlets assists developers in adding content to a web server. Servlets
with Java server pages acts as a competitor to various dynamic web content technologies like CGI, ASP.NET,
JavaScript etc.
c. Learn about Tomcat and other servers - Developed by Apache Software Foundation Tomcat is a Java based
web application server used to run Servlet and JSP. It is not merely limited to application server and provides an
open platform to develop extensible web and content management service.
d. Learn Open Source technologies (Struts, Hibernate, Spring) - Basically in Java there are three open
source technologies known as frameworks; these are Spring, Hibernate and Struts. These open source application
frameworks solves many problems related to JSE and J2EE, and helps in effective development of web
application.
e. Learn EJB - Enterprise Java Beans are a part of J2EE and also a server sided component used mostly in large
projects. It helps in easy and rapid development of distributed, transactional and small application based on Java
technology.
f. Learn about Database Management System - It is a software designed to manage and run a database.
Generally, it is used in company back office work, accounting, customer support system and several other
purposes.

What is Java, it’s history?

Java is a high-level object-oriented programming language developed by the Sun Microsystems. Though it is associated
with the World Wide Web but it is older than the origin of Web. It was only developed keeping in mind the consumer
electronics and communication equipments. It came into existence as a part of web application, web services and a platform
independent programming language in the 1990s.

Earlier, C++ was widely used to write object oriented programming languages, however, it was not a platform independent
and needed to be recompiled for each different CPUs. A team of Sun Microsystems including Patrick Naughton, Mike
Sheridan in the guidance of James Goslings decided to develop an advanced programming language for the betterment of
consumer electronic devices. They wanted to make it new software based on the power of networks that can run on different
application areas, such as computers and electronic devices. In the year 1991 they make platform independent software and
named it Oak. But later due to some patent conflicts, it was renamed as Java and in 1995 the Java 1.0 was officially
released to the world.
Java is influenced by C, C++, Smalltalk and borrowed some advanced features from some other languages. The company
promoted this software product with a slogan named “Write Once Run Anywhere” that means it can develop and run on any
device equipped with Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This language is applicable in all kinds of operating systems including
Linux, Windows, Solaris, and HP-UX etc.

Where is Java being Used?

The programming language Java was developed by Sun Microsystems in the year 1995. Earlier, it was only used to design
and program small computing devices but later adopted as one of the platform independent programming language. The
most important feature of Java is its byte code that can be interpreted on any platform including windows, Linux etc. One
can also download it freely from the official website of Sun.

As we have mentioned above that java-programming language was only developed for the small devices but now it can be
found in a variety of devices like cell phones, e-commerce application, PCs and almost all network or computing devices.

Java is available in different form:

JSP ? Like PHP and ASP, Java Server Pages based on a code with normal HTML tags, which helps in creating dynamic
web pages.

Java Applets ? This is another type of Java program that used within a web page to add many new features to a web
browser. These are small program used in the programming of instant messaging, chat service, solving some complex
calculation and for many other purposes.

J2EE ? The software Java 2 Enterprise Edition are used by various companies to transfer data based on XML structured
documents between one another.

JavaBeans ? This is something like Visual Basic and a reusable software component that can be easily assemble to create
some new and advanced application.

As far as syntax is concerned, Java is similar as the C programming language but a distinct style of coding. It follows all the
general programming features like loops, data types, conditions, curly braces, semi-colon etc. Its a fully featured Object
Oriented Programming (OOP) language as it supports all OOP features including classes, modules, inheritance,
Polymorphism etc.

Mobile Java - Besides the above technology, Java is also used for various entertainment devices especially mobile phone.
Mobile Information Devices Profile (MIDP) uses Java run time environment in cell phones, mobile tracking systems and
other traditional PDA devices. Java technology enabled application is key to the games and services available in the mobile
world. This also plays an important role in the field of telemedicine such as PulseMeter. As far as mobile technology is
concerned, it offers offline facility, so that users can get service even if they face loss of connection. Today, all leading
mobile service provider like Nokia, Siemens, Vodafone are using Java technology. Sun Java Wireless Toolkit offers
complete support for developing different MIDP application.

Java technology is enabled with healthy content ecosystem by offering a healthy development and deployment environment,
protecting users and operators from down time and viruses. The increase volume of users now encouraging manufactures
and developers to apply Java technology in numerous other productive and functional ways including MP3 players, digital
TV, video, 3D, simplifying games, etc.

Java Releases

Java is developed by Sun Microsystems in 1996. Now the Java is powerful tools for the development of robust and scalable
enterprise applications.

The tables given below provide information about the name and time of releases for different versions of Java technology.

Releases Event Month Year

Java 1.5.0_09 October 2006

Java 1.5.0_08 August 2006

Java 1.5.0_06 December 2005

Java 1.5.0_05 October 2005

Java 1_5_0_04 July 2005

Java 1_5_0_01 February 2005

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.4 (J2SE 1.4) February 2002

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.3 (J2SE 1.3) May 2000

Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) December 1999

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) August 1999

Java Development Kit 1.2 (JDK 1.2) December 1998

Java Development Kit 1.1 (JDK 1.1) February 1997

Java Development Kit 1.0 (JDK 1.0) January 1996

Download JDK

What is JDK (Java Development Kit)

JDK is a software development program provided by sun Microsystems. Java

Development Kit or JDK comes in various version and can be downloaded free from the
sun Microsystems. JVM compiler, debugger and other tools are used with JDK for
developing java based application & java applets. So make sure that your JVM compiler
& JDK versions are same.

JDK also known as Java 2 Platform, That comes in three editions J2ME, J2SE & J2EE.
If you are beginner or learning Java then start by downloading J2SE.

Acronyms:
JDK Java Development Kit
JVM Java virtual machine

Download JDK
You can download JDK from www.javasoft.com/j2se

Latest version of JDK

1. JDK 5.0 Update 6

The full internal version number for this update release is 1.5.0_06-b05 (where
"b" means "build"). The external version number is 5.0u6. Java Version 1.5.0_06
introduces various security enhancements in Java Plug-in and Java Web Start to
better protect users and enterprises. For more information please
visit:http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/ReleaseNotes.html
Beginners Java Tutorials - Installing JDK

In this beginners java Tutorial ,We will first download, install and configure the J2SE development environment.

Downloading and Installing J2SE Software on Windows Platform

To download J2SE for development visit http://www.java.sun.com/j2se and download J2SE on your machine. In this
tutorial we have used jdk-1_5_0_06-windows-i586.exe.The java 2Platform or (JDK) can be downloaded from the sun.
Formerly Known as the java Development kit ,or JDK, Downloading java is really about downloading the java 2 plat form that
comes in three editions , J2ME, J2SE and J2EE , if you are learning java, then, you should start by downloading J2EE.

Once you have downloaded the j2se on your system, you are ready to install . In the following section we will learn how to
install jdk development environment on your machine. here are the step to install JDK on your windows machine.

Step 1

Double click the JDK down loaded file, the executable extracts the required Contents to the temporary directory and then
License agreement screen appears. On the license agreement page read and accept the license and the click the next
button .

Step 2
The custom setup screen appears as follows.

Step 3

Click on the change button to change the installation directory to "c:\jdk1.5.0_06" as shown in the following screen.
and click on the "OK" button. After clicking on the "OK" button installation begins:

Step 4
In the next window installer asks for the installing the runtime as shown in the following screen:

Step 5

Click on next button install the J2SE runtime on your machine. Next screen shows the browser selection:
Click on the "Next" button.

Step 6

Once the installation is finished it shows you the final screen indications the success. Now you have successfully installed
J2SE on your machine. Installer shows the following final confirmation window as shown below:
Click on the "Finish" button to exit from the installer.

Configuring the installation on windows machine:

In this Section we will add some settings to the windows environment so that the java compiler and runtime becomes
available for compiling and running the java application.

Go to the control panel and double click on "System Properties" and to to the advance tab.
and add "c:\jdk1.5.0_06" to path variable:
and click on ok button. To save the setting click on "OK" button.

This will make the java environment available for development. Open the dos prompt and type javac on the console, it
should show the following output:

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]

(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.

C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>java

Usage: java [-options] class [args...]
(to execute a class)
or java [-options] -jar jarfile [args...]
(to execute a jar file)

where options include:

-client to select the "client" VM
-server to select the "server" VM
-hotspot is a synonym for the "client" VM [deprecated]
The default VM is client.

-cp <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>

-classpath <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
A ; separated list of directories, JAR archives,
and ZIP archives to search for class files.
-D<name>=<value>
set a system property
-verbose[:class|gc|jni]
enable verbose output
-version print product version and exit
-version:<value>
require the specified version to run
-showversion print product version and continue
-jre-restrict-search | -jre-no-restrict-search
include/exclude user private JREs in the version search
-? -help print this help message
-X print help on non-standard options
-ea[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-enableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
enable assertions
-da[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-disableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
disable assertions
-esa | -enablesystemassertions
enable system assertions
-dsa | -disablesystemassertions
disable system assertions
-agentlib:<libname>[=<options>]
load native agent library <libname>, e.g. -agentlib:hprof
see also, -agentlib:jdwp=help and -agentlib:hprof=help
-agentpath:<pathname>[=<options>]
load native agent library by full pathname
-javaagent:<jarpath>[=<options>]
load Java programming language agent, see
java.lang.instrument

C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>

Now your development environment is ready for development.

Java SDK Directory Structure

This section introduces the Directory and file structure of SDK (Software Development Kit). The following figure shows
jdk1.5.0 software stored in 'c' directory that has multiple subdirectories like bin, demo, include and jre etc. to hold all
important developing and testing tools. See detail information bellow.

SDK Directory Structure:

Subdirectories of the SDK:

The jdk1.5.0 has following directory:

Bin directory - The bin directory provides all inessential tools for developing and testing the program through the help of
command provided by Java compiler.

Demo directory - This directory consists many applications and applets with source code.

Include directory - It contains all header files like for 'C' programming language that enables you to combine C code into a
Java program.

Jre directory - When you run any java program then you have to compile it by the help of Java interpreter or Java Runtime
Environment (JRE). The SDK uses the internal adaptation of JRE, which containing in the jre root directory.

Lib directory - This is a most important directory for development tools that contains libraries and it's supported files.

Docs directory - It is the last directory of Software Development Kit that assists you to store the Java documents. The docs
directory is an optional directory.
Files of the SDK:

JDK1.5.0 directory has following files that provide the detail information about it.

README.html : The jdk1.5.0 directory provides an html file that contains the detail information of SDK shown on the web
browser. This file contains all system requirements, features and documentation links to represents all information's about
the jdk1.5.0.

scr.zip: The zip file is a collection of one of more files that has been compressed or stored to '.zip' extension. Similarly, the
scr.sip file contains the source code of SDK. It become necessary to extract the file that contain the source code from the
ZIP file.

Hello world (First java program)

Java is a high level programming language and it is used to develop the robust application. Java application program is
platform independent and can be run on any operating System. Writing Hello World program is very simple. To write the
Hello world program you need simple text editor like note pad and jdk must be install in your machine for compiling and
running. Hello world program is the first step of java programming language. Be careful when you write the java code in
your text pad because java is a case sensitive programming language.

For Example

hello world !=(not equal to) Hello World

Write the following code into your note pad to run the Hello World program .

class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

Save the file and Please remember the location where you save your file. In this example we have saved the file in the "C:\
javatutorial\example" directory. The file name should be match the class name and to save the file give the .java extension.
e.g. HelloWorld.java

Now open the command prompt to compile the HelloWorld.java program. Go to the directory where you have saved the file (
in our case C:\javatutorial\example>) and issue the following command to compile the program:
C:\javatutorial\example>javac HelloWorld.java

javac is a compiler in the java Language. Java compiler change the programming Language into machinery language. So
that the java virtual can understand it. Once the compilation is successful a new file will be created with the
name HelloWorld.class. To run the program issue the following command on command prompt:

C:\javatutorial\example>java HelloWorld

You will see the following result on the command prompt.

Hello World!

Here is the screen shot of the above steps:

In this lesson you have learned how to write and then test the Hello World! java program.

Understanding Hello World Java Program

Now you are familiar with the Java program. In the last lesson you learned how to compile and run the Java program. Before
start hard programming in Java, its necessary to understand each and every part of the program. Lets understand the
meaning of public, class, main, String[] args, System.out, and so on.
 public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}

Class Declaration:

Class is the building block in Java, each and every methods & variable exists within the class or object. (instance of program
is called object ). The public word specifies the accessibility of the class. The visibility of the class or function can be public,
private, etc. The following code declares a new class "HelloWorld" with the public accessibility:

public class HelloWorld {

The main Method:

The main method is the entry point in the Java program and java program can't run without main method. JVM calls the
main method of the class. This method is always first thing that is executed in a java program. Here is the main method:

public static void main(String[] args) {

......
.....

{ and is used to start the beginning of main block and } ends the main block. Every thing in the main block is executed by the
JVM.

The code:

System.out.println("Hello, World");

prints the "Hello World" on the console. The above line calls the println method of System.out class.

The keyword static:

The keyword static indicates that the method is a class method, which can be called without the requirement to instantiate
an object of the class. This is used by the Java interpreter to launch the program by invoking the main method of the class
identified in the command to start the program.
Comparing Two Numbers

This is a very simple example of Java that teaches you the method of comparing two numbers and finding out the greater
one. First of all, name a class "Comparing" and take two numbers in this class. Here we have taken a=24 and b=25, now we
have to find out whether a=b, a>b or b>a. To find out this apply if and else condition one by one. Now apply the condition "if
(a=b)", if this satisfies then type that both are equal in the system class. If this doesn't satisfy, then check whether a>b by
applying the "else if" condition and type the message "a is greater than b" in the system class. Again this doesn't satisfy then
'else' condition as shown in the example will show that b is greater than a.

Now compile and run the program and you will find the desired output. If you are getting any error then check the whole
program thoroughly and surely you will get correct result. By compiling and running this exact program, you will find that b is
greater than a.

class Comparing{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a=24, b=25;
if (a == b){
System.out.println("Both are equal");
}
else if(a>b){
System.out.println("a is greater than b");
}
else{
System.out.println("b is greater than a");
}
}
}

Determining the largest number

This example of Java programming will teach you the coding for determining the largest number
amongst three. Here we have taken three integers as x = 500, y = 70 and z = 3000. After
defining these three integers under the class "largernumber" apply "if" and "else" conditions that
can help you in finding the largest value one by one.

First check if "x>y". If this satisfies then check whether x>z or not. Again if this satisfies
then write in the system class that "x is greater". Again the term "else" comes when "x"
is not greater than "z". So check again, if "z" is greater than "y" or not. If this satisfies
then type in the system class as "z is greater" otherwise (in the else condition) "y" is
greater. Now check whether "y" is greater than "z" or not.

If "x" is not greater than "y" as per the first condition, then the condition "else" comes
and now you have to check if "y>z" or not. If this satisfies then the output comes as "y is
greater".

Don't get confuse and analyze every condition one by one and follow this example.

Here is the code of program:

class largernumber{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=500, y=70, z=3000;
if (x>y){
if (x>z){
System.out.println("x is greater");
}
else{
if(z>y){
System.out.println("z is greater");
}
else{
System.out.println("y is greater");
}
}
}
else{
if (y>z){
System.out.println("y is greater");
}
}
}
}

Write a program to list all even numbers

between two numbers
Posted on: June 2, 2007 at 12:00 AM

Here you will learn to write a program for listing out all the even numbers between two numbers.
Write a program to list all even numbers between two numbers

Java Even Numbers - Even Numbers Example in Java:

Here you will learn to write a program for listing out all the even numbers between two numbers. For this first create a class
named AllEvenNumunder the java.io package. Now use the try/catch exception to avoid any kind of input error. After this

create a buffer class in which all the input data are stored and modified. Then give message as to "Enter number" in the

System method.

As we have to find out all the even numbers between 1 and the input number, define an integer variable 'num'. Now

apply ParseInt method that parses the string character into decimal integer. Again apply forloop in which define an integer

i=1 and i<= num also with an increment operator. Then apply the ifcondition that i/2=0 i.e. to find even numbers which are

divided by the integer 2. In the end apply the catch exception.

Now and compile and run the program, and enter your desired number to get all even numbers between 1 and this

numbers.

Here is the code of the program:

import java.io.*;

class AllEvenNum{
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
BufferedReader br1 = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter number : ");
int num = Integer.parseInt(br1.readLine());
System.out.println("Even Numbers:");
for (int i=1;i <=num ; i++){
if(i%2==0 ){
System.out.print(i+",");
}
}
}
catch(Exception e){}

}
}

Download this example.

Write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a circle

The given example will teach you the method for preparing a program tocalculate the area and perimeter of a circle. First
of all name a class as "CircleArea" under Java I/O package and define and integer r=o, which is the radius of the circle. Now
use try exception to handle errors and other exceptional events. As we have to input the value of radius here create a
buffered class with an object as 'br1'. This create a buffering character input stream that uses a default sized input buffer.
The InputStreamReader here works as a translator that converts byte stream to character stream. Now type message that
"Enter radius of circle" in the System.out.println method.

Now use the parseInt() method of the Integer class in order to convert from external numeric format to internal format. Now
create the Math class in which all the mathematical functions are defined. This Math class can be imported from the
java.lang.* package. Write the program for both the cases: radius and perimeter.

Before ending the program use the Catch mechanism that detects and catch user input errors. In the end compile and run
the program and enter your desired value as radius for calculating the radius and perimeter of the circle.

Here is the code of the program:

import java.io.*;
class CircleArea{
public static void main(String[] args){
int r=0;
try{
BufferedReader br1 = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Radius of Circle : ");
r = Integer.parseInt(br1.readLine());
double area = java.lang.Math.PI*r*r;
System.out.println("Area of Circle : "+area);
double perimeter =2*java.lang.Math.PI*r ;
System.out.println("Perimeter of Circle : "+perimeter);
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Error : "+e);
}
}
}

Download this example.

Palindrome Number Example in Java

In this section, you will learn about the palindrome number and how to determine any number is palindrome or not. First of
all we are going to read about the palindrome number. This is the number that the actual number and after reversing this, in
both cases the number is same that is called palindrome number otherwise not. Brief description below:

Description of program:

With the help of this program, we are going to determine whether the given number is palindrome or not. To achieve the
desired result, firstly we have to define a class named "Palindrome". After that we will ask the user to enter any integer type
number and then we will reverse it. After reversing the number we will check whether the given number is palindrome or not.
If the given number is larger, then it will display a message "Out of range!".

Here is the code of this program

import java.io.*;

public class Palindrome {

public static void main(String [] args){
try{
BufferedReader object = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter number");
int num= Integer.parseInt(object.readLine());
int n = num;
int rev=0;
System.out.println("Number: ");
System.out.println(" "+ num);
for (int i=0; i<=num; i++){
int r=num%10;
num=num/10;
rev=rev*10+r;
i=0;
}
System.out.println("After reversing the number: "+ " ");
System.out.println(" "+ rev);
if(n == rev){
System.out.print("Number is palindrome!");
}
else{
System.out.println("Number is not palindrome!");
}
}
catch(Exception e){
 System.out.println("Out of range!");
}
}
}

Download this example

Write a program for calculating area and perimeter of a rectangle

If you are a newbie in Java programming then our tutorials and examples will be helpful in understanding Java programming
in the most simplest way. Here after reading this lesson, you will be able to write program for calculating the area and
perimeter of a rectangle.

First of all create a class named RecArea under Java.io package. Now define two integer variable 'l' and 'w'. As the
program will be based on keyboard numerical input, it is important for every programmer to use correct data without any
mistake. In this case the exception methods like try/catch mechanism helps in detecting user input errors. So before
starting the functional code, enclosed it with try clause so that any error in the statement causes the execution of the catch
clauses.

Now create an abstract buffer class which is the super class of all classes and represents a stream of input bytes. The
InputSreamReader reads the character stream and stores it in the buffer class. Now use parseInt for both length and width
of the rectangle. This is an instance of class method and is used to convert a string to an integer. Define the area as l*w and
perimeter as 2*(l+w) and in the end use the catch exception.

Now compile and run the program and input the value as you see the message and get the ultimate result. If you find any
kind of error, then check the whole program again.

Here is the code of the program:

import java.io.*;
class RecArea
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{

int l=0;
int w=0;

try{

BufferedReader br1 = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

 System.out.println("Enter length of rectangle : ");
l = Integer.parseInt(br1.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter width of rectangle : ");
w = Integer.parseInt(br1.readLine());
int area = l*w;
System.out.println("Area of Rectangle : "+area);
int perimiter = 2*(l+w);
System.out.println("Perimeter: " + perimiter);

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("Error : "+e);}

}
}

Checking whether a year is leap or not

This tutorial is going to teach you the coding for checking whether a year is a leap year or not. Here, we have taken the year
2000. So define an integer n=2000 in the class "Leapyear" and now apply "if else" condition. As we know leap year is
divided by the integer 4 and so applying if condition as n/4=0, then "n" is a leap year. Now in the System.out.println write the
message that the year is a leap year. Again applying "else" condition the output will be that the year is not a leap year.

Here is the code of program:

class Leapyear
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n=2000;
if (n%4==0){
System.out.println("The given year is a leap year");
}
else{
System.out.println("This is not a leap year");
}
}
}
Download the program:

Listing out leap years between certain period

The programming lesson will teach you the coding for finding and listing out the leap years between two years. In the
following example we have to find out the leap years between 1990 and 2006. First define the two years under a class
"leapyears". Let i = 2006 and n=1990. Now with the help of for loop method initialize the year as n=1990 and n<=i. Also
apply the increment statement in the loop as we have to check one by one.

As we know a leap year is divisible by 4, define an integer l=n%4. So if 'n' is divisible by 4 or l=0, then the particular year can
be a leap year. For checking this, apply the if statement and if this satisfies then, the year will be a leap year. For listing out
each year write "+n" in the System.out.println.

Now compile and run the program in the command window and see the result. If you find any error, check the whole
program and find out the

Here is the code of the program:

class leapyears
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=2006;
int n;
for (n=1990; n<=i ; n++){
int l=n%4;
if (l==0){
System.out.println("leap year: "+n);
}
}
}
}

Preparing table of a number by using loop

This tutorial will teach you the methods of preparing the table of a given number by
using loop condition. As we know the loop statements are used to repeat a statement or
process multiple times according to a specified condition. Loop checks certain condition
and if it finds the condition is valuable then all the statements written under loop are
executed.

Here we will take a number a=25 of which we have to prepare a table. Define the
integer a=25 and b=1 as the initial point. Now apply "while" condition of loop and
confine b<=10 as we have to make a table of 25. Again define another integer as c=a*b,
this will be the result when we multiply 'a' with 'b'. Here we have to multiply 'a' with 'b' up
to 10 times like a*1, a*2....................a*9, a*10. So make define b=b+1 as increment
operator.

