MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Chapter 2: Speaking Mathematically

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Rewrite a Universal Conditional Statement, a Universal Existential
Statement, and an Existential Universal Statement
2. Solve for the Cartesian Product of a given set.
3. Identify the relation of the elements in a given set.
4. Determine if a given relation is a function.

Note: In this chapter, it is advised that you will do some readings and review the
basic concept of SETS.

Some Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

1. Universal Statement
A universal statement says that a certain property is true for all elements in a
set.
Example: All positive numbers are greater than zero.
2. Conditional Statement
A conditional statement says that if one thing is true then some other thing
also has to be true.
Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.
3. Existential Statement
Given a property that may or may not be true, an existential statement says
that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
Example: There is a prime number that is even.

Rewriting a Universal Conditional Statements

A universal conditional statement is a statement that is both universal and

conditional.
Example 1: For all animals x, if x is a dog, then x is a mammal.
If x is a dog, then x is a mammal.
For all dog x, x is a mammal.

Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

For all real number x, if x is a nonzero then x 2 is positive.
A. If a real number is nonzero, then its square ______.
B. For all nonzero real numbers x, ________.
C. If x______, then _______.
D. The square of any nonzero real number is _______.
E. All nonzero real numbers have ________.

Answer for Example 2:

A. is positive
B. x 2 is positive
C. is a nonzero real number, x 2 is positive
D. positive
 E. positive squares or squares that are positive

Rewriting a Universal Existential Statement

A universal existential statement is a statement that is universal because its first part
says that a certain property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential
because its second part asserts the existence of something.
Example 1: Every real number has an additive inverse
For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r
For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an
additive inverse for r.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
A. All pots ____.
B. For all pots P, there is ____.
C. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that _____.

Answer for Example 2:

A. have lids
B. a lid for P
C. L is a lid for P

Rewriting an Existential Universal Statements

An existential universal statement is a statement that is existential because its first
part asserts that a certain object exists and is universal because its second part says
that the object satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Example 1: There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
There is positive integer m such that every positive integer is
greater than or equal to m.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite in the following statement in three
different ways.
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every person in
my class.