Now compile and run the program on the command window.

Here is the code of the prorgram:

class PreparingTable{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a=25, b=1;
System.out.println("the table of "+a+"= ");
while(b<=10){
int c = a*b;
System.out.println(c);
b = b+1;
}
}
}

Find out the prime number

This lesson of Java programming language will teach you the coding to find out whether a given number is prime or not.
Here we have used the 'for loop' statement and given the required condition for a prime number. As we know, a prime
number is only divided by 1 and itself, in other words it has no other factorial other than 1 and the number itself.

Here, first make a class and named as "Primenumber" and take an integer as num=11, and define an integer 'i' as the
integer other than 1 and the given number. That means, i>2 and i<num. Now apply this in the "for loop" statement and
define an integer n=num/i as given below in the example. Now apply the "if" condition and if the reminder of the earlier
equation comes "0", then the result will be not prime. Again the loop system will check the above condition until it has not
satisfied from the starting point(2) to the end(10). Here under this loop we have to use the "break" statement for
unnecessary checking further one point where the reminder comes zero(0).
Now after checking the whole condition, if the reminders does not come "zero", then we have to again apply the "if" condition
and check whether i=num or not. If it is true then number (num) is prime. As we have taken here as num=11, then after
compiling and running the program, the result will show that num is prime number.

Here is the code program:

class Prime_number {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 11;
int i;
for (i=2; i < num ;i++ ){
int n = num%i;
if (n==0){
System.out.println("not Prime!");
break;
}
}
if(i == num){
System.out.println("Prime number!");
}
}
}

Prime Number in Java

This Java programming tutorial, we will be read how to get prime number between 1 to given number. First of all we have to
define a class "PrimeNumber". Java I/O package has a input stream and a output stream in which input stream is used for
reading the stream and memory allocating and the output stream used for writing bytes. As in this program we are going to
insert certain instruction by creating buffer reader class. Here we have to create a buffer for the string class that can be used
to instantiate a changeable object for storing and processing a string of character. Now use the ParseInt method for
converting the parses the string argument and define 'num' as an integer.

Now applying in this program we use two 'for' loop. For loop will start from 1 to entered number. And another loop will start
and divide it from 2 to less than those number. If number is divided by any number that means it is not prime otherwise
prime number.

Here is the code of the Program

import java.io.*;

class PrimeNumber {
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
int i;
BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter number:");
int num = Integer.parseInt(bf.readLine());
System.out.println("Prime number: ");
for (i=1; i < num; i++ ){
int j;
for (j=2; j<i; j++){
int n = i%j;
if (n==0){
break;
}
}
if(i == j){
System.out.print(" "+i);
}
}
}
}

OOPs and Its Concepts in Java

Brief Introduction to OOP

Object Oriented Programming or OOP is the technique to create programs based on the real world.
Unlike procedural programming, here in the OOP programming model programs are organized around
objects and data rather than actions and logic. Objects represent some concepts or things and like any
other objects in the real Objects in programming language have certain behavior, properties, type, and
identity. In OOP based language the principal aim is to find out the objects to manipulate and their
relation between each other. OOP offers greater flexibility and compatibility and is popular in
developing larger application. Another important work in OOP is to classify objects into different types
according to their properties and behavior. So OOP based software application development includes
the analysis of the problem, preparing a solution, coding and finally its maintenance.

Java is a object oriented programming and to understand the functionality of OOP in Java, we first need to understand several
fundamentals related to objects. These include class, method, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism etc.

Class - It is the central point of OOP and that contains data and codes with behavior. In Java
everything happens within class and it describes a set of objects with common behavior. The
class definition describes all the properties, behavior, and identity of objects present within that
class. As far as types of classes are concerned, there are predefined classes in languages like C++
and Pascal. But in Java one can define his/her own types with data and code.

Object - Objects are the basic unit of object orientation with behavior, identity. As we
mentioned above, these are part of a class but are not the same. An object is expressed by the
variable and methods within the objects. Again these variables and methods are distinguished
from each other as instant variables, instant methods and class variable and class methods.

Methods - We know that a class can define both attributes and behaviors. Again attributes are
defined by variables and behaviors are represented by methods. In other words, methods define
the abilities of an object.

Inheritance - This is the mechanism of organizing and structuring software program. Though
objects are distinguished from each other by some additional features but there are objects that
share certain things common. In object oriented programming classes can inherit some common
behavior and state from others. Inheritance in OOP allows to define a general class and later to
organize some other classes simply adding some details with the old class definition. This saves
work as the special class inherits all the properties of the old general class and as a programmer
you only require the new features. This helps in a better data analysis, accurate coding and
reduces development time.

Abstraction - The process of abstraction in Java is used to hide certain details and only show the
essential features of the object. In other words, it deals with the outside view of an object
(interface).

Encapsulation - This is an important programming concept that assists in separating an object's

state from its behavior. This helps in hiding an object's data describing its state from any further
modification by external component. In Java there are four different terms used for hiding data
constructs and these are public, private, protected and package. As we know an object can
associated with data with predefined classes and in any application an object can know about the
data it needs to know about. So any unnecessary data are not required by an object can be hidden
by this process. It can also be termed as information hiding that prohibits outsiders in seeing the
inside of an object in which abstraction is implemented.

Polymorphism - It describes the ability of the object in belonging to different types with specific
behavior of each type. So by using this, one object can be treated like another and in this way it
can create and define multiple level of interface. Here the programmers need not have to know
the exact type of object in advance and this is being implemented at runtime.
Java Exception - Exception Handling in Java

Exception, that means exceptional errors. Actually exceptions are used for handling errors in programs that occurs during
the program execution. During the program execution if any error occurs and you want to print your own message or the
system message about the error then you write the part of the program which generate the error in the try{} block and catch
the errors using catch() block. Exception turns the direction of normal flow of the program control and send to the
related catch() block. Error that occurs during the program execution generate a specific object which has the information
about the errors occurred in the program.

In the following example code you will see that how the exception handling can be done in java program. This example
reads two integer numbers for the variables a and b. If you enter any other character except number ( 0 - 9 ) then the error is
caught by NumberFormatException object. After thatex.getMessage() prints the information about the error occurring
causes.

Code of the program :

import java.io.*;

public class exceptionHandle{

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
try{
int a,b;
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
a = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
b = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
}
catch(NumberFormatException ex){
System.out.println(ex.getMessage()
+ " is not a numeric value.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
}

Download Exception Handling Example

Java - Identifier and Primitive Data Types in java

In this example you will learn what isidentifier and primitive data types of a identifier. This tutorials will teach you how to
use these identifier in you java programming. Identifier is is a simple variable name which is defined as the value container.
The type of value stored by identifier is defined by the special java keyword is termed as primitive data type.

In the given example there are some identifiers have been used like byteident, shortident, intident, longident, charident,
stringident, floatident, doubleident. And there are some primitive data types of used identifiers have been also used in the
program like byte, short, int, long, float, double, char andString.

All the data type has it's own capacity to keep the maximum value. Which have been mentioned below :

Primitive Data Types

Keyword Description Size/Format

Integers

byte Byte-length integer 8-bit two's complement

short Short integer 16-bit two's complement

int Integer 32-bit two's complement

long Long integer 64-bit two's complement

Real numbers

float Single-precision floating point 32-bit IEEE 754

double Double-precision floating point 64-bit IEEE 754

Other types

char A single character 16-bit Unicode character

boolean A boolean value (true or false) true or false

Source: http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html

Code of the Program :

public class identifierandpdatatype{
public static void main(String[] args){
byte byteident = 3;
short shortident=100;
int intident = 10;
long longident = 40000;
char charident = 'a';
String stringident = "chandan";
float floatident = 12.0045f;
double doubleident = 2333333.000000000033343343434f;
System.out.println(byteident + " is the value of identifire

named 'byteident' which primitive data type is byte.");

System.out.println(shortident + " is the value of

identifire named 'shortident' which primitive data type is short.");

System.out.println(intident + " is the value

of identifire named 'intident' which primitive data type is int.");

System.out.println(longident + " is the value

of identifire named 'longident' which primitive data type is long.");

System.out.println(charident + " is the value

of identifire named 'charident' which primitive data type is char.");

System.out.println(stringident + " is the value

of identifire named 'stringident' which primitive data type is string.");

System.out.println(floatident + " is the value

of identifire named 'floatident' which primitive data type is float.");

System.out.println(doubleident + " is the value

of identifire named 'doubleident' which primitive data type is double.");

}
}

Java - Variable, Constant and Literal in Java

In this example you will see that how you can use variables, constants and literals in your program easily.

Variable : You can assign the values to the variable once it has been declared. The values of the variable can be changed
anywhere in the program if the variable is accessible in that scope. In this example we have used the variable intvariable to
illustrate this.

Constants: Constants are declared using the final keyword. The values of the constant can't be changed once its declared.

Literal : literal is an explicit number or string constant used in Java programs. This specifies the syntax of your declaration
of different types of values and operations. That mean literal is totally based on the syntax. Whenever you want to show the
message with java special symbols then you have to use the literals. For example to show the message "Directory of this file
: c:\code\varconstltr.java" then you can write as shown below

System.out.println("Directory of this file : c:\\code\\varconstltr.java");

There are three type of literals : Numeric Literals, Char type Literals, String Literals as follows.

Code of the Program :

public class varconstltr{

public static final int constint=5;
public static void main(String[] args){
int intvariable;
for (int i = 0;i <= 10;i++){
intvariable = i;
System.out.println("All the values are : \n intvariable = "

+ intvariable + "\nconstint = " + constint);

}
System.out.println("Directory of this file : c:\\code\\varconstltr.java");
}
}

Java Read File Line by Line - Java Tutorial

In the section of Java Tutorial you will learn how to write java program to read file line by line. We will use the
DataInputStream class to Read text File Line by Line.

Class DataInputStream
A data input stream is use to read primitive Java data types from an underlying input stream in a machine-independent way.
An application uses a data output stream to write data that can later be read by a data input stream.
Data input streams and data output streams represent Unicode strings in a format that is a slight modification of UTF-8. (For
more information, see X/Open Company Ltd., "File System Safe UCS Transformation Format (FSS_UTF)", X/Open
Preliminary Specification, Document Number: P316. This information also appears in ISO/IEC 10646, Annex P.) Note that in
the following tables, the most significant bit appears in the far left-hand column.

BufferedReader

Read text from a character-input stream, buffering characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of characters, arrays,
and lines.

The buffer size may be specified, or the default size may be used. The default is large enough for most purposes.

In general, each read request made of a Reader causes a corresponding read request to be made of the underlying
character or byte stream. It is therefore advisable to wrap a BufferedReader around any Reader whose read() operations
may be costly, such as FileReaders and InputStreamReaders. For example,

BufferedReader in
= new BufferedReader(new FileReader("foo.in"));

will buffer the input from the specified file. Without buffering, each invocation of read() or readLine() could cause bytes to be
read from the file, converted into characters, and then returned, which can be very inefficient.

Programs that use DataInputStreams for textual input can be localized by replacing each DataInputStream with an
appropriate BufferedReader.

Here is the code of java program to Read text File Line by Line:

import java.io.*;
class FileRead
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try{
// Open the file that is the first
// command line parameter
FileInputStream fstream = new FileInputStream("textfile.txt");
// Get the object of DataInputStream
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(fstream);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
String strLine;
//Read File Line By Line
while ((strLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
// Print the content on the console
System.out.println (strLine);
}
 //Close the input stream
in.close();
}catch (Exception e){//Catch exception if any
System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Java - Copying one file to another

This example illustrates how to copy contents from one file to another file. This topic is related to the I/O
(input/output) ofjava.io package.

In this example we are using File class of java.io package. The File class is an abstract representation of file and directory
pathnames. This class is an abstract, system-independent view of hierarchical pathnames. An abstract pathname has two
components:

1. An optional system-dependent prefix string,

such as a disk-drive specifier, "/" for the UNIX root directory, or "\\" for a Win32 UNC pathname, and
2. A sequence of zero or more string names.

Explanation

This program copies one file to another file. We will be declaring a function called copyfile which copies the contents from
one specified file to another specified file.

copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile)

The function copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile) takes both file name as parameter. The function creates a new File instance
for the file name passed as parameter

File f1 = new File(srFile);

File f2 = new File(dtFile);

and creates another InputStream instance for the input object and OutputStream instance for the output object passed as
parameter

InputStream in = new FileInputStream(f1);

OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2);
and then create a byte type buffer for buffering the contents of one file and write to another specified file from the first one
specified file.

// For creating a byte type buffer

byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
// For writing to another specified file from buffer buf
out.write(buf, 0, len);

Code of the Program :

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile{

private static void copyfile(String srFile, String dtFile){
try{
File f1 = new File(srFile);
File f2 = new File(dtFile);
InputStream in = new FileInputStream(f1);

//For Append the file.

// OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2,true);

//For Overwrite the file.

OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f2);

byte[] buf = new byte[1024];

int len;
while ((len = in.read(buf)) > 0){
out.write(buf, 0, len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
System.out.println("File copied.");
}
catch(FileNotFoundException ex){
System.out.println(ex.getMessage() + " in the specified directory.");
System.exit(0);
}
catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
switch(args.length){
case 0: System.out.println("File has not mentioned.");
System.exit(0);
case 1: System.out.println("Destination file has not mentioned.");
 System.exit(0);
case 2: copyfile(args[0],args[1]);
System.exit(0);
default : System.out.println("Multiple files are not allow.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
}

Java Write To File - Java Tutorial

In the section of Java Tutorial you will learn how to write java program to write to a file. We will use the class FileWriter and
BufferedWriter to write to a file.

Class FileWriter
The FileWriter is a class used for writing character files. The constructors of this class assume that the default character
encoding and the default byte-buffer size are acceptable. To specify these values yourself, construct an OutputStreamWriter
on a FileOutputStream.

BufferedWriter

The BufferWriter class is used to write text to a character-output stream, buffering characters so as to provide for the
efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and strings.

Here is the code of java program to write text to a file:

import java.io.*;
class FileWrite
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try{
// Create file
FileWriter fstream = new FileWriter("out.txt");
BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(fstream);
out.write("Hello Java");
//Close the output stream
out.close();
}catch (Exception e){//Catch exception if any
System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Download the code

Java Create Directory - Java Tutorial

In the section of Java Tutorial you will learn how to create directory using java program. This program also explains the
process of creating all non-existent ancestor directories automatically. We will use the class File class to crate the directory.

Class File
The File class an abstract representation of file and directory pathnames. File class is used to interact with the files system.

Here is the code for creating directory and all non-existing ancestor directories:

import java.io.*;
class CreateDirectory
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try{
String strDirectoy ="test";
String strManyDirectories="dir1/dir2/dir3";

// Create one directory

boolean success = (
new File(strDirectoy)).mkdir();
if (success) {
System.out.println("Directory: "
+ strDirectoy + " created");
}
// Create multiple directories
success = (new File(strManyDirectories)).mkdirs();
if (success) {
System.out.println("Directories: "
+ strManyDirectories + " created");
}

}catch (Exception e){//Catch exception if any

System.err.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
 }

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ava - Deleting the file or Directory

This example illustrates how to delete the specified file or directory after checking weather the file exists or not.
This topic is related to the I/O (input/output) of java.iopackage.

In this example we are using File class of java.io package. The File class is an abstract representation of file and directory
pathnames.

Explanation

This program deletes the specified file if that exists. We will be declaring a function called deletefilewhich deletes the
specified directory or file.

deletefile(String file)

The function deletefile(String file) takes file name as parameter. The function creates a new File instance for the file name
passed as parameter

File f1 = new File(file);

and delete the file using delete function f1.delete(); which return the Boolean value (true/false). It returnstrue if and only if
the file or directory is successfully deleted; false otherwise.

delete()
Deletes the file or directory denoted by this abstract pathname. If this pathname denotes a directory, then the
directory must be empty in order to be deleted.

Returns:

true if and only if the file or directory is successfully deleted; false otherwise

Code of the Program :

import java.io.*;

public class DeleteFile{

 private static void deletefile(String file){
File f1 = new File(file);
boolean success = f1.delete();
if (!success){
System.out.println("Deletion failed.");
System.exit(0);
}else{
System.out.println("File deleted.");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
switch(args.length){
case 0: System.out.println("File has not mentioned.");
System.exit(0);
case 1: deletefile(args[0]);
System.exit(0);
default : System.out.println("Multiple files are not allow.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
}

Download File Deletion Example

Java Word Count - Word Count Example in Java

This example illustrates how to count the number of lines, number of words and number of characters in the
specified file. Program takes the file name as parameter and it counts the number of words and lines present in the file.
Parameter is optional and if you simply run the program without mentioning the file name then you will have to input some
strings and program will count the number of characters and number of words for your given strings. This topic is related to
the I/O (input/output) of java.io package.

In this example we are using FileReader class of java.io package. The File class is an abstract representation of file and
directory pathnames.

Explanation

This program counts the number of lines, number of words and number of characters in the specified file. We will be
declaring two functions called wordcount and linecount in the program. The function linecount has been overloaded
according to the passing argument. If you input contents through the file then linecount function will be called (If specified file
exists) otherwise main function counts the number of characters and number of lines (always, the number of line will be only
1 in this condition) itself but for the counting of the number of words by using the wordcount function.
wordcount(String line)

The function wordcount(String line) takes either the content of the specified file or arguments passed with the run command
for a java program as parameter 'String line'. The wordcount() function is usingarrayname.charAt(index) to find position of
space in the string. A counter variable 'numWords' is used to count the number of words.

linecount(String fileName);

The function linecount(String fileName) takes the specified file name as a string parameter and create a instance for the
FileReader class to buffering then the file or string and it is passed to the function linecount(String fName, BufferedReader
in).

linecount(String fileName, BufferedReader);

The function linecount(String fName, BufferedReader in) takes the specified file name and created instance in for the
BufferedReader class by calling function linecount(String fileName) and assign the content of the buffer in a string
variable line. And then the function linecount(String fileName, BufferedReader) counts and print the number of characters,
number of lines. To count the number of words call the wordcount(String line) function.

Code of the Program :

import java.io.*;

public class WordCount{

private static void linecount(String fName, BufferedReader in)
throws IOException{
long numChar = 0;
long numLine=0;
long numWords = 0;
String line;
do{
line = in.readLine();
if (line != null){
numChar += line.length();
numWords += wordcount(line);
numLine++;
}
}while(line != null);
System.out.println("File Name: " + fName);
System.out.println("Number of characters: " + numChar);
System.out.println("Number of words: " + numWords);
System.out.println("Number of Lines: " + numLine);
}
private static void linecount(String fileName){
BufferedReader in = null;
try{
FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(fileName);
in = new BufferedReader(fileReader);
linecount(fileName,in);
}
catch(IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static long wordcount(String line){
long numWords = 0;
int index = 0;
boolean prevWhiteSpace = true;
while(index < line.length()){
char c = line.charAt(index++);
boolean currWhiteSpace = Character.isWhitespace(c);
if(prevWhiteSpace && !currWhiteSpace){
numWords++;
}
prevWhiteSpace = currWhiteSpace;
}
return numWords;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
long numChar = 0;
long numLine=0;
String line;
try{
if (args.length == 0)
{
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
line = in.readLine();
numChar = line.length();
if (numChar != 0){
numLine=1;
}
System.out.println("Number of characters: " + numChar);
System.out.println("Number of words: " + wordcount(line));
System.out.println("Number of lines: " + numLine);
}else{
for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++){
linecount(args[i]);
}
}
}
catch(IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

ava - Math class in Java

In this example you will learn about Mathclass. This example explains how you can use functions provided by the Math class
like E, PI, round, abs, ceil, exp, floor,IEEEremainder, max, min, pow, random,rint, sqrt etc. to manipulate the mathematical
operation in your program. The Math class is used to operate the calculations. There is not necessary to import any package
for the Math class because this is already in java.lang package.

Any expressions can be operated through certain method calls. There are some functions have been used in the given
example. All the functions have been explained below with example :

This is E field of the Math class which returns you a default exponent value that is closer than any other to e, the base of the
natural logarithms.

PI

This is also a field of the Method class which returns you a default pi value, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter.

abs()

This is the abs() function which returns you the absolute number.

ceil()

This is the ceil() function which returns you the smallest value but greater than the argument.

exp()

This is the exp() function which returns you the exponential value raised to the power of a double value.

floor()

This is the floor() function which returns you the largest value but less than the argument.

IEEEremainder()
This is the IEEEremainder() which returns you the remainder for the given dividend and divisor.

max()

This is the max() function which distinguishes the maximum value from the two given value.

min()

This is the min() function which distinguishes the minimum value from the two given value.

pow()

This is the pow() function which returns you the number raised to the power of a first given value by the another one.

random()

This is the random() function which returns you the random number. It is absolutely system generated.

rint()

This is the rint() function which returns you a value closest to the given value.

round()

This is the round() function which returns you a value that is in the rounded form.

sqrt()

This is the sqrt() function which returns you the square root of the specified value.

Code for the program :

public class mathclass{

public static void main(String[] args){
//E and round()
System.out.println("e = " + Math.round(Math.E*100)/100f);
//PI
System.out.println("pi = " + Math.round(Math.PI*100)/100f);
//abs()
System.out.println("Absolute number = " + Math.abs(Math.PI));
//ceil()
System.out.println("Smallest value but greater than

the argument = " + Math.ceil(Math.PI));

//exp()
 System.out.println("Exponent number powered by

the argument = " + Math.exp(0));

//floor()
System.out.println("Largest value but less

than the argument = " + Math.floor(Math.E));

//IEEEremainder()
System.out.println("Remainder = " +

Math.IEEEremainder(5.3f,2.2f));
//max()
System.out.println("Maximum Number = " +

Math.max(10,10.3));
//min()
System.out.println("Minimum Number = " +

Math.min(10,10.3));
//pow()
System.out.println("Power = " + Math.pow(10,3));
//random()
System.out.println("Random Number = " +

Math.random());
//rint()
System.out.println("Closest to the Argument

= " + Math.rint(30));
//round()
System.out.println("Round = " + Math.round(Math.E));
//sqrt()
System.out.println("Square Root = " + Math.sqrt(400));
}
}

Java - StringBuffer class in Java

In this example you will learn about StringBuffer class. This example explains how you can use functions provided by the
StringBuffer class like append, insert, reverse, setCharAt, charAt, length, deleteCharAt, substring, delete, capacityetc. to
manipulate the string operation in your program.

The StringBuffer class is used to represent characters that can be modified. This is simply used for concatenation or
manipulation of the strings.
StringBuffer is mainly used for the dynamic string concatenation which enhances the performance. A string buffer
implements a mutable sequence of characters. A string buffer is like a String, but can be modified. At any point in time it
contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the sequence can be changed through
certain method calls. There are some functions used in the given example. All the functions have been explained below with
example :

append()

This is the append() function used for the concatenate the string in string buffer. This is better to use for dynamic string
concatenation. This function works like a simple string concatenation such as : String str = str + "added string";.

insert()

This is the insert() function used to insert any string or character at the specified position in the given string.

reverse()

This is the reverse() function used to reverse the string present in string buffer.

setCharAt()

This is the setCharAt() function which is used to set the specified character in buffered string at the specified position of the
string in which you have to set the given character.

charAt()

This is the charAt() function which is used to get the character at the specified position of the given string.

substring()

This is the substring() function which is used to get the sub string from the buffered string from the initial position to end
position (these are fixed by you in the program).

deleteCharAt()

This is the deleteCharAt() function which is used to delete the specific character from the buffered string by mentioning that's
position in the string.

length()

This is the length() function is used to finding the length of the buffered string.

delete()
This is the delete() function is used to delete multiple character at once from n position to m position (n and m are will be
fixed by you.) in the buffered string.

capacity()

This is the capacity() function is used to know about the current characters kept which is displayed like : number of
characters + 6.

Code for the program :

import java.io.*;

public class stringBuffer{

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str;
try{
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
str = in.readLine();
str += ",
This is the example of SringBuffer class and it's functions.";

//Create a object of StringBuffer class

StringBuffer strbuf = new StringBuffer();
strbuf.append(str);
System.out.println(strbuf);
strbuf.delete(0,str.length());

//append()
strbuf.append("Hello");
strbuf.append("World");
//print HelloWorld
System.out.println(strbuf);

//insert()
strbuf.insert(5,"_Java ");
//print Hello_Java World
System.out.println(strbuf);

//reverse()
strbuf.reverse();
System.out.print("Reversed string : ");
System.out.println(strbuf);
//print dlroW avaJ_olleH
strbuf.reverse();
System.out.println(strbuf);
//print Hello_Java World

//setCharAt()
strbuf.setCharAt(5,' ');
System.out.println(strbuf);
//prit Hello Java World

//charAt()
System.out.print("Character at 6th position : ");
System.out.println(strbuf.charAt(6));
//print J

//substring()
System.out.print("Substring from position 3 to 6 : ");
System.out.println(strbuf.substring(3,7));
//print lo J

//deleteCharAt()
strbuf.deleteCharAt(3);
System.out.println(strbuf);
//print Helo java World

//capacity()
System.out.print("Capacity of StringBuffer object : ");
System.out.println(strbuf.capacity()); //print 21

//delete() and length()

strbuf.delete(6,strbuf.length());
System.out.println(strbuf);
//no anything
}
catch(StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

Java - Arithmetic Operation, Conversion and Casts in java

This example illustrates that what is type casting? Type Casting refers to changing an entity of one datatype into
another. This is important for the type conversion in developing any application. If you will store a int value into a byte
variable directly, this will be illegal operation. For storing your calculated int value in a byte variable you will have to change
the type of resultant data which has to be stored. This type of operation has illustrated below :
In this example we will see that how to convert the data type by using type casting. In the given line of the
code c = (char)(t?1:0); illustrates that if t which is boolean type variable is true then
value of c which is the char type variable will be 1 but 1 is a numeric value.
So, 1 is changed into character according to the Unicode value. But in this
line c = (char)(t?'1':'0'); 1 is already given as a character which will be stored as it is in the char type
variable c.

Code of the program :

public class conversion{

public static void main(String[] args){
boolean t = true;
byte b = 2;
short s = 100;
char c = 'C';
int i = 200;
long l = 24000;
float f = 3.14f;
double d = 0.000000000000053;
String g = "string";
System.out.println("Value of all the variables like");
System.out.println("t = " + t );
System.out.println("b = " + b );
System.out.println("s = " + s );
System.out.println("c = " + c );
System.out.println("i = " + i );
System.out.println("l = " + l );
System.out.println("f = " + f );
System.out.println("d = " + d );
System.out.println("g = " + g );
System.out.println();
//Convert from boolean to byte.
b = (byte)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of b after conversion : " + b);
//Convert from boolean to short.
s = (short)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of s after conversion : " + s);
//Convert from boolean to int.
i = (int)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of i after conversion : " + i);
//Convert from boolean to char.
c = (char)(t?'1':'0');
System.out.println("Value of c after conversion : " + c);
c = (char)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of c after conversion in unicode : " + c);
//Convert from boolean to long.
l = (long)(t?1:0);
 System.out.println("Value of l after conversion : " + l);
//Convert from boolean to float.
f = (float)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of f after conversion : " + f);
//Convert from boolean to double.
d = (double)(t?1:0);
System.out.println("Value of d after conversion : " + d);
//Convert from boolean to String.
g = String.valueOf(t);
System.out.println("Value of g after conversion : " + g);
g = (String)(t?"1":"0");
System.out.println("Value of g after conversion : " + g);
int sum = (int)(b + i + l + d + f);
System.out.println("Value of sum after conversion : " + sum);
}
}

Array Example - Array in Java

Array: Array is the most important thing in any programming language. By definition, array is the static memory allocation. It
allocates the memory for the same data type in sequence. It contains multiple values of same types. It also store the values
in memory at the fixed size. Multiple types of arrays are used in any programming language such as: one - dimensional, two
- dimensional or can say multi - dimensional.

Declaration of an array:
int num[]; or int num = new int[2];
Some times user declares an array and it's size simultaneously. You may or may not be define the size in the declaration
time. such as:
int num[] = {50,20,45,82,25,63};

In this program we will see how to declare and implementation. This program illustrates that the array working way. This
program takes the numbers present in the num[] array in unordered list and prints numbers in ascending order. In this
program the sort() function of the java.util.*; package is using to sort all the numbers present in the num[] array.
The Arrays.sort() automatically sorts the list of number in ascending order by default. This function held the argument which
is the array name num.

Here is the code of the program:-

import java.util.*;

public class array{

 public static void main(String[] args){
int num[] = {50,20,45,82,25,63};
int l = num.length;
int i,j,t;
System.out.print("Given number : ");
for (i = 0;i < l;i++ ){
System.out.print(" " + num[i]);
}
System.out.println("\n");
System.out.print("Accending order number : ");
Arrays.sort(num);
for(i = 0;i < l;i++){
System.out.print(" " + num[i]);
}
}
}

Output of the program:

C:\chandan>javac array.java

C:\chandan>java array
Given number : 50 20 45 82 25 63

Ascending order number : 20 25 45 50 63 82

Copying an array to another

Java Copy Array Example:

In this tutorial, you will learn how to copy data from one array to another. Here, providing you an example with code and its
explanation to given below.

This is a program that follows one dimensional array. In this program, firstly we have to define a class"CopyArray".
Now, we take two integer type array like: array1[] and array2[]. The array1[] contains some integer type values (2,3,4,5,8,9)
and another is blank. After initializing this, now we get number of rows and columns by using the array1.length. We use
the 'for' loop statement for displaying and copying ( array1[j] = array2[j] ) the array.

Here is the code of this program:

public class CopyArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
 int array1[]= {2,3,4,5,8,9};
int array2[] = new int[6];
System.out.println("array:");
System.out.print("[");
for (int i=0; i<array1.length; i++){
System.out.print(" "+array1[i]);
}
System.out.print("]");
System.out.println("\narray1:");
System.out.print("[");
for(int j=0; j<array1.length; j++){
array2[j] = array1[j];
System.out.print(" "+ array2[j]);
}
System.out.print("]");
}
}

Download this Example

charAt() Method In Java

In this section, you will get the detailed explanation about the charAt() method ofString class. We are going for
usingcharAt() method. You can see how to use the method by syntax. There is a section provided for understanding the
usage of the method practically.

Description of program:

Here, you will understand about the procedure of the charAt() method through the following java program. This program
reads a string as input through the keyboard. And first this shows the length of the string then find the character at the 4th
(mentioned as a parameter of the method) position of the string that is retrieved by using charAt() method. This method
takes a parameter that is the position of the string. The charAt() method returns a character value for the character at the
given position of the string.

Here is the code of this program:

import java.io.*;
class CharAt{
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
BufferedReader object=
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
 System.out.println("Enter the String");
String s=object.readLine();
int len=s.length();
System.out.println(len);
char char1=s.charAt(4);
System.out.println(char1);
}
catch(Exception e){}
}
}

OOutput this program:

C:\java_work>java CharAt
Enter the String
roseindia
9
i
C:\java_work>

length() Method In Java

In this section, you will learn how to uselength() method of the String class. We are going to using length() method. These
method are illustration as follow here:

Description of program:

Here, we will know that how many character of length in String. First of all, we have to define class named "StringLength".
Inside of class we have to define method of class in main class. After that we create one method which returns the integer
type values. So we are using to length() method of the String class for the purpose.

length() method : This method return the length of this string as an integer value.

Here is the the code of this program:

import java.io.*;

class StringLength{
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
 BufferedReader object=
new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Eneter string value:");
String s=object.readLine();
int len=s.length();
System.out.println(len);
}
catch(Exception e){}
}
}

Output this program:

C:\java_work>javac
StringLength.java

C:\java_work>java StringLength
Eneter string value:
amar
4
C:\java_work>

toUpperCase() Method In Java

Posted on: June 5, 2007 at 12:00 AM

In this section, you will learn how to use toUpperCase() method of the String class.

toUpperCase() Method In Java

In this section, you will learn how to usetoUpperCase() method of the String class. We are going for

using toUpperCase()method. This method is explained as follows:

Description of program:

Here, you will see the procedure of converting letters of the string in uppercase letter. So, we are using toUpperCase()

method of the String class for the purpose.

The following program convert the string "india" into "INDIA" by using toUpperCase() method.

toUpperCase(): This method returns a string value.

Here is the code of this program:

public class ConvertInUpperCase{

public static void main(String args[]){
String roseindia = "india";
System.out.println("String is : " + roseindia);
String upper = roseindia.toUpperCase();
System.out.println("String in uppercase letter: " + upper);
}
}

Output of program:

C:\java_work>javac
ConvertInUpperCase.java

C:\java_work>java
ConvertInUpperCase
String is : india
String in uppercase letter: INDIA

C:\java_work>

String Array In Java

In this section, you will learn how to usestring array in Java. Here, you will see how to declare a string array and the syntax
for using in the program. This section provides you a simple java program which illustrates about the string array in very
efficient manner.

Program Description:

Following code of the program declares a string array and store some strings like "chandan", "tapan", "Amar", "santosh", and
"deepak" to it. And in the main method these string are displayed one by one by retrieving from the specified string array
named roseindia. In this program all the string values are stored in the roseindia string array at the declaration time.
Here is the code of this program:

class StringCharacter
{
static String[] roseindia={"chanan","tapan","Amar","santosh","deepak"};
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
System.out.println(roseindia[i]);
}
}
}

Output of program:

C:\>javac StringCharacter.java

C:\>java StringCharacter
chanan
tapan
Amar
santosh
deepak

C:\>

Download this Example.

Average of Array

In this section, we will learn how to get an average of array. For this, first of all we have to define a class
name "ArrayAverage"that has double type array to contain some values. Now we take a double type data that calculates
the average of array (result/nums.length). And finally it will display the result on the command prompt with message by
using the System.out.println().

Here is the code of this program

public class ArrayAverage{
public static void main(String[] args) {
double nums[]={1.0,2.3,3.4,4.5,40.5};
double result=0.0;
int i=0;
for(i=0; i < nums.length; i++){
result=result + nums[i];
}
System.out.println("Average is =" + result/nums.length);
}
}

Matrix Example in Java

In Java tutorial, you will learn about array and matrix. An array is the collection of same data type values. If we create a
variable of integer type then, the array of int can only store the int values. It can't store other than int data type.

Matrix: A matrix is a collection of data in rows and columns format.

Description of program:

In this program we are going to implement a matrix. To make a program over the two dimensional array, first of all we have
to declare class named as MatrixExample that has one static methodoutputArray() which takes integer type array and
represents it. For displaying the matrix we need to its rows and column by using the array.length method. Now, we use
the for loop to print all the values stored in the array. At last use the main() method inside which we are going to declare the
values of the multidimensional array which we are going to use. Call the outputArray() method inside the main method. The
output will be displayed to the user by println() method.

Here is the code of this Example:

class MatrixExample{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int array[][]= {{1,3,5},{2,4,6}};
System.out.println("Row size= " + array.length);
System.out.println("Column size = " + array[1].length);
outputArray(array);
}

public static void outputArray(int[][] array) {

int rowSize = array.length;
 int columnSize = array[0].length;
for(int i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
System.out.print("[");
for(int j = 0; j <= 2; j++) {
System.out.print(" " + array[i][j]);
}
System.out.println(" ]");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

Sum of two Matrix

In this section, we are going to calculate the sum of two matrix and containing its rows and columns. See below for better
understanding to this.

In this program we are going to calculate the sum of two matrix. To make this program, we need to declare two dimensional
array of type integer. Firstly it calculates the length of the both the arrays. Now we need to make a matrix out of it. To make
the matrix we will use the for loop. By making use of the for loop the rows and column will get divide. This process will be
performed again for creating the second matrix.

After getting both the matrix with us, we need to sum both the matrix. The both matrix will be added by using the for loop
with array[i][j]+array1[i][j]. The output will be displayed by using the println() method.

Here is the code of this program:

class MatrixSum{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int array[][]= {{4,5,6},{6,8,9}};
int array1[][]= {{5,4,6},{5,6,7}};
System.out.println("Number of Row= " + array.length);
System.out.println("Number of Column= " + array[1].length);
int l= array.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 1 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j <= l; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
 }
int m= array1.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 2 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println("Addition of both matrix : ");
for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+(array[i][j]+array1[i][j]));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Output of program:

C:\amar work>javac
MatrixSum.java

C:\amar work>java MatrixSum

Number of Row= 2
Number of Column= 3
Matrix 1 :
456
689
Matrix 2 :
546
567
Addition of both matrix :
9 9 12
11 14 16
Multiplication of two Matrix

This is a simple java program that teaches you for multiplying two matrix to each other. Here providing you Java source
code with understanding the Java developing application program. We are going to make a simple program that will multiply
two matrix. Two dimensional array represents the matrix.

Now, make this program, you have to declare two multidimensional array of type integer. Program uses two for loops to get
number of rows and columns by using the array1.length. After getting both matrix then multiply to it. Both matrix will be
multiplied to each other by using 'for' loop. So the output will be displayed on the screen command prompt by using
the println() method.

Here is the code of this program:

class MatrixMultiply{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int array[][] = {{5,6,7},{4,8,9}};
int array1[][] = {{6,4},{5,7},{1,1}};
int array2[][] = new int[3][3];
int x= array.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 1 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < x; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j <= x; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
int y= array1.length;
System.out.println("Matrix 2 : ");
for(int i = 0; i < y; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}

for(int i = 0; i < x; i++) {

for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++) {
for(int k = 0; k < y; k++){

array2[i][j] += array[i][k]*array1[k][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println("Multiply of both matrix : ");
for(int i = 0; i < x; i++) {
 for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++) {
System.out.print(" "+array2[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Square Elements of Two Dimensional Array

This is a simple java program for implementing the two dimensional array program and its square. This session provide you
the best explanation with mathematical operation.

Description of progarm:

We are going to display the square of two matrix. Firstly, we have to define a class "SquareMatrix". Then we take an
integer type array that contains integer type values. After this, we use two 'for' loop that denotes rows and columns of a
matrix. After getting both the matrix with us we need to square both matrix. When we go to square this array then we use
"square[i][j] =square[i][j] * square[i][j]". So, the output will be displayed on the screen command prompt by using
the println() method.

Here is the code of this program

public class SquareMatrix {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int square[][]= {{1,3,5},{2,4,6}};
System.out.println("Your Original Matrix: ");
for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++){
System.out.print(square[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
for(int i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j <= 2; j++) {
square[i][j] = square[i][j] * square[i][j];
}
}
System.out.println("Matrix after changes: ");
for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++){
System.out.print(square[i][j] + " ");
 }
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Download this Example

Check Even-Odd:-Example

Now, you have to learn about the syntax of If - Else construct. How the If - Else construct used to flow the program control as
for as needed. If - Else construct has illustrated by a given example.

Given example reads a integer value and check weather number is Odd or Even. In this example you will learn how to
determine the Even or Odd for the given number entered through the keyboard. If the given condition is true then print the
message Given number is Even otherwise the control of the program will jumps in the else block and print the
message Given number is Odd. In this example a special exception has been also used, that
is NumberFormatException which holds the error during the checking the entered data format. Entered data must be a
number not a character or string. If you enter anything except numeric value then normal flow of the program is sent to the
catch block and print the specified message. Full running code is provided with the example.

Here is the code of the program:-

import java.io.*;

public class IfElse{

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
try{
int n;
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
n = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
if (n % 2 == 0)
{
System.out.println("Given number is Even.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Given number is Odd.");
}
}
catch(NumberFormatException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage()
+ " is not a numeric value.");
System.exit(0);
 }
}
}

Download Even-Odd Example

Java - Break statement in java

The java programming language supports the following types of controlling statements such as:
1.The break statement
2.The continue statement
3.The return statement

Break: The break statement is used in many programming languages such as c, c++, java etc. Some times we need to exit
from a loop before the completion of the loop then we use break statement and exit from the loop and loop is terminated.
The break statement is used in while loop, do - while loop, for loop and also used in the switch statement.

Code of the program :

public class Break{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i,j;
System.out.println("Prime numbers between 1 to 50 : ");
for (i = 1;i < 50;i++ ){
for (j = 2;j < i;j++ ){
if(i % j == 0)
{
break;
}
}
if(i == j)
{
System.out.print(" " + i);
}
}
}
}

Output of the program :

C:\chandan>javac Break.java
C:\chandan>java Break
The Prime number in between 1 - 50 :
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47

Java - Continue statement in Java

Continue: The continue statement is used in many programming languages such as C, C++, java etc. Sometimes we do not
need to execute some statements under the loop then we use the continue statement that stops the normal flow of the
control and control returns to the loop without executing the statements written after the continue statement. There is the
difference between break and continue statement that the break statement exit control from the loop but continue statement
keeps continuity in loop without executing the statement written after the continue statement according to the conditions.

In this program we will see that how the continue statement is used to stop the execution after that.

Here is the code of the program :

public class Continue{

public static void main(String[] args){
Thread t = new Thread();
int a = 0;
try{
for (int i=1;i<10;i++)
{
if (i == 5)
{
continue;
//control will never reach here (after the continue statement).
//a = i;
}
t.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("chandan");
System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e){}
}
}

Output of the program :

If we write the code in the given program like this :
if (i == 5 )
{
continue;
a = i;
}

Then the program will generate a error on compile time like :

C:\chandan>javac Continue.java
Continue.java:12: unreachable
statement
a = i;
^
1 error

If we write the code in the given program like this :

if (i == 5 )
{
continue;
}

Then the program prints the output like :

C:\chandan>javac
Continue.java

C:\chandan>java Continue
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0
chandan
Value of a : 0

Java - The switch construct in Java

Switch is the control statement in java which also turns the normal flow control of the program as per conditions. It works
same as If-Else construct. This is the difference between Switch and If-Else construct that switch is used for reduce the if
statements. If the multiple choices are available then we generally use the If-Else construct otherwise Switch is easier than
the If-Else construct. Switch checks your choice and jump on that case label if the case exists otherwise control is sent to the
default label.

In this Program you will see that how to use the switch statement. This program take a number and check weather the
number lies between 1 to 7. If user enters the number between 1 to 7 then program print the name of the day in sequence
like for 1 prints Sunday, for 2 prints Monday and so on otherwise prints the message Invalid entry!. If user enters any
character then the message will be printed by catchblock. This program also using the break statement. The normal flow of
control quits from the Switch block whenever break statement occurs. Full running program code is provided with the
example.

Here is a code of program:-

import java.io.*;

public class Switch{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
int ch;
System.out.println("Enter 1 for Sunday.");
System.out.println("Enter 2 for Monday.");
System.out.println("Enter 3 for Tuesday.");
System.out.println("Enter 4 for Wednesday.");
System.out.println("Enter 5 for Thrusday.");
System.out.println("Enter 6 for Friday.");
System.out.println("Enter 7 for Saturday.");
System.out.print("your choice is : ");
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
ch=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
switch(ch){
case 1: System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
 case 2: System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 3: System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 4: System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 5: System.out.println("Thrusday");
break;
case 6: System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 7: System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid entry!");
break;
}
}
catch(NumberFormatException ex){
System.out.println(ex.getMessage()
+ " is not a numeric value.");
System.exit(0);
}
}
}

Download The Switch Example

While Loop

Loop is the control statement of any language in which whenever you want to perform the repetitious work then you use
the Loop control statement. There are mainly three types of loops. Loop repeats a statement or a process multiple times
according to the specified conditions. It allows the multiple statements or process to be run for the specified time or it also
follows the certain conditions. Loop makes your program readable, flexible and reliable.

While loop: While loop checks the certain condition first, if the condition is true then all the statements or processes written
under the while loop are executed otherwise ignored all.

The Syntax for the while loop:

while(condition)
{
statements;
}
In this program you will see how to use the while loop statement. This program take the value of variable n and generate the
table of that number which is 2.

Here is a code of program:-

public class table{

public static void main(String[] args){
int n = 2;
int i = 1;
System.out.println("The table of "+n+" = ");
while(i<=10)
{
int t = n * i;
System.out.println(t);
i++;
}
}
}

Download this example.

Related Tags for While Loop:

do-while Loop in Java

In some conditions in java, you need to run some statements and processes once at least. For that you have to use the do
while loop in after that check the condition then we use the do-while loop statement. do-while loop is same as the while loop
statement but while loop checks the certain condition is first and if condition is true then statements or processes are
executed otherwise all the statements written under the while loop is ignored by the interpreter but do - while loop executes
all the statements first at once and then check the condition if the condition is true then all the statements are also executed
in second times otherwise second times ignored all the statements.

The Syntax for the do-while loop:

do
{
statements;
}
while(condition);

In this example you will see how to use the do-while loop statement. The values are already given the variable n and r in the
program after that it calculate the program and its perform the its original number and its reverse number.
Here is the code of the program:-

public class DoWhile{

public static void main(String[] args){
int n = 12345;
int t,r = 0;
System.out.println("The original number : " + n);
do{
t = n % 10;
r = r * 10 + t;
n = n / 10;
}while (n > 0);
System.out.println("The reverse number : " + r);
}
}

For Loop in Java - Java For Loop Examples & Syntax

The for loop is the type of looping construct. It also works as while loop construct but it provide the initialization, condition
and the increment is same written in the for construct. All the statements which has to be executed written in the for block.
We can use the multiple for loop in a program or a for loop also. When we write a loop under another loop then the second
loop is called nested loop.

The Syntax for the For Loop:

for( initialization; termination; increment)

{
statements;
}

The given example illustrates that how to use the for loop for developing a application or a program. In this program we will
see that the initialization of the variable, condition and increment used for the for loop. Initialization, Condition and
Incrementation, all are optional but two semicolons are compulsory which separates Initialization, Condition and
Incrementation.

Initialization: It allows the variable to be initialize. Such as:

int i = 1;
int j = 1;
Termination (or condition): It allows to check the certain condition. If condition is true then all statements and processes
written in the for block will be executed otherwise ignored. Condition such as:
 i <= 5;
j <= i;
Increment: It allows the how much increase the given variable. Such as:
i++;
j++;

Code of the program :

public class ForLoop{

public static void main(String[] args){
for(int i = 1;i <= 5;i++){
for(int j = 1;j <= i;j++){
System.out.print(i);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Output of the program :

1
22
333
4444
55555

Java - Class, Object and Methods in Java

Class : Whatever we can see in this world all the things are a object. And all the objects are categorized in a special group.
That group is termed as a class. All the objects are direct interacted with its class that mean almost all the properties of the
object should be matched with it's own class. Object is the feature of a class which is used for the working on the particular
properties of the class or its group. We can understand about the class and object like this : we are all the body are different
- different objects of the human being class. That means all the properties of a proper person relates to the human being.
Class has many other features like creation and implementation of the object, Inheritance etc.

In this Program you will see how to use the class, object and it's methods. This program uses the several values of several
defined variables for getting the Area and Perimeter of the Square and Rectangle by calling the different functions from the
different classes through the several objects created for the several class. In this program there are two classes has been
used except the main class in which the main function is declared. First class is square which is using for getting the Area
and Perimeter of the square and another class is rectangle which is using for getting the Area and Perimeter of the
Rectangle. All the functions in the square and rectangle class are calling with different - different arguments two times for
getting the Area and Perimeter of square and rectangle for two different sides. This program gives us the Area and
Perimeter for the different sided Square and Rectangle separately. Full running code is given with the example :

Here is the code of the program :

class square{
int sqarea(int side){
int area = side * side;
return(area);
}
int sqpari(int side){
int pari = 4 * side;
return(pari);
}
}
class rectangle{
int rectarea(int length,int breadth){
int area = length * breadth;
return(area);
}
int rectpari(int length,int breadth){
int pari = 2*(length + breadth);
return(pari);
}
}
public class ObjectClass{
public static void main(String args[]){
int sarea1,sarea2,pari1,pari2;
int rectarea1,rectarea2,rectpari1,rectpari2;
square sq = new square();
rectangle rect = new rectangle();
int a=20;
System.out.println("Side of first square = " + a);
sarea1 = sq.sqarea(a);
pari1 = sq.sqpari(a);
System.out.println("Area of first square = " + sarea1);
System.out.println("Parimeter of first square = " + pari1);
a = 30;
System.out.println("Side of second square = " + a);
sarea2 = sq.sqarea(a);
pari2 = sq.sqpari(a);
System.out.println("Area of second square = " + sarea2);
System.out.println("Parimeter of second square = " + pari2);
int x = 10, y = 20;
System.out.println("Length of first Rectangle = " + x);
System.out.println("Breadth of first Rectangle = " + y);
 rectarea1 = rect.rectarea(x,y);
rectpari1 = rect.rectpari(x,y);
System.out.println("Area of first Rectangle = " + rectarea1);
System.out.println("Parimeter of first Rectangle = " + rectpari1);
x = 15;
y = 25;
System.out.println("Length of second Rectangle = " + x);
System.out.println("Breadth of second Rectangle = " + y);
rectarea2 = rect.rectarea(x,y);
rectpari2 = rect.rectpari(x,y);
System.out.println("Area of second Rectangle = " + rectarea2);
System.out.println("Parimeter of first Rectangle = " + rectpari2);
}
}

Descriptions of the program:

Object : Objects are the basic run time entity or in other words object is a instance of a class . An object is a software
bundle of variables and related methods of the special class. In the above example the sq is the object of square class and
rect is the object of the rectangle class. In real-world objects share two characteristics: They have all state and behavior. For
example, The squares have state such as : sides and behaviors such as its areas and perimeters. Rectangles have state
such as: length, breadth and behavior such as its areas and perimeters. A object implements its behavior with methods of
it's classes. A method is a function (subroutine) associated with an object.

Syntax for the Object :

class_name object_name = new class_name();

Output of the program :

C:\chandan>javac ObjectClass.java

C:\chandan>java ObjectClass
Side of first square = 20
Area of first square = 400
Parimeter of first square = 80
Side of second square = 30
Area of second square = 900
Parimeter of second square = 120
Length of first Rectangle = 10
Breadth of first Rectangle = 20
Area of first Rectangle = 200
Parimeter of first Rectangle = 60
Length of second Rectangle = 15
Breadth of second Rectangle = 25
Area of second Rectangle = 375
Parimeter of first Rectangle = 80

Java - Constructor in java

Every class has at least one it's ownconstructort. Constructor creates a instance for the class. Constructor initiates (initialize)
something related to the class's methods. Constructor is the method which name is same to the class. But there are many
difference between the method (function) and the Constructor.

In this example we will see that how to to implement the constructor feature in a class. This program is using two classes.
First class is another and second is the main class which name is Construct. In theConstruct class two objects (a and b) are
created by using the overloaded another Constructor by passing different arguments and calculated the are of the different
rectangle by passing different values for the another constructor.

Here is the code of the program :

class another{
int x,y;
another(int a, int b){
x = a;
y = b;
}
another(){
}
int area(){
int ar = x*y;
return(ar);
}
}
public class Construct{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
another b = new another();
b.x = 2;
b.y = 3;
System.out.println("Area of rectangle : " + b.area());
System.out.println("Value of y in another class : " + b.y);
another a = new another(1,1);
System.out.println("Area of rectangle : " + a.area());
System.out.println("Value of x in another class : " + a.x);
 }
}

Output of the program :

C:\chandan>javac Construct.java

C:\chandan>java Construct
Area of rectangle : 6
Value of x in another class : 3
Area of rectangle : 1
Value of x in another class : 1

Download this example.

Constructor Overloading in Java

Here, you will learn more aboutConstructor and how constructors are overloaded in Java. This section provides you a brief
introduction about theConstructor that are overloaded in the given program with complete code absolutely in running state
i.e. provided for best illustration about the constructor overloading in Java.

Constructors are used to assign initial values to instance variables of the class. A default constructor with no arguments will
be called automatically by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Constructor is always called by new operator. Constructor are
declared just like as we declare methods, except that the constructor don't have any return type. Constructor can be
overloaded provided they should have different arguments because JVM differentiates constructors on the basis of
arguments passed in the constructor.

Whenever we assign the name of the method same as class name. Remember this method should not have any return
type. This is called as constructor overloading.

We have made one program on a constructor overloading, after going through it the concept of constructor overloading will
get more clear. In the example below we have made three overloaded constructors each having different arguments types
so that the JVM can differentiates between the various constructors.

The code of the program is given below:

public class ConstructorOverloading{

public static void main(String args[]){
Rectangle rectangle1=new Rectangle(2,4);
 int areaInFirstConstructor=rectangle1.first();
System.out.println(" The area of a rectangle in
first constructor is : " + areaInFirstConstructor);
Rectangle rectangle2=new Rectangle(5);
int areaInSecondConstructor=rectangle2.second();
System.out.println(" The area of a rectangle in
first constructor is : " + areaInSecondConstructor);
Rectangle rectangle3=new Rectangle(2.0f);
float areaInThirdConstructor=rectangle3.third();
System.out.println(" The area of a rectangle in first
constructor is : " + areaInThirdConstructor);
Rectangle rectangle4=new Rectangle(3.0f,2.0f);
float areaInFourthConstructor=rectangle4.fourth();
System.out.println(" The area of a rectangle in first
constructor is : " + areaInFourthConstructor);
}
}

class Rectangle{
int l, b;
float p, q;
public Rectangle(int x, int y){
l = x;
b = y;
}
public int first(){
return(l * b);
}
public Rectangle(int x){
l = x;
b = x;
}
public int second(){
return(l * b);
}
public Rectangle(float x){
p = x;
q = x;
}
public float third(){
return(p * q);
}
public Rectangle(float x, float y){
p = x;
q = y;
}
public float fourth(){
return(p * q);
}
}

Output of the program is given below:

C:\java>java ConstructorOverloading
The area of a rectangle in first constructor
is : 8
The area of a rectangle in first constructor
is : 25
The area of a rectangle in first constructor
is : 4.0
The area of a rectangle in first constructor
is : 6.0

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How to use "this" keyword in java

The keyword this is useful when you need to refer to instance of the class from its method. The keyword helps us to avoid
name conflicts. As we can see in the program that we have declare the name of instance variable and local variables same.
Now to avoid the confliction between them we use this keyword. Here, this section provides you an example with the
complete code of the program for the illustration of how to what is this keyword and how to use it.

In the example, this.length and this.breadth refers to the instance variable length and breadth while length and breadth
refers to the arguments passed in the method. We have made a program over this. After going through it you can better
understand.

Here is the code of the program:

class Rectangle{
int length,breadth;
void show(int length,int breadth){
this.length=length;
this.breadth=breadth;
}
int calculate(){
return(length*breadth);
}
}
public class UseOfThisOperator{
 public static void main(String[] args){
Rectangle rectangle=new Rectangle();
rectangle.show(5,6);
int area = rectangle.calculate();
System.out.println("The area of a Rectangle is : " + area);
}
}

Output of the program is given below:

C:\java>java UseOfThisOperator
The area of a Rectangle is : 30

Java - Threads in Java

Thread is the feature of mostly languages including Java. Threads allow the program to perform multiple tasks
simultaneously. Process speed can be increased by using threads because the thread can stop or suspend a specific
running process and start or resume the suspended processes. Multitasking or multiprogramming is delivered through the
running of multiple threads concurrently. If your computer does not have multi-processors then the multi-threads really do
not run concurrently.

This example illustrates how to create a thread and how to implement the thread. In this example we will see that the
program prints numbers from 1 to 10 line by line after 5 seconds which has been declared in the sleep function of the thread
class. Sleep function contains the sleeping time in millisecond and in this program sleep function has contained 5000
millisecond mean 5 second time. There is sleep function must caught by the InterruptedException. So, this program used
theInterruptedException which tells something the user if thread is failed or interrupted.

Here is the code of the program :

public class Threads{

public static void main(String[] args){
Thread th = new Thread();
System.out.println("Numbers are printing line by line after 5 seconds : ");
try{
for(int i = 1;i <= 10;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
th.sleep(5000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e){
 System.out.println("Thread interrupted!");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

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Find in Array - Calculate Occurrences of Elements in Array

This section illustrates you how to calculate occurrences of elements in an array. Occurrences means, the how many times
an element occurs in the array. In this section, you will get more and more help from the given following program with the
complete code.

Program Description:

This program first asks for the length of the array whatever you want to fix and then it takes some inputs for the elements of
the array how more you have mentioned for the length of the array. And finally it show the occurrences of each and every
element of the array uniquely.

Here is the code of the program:

import java.io.*;

public class OccurancesInArray{

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print("How many elements you want to enter in the array: ");
int num=0;
try{
num = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
}
catch(NumberFormatException ne){
System.out.println(ne.getMessage() + " is not a number!");
System.exit(0);
}
String[] elements = new String[num];
int a;
int k;
for(int i = 0; i < num; i++){
elements[i] = in.readLine();
}
 for(int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++){
a = 0;
k = 1;
for(int j = 0; j < elements.length; j++){
if(j >= i){
if(elements[i].equals(elements[j]) && j != i){
k++;
}
}
else if(elements[i].equals(elements[j])){
a = 1;
}
}
if(a != 1){
System.out.println("Occurance of \'" + elements[i] + "\' : " + k);
}
}
}
}

Output of the program :

C:\chandan>javac OccurancesInArray.java

C:\chandan>java OccurancesInArray
How many elements you want to enter in the array: 5
123
chand
453
aaa
123
Occurance of '123' : 2
Occurance of 'chand' : 1
Occurance of '453' : 1
Occurance of 'aaa' : 1

C:\work\chandan>_

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Change the user input to integer

Isn't it a very tedious job to enter the values each time before the compilation in the method itself. Now if we want to enter an
integer value after the compilation of a program and force the JVM to ask for an input, then we should use
Integer.parseInt(string str).

As we know that JVM reads each data type in a String format. Now consider a case where we to enter a value in int
primitive type, then we have to use int x = Integer.parseInt("any String") , because the value we have entered is in integer
but it will be interpreted as a String so, we have to change the string into integer. Here Integer is a name of a class
in java.lang package and parseInt() is a method ofInteger class which converts String to integer. If we want to enter a
integer in a method or class using keyboard, then we have to use a method parseInt().

In this program we are going to calculate a area of a rectangle by using two classes named Rectangle and
EnterValuesFromKeyboard. In the first class we have used two methods, show(int x, int y) andcalculate(). First
method show() is taking two variables as input and second method calculate()calculates the area of a rectangle. In the
second class which is also our main class we declare a will declare our main method. Inside this method we will create a
object of a Rectangle class. Now we ask the user to input two values and stored those values in the variables. These
entered values will be changed into integer by using parseInt() method. Now these variables are passed in the
method show()and the area will be calculated by calculate() method. These methods will be called by the instance of
Rectangle class because it is the method of Rectangle class.

Here is the code of the program

class Rectangle{
int length, breadth;
void show(int x, int y){
length = x;
breadth = y;
}
int calculate(){
return(length * breadth);
}
}
public class EnterValuesFromKeyboard{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int b = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
rectangle.show(a, b);
System.out.println(
" you have entered these values : " + a + " and " + b);
int area = rectangle.calculate();
System.out.println(" area of a rectange is : " + area);
}
}
Output of the program is given below:

C:\java>java EnterValuesFromKeyboard 4
5
you have entered these values : 4 and 5
area of a rectange is : 20

Making Tokens of a String

Tokens can be used where we want to break an application into tokens. We have to break a String into tokens as well as
we will know how many tokens has been generated. That's what we are trying to do in this program. In the program a string
is passed into a constructor of StringTokenizer class. StringTokenizer is a class in java.util.package. We are using while
loop to generate tokens. The following methods have been used in this program.

countTokens(): It gives the number of tokens remaining in the string.

hasMoreTokens(): It gives true if more tokens are available, else false.

nextToken(): It gives the next token available in the string.

To break a string into tokens what we need first is to create a class named StringTokenizing. Inside this class we will
declare our main method. Make an object of class StringTokenizer and pass one string inside the constructor which you
want to break into tokens. By using the instance ofStringTokenizer call the method countTokens() which gives the number
of tokens remaining in the string. It is a method of StringTokenizer class. If the object have more tokens available then it
will call method hasMoreTokens() and print the tokens by using nextToken().

The code of the program is given below:

import java.util.*;

public class StringTokenizing{

public static void main(String[] args) {
StringTokenizer stringTokenizer = new
StringTokenizer("You are tokenizing a string");
System.out.println("The total no. of tokens
generated : " + stringTokenizer.countTokens());
while(stringTokenizer.hasMoreTokens()){
System.out.println(stringTokenizer.nextToken());
}
}
}

Output of this program is given below:

C:\java>java StringTokenizing
The total no. of tokens generated
:5
You
are
tokenizing
a
string

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Array List Example in java

In this example we are going to show the use of java.util.ArrayList. We will be creatiing an object of ArrayList class and
performs various operations like adding removing the objects.

Arraylist provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is used internally to store the
list.ArrayList extends AbstractList and implements List, Cloneable, Serializable. ArrayList capacity .grows
automatically. The ArrayList is not synchronized. It permits all elements including null.

In this program we are inserting a value. We are using three methods of ArrayList class.

add(Object o): Appends the specified element to the end of this list. It returns a boolean value.

size(): Returns the number of elements in this list.

remove(int index): Removes the element at the specified position in this list. It returns the element that was removed from
the list. It throws IndexOutOfBoundsException : if index is out of range.

Code of a program is given below:

import java.util.*;

public class ArrayListDemo{

public static void main(String[] args) {
 ArrayList<Object> arl=new ArrayList<Object>();
Integer i1=new Integer(10);
Integer i2=new Integer(20);
Integer i3=new Integer(30);
Integer i4=new Integer(40);
String s1="tapan";
System.out.println("The content of arraylist is: " + arl);
System.out.println("The size of an arraylist is: " + arl.size());
arl.add(i1);
arl.add(i2);
arl.add(s1);
System.out.println("The content of arraylist is: " + arl);
System.out.println("The size of an arraylist is: " + arl.size());
arl.add(i1);
arl.add(i2);
arl.add(i3);
arl.add(i4);
Integer i5=new Integer(50);
arl.add(i5);
System.out.println("The content of arraylist is: " + arl);
System.out.println("The size of an arraylist is: " + arl.size());
arl.remove(3);
Object a=arl.clone();
System.out.println("The clone is: " + a);
System.out.println("The content of arraylist is: " + arl);
System.out.println("The size of an arraylist is: " + arl.size());
}
}

The output of program will be like this:

C:\Java Tutorial>javac ArrayListDemo.java

C:\Java Tutorial>java ArrayListDemo

The content of arraylist is: []
The size of an arraylist is: 0
The content of arraylist is: [10, 20, tapan]
The size of an arraylist is: 3
The content of arraylist is: [10, 20, tapan, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50]
The size of an arraylist is: 8
The clone is: [10, 20, tapan, 20, 30, 40, 50]
The content of arraylist is: [10, 20, tapan, 20, 30,
40, 50]
The size of an arraylist is: 7
C:\Java Tutorial>

Converting a Filename to a URL

A file object is used to a give a filename. Creating the File object doesn't mean that a file exists. It may be that the does not
exist. Suppose if the file exists, first of all we need to convert the file object in URL, for this we use a method toURL(). It
returns aURL object and throws MalformedException. After this we will convert this URL to a file object by
using getFile() method. We will read this file by using BufferedReader object.

toURL() : It is used to convert the file name into the URL.

getFile() : This is the method of the URL class, is used to get the file name from the URL.

Here is the code of the program:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class ConstructFileNamePath{

public static void main(String[] args){
File file=new File("C:/work/chandan/deepak.txt");
URL url=null;
try{
//The file may or may not exist
url=file.toURL(); //file:/C:/work/chandan/deepak.txt
System.out.println("The url is" + url);

// change the URL to a file object

file=new File(url.getFile()); // c:/work/chandan/deepak.txt
System.out.println("The file name is " + file);
int i;

//opens an input stream

InputStream is=url.openStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
do{
i=br.read();
System.out.println((char)i);
}while (i!=-1);
is.close();
}
catch (MalformedURLException e){
 System.out.println("Don't worry,exception has been caught" + e);
}
catch (IOException e){
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

The output of this program is given below:

C:\ConstructFileNamePath>java ConstructFileNamePath
The url
isfile:/C:/ConstructFileNamePath/ConstructFileNamePath/ConstructFileNamePath.tx
t
The file name is C:\ConstructFileNamePath\ConstructFileNamePath\
ConstructFileNamePath.txt
C:\ConstructFileNamePath\ConstructFileNamePath\ConstructFileNamePath.txt (The
system cannot find the path specified)

Java Temporary File - Temporary File Creation in Java

In this program we are going to make a temporary file, which will be deleted automatically by the garbage collector when the
program ends.

In this program we are using following methods:

createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix): This is a static method of file class. This creates an empty file and we have
used two parameters to generate name.

write(): It will write in String.

close(): When we don't need to write further, we should close the program with() that will close the string.

deleteOnExit(): It will delete the existing file when you close the java program or your JVM.

Code of this program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class CreateTemporaryFile{

 CreateTemporaryFile(){
}
public static void CreateTempFile(){
try{
// Create a temporary file object
File tempFile = File.createTempFile("prefix", "suffix");
System.out.println("\nTemporary file file has

been created : " + tempFile + "\n");

// Write to temporary file
BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(new

FileWriter(tempFile));
out.write("You are writing on temporary file

which will delete on exit : " + tempFile);

out.close();
// Delete temp file when program exits
tempFile.deleteOnExit();
}
catch (IOException e){
System.out.println("Exception is" + e);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
CreateTempFile();
}

The output of this program is given below:

C:\ CreateTemporaryFile>java CreateTemporaryFile

Temporary file file has been created : C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\prefix3

2276suffix

C:\tapan>

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Example of Date class

We can use Date class to use current date. In this program we are creating a Dateobject and by using it we are going to
display the current date and time. It implements Serializable, Cloneable, Comparable interfaces. Its known subclasses
are Date, Time, Timestamp.

Code of a program is given below:

import java.util.*;

public class DateDemo{

public static void main(String[] ar
gs) {
Date d=new Date();
System.out.println("Today date is "
+ d);
}
}

Output of this program is given below:

Today date is Tue Dec 19 22:14:46 GMT+05:30 2006

Determining if two Filename paths refer to the same file.

This program is going to determine that the file name refers to the same file or not. What you need to do is to create
two Fileobject and pass the file name in the constructor of both the File class. Now match both the file instances. It will
return false if the file paths are not equal. To send the true value we first have to normalize both the paths, only after that it
will return true.

In this program we have used following methods:

equals():
This is the method of String class. It checks whether the pathname are equal or not.
getCanonicalFile():
It denotes the same file or directory its abstract pathname. It throws IOException andSecurityException.

Code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class FileNameReferToSameFile{

public static void main(String args[]){
File file1 = new File("./filename.txt");
File file2 = new File("filename.txt");
System.out.println("Actual fileName1 = " + file1 + "\n");
System.out.println("Actual fileName2 = " + file2 + "\n");

// It returns false if Filename paths are not equal

boolean b = file1.equals(file2);
System.out.println("It checks whether the file name

paths are equal or not" + b);

// Normalize the paths

try {
file1 = file1.getCanonicalFile(); // c:\tapan\filename
file2 = file2.getCanonicalFile(); // c:\tapan\filename
System.out.println("Actual path of filName1 = " + file1 + "\n");
System.out.println("Actual path of fileName2 = " + file2 + "\n");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IOException is "+ e);
}

// It returns true if Filename paths are equal

b = file1.equals(file2);
System.out.println("the file name are now equal" + b);
System.out.println("Actual path of fileName1 = " + file1 + "\n");
System.out.println("Actual path of fileName2 = " + file2 + "\n");
}
}

Output of this program is given below:

C:\FileNameReferToSameFile>java FileNameReferToSameFile
Actual Filename1 = .\FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

Actual Filename2 = FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

It checks whether the file name are equal or notfalse

Actual Filename1 = C:\FileNameReferToSameFile\
FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

Actual Filename2 = C:\FileNameReferToSameFile\

FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

the file name are now equaltrue

Actual Filename1 = C:\FileNameReferToSameFile\
FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

Actual Filename2 = C:\FileNameReferToSameFile\

FileNameReferToSameFile.txt

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Determining if a Filename path is a file or a directory

You can solve this problem very easily. What you need to do, just create a Fileobject and pass some file name or a directory
in it.

We are using a following methods to solve this problem.

isDirectory(): It checks whether the file is a directory or not.

getAbsolutePath(): It returns the absolute path of a file or directory.

Code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class FileOrDirectory{

public static void main(String args[]){
File directory = new File("Enter any
directory name or file name");
 boolean isDirectory = directory.isDirectory();
if (isDirectory) {
// It returns true if directory is a directory.
System.out.println("the name you have entered
is a directory : " + directory);
//It returns the absolutepath of a directory.
System.out.println("the path is " +
directory.getAbsolutePath());
} else {
// It returns false if directory is a file.
System.out.println("the name you have
entered is a file : " + directory);
//It returns the absolute path of a file.
System.out.println("the path is " +
directory.getAbsolutePath());
}
}
}

The output of this example is given below:

C:\FileOrDirectory>java FileOrDirectory
the name you have entered is a file :
FileOrDirectory
the path is C:\FileOrDirectory\
FileOrDirectory

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Reading a File into a Byte Array

In this program we will read a file in the form of a byte array. We can do it very easily. Firstly we will create an object
of File class and pass the name of the file which we want to read, in the constructor of Fileclass. We will
use DataInputStream to read primitive data types.

We are using the following methods:

length(): It gives the length of the file.

Getting the file size code: ReadInByteArray.java

import java.io.*;

public class ReadInByteArray

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
File file = new File("tapan.txt");
int size = (int)file.length();//It gives the length of the file.

System.out.println("Size of the file: " + size);

}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Exception has been thrown :" + e);
}
}
}

Download this program

The following code helps you in getting the file size in byte array.

Here is the Byte Array code: ByteArrayExample.java

import java.io.*;

public class ByteArrayExample{

public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter File name: ");
String str = bf.readLine();
File file = new File(str);
//File length
int size = (int)file.length();
if (size > Integer.MAX_VALUE){
System.out.println("File is to larger");
 }
byte[] bytes = new byte[size];
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
int read = 0;
int numRead = 0;
while (read < bytes.length && (numRead=dis.read(bytes, read,
bytes.length-read)) >= 0) {
read = read + numRead;
}
System.out.println("File size: " + read);
// Ensure all the bytes have been read in
if (read < bytes.length) {
System.out.println("Could not completely read: "+file.getName());
}
}
catch (Exception e){
e.getMessage();
}
}
}

Implementing a Serializable Singleton

In Singeton classes only one instance will be created. We are going to serialize the class. This can be done very easily.
What we need to do is to implement ajava.io.Serializable interface. We will use a method of Serializable interface that
is readResolve().

readResolve(): It returns Object and throw ObjectStreamException

Code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;
public class SerializableSingleton implements java.io.Serializable {

static SerializableSingleton singleton;

protected SerializableSingleton()
{
// Exists only to thwart instantiation.
}
private Object readResolve()
{
return instancd;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
singleton = new SerializableSingleton();
singleton.readResolve();
}
}

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Calculating the Checksum of the file/CRC32

A Checksum is used for error checking while transferring a file. Data flow across the network in the form of packets. So,
checksum is a computed value that is dependent on the contents of a file. For each packet the computed checksum will be
different. This computed value is transmitted with the packet when it is transmitted. The receiving system checks the
checksum and on the basis of checksum it receives and rejects the packet. It is mainly used where it becomes necessary to
check the packets before accepting it.

CRC: CRC means Cyclic Redundancy Check. It is a error checking technique used to check the accuracy of data while
transmitting it to the other end. Errors are checked while the data is transferring. CRC performs some type of calculation
before transmitting the data and send the result to the other end. The other end repeats the same operation before
accepting the data. If both the devices get the result same, it means the transmission is error free.

To make a program on Checksum first of all make a class named CheckSumCRC32. Inside the class declare one method
checkSum(String file) which will take a value of a file which has to pass at run time. Now make a object
of FileInputStream, CheckedInputStream and CRC32 and pass the instance ofFileInputStream, CRC32 into the
constructor of CheckedInputStream class. To calculate the size of the file call the method length() of File class. We have
define a array of type byte, the size of the array is 100, i.e. the size of each packet. The Checksum for each packet will be
generated randomly by the CheckedInputStream class. It returns the long data type. Now define a main method inside which
we will call checkSum() method which will give us the checksum, size of the file and name of the file.
To achieve the desired result we have used the following classes and methods.
FileInputStream: It is a class of java.io package. It extends InputStream class. It is used for reading in byte form.

CheckedInputStream: It is a input stream that keeps the checksum. Its constructor use two parameter, first is InputStream
and second is Checksum.

CRC32: It is a class of java.util.zip package. It implements Checksum. This class is used to calculate the CRC-32 of the
stream.

length(): It is a method of File class. It returns the length of the file.

read(): It reads a byte.

getChecksum(): It returns the Checksum.

getValue(): It is a method of Checksum interface. It returns the checksum value.

The code of the program is given below.

import java.io.*;
import java.util.zip.CheckedInputStream;
import java.util.zip.CRC32;

public class ChecksumCRC32 {

public void checkSum(String file){
try{
FileInputStream fis = null;
CheckedInputStream cis = null;
CRC32 crc = null;
long sizeOfFile = 0;
try{
fis = new FileInputStream(file);
crc = new CRC32();
cis = new CheckedInputStream(fis, crc);
sizeOfFile = new File(file).length();
}
catch (Exception e){
System.out.println("File Not found ");
System.exit(1);
}
byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
while(cis.read(buffer)>=0){
long checksum = cis.getChecksum().getValue();
System.out.println(checksum + " " + sizeOfFile + " " + file);
}
}
catch(IOException e){
 System.out.println("the exception has been thrown" + e);
System.exit(1);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ChecksumCRC32 crc = new ChecksumCRC32();
if(args.length!= 1){
System.out.println("Please enter the valid file name : " );
}
else{
crc.checkSum(args[0]);
}
}
}

The output of the program is given below.

In the output we can see that first we have created a file javalearner.txt in
the java folder and pass some information in it. We can see that for each
packet a checksum is calculated. The size of each packet is 100 bytes. It can
be changed. The output will show 100 checksum value as 10 packets are
generated. In the output firstly we are displaying the checksum of the packet,
secondly the size of the file and lastly the name of the file.

C:\java>java ChecksumCRC32 javalearner.txt

566064419 958 javalearner.txt
3839930655 958 javalearner.txt
3892475745 958 javalearner.txt
3357861592 958 javalearner.txt
4227549807 958 javalearner.txt
459090179 958 javalearner.txt
3273102972 958 javalearner.txt
1119235310 958 javalearner.txt
2705113445 958 javalearner.txt
695211703 958 javalearner.txt

Constructing a File Name path

This Java programming tutorial will teach you how you can construct a file name path. By using the constructing filename
path it is possible to set dynamic path, which is helpful for mapping local file name with the actual path of the file.
Java API has provided us many packages, one of them is java.io package. This package contains aFile class In this
example we are using one static final variable of File class i.e.. separatorChar. The value of this separator is system
dependent. If we are using Windows platform then the value of this separator is ' \ ' .

The code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class ConstructingFileNamePath {

public static void main(String[] args){
String filepath = File.separatorChar
+ "java" + File.separatorChar + "example";
System.out.println("The path of the file is : " + filepath);
}
}

Output of this program is given below:

C:\java>java
ConstructingFileNamePath
The path of the file is : \java\example

Use of Array in Java

This Java programming example will teach you the the concepts of arrays so that you can write a program on array by
yourself. An array works a container object which can hold a values of same type. The length of an array is created when
the array is going to be created. Arrays can be created in following ways. One way to create a array is by
using new operator. e.g.. : a = new int[5];. It will create an array of type int which can store 5 integer values. The next way
to define array is just same as we have defined an array in the program below. Array should be used, where you have to
store multiple values of the same type. For example if we have to store months of the year then the better idea is to make an
array of it.

In the program below we have defined a class named FirstArrayProgram. Now declare a method in which you have to
define a array of String type which can hold only string values. In this array we are storing a months of the year. Now we
want to retrieve the values of an array, so use for loop to access it.

Code of the program is given below

public class FirstArrayProgram{

 public static void main(String[] args){
String a[]={"January","Febuary","March","April","May","June","July",
"August","September","October","November","December"};
System.out.println("Name of months in a year : ");

for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
}

The output of this program is given below:

C:\java>java FirstArrayProgram
Name of months in a year :

January
Febuary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Download this program

Example of static method

Posted on: June 8, 2007 at 12:00 AM

In this section, you will learn how to define a static method.

Example of static method

This Java programming example will teach you the way to define a static methods. In java we have two types of

methods,instance methods and static methods. Static methods can't use any instance variables. The this keyword can't

be used in a static methods. You can find it difficult to understand when to use a static method and when not to use. If you

have a better understanding of the instance methods and static methods then you can know where to use instance method

and static method.

A static method can be accessed without creating an instance of the class. If you try to use a non-static method and variable

defined in this class then the compiler will say that non-static variable or method cannot be referenced from a static context.

Static method can call only other static methods and static variables defined in the class.

The concept of static method will get more clear after this program. First of all create a classHowToAccessStaticMethod.

Now define two variables in it, one is instance variable and other is class variable. Make one static method

named staticMethod() and second named as nonStaticMethod(). Now try to call both the method without constructing a

object of the class. You will find that only static method can be called this way.

The code of the program is given below:

public class HowToAccessStaticMethod{

int i;
static int j;
public static void staticMethod(){
System.out.println("you can access a static method this way");
}
public void nonStaticMethod(){
i=100;
j=1000;
System.out.println("Don't try to access a non static method");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//i=100;

j=1000;
//nonStaticMethod();
staticMethod();
}
}

Output of the program is given below:

C:\java>java
HowToAccessStaticMethod
you can access a static method this
way

Uncompressing the file in the GZIP format.

This example will help you to understand the concepts of GZIP. Sometimes it happens that when you download a file or any
PDF file you get it in compressed mode. This means that the file is compressed, but can't read it in compressed form so, it
needs to be uncompressed. There are various uncompress ion utility program which can be found very easily found on
internet. If you are uncompressing a PDF with the extension .gz, then its resultant file will have a .PDF extension. Its main
advantage is that it will uncompress the PDF file so that you can be able to read it. This utility is a part
of java.util.zippackage which provides classes and methods to compress and decompress the file.

To make a program on uncompressing a file, firstly you need to import java.util.zip package so, that all classes and method
of this package can be used, also import java.io package for the input/output operation. Then create a class
named JavaUncompress. Declare a main method inside the class which will take one String argument i.e. file name. If the
user forgets to type the name of the input file which has to be uncompressed, then ask the user to enter the file name. After
getting the file name, we need to uncompress that particular file. For that we need to open the gzip file. Print a message so
that you can understand where gzip file is opening. To open the input file firstly create a object ofFileInputStream class
which and pass the instance of FileInputStream class into the constructor ofGZIPInputStream class, which will be created
by using new operator. After opening the input file now we need to open the output file so that the data can be transferred
from the input file to the output file. Print the message so that you can understand where the output is being written. For that
use make a object of FileOutputStream class and pass the name of the resultant file in its constructor. For transferring the
bytes from the compressed file to the output file declare a array of type byte with the size of 1024 bytes. It can be changed
according to the needs of a programmer, now declare one variable of type int which will read the byte from the object
of GZIPInputStream class. At last close the file and stream.

GZIPInputStream: This class is a part of java.util.zip package. It extends DeflaterInputStreamclass. This class reads
compressed data in the GZIP format.

FileInputStream: This class extends InputStream. It reads bytes from a file .

FileOutputStream: This class extends OutputStream class. It is a output stream for writing data to a file.

read(): It returns int. It reads the buffer.

write(byte[] buf, int off, int len i): It is a method of OutputStream, which takes three arguments. It is used for writing a
array of bytes to the uncompressing file.

close(): It closes all the resources occupied by the GZIPInputStream

close(): It closes all the resources occupied by the OutputStream.

The code of the program is given below:

import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;

public class JavaUncompress{

public static void main(String args[]){
try{
//To Uncompress GZip File Contents we need to open the gzip file.....
if(args.length<=0){
System.out.println("Please enter the valid file name");
}
else{
String inFilename = args[0];
System.out.println("Opening the gzip file........

.................. : opened");

GZIPInputStream gzipInputStream = null;

FileInputStream fileInputStream = null;
gzipInputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new

FileInputStream(inFilename));
System.out.println("Opening the output file..

........... : opened");
String outFilename = inFilename +".pdf";
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(outFilename);
System.out.println("Transferring bytes from the

compressed file to the output file........:

Transfer successful");
byte[] buf = new byte[1024]; //size can be

changed according to programmer's need.

int len;
while ((len = gzipInputStream.read(buf)) > 0) {
out.write(buf, 0, len);
}
System.out.println("The file and stream is ..

....closing.......... : closed");
gzipInputStream.close();
out.close();
}
}
 catch(IOException e){
System.out.println("Exception has been thrown" + e);
}
}
}

The output of the program is given below.

In the output we can see that firstly we have given the name of the compressed
file. The file name should ends with .gz extension, while opening the
compressed gzip file we are printing that the file is opening. After opening
the file we are opening a file to which we have to write the data from the
compressed file and that also is printed in the output. For transferring the
bytes from the compressed file to the output file we are printing the message.
Before closing the file and stream we are again printing the message.

C:\java>java JavaUncompress C:\javaExample\unCompress\jsp.pdf.gz

Opening the gzip file.......................... : opened
Opening the output file............. : opened
Transferring bytes from the compressed file to the output file........ : Transfer
successful
The file and stream is ......closing.......... : closed

C:\java>

Example of a instance variable

When a number of objects are created from the same class, the same copy of instance variable is provided to all.
Remember, each time you call the instance the same old value is provided to you, not the updated one . In this program we
are showing that how a instance variable is called in each instance, but the copy remains same irrespective the counter we
have used in the constructor of a class. We can't call the non-static variable in a main method. If we try to call the non-static
method in the main method then the compiler will prompt you that non-static variable cannot be referenced from a static
context. We can call the non-static variable by the instance of the class.

The example will show you how you can use a non-static variables. First create a class named NonStaticVariable. Declare
one global variable and call it in the constructor overloaded method in which you will have to increment the value of the
variable by the counter. To access a non-static variable we will have to make a object of NonStaticVariable by using new
operator. Now call the instance variable. Now again make a new object of the class and again call the instance variable.
Now you can realize that the value of the instance variable in both the object is same.
Code of this program is given below:

public class NonStaticVariable{

int noOfInstances;
NonStaticVariable(){
noOfInstances++;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
NonStaticVariable st1 = new NonStaticVariable();
System.out.println("No. of instances for st1 : "
+ st1.noOfInstances);

NonStaticVariable st2 = new NonStaticVariable();

System.out.println("No. of instances for st1 : "
+ st1.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for st2 : "
+ st2.noOfInstances);

NonStaticVariable st3 = new NonStaticVariable();

System.out.println("No. of instances for st1 : "
+ st1.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for st2 : "
+ st2.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for st3 : "
+ st3.noOfInstances);

}
}

The output of this variable is given below :

As we can see in the output the same copy of the instance variable is provided
to all the objects, no matter how many objects we create.

C:\java>java NonStaticVariable
No. of instances for st1 : 1
No. of instances for st1 : 1
No. of instances for st2 : 1
No. of instances for st1 : 1
No. of instances for st2 : 1
No. of instances for st3 : 1
Example of a class variable (static variable)

This Java programming example will teach you how you can define the static class variable in a class. When a number of
objects are created from the same class, each instance has its own copy of class variables. But this is not the case when it
is declared as static static.

static method or a variable is not attached to a particular object, but rather to the class as a whole. They are allocated when
the class is loaded. Remember, each time you call the instance the new value of the variable is provided to you. For
example in the class StaticVariable each instance has different copy of a class variable. It will be updated each time the
instance has been called. We can call class variable directly inside the main method.

To see the use of a static variable first of all create a class StaticVariable. Define one static variable in the class. Now make
a constructor in which you will increment the value of the static variable. Now make a object of StaticVariable class and
call the static variable of the class. In the same way now make a second object of the class and again repeats the process.
Each time you call the static variable you will get a new value.

Code of this example is given below:

public class StaticVariable{

static int noOfInstances;
StaticVariable(){
noOfInstances++;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
StaticVariable sv1 = new StaticVariable();
System.out.println("No. of instances for sv1 : " + sv1.noOfInstances);

StaticVariable sv2 = new StaticVariable();

System.out.println("No. of instances for sv1 : " + sv1.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for st2 : " + sv2.noOfInstances);

StaticVariable sv3 = new StaticVariable();

System.out.println("No. of instances for sv1 : " + sv1.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for sv2 : " + sv2.noOfInstances);
System.out.println("No. of instances for sv3 : " + sv3.noOfInstances);
}
}

Output of the program is given below:

As we can see in this example each object has its own copy of class variable.

C:\java>java StaticVariable
No. of instances for sv1 : 1
No. of instances for sv1 : 2
No. of instances for st2 : 2
No. of instances for sv1 : 3
No. of instances for sv2 : 3
No. of instances for sv3 : 3

Swapping of two numbers

This Java programming tutorial will teach you the methods for writing program to calculate swap of two numbers. Swapping
is used where you want to interchange the values. This program will help you to increase your programming ability.

In this program we will see how we can swap two numbers. We can do this by using a temporary variable which is used to
store variable so that we can swap the numbers. To swap two numbers first we have to declare a class Swapping. Inside a
class declare one static method swap(int i, int j) having two arguments, the value of these arguments will be swapped. Now
declare one local variable temp which will help us to swap the values. At last call the main method inside of which you will
call the swap method and the result will be displayed to you.

Code of the program is given below

public class Swapping{

static void swap(int i,int j){
int temp=i;
i=j;
j=temp;
System.out.println("After swapping i = " + i + " j = " + j);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int i=1;
int j=2;

System.out.prinln("Before swapping i="+i+" j="+j);

swap(i,j);

}
}
Output of this program is given below:

Swap two any numbers (from Keyboard)

This is a simple Java Oriented language program. If you are newbie in Java programming then our tutorial and example
are helpful for understanding Java programming in the simplest way. Here we will learn how to swap or exchange the
number to each other. First of all we have to create a class "Swap". Now, we use
the Integer.parseInt(args[o]) andInteger.parseInt(args[1]) methods for getting the integer type values in command line.
Use a temporary variable z of type integer that will help us to swap the numbers Assign the value of x to z variable, now
assign the value of y to the variable x. Lastly assign the value of z to variable y. Now we get the values has been
interchanged. To display the values on the command prompt use println()method and the swapped values will be displayed.

Here is the code of this program

public class Swap {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int x= Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int y= Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
System.out.println("Initial value: "+ x +" and " + y);
int z = x;
x = y;
y = z;
System.out.println("Swapped value: " + x +" and " + y);
}
}

Download this Example.

Comparing the File Dates

This java example will help you to compare the dates of files. In java we have the option to compare two or more files. This
is useful when we have to compare the files. Mostly it happens that after creating a file or a directory we forgets when it was
made or last modified, and sometimes it becomes essential to know the exact date and time of creation. By this example
you will be able to understand it.

To make a program on this example firstly we have to make a class ComparingFileDates. Inside the class we have
defined three static variables, which will be used for comparing the files. Declare a method comparing which will check when
the file is last modified and which file is older or a new one. Now call the main method. Inside this method make a two
objects of a File class which will take file name as its input in the constructor of File class. Now call the method lastModified
by the instances of file classes which will return the time of the file creation. Now call the comparing method inside the main
method and the result will be displayed to you.

In this program we have used the following classes and methods.

File: This class extends class Object and implements Comparable and Serializable interface. It takes the file as its input.

lastModified(): It is a method of a File class. It returns the time when the file was last modified.

import java.io.*;

public class ComparingFileDates {

static String compare;
static long modify1;
static long modify2;
static void comparing(){
//String compare;
if (modify1 == modify2)
compare = " are created at the same time along with";
else if (modify1 < modify2)
compare = " file is older than ";
else
compare = "file is newer than";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file1 = new File(args[0]);
File file2 = new File(args[1]);
modify1 = file1.lastModified();
modify2 = file2.lastModified();
comparing();
System.out.println(file1 + compare + ' ' + file2);
}
}

Output of the program is given below.

C:\java>java ComparingFileDates file1.txt file2.txt

file1.txt file is older than file2.txt

C:\java>
Getting a absolute path

If you are new in Java programming then our tutorials and examples will be helpful in understanding Java programming in
the most simplest way. Here after reading this lesson, you will be able to find the absolute path of a file or directory.

To find a file or directory it is very necessary to know the path of the file or directory so that you can access it. If you know
the path then it is very easy to work on it. Suppose a situation where a problem comes in front you where you don't know the
path of the file, then what will you do. Then this problem can be solved by using a method getAbsolutePath(). The
method getAbsolutePath() should be used where we don't know the exact path of the file.

To find an absolute path of a file, Firstly we have to make a class GetAbsolutePath. Inside this class define the main
method. Inside this method define a File class of java.io package. Inside the constructor of a File class pass the name of the
file whose absolute path you want to know. Now call the method getAbsolutePath() of the File class by the reference
of File class and store it in a String variable. Now print the string, you will get a absolute path of the file.
In this class we have make use of the following things by which this problem can be solved.

File: It is class in java.io package. It implements Comparable and Serializable interface.

getAbsolutePath(): It returns the absolute path name in the form of string.

Code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class GetAbsolutePath{

public static void main(String[] args){
String str = args[0];
File file = new File(str);
String absolutePathOfFirstFile = file.getAbsolutePath();
System.out.println(" The absolute path in first form is "
+ absolutePathOfFirstFile);
file = new File( "java" + File.separatorChar+ str);
String absolutePathOfSecondFile = file.getAbsolutePath();
System.out.println(" The absolute path is " + absolutePathOfSecondFile);
file = new File("java" + File.separator + ".." + File.separator + str);
String absolutePathOfThirdFile = file.getAbsolutePath();
System.out.println(" The absolute path is " + absolutePathOfThirdFile);
}
}
Output of the program is given below.

C:\java>java GetAbsolutePath java

The absolute path in first form is C:\java\java
The absolute path is C:\java\java\java
The absolute path is C:\java\java\..\java

Making Tokens of a Java Source Code

If you are new in Java programming then our tutorials and examples will be helpful in understanding Java programming in
the most simplest way. Here after reading this lesson, you will be able to break java program into tokens.

The use of token is just like as we take tokens for getting a milk or get into a metro, so that the one token can be read at a
time.
Suppose if we have to make a token of a java file then we will do. Firstly we have to make a
classTokenizingJavaSourceCode. Declare a main method in it . Now make a object of BufferedReaderclass and pass
the InputStream class object into it which will read the name of the java file at run time. Now we need to read the file so we
use FileReader class ,after reading a file we need to generate a tokens out of that file so, we use
class StreamTokenizer and pass reference of a Reader class in its constructor. In this program we are using one method
of StreamTokenizer class.

To solve this problem we have make use of the following classes and methods.

InputStream: It is a abstract class and the parent class of all the Stream classes.

BufferedReader: This class reads the text from the input stream. This class extends Reader class.

File: It is a class implementing Serializable and Comparable interface.

FileReader: This class reads the file in the character format. It extends InputStreamReader.

StreamTokenizer: This class takes a input stream and break it into tokens so that one token can be read at a time. It
takes FileReader instance as a input in its constructor.

readLine(): It is a method of BufferedReader class which reads a line.

exists(): It will check whether the file exists or not.

nextToken(): It gives the next token.

We have also used one final static variable TT_EOF which tells the reader that the end of the file has been read.

The code of this program is given below:

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class TokenizingJavaSourceCode{

//public static final int TT_EOL;
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print("Please enter a java file name: ");
String filename = in.readLine();
if(!filename.endsWith(".java")){
System.out.println("This is not a java file.");
System.exit(0);
}
File javaFile = new File(filename);
if(javaFile.exists()){
FileReader file = new FileReader(filename);
StreamTokenizer streamTokenizer = new StreamTokenizer(file);
// It will go through the file and
//gives the number of tokens in the file
int i=0;
int numberOfTokensGenerated = 0;
while(i != StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF){
i = streamTokenizer.nextToken();
numberOfTokensGenerated++;
}
System.out.println("Number of tokens = " + numberOfTokensGenerated);
}
else{
System.out.println("File does not exist!");
System.exit(0);
}
}
}

Output of this program is given below:

C:\Java Tutorial>java TokenizingJavaSourceCode

Please enter a java file name:
TokenizingJavaSourceCode.java
Number of tokens = 158
C:\Java Tutorial>

Add two big numbers

In this section, you will learn how to add two big numbers. For adding two numbers implement two big decimal numbers then
apply the Sum() method that takes both numbers. Now, you will have to define it and use the add() method to add both
numbers. Finally, the result will be displayed on the command prompt (DOS prompt).

BigDecimal():
This is the constructor of BigDecimal class. It translates the data into BigDecimal.

BigDecimal.add(BigDecimal big):
This method is used to add the two BigDecimal numbers.

Here is the code of program:

import java.math.BigDecimal;

public class AddTwoBigNumbers{

public static void main(String[] args) {
BigDecimal num1, num2;
num1 = new BigDecimal(50.00035);
num2 = new BigDecimal(100.0025);
Sum(num1, num2);
}

public static void Sum(BigDecimal val1, BigDecimal val2){

BigDecimal sum = val1.add(val2);
System.out.println("Sum of two BigDecimal numbers: "+ sum);
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

C:\vinod\Math_package>javac AddTwoBigNumbers.java

C:\vinod\Math_package>java AddTwoBigNumbers
Sum of two BigDecimal numbers:
150.002849999999995134203345514833927154

String Buffer insert and append example

In this section, you will learn how to work with StringBuffer and append data to it. The StringBuffer is a class that
implements multiple sequence of characters. The following program construct a string buffer that has '0' capacity. This
program inserts the data in the string buffer using the insert() method that provides the facility for adding the data in any
positions. But the append() method also add data in string buffer in ending position. This method inserts always last or end
position.

Description of code:

StringBuffer(int len):
This is the constructor of StringBuffer class that implements multiple sequence of characters. This constructor constructs a
string buffer that have no characters. It takes initial capacity that have to initialized.

insert(int pos, String str):

This method inserts the string into the object of StringBuffer. It takes following parameters:

pos: This is the position that have to be used for inserting the data.
str: This is the string that have to inserted.

append(String str):
This is the method that inserts the string into string buffer. It always inserts a string at last position.

Here is the code of program

import java.lang.*;

public class AppendInsert{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("StringBuffer insert and append example!");
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(0);
//First position
System.out.println(sb.insert(0, "vinod"));
int len = sb.length();
//last position
System.out.println(sb.insert(len, "Deepak"));
//Six position
System.out.println(sb.insert(6, "Raj"));
//Always last
 System.out.println(sb.append("Mohit"));
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

C:\vinod\Math_package>javac
AppendInsert.java

C:\vinod\Math_package>java AppendInsert
StringBuffer insert and append example!
vinod
vinodDeepak
vinodDRajeepak
vinodDRajeepakMohit

Character Comparison Example

In this section, you will learn how to compare characters in Java. The java.langpackage provides a method for comparing
two case sensitive strings. The compareTo() method compares two strings on the basis of Unicode of each character of
the given strings. This method returns integer type value. If it will return '0' it means the given string is equal otherwise not
equal.

Description of program:

This program helps you to compare characters with cases and sequence. For comparing the string you will need those
string that have to be compared. Here the CharComp() method is applied for comparing the string. At the time of defining,
you will use the compareTo() method that compares both strings and shows an appropriate given message.

Description of code:

compareTo(String str):
Above method is used to compare two strings with its cases. If it returns '0', an argument of the given string is equal
otherwise not. It takes string type parameter as following:

str: This is the string that have to be compared.

Here is the code of program:

import java.lang.*;

public class CharComparation{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Character comparation example!");
String str1 = "Vinod";
String str2 = "Vinod";
String str3 = "vinod";
CharComp(str1, str2, str3);
}
public static void CharComp(String str1, String str2, String str3){
System.out.println("String1 = " + str1);
System.out.println("String2 = " + str2);
System.out.println("String2 = " + str3);
if(str1.compareTo(str2) == 0){
System.out.println("String1 and String2 are equal!");
}
else{
System.out.println("String1 and String2 are not equal!");
}
if(str1.compareTo(str3) == 0){
System.out.println("String1 and String3 are equal!");
}
else{
System.out.println("String1 and String3 are not equal!");
}
if(str2.compareTo(str3) == 0){
System.out.println("String2 and String3 are equal!");
}
else{
System.out.println("String2 and String3 are not equal!");
}
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

C:\vinod\Math_package>javac
CharComparation.java

C:\vinod\Math_package>java
CharComparation
Character comparation example!
String1 = Vinod
String2 = Vinod
String2 = vinod
String1 and String2 are equal!
String1 and String3 are not equal!
String2 and String3 are not equal!

Combine String example

In this section, you will learn how to combine or merge two strings in java. Thejava.lang package provides the method that
helps you to combine two strings and making into single string. The following program is used for concatenating two string
through using the concat() method that concatenates the specified string to the end of string and finally, you will get the
combined string.

Description of code:

concat(String str):
This is the method that concatenates the two specified strings.

Here is the code of program:

import java.io.*;

public class CombinString{

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
BufferedReader bf =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter First String:");
String str1 = bf.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter Second String:");
String str2 = bf.readLine();
System.out.println("Combin string example!");
String com = str1.concat(str2);
System.out.println("Combined string: " + com);
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

C:\vinod\Math_package>javac
CombinString.java

C:\vinod\Math_package>java CombinString
Enter First String:
RoseIndia
Enter Second String:
NewstrackIndia
Combin string example!
Combined string: RoseIndiaNewstrackIndia
Compare strings
example

In this section, you will learn how

tocompare two strings in java. The java
lang package provides a method to
compare two with their case either upper
and lower. The equals() method provides
the facility of comparing the two strings.
The following program uses the equals()
method and helps you to compare the two
strings. If both strings are equal, it will
display a message "The given strings
are equal" otherwise it will show "The
given string are not equal".

Description of code:

equals():
This is the method that compares an
object values and returns Boolean type
value either 'true' or 'false'. If it returns
'true' for the both objects, it will be equal
otherwise not.

Here is the code of program:

import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

public class CompString{

public static void main(String[]
System.out.println("String
BufferedReader bf =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Please
String str1 = bf.readLine();
System.out.println("Please
String str2 = bf.readLine();
if (str1.equals(str2)){
 System.out.println("The given
}
else{
System.out.println("The given
}
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

Both are equals:

C:\vinod\
Math_package
>javac
CompString.ja
va

C:\vinod\
Math_package
>java
CompString
String equals
or not
example!
Please enter
first string:
Rose
Please enter
second string:
Rose
The given
string is equals

Both are not equals:

C:\vinod\
Math_packa
ge>java
CompString
String
equals or not
example!
Please enter
first string:
Rose
Please enter
second
string:
rose
The given
string is not
equals

Replace Character in
String

This example replaces a character with a

specified character in a given string.

To replace a character with the given

character in sting first convert the string
into char array. Use getChars(int
scrStart, int scrEnd, char[] destChar,
int destStart) method for converting a
string into an array of characters. Then
use while loop for comparing the
"oldChar" ( character name for replace) to
be change with the new character of the
array. If any match find then replace the
"oldChar" with newChar (character name
to replace) and set flag =1. To convert
charArray into string, pass "charArray"
into String class.

getChars(int scrStart, int scrEnd,

char[] destChar, int destStart): This
method returns an array of characters
from a string. We are passing four
parameter into this method. First
parameter scrStart is the starting
point while second parameter scrEnd is
the end point of the source string to
convert the string into a char
array. The destChar is the destined array
which stores all the
characters. ThedestStart is starting
index to store the characters.

The code of the program is given

below:

public class Replace{

public static void main(String
String string="rajesh raju
char oldChar='r';
char newChar='g';
int numChar=string.length();
char[] charArray=new char
string.getChars(0, numChar,
int i=0,flag=0;
System.out.println("Your
repalce\n"+string);
while(i<charArray.length)
{
if(charArray[i]==oldChar)
{
charArray[i]=newChar;
flag=1;
}
i++;
}
if(flag==1)
{
System.out.println("\nYour
repalceing 'h' with 'j'");
String newString=new String(charArray);
System.out.println(newString+
char has been replaced");
}
if(flag==0)
{
System.out.println("\nThe
}
 }
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\
replace>javac
Replace.java
C:\
replace>java
Replace
Your String
before
repalce
rajesh raju
raja rahul
ray rani ram
Your String
after
repalceing
'h' with 'j'
gajesh gaju
gaja gahul
gay gani gam
Your char has
been replaced

Trim String Example

In this section, you will learn how to

remove the blank spaces. For removing
the blank spaces use trim() method that
removes the blank spaces and shows
only string.

Description of code:

trim():
This method removes the blank spaces
from both ends of the given string (Front
and End).

Here is the code of program:

import java.lang.*;

public class StringTrim{

public static void main(String[]
System.out.println("String
String str = " RoseIndia"
System.out.println("Given
System.out.println("After
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:
C:\vinod\
Math_packag
e>javac
StringTrim.jav
a

C:\vinod\
Math_packag
e>java
StringTrim
String trim
example!
Given String :
RoseIndia
After
trim :RoseIndi
a

String Start with

Example

In this section, you will learn how to check

the given string that start from the
specified character in java. The following
program checks the started string with
"Wel". If you use startsWith() function it
will return 'true' and display a message
"The given string is start with Wel"
otherwise it will show "The given string
is not start with Wel".

Description of code:

startsWith(String start):
This is a Boolean type method that
returns either 'true' or 'false'. It checks the
given string that begins with specified
string in the beginning. It takes a string
type parameter such as:

start: This is the string that starts.

Here is the code of program:

import java.lang.*;

public class StrStartWith{

public static void main(String[]
System.out.println("String
String str = "Welcome to
String start = "Wel";
System.out.println("Given
System.out.println("Start
if (str.startsWith(start)){
System.out.println("The given
}
else{
System.out.println("The given
}
}
}

Download this example.

Output of program:

C:\vinod\
Math_package
>javac
StrStartWith.ja
va

C:\vinod\
Math_package
>java
StrStartWith
String start
with example!
Given String :
Welcome to
RoseIndia
Start with : Wel
The given
string is start
with Wel

Passing Command Line

Arguments

In this example we are going to learn how

we can pass values on command line
argument .

We are taking a sequence of character

from command line at run time. Store
these strings into an array string. Show
these strings on console as output. If user
forget enter string at run time on
command line argument then the
message
"No values has been entered at the comm
and line" will displayed on screen. To
check the user enter string or not at run
time we just compare length of argument
values .If value is greater than one then
display the values on screen else so
message
"No values has been entered at the comm
and line".

The code of the program is given

below:

public class ArgumentPassingExample{

public static void main(String[]
int num=args.length;
String s[]=new String[num];
if(num>0){
System.out.println("The values
argument command line are:"
for (int i = 0; i <num ;
{
 System.out.println("Argument
" = " + args[i]);
}
}
else{
System.out.println("No values
entered at the command line."
}
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
c
Argumen
tPassin
gExampl
e.java
C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
Argumen
tPassin
gExampl
e
rajesh
kumar
rahul
The
values
enter
at
argumen
t
command
line
are:
Argumen
t 1 =
rajesh
Argumen
t 2 =
kumar
Argumen
t 3 =
rahul

Decimal Format
Example

In this example we are going to format a

decimal value.

In this example we are talking a double

value. We are creating an object
ofDecimalFormat(String
format_type)class .In DecimalFormat cl
ass we are passing "0.000" .This is used
to create an decimal format which display
three digits after decimal point. We are
using NumberFormat to store the
reference of object
of DecimalFormat with name of
formatter. To apply the format on double
value we are using format() method.

The code of the program is given

below:
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.NumberFormat;

public class DecimalFormatExample

{
public static void main(String
{
double amount = 2192.015;
NumberFormat formatter =
System.out.println("The Decimal Value is:"
}
}
The output of the program is given
below:

C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
c
Decimal
FormatE
xample.
java
C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
Decimal
FormatE
xample
The
Decimal
Value
is:2192
.015

Line Number Reader

Example
In this example we are reading number of
lines.

In this example we are reading a file from

system .Then we are reading number of
lines in this file. FileReader class
providesreadLine() method.The readLin
e() method is used to read the data line
by line. LineNumberReaderclass is
provide getLineNumber() method to get
the number of line. We are
using File(Stringfile_name) constructor to
make an object of file. We are reading file
by use of FileReader(File
file)constructor. We are
using LineNumberReader(FileReader fil
ereader) constructor to create an object
of LineNumberReader class.

The methods used in this example:

getLineNumber():
This method is used to get the number of
line.

readLine():
This method is used to read the data line
by line. Then returns the data of a line as
a single string.

The code of the program is given

below:

import java.io.*;
public class LineNumberReaderExample{
public static void main(String[]
File file = null;
FileReader freader = null
LineNumberReader lnreader
try{
 file = new File("LineNumberReaderExample.java"
freader = new FileReader(file);
lnreader = new LineNumberReader(freader);
String line = "";
while ((line = lnreader.readLine())
System.out.println("Line:
getLineNumber() + ": " + line);
}
}
finally{
freader.close();
lnreader.close();
}
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
c
LineNum
berRead
erExamp
le.java
C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
LineNum
berRead
erExamp
le
Line:
1:
import
java.io
.*;
Line:
2:
public
class
LineNum
berRead
erExamp
le{
Line:
3:
public
static
void
main(St
ring[]
args)
throws
Excepti
on{
Line:
4:
File
file =
null;
Line:
5:
FileRea
der
freader
= null;
Line:
6:
LineNum
berRead
er
lnreade
r =
null;
Line:
7:
try{
Line:
8:
file =
new
File("
LineNum
berRead
erExamp
le.java
");
Line:
9:
freader
= new
FileRea
der(fil
e);
Line:
10:
lnreade
r = new
LineNum
berRead
er(frea
der);
Line:
11:
String
line =
"";
Line:
12:
while
((line
=
lnreade
r.readL
ine())
!=
null){
Line:
13:
System.
out.
println
("Line:
" +
lnreade
r.
getLine
Number(
) + ":
" +
line);
Line:
14:
}
Line:
15:
}
Line:
16:
finally
{
Line:
17:
freader
.close(
);
Line:
18:
lnreade
r.close
();
Line:
19:
}
Line:
20:
}
Line:
21: }

Operating System
Information

In this example we are learn how we can

get information about our operation
system. In this example we are getting the
OS name, its version and architecture of
OS. We are using getProperty(String
key) to get the property of the OS. To get
OS name we have key value os.name,to
get version we haveos.version and to get
architecture we have os.orch.

The System class contains several useful

class fields and methods. It cannot be
instantiated.

The method and its keys:

String getProperty(String key):

This method is used to get the system
property.

S/ Key
Descrip
No
tion
.

The
version
of Java
1 java.version
Runtime
Environ
ment.

2 java.vendor The
name of
Java
Runtime
 Environ
ment
vendor

The
java.vendor.u URL of
3
rl Java
vendor

The
directory
4 java.home of Java
installati
on

The
specific
java.vm.speci ationver
5 fication.versio sion of
n Java
Virtual
Machine

The
name of
specific
java.vm.speci
ation
6 fication.vendo
vendor
r
of Java
Virtual
Machine

Java
Virtual
java.vm.speci Machine
7
fication.name specific
ation
name

JVM
java.vm.versi impleme
8
on ntation
version
 JVM
java.vm.vend impleme
9
or ntation
vendor

JVM
java.vm.nam impleme
10
e ntation
name

The
name of
specific
ation
java.specifica
11 version
tion.version
Java
Runtime
Environ
ment

JRE
java.specifica specific
12
tion.vendor ation
vendor

JREspe
java.specifica
13 cificatio
tion.name
n name

Java
class
java.class.ver
14 format
sion
version
number

Path of
ava.class.pat
15 java
h
class

16 java.library.p List of
ath paths to
search
when
loading
 libraries

The
17 java.io.tmpdir path of
temp file

The
Name of
18 java.compiler JIT
compiler
to use

The
path of
extensio
n
19 java.ext.dirs
directory
or
directori
es

The
name of
20 os.name
OS
name

The OS
21 os.arch architect
ure

The
22 os.version version
of OS

The File
23 file.separator separat
or

The
path.separato path
24
r separat
or

25 line.separator The line

 separat
or

The
name of
26 user.name account
name
user

The
home
27 user.home
directory
of user

The
current
working
28 user.dir
directory
of the
user

The code of the program is given

below:

public class OpertingSystemInfo

{
public static void main(String[]
{
String nameOS = "os.name"
String versionOS = "os.version"
String architectureOS = "os.arch"
System.out.println("\n The
System.out.println("\nName
System.getProperty(nameOS));
System.out.println("Version
System.getProperty(versionOS));
System.out.println("Architecture
System.getProperty(architectureOS));
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
c
Opertin
gSystem
Info.ja
va
C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
Opertin
gSystem
Info
The
informa
tion
about
OS
Name of
the OS:
Windows
2000
Version
of the
OS: 5.0
Archite
cture
of The
OS: x86

Taking Substring

In this example we are taking a sub string

from a given string.

In this example we are creating an string

object .We initialize this string object as
"Rajesh Kumar". We are taking sub string
by use of substring() method.

The methods used:

substring(int i):
This method is used to find all sub string
after index i.

substring(int start,int end):

This is used to find the substring between
start and end point.

The code of the program is given

below:

public class SubstringExample1{

public static void main(String[]
String string = "Rajesh kumar"
System.out.println("String
String substring = string.substring(
System.out.println("String
" + substring);
substring = string.substring(
System.out.println("Substring
substring);
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
c
Substri
ngExamp
le1.jav
a
C:\
convert
\
rajesh\
complet
ed>java
Substri
ngExamp
le1
String
:
Rajesh
kumar
String
after
3rd
index:
esh
kumar
Substri
ng
(1,2):
a

Find Current Temp

Directory

In this example we are find the current

Temp directory.

We are
using getProperty(String key)method to
find the current temp directory.
The getProperty(String key) is defined
into System class. System class extends
directly Objectclass. System class is
defined final so any class never
extends System class. System class
allow us to get or set system information.
In this example we are pasing
"java.io.tmpdir" as key to get the current
temp directory into getProperty() method.

The code of the program is given

below:

public class TempDirExample

{
public static void main(String[]
{

System.out.println("OS current
+ System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\convert\rajesh\
completed>javac
TempDirExample.java
C:\convert\rajesh\
completed>java
TempDirExample
OS current temporary
directory is C:\
DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\
LOCALS~1\Temp\

Find User Home

Directory

In this example we are find user home

directory.
We are using System class to get the
information about system. System class
extends Object class. System class allow
us to get or set system information.

The method used into this example:

getProperty(String Key):
This method is used to get the property of
system for passing Key values.

In this example we are passing

"user.home" as key to get the user define
home directory.

The code of the program is given

below:

public class UserHomeExample

{
public static void main(String[]
{

System.out.println("User
System.getProperty("user.home"
}
}

The output of the program is given

below:

C:\convert\rajesh\completed>javac UserHomeExample.java
C:\convert\rajesh\completed>java UserHomeExample
User Home Path: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator

Write Text into File

In this example we are writing text into file.In this example we are initialize string to write into file. We are creating file in
which we are writing string by use of write()method.

We need java.io.* package import first. The create a .txt file with name "write.txt". We are using FileWriter class to read
file for modification.BufferedWriter class is used for buffering the file which will store into an object of Writer class .Then
we are using write() method to write text into file. At last close output file using close() method.

The code of the program is given below:

import java.io.*;

public class WriteTextFileExample{

public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException{
Writer output = null;
String text = "Rajesh Kumar";
File file = new File("write.txt");
output = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file));
output.write(text);
output.close();
System.out.println("Your file has been written");
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

Word Count

This example counts the number of occurrences of a specific word in a string. Here we
are counting the occurrences of word "you" in a string. To count it we are
using countMatches() method.

The org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils class extends the Object class and

defines certain words related to String handling such as null for null,"" for a zero-
length string, ' ' for space
characters, Charecter.isWhitespace(char) for whitespace and String.trim() for trim.
The StringUtilsclass handles null input strings.

The method used:

countMatches(String str,String sub): This method counts how many times the
string sub appears in the String str. This method returns zero
if StringUtils.countMatches(null, *),StringUtils.countMatches("",
*) ,StringUtils.countMatches("abba", null),StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "") ,
and StringUtils.countMatches("abba", "x"). The parameters used as "str" is String to
be checked and "sub" is substring to be count.

The code of the program is given below:

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

public class WordCountExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String string = "How r you?R you fine?Where are you going?"
System.out.println(StringUtils.countMatches(string,"you"
+ " occurrences of the word 'you' in '" + string +
"' is found.");
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\kodejava>javac
WordCountExample.java
C:\rajesh\kodejava>java
WordCountExample
3 occurrences of the word 'you' in
'How r you?R you fine?
Where are you going?' is found.

String Reverse Using StringUtils

In this example we are going to reverse a given string using StringUtils api. In this
example we are reversing a string and the reversed string is delimited by a specific
character.

The org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils class extends Object class and defines

certain words related to String handling such as null for null,"" for a zero-length string, '
' for space
characters,Charecter.isWhitespace(char) for whitespace and String.trim() for trim.

The methods used:

reverse(String str): This method is used to reverse the order of a buffered string. It
returns a null value if no string is passed i.e StringUtils.reverse(null) = null
or StringUtils.reverse("") = "" otherwise reverse order will returns
e.g. StringUtils.reverse("bat") = "tab".

reverseDelimited(String str,char separatorChar): This method is used to reverse a

String that is delimited by a specific character like "". The strings between the delimiters
will not reverse. In this method "str" is string to reverse and "separatorChar" is the
separator character.

The code of the program is given below:

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

public class StringReverseUsingStringUtils

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String string = "Hi, How R YOU?";
 String reverse = StringUtils.reverse(string);
String delimitedReverse = StringUtils.
reverseDelimited(string, ' ');
System.out.println("\nThe original String: " + string);
System.out.println("The reversed string: " + reverse);
System.out.println("The delimited Reverse string: "
+ delimitedReverse);
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\kodejava>javac
StringReverseUsingString
Utils.java
C:\rajesh\kodejava>java
StringReverseUsingString
Utils
The original String: Hi,
How R YOU?
The reversed string: ?
UOY R woH ,iH
The delimited Reverse
string: YOU? R How Hi,

Singleton Design Pattern

This example explores how to implement aSingletonPattern on a class in java.

The Singleton design pattern ensures that only one instance of a class is created, it
provides a global point of access to the object and allow multiple instances in the future
without affecting a singleton class's clients. To ensure that only one instance of a class is
created we make SingletonPattern as static. getInstance() method returns a single
instance of the class. We create a private default constructor to avoid outside
modification.

This example gets instances of SingletonPattern two times but the

method getInstance() will return the same object without creating a new one.
The code of the program is given below:

public class SingletonPattern{

private static SingletonPattern instance;
private SingletonPattern(){}
public static synchronized SingletonPattern getInstance(){
if (instance == null)
{
instance = new SingletonPattern();
}
return instance;
}
public static void main(String arg[]){
System.out.println("The output of two instance:");
SingletonPattern sp=new SingletonPattern();
System.out.println("First Instance: "+sp.getInstance());
sp=new SingletonPattern();
System.out.println("Second Instance:"+sp.getInstance());
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\
kodejava>javac
SingletonPattern.java
C:\rajesh\
kodejava>java
SingletonPattern
The output of two
instance:
First Instance:
SingletonPattern@3e25a
5
Second
Instance:SingletonPatt
ern@3e25a5

Runtime Exec Example

In this example we are going to execute an application using java program.

This example uses the Process class that is contained in the lang package and
extends Object class. The method Runtime.exec() creates a native process and returns
an instance of a subclass of the Process class. This instance is then used to control the
process and to obtain the information about the process. The Process class provides
methods for performing input ,output , wait, checking the exit status , and destroying
(killing) the process.

The Runtime.exec() method may not work well for windowing processes, daemon
processes, Win16/DOS processes on Microsoft Windows, or shell scripts.

The class Runtime contained in java.lang package and extends the Object class. Every
Java application has a single instance of class Runtime. The current runtime can be
obtained by using thegetRuntime() method. Any application cannot create its own
instance of runtime class.

The method used:

exec(String command): This method is used to execute the command. Here command
is a specified system command. It can also be used to execute any .exe file.

The code of the program is given below:

import java.io.IOException;
public class RuntimeExec{
public static void main(String[] args){
try
{
Process process = Runtime.getRuntime()
.exec("notepad.exe");
}catch (IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

Find Day of Month

This example explores how to find the day of a month and the day of a week This
example sets the year as 2007 and the day as 181. The example finds the day of a
month and the day of a week by usingget(field_name) method.

The Calendar class extends Object class. It is an abstract base class and converts
a Date object into a set of integer fields. Calendar class provides a getInstance()
method that returns a Calendarobject whose time fields are initialized with the current
date and time.

The methods used:

getTime(): This method is used to get current time from calendar.
getInstance(): This method gets a calendar using the default time zone , locale and
current time.

The fields used:

WEEK_OF_MONTH: This field is used to get and set the week indicating the week
number within the current month.
DAY_OF_WEEK: This field gets and set the day indicating the day of the week. This
field takes values SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY, and SATURDAY.

The code of the program is given below:

import java.util.Calendar;

public class DayYearToDayMonth

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
calendar.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2007);
calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, 181);
System.out.println("\nThe date of Calendar is: " +
calendar.getTime());
int dayOfMonth = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
System.out.println("The day of month: " +
dayOfMonth);
int dayOfWeek = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);
System.out.println("The day of week: " +
dayOfWeek);
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\
kodejava>javac
DayYearToDayMon
th.java
C:\rajesh\
kodejava>java
DayYearToDayMon
th
The date of
Calendar is:
Sat Jun 30
17:03:01
GMT+05:30 2007
The day of
month: 30
The day of
week: 7

Find the Day of the Week

This example finds the specified date of an year and a day of a week from calendar.

The Calendar class is an abstract base class that extends Object class and converts
a Date object into a set of integer fields. Calendar class provides a getInstance()
method for returning a Calendar object whose time fields have been initialized with the
current date and time.

The methods used:

getTime(): This method gets the current time from the calendar.

setTimeInMillis(long millis): This method sets the current time in a calendar object.

getInstance(): This method gets a calendar object containing the default time zone,
locale and current time.

The fields used:

DAY_OF_WEEK: This field is used to get and set a day indicating the day of the week.
This field takes values SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY, and SATURDAY.

DAY_OF_YEAR: This field gets and sets the day to indicate the day number within a
current year. e.g. The first day of the year has value 1.

YEAR: This field is used to get and set the year for indicating the year.

The code of the program is given below:

import java.util.Calendar;
public class DayOfYearToDayOfWeek{
public static void main(String[] args){
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
for(int i=2000;i<2005;i++){
calendar.set(Calendar.YEAR, i);
calendar.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR,0);
System.out.println(calendar.getTime().toString());
int weekday = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);
System.out.println("Weekday: " + weekday);
System.out.println();
}
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\
kodejava>javac
DayOfYearToDayO
fWeek
C:\rajesh\
kodejava>java
DayOfYearToDayO
fWeek
Fri Dec 31
16:21:22
GMT+05:30 1999
Weakday: 6
Sun Dec 31
16:21:22
GMT+05:30 2000
Weakday: 1
Mon Dec 31
16:21:55
GMT+05:30 2001
Weekday: 2
Tue Dec 31
16:21:55
GMT+05:30 2002
Weekday: 3
Wed Dec 31
16:21:55
GMT+05:30 2003
Weekday: 4

Calendar Example

In this section, we are discussing the entire functionality of java.util.Calender class. In the
following code segment we are performing various operations on Date object using its
methods. The methodgetTime() of the calendar class returns a Date object that is then
passed to the println() method just to print today's date. The arithmetic function of the
date class adds specific amount of time to the given time field following the calendar's
rule. This example subtracts two years from the current date of the calendar and also
add 3 days to the current date of the calendar.
Description of program:

In the following code segment, first we are getting the current date and time into the date
object by using the getInstance() and getTime() methods of the calendar class in a
methodCalendarTimemethod() and printing this current date and time on the console.

Then we are taking another method SimpleDateFormatmethod(), this method is getting

an instance of the calendar class into the date object. Now we are taking an object
of SimpleDateFormat class. Now we are getting the current date and time from the date
object by calling getTime() method on this object. Now we are passing this current date
and time into the format() method of the dateformatterobject (SimpleDateFormat class)
just to get the current date and time into the simple date format, after that we are printing
current date and time on the console.

Now we are taking another method Adddates() that adds two different dates. In this
method we are taking an instance date of the calendar class into a reference
variable cldr and an objectdateformatter of the SimpleDateFormat class. Now we are
taking the clone of the calendar class and passing the reference of this clone into cldr.
Now we are getting the dates of two years ago and five years after, by using
the add() method and printing these values on the console.

Now we are taking another method that is DateDifference(). In this method we are
taking date and time from an object of the GregorianCalendar class and passing it into
an object startDate1 of the Date class and also taking an another object endDate1 of
the date class. Now we are taking the difference of times of these two objects and
printing it on the console.

Now in the last Getcalendermethods() we are displaying values to demonstrate the

various method of the calendar class.

Here is the code of program:

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.*;

public class CalendarExample {

 private static void CalendarTimemethod() {
Date date = Calendar.getInstance().getTime();
System.out.println("Current date and time is: " + date);
System.out.println();
}

private static void SimpleDateFormatmethod() {

Calendar date = Calendar.getInstance();
SimpleDateFormat dateformatter = new SimpleDateFormat
("E yyyy.MM.dd 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");
System.out.println("Current date and

time in simple date format: "

+ dateformatter.format(date.getTime()));
System.out.println();
}

private static void Adddates() {

System.out.println("Performing

operations on calendar dates.");

// Get today's date

Calendar date = Calendar.getInstance();
Calendar cldr;
SimpleDateFormat dateformatter = new SimpleDateFormat
("E yyyy.MM.dd 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");

cldr = (Calendar) date.clone();

cldr.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, - (365 * 2));
System.out.println("Before two years it was: "
+ dateformatter.format(cldr.getTime()));

cldr = (Calendar) date.clone();

cldr.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, + 5);
System.out.println("After five years it will be: "
+ dateformatter.format(cldr.getTime()));

System.out.println();
 }

private static void DateDifference() {

System.out.println("Difference between two dates");

Date startDate1 = new GregorianCalendar(2005, 02,

25, 14, 00).getTime();

Date endDate1 = new Date();;

long diff = endDate1.getTime() - startDate1.getTime();

System.out.println(" Difference between " + endDate1);

System.out.println(" and " + startDate1 + " is "
+ (diff /

(1000L*60L*60L*24L)) + " days.");

System.out.println();
}

private static void Getcalendermethods() {

System.out.println("Various get methods

of the calendar class:");

Calendar calender = Calendar.getInstance();

System.out.println("Year : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.YEAR));
System.out.println("Month : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.MONTH));
System.out.println("Day of Month : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println("Day of Week : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
System.out.println("Day of Year : "
+ calender.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println("Week of Year : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println("Week of Month : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println
("Day of the Week in Month : "

+ calender.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH));
System.out.println("Hour

: " + calender.get(Calendar.HOUR));
System.out.println("AM PM

: " + calender.get(Calendar.AM_PM));
System.out.println("Hour of the Day

: " + calender.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("Minute

: " + calender.get(Calendar.MINUTE));
System.out.println("Second

: " + calender.get(Calendar.SECOND));
System.out.println();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println();
CalendarTimemethod();
SimpleDateFormatmethod();
Adddates();
DateDifference();
Getcalendermethods();
}
}
Here is the output:

C:\Examples>java CalendarExample
Current date and time is: Mon Dec 10
18:37:06 GMT+05:30 2007

Current date and time in simple date format:

Mon 2007.12.10 at 06:37:07 PM
GMT+05:30

Performing operations on calendar dates.

Before two years it was: Sat 2005.12.10 at
06:37:07 PM GMT+05:30
After five years it will be: Sat 2007.12.15 at
06:37:07 PM GMT+05:30

Difference between two dates

Difference between Mon Dec 10 18:37:07
GMT+05:30 2007
and Fri Mar 25 14:00:00 GMT+05:30 2005
is 990 days.

Various get methods of the calendar class:

Year : 2007
Month : 11
Day of Month : 10
Day of Week : 2
Day of Year : 344
Week of Year : 50
Week of Month : 3
Day of the Week in Month : 2
Hour : 6
AM PM : 1
Hour of the Day : 18
Minute : 37

Date Comparison

In this section we are discussing the comparison of two dates, whether they are equal or
not, the first date comes before the other or not, the first date comes after the other or
not, by using the equals(), before() and after() methods of the date class.

Description of program:

In this program first we are write the method DateComparison() in which we create an
objectcomparetodaydate of the Date class that have current date and time and a clone
of this object. We also create one more object comparedate1970 of the Date class that
contains a date of 1970. Now we are comparing these two dates whether they are equal
or not by using the equals() method, comparison of the date contained in the
object comparetodaydate comes before the date contained in the
object comparedate1970 or not, and date contained in the
object comparetodaydate comes after the date contained in the
object comparedate1970 or not and then printing all the values on the console.

Here is the code of this program:

import java.util.Date;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

public class DateComparison {

private static void DateComparison() {

Date comparetodaydate = new Date();

Date comparedate = (Date) comparetodaydate.clone();
Date comparedate1970 = new Date(24L*60L*60L*1000L);

System.out.println("Comparison of two dates by using the

equals() method:");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Today's date: " + comparetodaydate);
System.out.println("Comparing date: " + comparedate);

if (comparetodaydate.equals(comparedate)) {
System.out.println("The two dates are equal");
}
else {
System.out.println("The two dates are not equal");
}
 System.out.println();
System.out.println("Comparison of two dates by using the
equals() method:");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Today's date: " + comparetodaydate);
System.out.println("Compairing date: " + comparedate1970);

if (comparetodaydate.equals(comparedate1970)) {
System.out.println("The two dates are equal");
}
else {
System.out.println("The two dates are not equal");
}

System.out.println();
System.out.println("Comparison of two dates by using the
before() method:");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Today's date: " + comparetodaydate);
System.out.println("Compairing date: " + comparedate1970);

if (comparetodaydate.before(comparedate1970)) {
System.out.println("Today's date comes before the
compairing date");
}
else {
System.out.println("Today's date does not come before
the comparing date");
}

System.out.println();
System.out.println("Comparison of two dates by using the
after() method::");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Today's date: " + comparetodaydate);
System.out.println("Comparing date: " + comparedate1970);

if (comparetodaydate.after(comparedate1970)) {
System.out.println("Today's date comes after the
comparing date");
 }
else {
System.out.println("Today's date does not come after
the comparing date");
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println();
DateComparison();
}
}

Here is the output of above program:

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;

public class MonthCalender {

public final static String[] monthcalender = {

"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June"
"August", "September", "October", "November", "December"

public final static int daysinmonths[] = {31, 28, 31,

30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 };

private void displayMonth(int month, int year) {

// The number of days to leave blank at

// the start of this month.

int blankdays = 0;
System.out.println(" " + monthcalender[month] + " " +

if (month < 0 || month > 11) {

throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Month " + month + " is not valid and must lie in

between 0 and 11");

}

GregorianCalendar cldr = new GregorianCalendar(year,

month, 1);
System.out.println("Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Thirsday Friday Saturday");

// Compute how much to leave before before the first

day of the month.

// getDay() returns 0 for Sunday.

blankdays = cldr.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK)-1;
 int daysInMonth = daysinmonths[month];

if (cldr.isLeapYear(cldr.get(Calendar.YEAR))

&& month == 1) {

++daysInMonth;
}

// Blank out the labels before 1st day of the month

for (int i = 0; i < blankdays; i++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}

for (int i = 1; i <= daysInMonth; i++) {

// This "if" statement is simpler than

messing with NumberFormat

if (i<=9) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.print(i);

if ((blankdays + i) % 7 == 0) { // Wrap if EOL

System.out.println();
}
else {
System.out.print(" ");
}
}
}

/**
* Sole entry point to the class and application.
* @param args Array of String arguments.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {

int mon, yr;

 MonthCalender moncldr = new MonthCalender();

if (args.length == 2) {
moncldr.displayMonth(Integer.parseInt(args[0])-1,

Integer.parseInt(args[1]));
}
else {
Calendar todaycldr = Calendar.getInstance();
moncldr.displayMonth(todaycldr.get(Calendar.MONTH)

, todaycldr.get(Calendar.YEAR));
}
}
}
Here is the output:
C:\Examples>java MonthCalender
December 2007
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
1
2345678
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31

C:\convert\rajesh\completed>javac
WriteTextFileExample.java
C:\convert\rajesh\completed>java WriteTextFileExample
Your file has been written

Garbage Collection

In the example we are describing how the garbage collector works.

Description of program:

In the example given below, first we are creating three objects to give the garbage collector something to do, then we are
assigning some values to these variables and then appending values to the StringBuffer variable strbuf and setting the null
values to these objects so that they can be garbage collected. Now we are taking the system's current time in milliseconds
into a long type variable then calling the garbage collector method gc() of the System class and then system's current time
after the garbage collection operation completes and subtracts the previous time from the last one to determine the time
taken by the garbage collector to complete its operation and prints this time on the console.

Here is the code of this program:

import java.util.Vector;

public class GarbageCollection {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int size = 5000;

StringBuffer strbuf;
Vector vctr;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

strbuf = new StringBuffer(70);
vctr = new Vector(50);
strbuf.append(i).append(i+1).append(i+2).append(i+3);
}

strbuf= null;
vctr = null;
System.out.println("Staring explicit Garbage Collection.");
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.gc();

System.out.println("Garbage Collection took " +

(System.currentTimeMillis()-time) + " ms");

int[] arr = new int[size*10];

// null out the variable so that the array can be garbage collected
time = System.currentTimeMillis();
arr = null;
 System.out.println("Staring explicit Garbage Collection.");
System.gc();

System.out.println("Garbage Collection took " +

(System.currentTimeMillis()-time) + " ms");
}
}

Here is the output:

C:\Examples>java
GarbageCollection
Staring explicit Garbage
Collection.
Garbage Collection took 984 ms
Staring explicit Garbage
Collection.
Garbage Collection took 16 ms

Download of this program.

Check Empty String

In this example we are checking a sting object containing empty or null value. Apache has provided two
methodsisBlank() and isNotBlank() for checking the strings..

The classorg.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils extends Object class and provides methods that operate on null safe
string.

The methods used:

isBlank(String str): This method is used to check whether a string is empty ("") , null or whitespace.

isNotBlank(String str): This method is used to check whether a string is not empty (""), not null or not a whitespace .

There are two more methods which can be used:

isNotEmpty(String str): Use this method for checking a string whether it is not empty("") or not null.
isEmpty(String str): Use this method to check a string for its empty (" ) or null value.

The code of the program is given below:

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

public class CheckEmptyStringExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String string1 = "";
String string2 = "\t\r\n";
String string3 = " ";
String string4 = null;
String string5 = "Hi";
System.out.println("\nString one is empty? " +
StringUtils.isBlank(string1));
System.out.println("String one is not empty? " +
StringUtils.isNotBlank(string1));
System.out.println("\nString two is empty? " +
StringUtils.isBlank(string2));
System.out.println("String two is not empty?" +
StringUtils.isNotBlank(string2));
System.out.println("\nString three is empty?" +
StringUtils.isBlank(string3));
System.out.println("String three is not empty?" +
StringUtils.isNotBlank(string3));
System.out.println("\nString four is empty?" +
StringUtils.isBlank(string4));
System.out.println("String four is not empty?" +
StringUtils.isNotBlank(string4));
System.out.println("\nString five is empty?" +
StringUtils.isBlank(string5));
System.out.println("String five is not empty?" +
StringUtils.isNotBlank(string5));
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\kodejava>javac
CheckEmptyStringExample.java
C:\rajesh\kodejava>java
CheckEmptyStringExample
String one is empty? true
String one is not empty? false
String two is empty? true
String two is not empty?false
String three is empty?true
String three is not empty?false
String four is empty?true
String four is not empty?false
String five is empty?false
String five is not empty?true

Download this example.

Access Static Member Of The Class Through

Object
Posted on: June 27, 2008 at 12:00 AM

Static methods are special type of methods that work without any object of the class.

Access Static Member Of The Class Through Object

Static methods are special type of methods that work without any object of the class. Static methods are limited to calling
other static methods in the class and to using only static variables. The following example shows both ways to access static
method (through simply class name and through object).

StaticMemberClass.java

/**
* Access static member of the class through object.
*/
import java.io.*;

class StaticMemberClass {
// Declare a static method.
public static void staticDisplay() {
System.out.println("This is static method.");
 }
// Declare a non static method.
public void nonStaticDisplay() {
System.out.println("This is non static method.");
}
}

class StaticAccessByObject {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

// call a static member only by class name.
StaticMemberClass.staticDisplay();
// Create object of StaticMemberClass class.
StaticMemberClass obj = new StaticMemberClass();
// call a static member only by object.
obj.staticDisplay();
// accessing non static method through object.
obj.nonStaticDisplay();
}
}

Output of the program:

This is static method.

This is static method.
This is non static method.

Download source code

Read a string and reverse it and then print in alphabetical order.

A string is a contiguous sequence of symbols or values, such as a character string (a sequence of characters) or a binary
digit string (a sequence of binary values). In the example given below takes string value from user and reverse that string by
using String reverse(String str) method and set in alphabetical order by String alphaOrder(String str) method. Note that
passed string by user must be in upper case or in lower case but mixed cases are not permitted for this example.

Program asks the user to enter the input string. Once it is entered by the user, the program performs the reverse operations.

Program: Read a string reverse it and arrange in alphabetical order.

ReverseAlphabetical.java

/**
* read a string and reverse it and then write in alphabetical order.
*/
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

class ReverseAlphabetical {

String reverse(String str) {

String rStr = new StringBuffer(str).reverse().toString();
return rStr;
}

String alphaOrder(String str){

char[] charArray = str.toCharArray();
Arrays.sort(charArray);
String aString = new String(charArray);
return aString ;
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

System.out.print("Enter the String : ");
BufferedReader br =new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String inputString = br.readLine();
System.out.println("String before reverse : " + inputString);
ReverseAlphabetical obj = new ReverseAlphabetical();
String reverseString = obj.reverse(inputString);
String alphaString = obj.alphaOrder(inputString);
System.out.println("String after reverse : " + reverseString);
System.out.println("String in alphabetical order : " + alphaString);
}
}

Output of the program:

Enter the String : mahendra

String before reverse : mahendra
String after reverse : ardneham
String in alphabetical order : aadehmnr

Array to Collection

In this example we are converting values of an array into collection.

List interface is a member of the JavaCollection Framework and extendsCollection interface. List interface is an ordered
collection which follows insertion order, typically allow duplicate elements. The List interface provides a special iterator,
called ListIterator for insertion, replacement and bi-directional access.
The Arrays class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (e.g. sorting and searching etc.) and extends
the Object class. The Iterator class allows access to the elements of a collection.

Methods used:
hasNext(): This method is used to get more elements. If the element at the next position is found then returns true otherwise
throws an exception.

next(): This method returns the next element in the iteration.

asList(Object[] a): This method acts as a bridge between array and collection. This method converts array into Arrays by
internally using Colletion.toArray() method .

The code of the program is given below:

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class ArraysToCollection{

public static void main(String[] args){
String[] array = {"Java", "Struts", "JSP", "J2EE"};
List list = Arrays.asList(array);
Iterator iterator = list.iterator();
System.out.println("\nThe values into Array");
while (iterator.hasNext()){
System.out.println((String) iterator.next());
}
}
}

The output of the program is given below:

C:\rajesh\kodejava>javac
ArraysToCollection.java
C:\rajesh\kodejava>java
ArraysToCollection
The values into Array
Java
Struts
JSP
J2EE

Introduction to Java Arrays

In this section you will be introduced to the concept of Arrays in Java Programming language. You will learn how the Array
class in java helps the programmer to organize the same type of data into easily manageable format.

Program data is stored in the variables and takes the memory spaces, randomly. However, when
we need the
data of the same type to store in the contiguous memory allocations we use the data
structures like arrays. To meet this feature java has provided an Array class which
abstracts the array data-structure.

The java array enables the user to store the values of the same type in contiguous memory allocations. Arrays
are always a fixed length abstracted data structure which can not be altered when required.

The Array class implicitly extends java.lang.Object so an array is an instance of

Object.

Advantages of Java Array:

1. An array can hold primitive types data.

2. An array has its size that is known as array length.
3. An array knows only its type that it contains. Array type is checked at the compile-time.

Disadvantages of Java Array:

1. An array has fixed size.

2. An array holds only one type of data (including primitive types).
Structure of Java Arrays

Now lets study the structure of Arrays in java. Array is the most widely used data structure in java. It can contain multiple
values of the same type. Moreover, arrays are always of fixed length i.e. the length of an array cannot be increased or
decreased.

Lets have a close look over the structure of Array. Array contains the values which are implicitly referenced through the
index values. So to access the stored values in an array we use indexes. Suppose an array contains "n" integers. The first
element of this array will be indexed with the "0" value and the last integer will be referenced by "n-1" indexed value.

Presume an array that contains 12 elements as shown in the figure. Each element is holding a distinct value. Here the first
element is refrenced by a[0] i.e. the first index value. We have filled the 12 distinct values in the array each referenced as:

a[0]=1

a[1]=2

...

a[n-1]=n

...

a[11]=12

The figure below shows the structure of an Array more precisely.

Java Array Declaration

As we declare a variable in Java, An Array variable is declared the same way. Array variable has a type and a valid Java
identifier i.e. the array's type and the array's name. By type we mean the type of elements contained in an array. To
represent the variable as an Array, we use [] notation. These two brackets are used to hold the array of a variable.

By array's name, we mean that we can give any name to the array, however it should follow the predefined conventions.
Below are the examples which show how to declare an array :-

int[] array_name; //declares an array of integers

String[] names;
int[][] matrix; //this is an array of arrays

It is essential to assign memory to an array when we declare it. Memory is assigned to set the size of the declared array. for
example:

int[] array_name = new

int[5];

Here is an example that creates an array that has 5 elements.

public class Array

{
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
int[] a = new int[5];
}
}

ava Array Initialization

After declaring an array variable, memory is allocated to it. The "new" operator is used for the allocation of memory to the
array object. The correct way to use the "new" operator is

String names[];

names = new String[10];

Here, the new operator is followed by the type of variable and the number of elements to be allocated. In this example []
operator has been used to place the number of elements to be allocated.

Lets see a simple example of an array,

public class Sum

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] x = new int [101];
for (int i = 0; i<x.length; i++ )
x[i] = i;
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<x.length; i++)
sum += x[i];
System.out.println(sum);
}
}

In this example, a variable 'x' is declared which has a type array of int, that is, int[]. The variablex is initialized to
reference a newly created array object. The expression 'int[] = new int[50]' specifies that the array should
have 50 components. To know the length of the Array, we use field length, as shown.

Output for the given program:

C:\tamana>javac Sum.java

C:\tamana>java Sum
5050

C:\tamana>

Java Array Usage

We have already discussed that to refer an element within an array, we use the [] operator. The [] operator takes an "int"
operand and returns the element at that index. We also know that the array indices start with zero, so the first element will
be held by the 0 index. For Example :-
int month = months[4]; //get the 5th month (May)
Most of the times it is not known in the program that which elements are of interest in an array. To find the elements of
interest in the program, it is required that the program must run a loop through the array. For this purpose "for" loop is used
to examine each element in an array. For example :-

String months[] =
{"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May",
"Jun",
"July", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov",
"Dec"};
//use the length attribute to get
the number
//of elements in an array
for (int i = 0; i < months.length;
i++ ) {
System.out.println("month: " +
month[i]);

Here, we have taken an array of months which is,

String months[] =
{"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
"July", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};

Now, we run a for loop to print each element individually starting from the month "Jan".

for (int i = 0; i < months.length; i++ )

In this loop int i = 0; indicates that the loop starts from the 0th position of an array and goes upto the last position which is
length-1, i < months.length; indicates the length of the array and i++ is used for the increment in the value of i which is i =
i+1.

Copying Arrays

After learning all about arrays, there is still one interesting thing left to learn i.e. copying arrays. It means to copy data from
one array to another. The precise way to copy data from one array to another is

public static void

arraycopy(Object source,
int
srcIndex,
Object dest,
int
destIndex,
 int length)

Thus apply system's arraycopy method for copying arrays.The parameters being used are :-

src the source array

srcIndex start position (first cell to copy) in the
source array
dest the destination array
destIndex start position in the destination array
length the number of array elements to be copied

The following program, ArrayCopyDemo(in a .java source file), uses arraycopy to copy some elements from the copyFrom
array to the copyTo array.

public class ArrayCopyDemo{

public static void main(String[] args){
char[] copyFrom = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j'};
char[] copyTo = new char[5];
System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 5);
System.out.println(new String (copyTo));
}
}

Output of the program:

C:\tamana>javac
ArrayCopyDemo.java
C:\tamana>java ArrayCopyDemo
cdefg
C:\tamana>

In this example the array method call begins the copy of elements from element number 2. Thus the copy begins at the
array element 'c'. Now, the arraycopy method takes the copied element and puts it into the destination array. The
destination array begins at the first element (element 0) which is the destination array copyTo. The copyTo copies 5
elements : 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'. This method will take "cdefg" out of "abcdefghij", like this :

Following image illustrates the procedure of copying array from one to another.
Two-Dimensional Arrays

Two-dimensional arrays are defined as "an array of arrays". Since an array type is a first-class Java type, we can have an
array of ints, an array of Strings, or an array of Objects. For example, an array of ints will have the type int[]. Similarly we can
have int[][], which represents an "array of arrays of ints". Such an array is said to be a two-dimensional array.
The command

int[][] A = new int[3][4];

declares a variable, A, of type int[][], and it initializes that variable to refer to a newly created object. That object is an array of
arrays of ints. Here, the notation int[3][4] indicates that there are 3 arrays of ints in the array A, and that there are 4 ints in
each of those arrays.
To process a two-dimensional array, we use nested for loops. We already know about for loop. A loop in a loop is called
a Nested loop. That means we can run another loop in a loop.

Notice in the following example how the rows are handled as separate objects.

Code: Java
int[][] a2 = new int[10][5];
// print array in rectangular form
for (int i=0; i<a2.length; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<a2[i].length; j++)
{
System.out.print(" " + a2[i]
[j]);
}
System.out.println("");
}
In this example, "int[][] a2 = new int[10][5];" notation shows a two-dimensional array. It declares a variable a2 of type int[]
[],and it initializes that variable to refer to a newly created object. The notation int[10][5] indicates that there are 10 arrays of
ints in the array a2, and that there are 5 ints in each of those arrays.

Here is the complete code of the example:

public class twoDimension{

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] a2 = new int[10][5];
for (int i=0; i<a2.length; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<a2[i].length; j++) {
a2[i][j] = i;
System.out.print(" " + a2[i][j]);
}
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

Here is the output for the program:

C:\tamana>javac
twoDimension.java
C:\tamana>java twoDimension
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9
C:\tamana>_

Multi-dimensional arrays

So far we have studied about the one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. To store data in more dimensions a multi-
dimensional array is used. A multi-dimensional array of dimension n is a collection of items. These items are accessed
via n subscript expressions. For example, in a language that supports it, the element of the two-dimensional array x is
denoted by x[i,j].
The Java programming language does not really support multi-dimensional arrays. It does, however, supports an array of
arrays. In Java, a two-dimensional array 'x' is an array of one-dimensional array. For instance :-

int[][] x = new int[3][5];

The expression x[i] is used to select the one-dimensional array; the expression x[i][j] is ued to select the element from that
array. The first element of this array will be indexed with the "0" value and the last integer will be referenced by "length-1"
indexed value. There is no array assignment operator.

Bubble Sorting in Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using bubble sort.

Bubble sort is also known as exchange sort. Bubble sort is a simplest sorting algorithm. In bubble sort algorithm array is
traversed from 0 to the length-1 index of the array and compared one element to the next element and swap values in
between if the next element is less than the previous element. In other words, bubble sorting algorithm compare two values
and put the largest value at largest index. The algorithm follow the same steps repeatedly until the values of array is sorted.
In worst-case the complexity of bubble sort is O(n2) and in best-case the complexity of bubble sort is Ω(n).

Code description:

Bubble Sorting is an algorithm in which we are comparing first two values and put the larger one at higher index. Then we
take next two values compare these values and place larger value at higher index. This process do iteratively until the
largest value is not reached at last index. Then start again from zero index up to n-1 index. The algorithm follows the same
steps iteratively unlit elements are not sorted.

Working of bubble sort algorithm:

Say we have an array unsorted A[0],A[1],A[2]................ A[n-1] and A[n] as input. Then the following steps are followed by
bubble sort algorithm to sort the values of an array.
1.Compare A[0] and A[1] .
2.If A[0]>A[1] then Swap A[0] and A[1].
3.Take next A[1] and A[2].
4.Comapre these values.
5.If A[1]>A[2] then swap A[1] and A[2]
...............................................................
................................................................
at last compare A[n-1] and A[n]. If A[n-1]>A[n] then swap A[n-1] and A[n]. As we see the highest value is reached at
nth position. At next iteration leave nth value. Then apply the same steps repeatedly on A[0],A[1],A[2]................ A[n-1]
elements repeatedly until the values of array is sorted.

In our example we are taking the following array values

12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10

The basic steps followed by algorithm:-

In the first step compare first two values 12 and 9.

12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10

As 12>9 then we have to swap these values

Then the new sequence will be
9 12 4 99 120 1 3 10

In next step take next two values 12 and 4

9 12 4 99 120 1 3 10

Compare these two values .As 12>4 then we have to swap these values.
Then the new sequence will be
9 4 12 99 120 1 3 10

We have to follow similar steps up to end of array. e.g.

9 4 12 99 120 1 3 10
9 4 12 99 120 1 3 10
9 4 12 99 1 120 3 10
9 4 12 99 1 120 3 10
9 4 12 99 1 3 120 10
9 4 12 99 1 3 10 120

When we reached at last index .Then restart same steps unlit the data is not sorted.

The output of this example will be :

1 3 4 9 10 12 99 120

The code of the program :

public class bubbleSort{

public static void main(String a[]){
 int i;
int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10};
System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print( array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
bubble_srt(array, array.length);
System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("PAUSE");
}

public static void bubble_srt( int a[], int n ){

int i, j,t=0;
for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
for(j = 1; j < (n-i); j++){
if(a[j-1] > a[j]){
t = a[j-1];
a[j-1]=a[j];
a[j]=t;
}
}
}
}
}

Heap Sort in Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using heap sort.

There are two types of heap. First one is Max heap and second one is min heap. Max heap is a special type of binary
tree .The roots of the max heap is greater than its child roots. Other heap is min heap it is also a special type of heap which
has minimum root than his child. We can sort the array values using heap sorting algorithm. In this algorithm the heap build
is used to rebuild the heap.
In this example we sorting all elements of an array. The complexity of the heap sort is O(n.log(n)). Heap sort is slowest but
it is better option for large data sets.

The example of Max heap:

Code description:
To sort a heap Build Heap algorithm is used to build a heap out of the data set .Then remove the root element and replace
the last element at the position of root node. Then rearrange the heap. Place the root node in an array. Follow these steps
until all elements in heap is not replace into array. The values in array will be in sorted order.

Steps of heap sort algorithm:

1. Remove the parent root and replace it with the rightmost leaf.
2.Strore parent root in an array.
3. Re-establish the heap.
4. Repeat steps 1 and 3 until values in heap is not zero.

Working of heap sort algorithm:

Input:1,3,5,4,2
Step1:Buid Heap tree and an array of same size.
Step2: Remove largest root and add largest root in array.

Step3:Replace last value (eg 2) at at root node position.

Step4:Swap 2 and 4

Step5:Swap 2 and 3.
Step6:Remove 4 and replace 2 at position of 4 and add 4 in array

Step7:Swap 2 and 3

Step8:Remove 3 ,add in array and replace 1 at position of 3.

Step9:Swap 2 and 1.

Step10:Remove 2 and it at root position

Step11:Remove 1 and add in array.

Output: Sorted array 1,2,3,4,5

The code of the program :

public class heap_Sort{

public static void main(String a[]){
int i;
int arr[] = {1,3,4,5,2};

System.out.println("\n Heap Sort\n---------------\n");

System.out.println("\n Unsorted Array\n\n");
for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
System.out.print(" "+arr[i]);
for(i=arr.length; i>1; i--){
fnSortHeap(arr, i - 1);
}
System.out.println("\n Sorted array\n---------------\n");
for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
System.out.print(" "+arr[i]);
}

public static void fnSortHeap(int array[], int arr_ubound){

int i, o;
int lChild, rChild, mChild, root, temp;
root = (arr_ubound-1)/2;

for(o = root; o >= 0; o--){

for(i=root;i>=0;i--){
lChild = (2*i)+1;
rChild = (2*i)+2;
if((lChild <= arr_ubound) && (rChild <= arr_ubound)){
if(array[rChild] >= array[lChild])
mChild = rChild;
else
mChild = lChild;
}
else{
if(rChild > arr_ubound)
mChild = lChild;
else
mChild = rChild;
}

if(array[i] < array[mChild]){

temp = array[i];
array[i] = array[mChild];
array[mChild] = temp;
}
 }
}
temp = array[0];
array[0] = array[arr_ubound];
array[arr_ubound] = temp;
return;
}
}

Output of the example:

C:\array\sorting>Javac heap_Sort.java
C:\array\sorting>java heap_Sort
Heap Sort
---------------
Unsorted Array
1 3 4 5 2
Sorted array
---------------
1 2 3 4 5
C:\array\sorting>_

Insertion Sort In Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using insertion sort.

Insertion sorting algorithm is similar to bubble sort. But insertion sort is more efficient than bubble sort because in insertion
sort the elements comparisons are less as compare to bubble sort. In insertion sorting algorithm compare the value until all
the prior elements are lesser than compared value is not found. This mean that the all previous values are lesser than
compared value. This algorithm is more efficient than the bubble sort .Insertion sort is a good choice for small values and for
nearly-sorted values. There are more efficient algorithms such as quick sort, heap sort, or merge sort for large values .
Positive feature of insertion sorting:
1.It is simple to implement
2.It is efficient on (quite) small data values
3.It is efficient on data sets which are already nearly sorted.
The complexity of insertion sorting is O(n) at best case of an already sorted array and O(n2) at worst case .

Code description:
In insertion sorting take the element form left assign value into a variable. Then compare the value with previous values.
Put value so that values must be lesser than the previous values. Then assign next value to a variable and follow the
same steps relatively until the comparison not reached to end of array.
Working of insertion sorting:

The code of the program :

public class InsertionSort{

public static void main(String a[]){
int i;
 int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10};
System.out.println("\n\n RoseIndia\n\n");
System.out.println(" Selection Sort\n\n");
System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print( array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
insertion_srt(array, array.length);
System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("PAUSE");
}

public static void insertion_srt(int array[], int n){

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++){
int j = i;
int B = array[i];
while ((j > 0) && (array[j-1] > B)){
array[j] = array[j-1];
j--;
}
array[j] = B;
}
}
}

Output of the example:

C:\array\sorting>javac InsertionSort.java
C:\array\sorting>java InsertionSort
RoseIndia
Selection Sort
Values Before the sort:
12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10
Values after the sort:
1 3 4 9 10 12 99 120
PAUSE
C:\array\sorting>_

Download this example.

Merge Sort in Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using merge sort.

In merge sorting algorithm unsorted values are divided into two equal parts iteratively. Then merge both parts and sort it.
Then again merge the next part and sort it. Do it iteratively until the values are not in sorted order. In merge sorting the
number of elements must be even. The merge sorting is invented by John von Neumann in 1945 .
The complexity of the merge sorting is in worst-case O(n log n) and in average case O(n log n).

Code description:
In merge sort split the array values in halves recursively until each half has only single element. Merge the two 1/2 values
together and sort the values. Do same steps iteratively until the values are not sorted.

Working of merge sort algorithm:

Say we have an array unsorted A[0],A[1],A[2]................ A[n-1] and A[n] as input. Then the following steps are followed by
merge sort algorithm to sort the values of an array.

Step1:Spliting the values of array

Divide the values into two equal 1/2
A[0],A[1],A[2].........A[n/2-1] & A[n/2]....... .................A[n-1], A[n]

Again divide two equal 1/2

A[0] a[1]A[2]..............A[(n/2-1)/2-1] & A[(n/2-1)/2]............A[n/2-1],
A[n/2].............A[(2n-1)/2-1] & a[(2n-1)/2].............A[n-1],A[n]
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
A[0] & A[1] & A[2]& A[3],..............................................................A[n-1]& A[n]

Step2:Merge two values and sort the values

A[0],A[1] & A[2],A[3]&..................................................................&A[n-1],A[n]

If A[1]<A[0],A[]<A[3]........................................................................A[n-1]>A[n]
then
A[1]A[0],A[2]A[3],...............................................................................A[n]A[n-1]
Step3:Merge four values and sort the values
A[2] A[1] A[0] A[3],...................................................................................A[n-1]
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
Step3:Merge n values and sort the values
A[2]A[6]......................................................................................................A[n-5]

Where n must be even number.

Steps of Merge Sort:

Say unsorted an array values are:

12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10
The code of the program :

public class mergeSort{

public static void main(String a[]){
int i;
int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10};
System.out.println("\n\n RoseIndia\n\n");
System.out.println(" Selection Sort\n\n");
System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print( array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
mergeSort_srt(array,0, array.length-1);
System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("PAUSE");
}

public static void mergeSort_srt(int array[],int lo, int n){

int low = lo;
int high = n;
if (low >= high) {
return;
}

int middle = (low + high) / 2;

mergeSort_srt(array, low, middle);
mergeSort_srt(array, middle + 1, high);
int end_low = middle;
int start_high = middle + 1;
while ((lo <= end_low) && (start_high <= high)) {
if (array[low] < array[start_high]) {
low++;
} else {
int Temp = array[start_high];
for (int k = start_high- 1; k >= low; k--) {
array[k+1] = array[k];
}
array[low] = Temp;
low++;
end_low++;
start_high++;
}
}
}
}
Output of the example:

C:\array\sorting>javac mergeSort.java
C:\array\sorting>java mergeSort
RoseIndia
Selection Sort
Values Before the sort:
12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10
Values after the sort:
1 3 4 9 10 12 99 120
PAUSE
C:\array\sorting>_

Odd Even Transposition Sort In Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using odd even transposition sort.

Odd even transposition sort is a parallel sorting algorithm. Odd Even is based on the Bubble Sort technique of comparing
two numbers and swapping them and put higher value at larger index .In each parallel computational steps can pair off
either the odd or even neighboring pairs. Each number (In Processing Element-PE) would look to it's right neighbor and if it
were greater, it would swap them.

Code description:
The odd even transposition sort is a parallel sorting algorithm. That mean more than one compression can made at one
iteration. The comparison is same as bubble sort.

Working of odd even transposition sort:

The code of the program :

public class OddEvenTranspositionSort{

public static void main(String a[]){
int i;
int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10,13};

System.out.println("\n\n RoseIndia\n\n");
System.out.println(" Odd Even Transposition Sort\n\n");
System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print( array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
odd_even_srt(array,array.length);
System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("PAUSE");
}

public static void odd_even_srt(int array[],int n){

for (int i = 0; i < n/2; i++ ) {
for (int j = 0; j+1 < n; j += 2)
if (array[j] > array[j+1]) {
int T = array[j];
array[j] = array[j+1];
array[j+1] = T;
}
for (int j = 1; j+1 < array.length; j += 2)
if (array[j] > array[j+1]) {
 int T = array[j];
array[j] = array[j+1];
array[j+1] = T;
}
}
}
}

Output of the example:

C:\array\sorting>javac
OddEvenTranspositionSort.java
C:\array\sorting>java OddEvenTranspositionSort
RoseIndia
Odd Even Transposition Sort
Values Before the sort:
12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10 13
Values after the sort:
1 3 4 9 10 12 13 99 120
PAUSE
C:\array\sorting>_

Download this example.

Quick Sort in Java

Introduction

In this example we are going to sort integer values of an array using quick sort.

Quick sort algorithm is developed by C. A. R. Hoare. Quick sort is a comparison sort. The working of quick sort algorithm is
depending on a divide-and-conquer strategy. A divide and conquer strategy is dividing an array into two sub-arrays. Quick
sort is one of the fastest and simplest sorting algorithm. The complexity of quick sort in the average case is Θ(n log(n)) and
in the worst case is Θ(n2).

Code description:

In quick sort algorithm pick an element from array of elements. This element is called the pivot. Then compare the the
values from left to right until a greater element is find then swap the values. Again start comparison from right with pivot.
When lesser element is find then swap the values. Follow the same steps until all elements which are less than the pivot
come before the pivot and all elements greater than the pivot come after it. After this partitioning, the pivot is in its last
position. This is called the partition operation. Recursively sort the sub-array of lesser elements and the sub-array of greater
elements.

Working of quick sort algorithm:

Input:12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10 13

Output:1 3 4 10 12 13 99 120
The code of the program :

public class QuickSort{

public static void main(String a[]){
int i;
int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10,13};

System.out.println("\n\n RoseIndia\n\n");
System.out.println(" Quick Sort\n\n");
System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print( array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
quick_srt(array,0,array.length-1);
System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");
for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i]+" ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("PAUSE");
}

public static void quick_srt(int array[],int low, int n){

int lo = low;
int hi = n;
if (lo >= n) {
return;
}
int mid = array[(lo + hi) / 2];
while (lo < hi) {
while (lo<hi && array[lo] < mid) {
lo++;
}
while (lo<hi && array[hi] > mid) {
hi--;
}
if (lo < hi) {
int T = array[lo];
array[lo] = array[hi];
array[hi] = T;
}
}
if (hi < lo) {
int T = hi;
hi = lo;
lo = T;
}
quick_srt(array, low, lo);
quick_srt(array, lo == low ? lo+1 : lo, n);
}
}

Output of the example:

C:\array\sorting>javac QuickSort.java
C:\array\sorting>java QuickSort
RoseIndia
Quick Sort
Values Before the sort:
12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10 13
Values after the sort:
1 3 4 9 10 12 13 99 120
PAUSE
C:\array\sorting>_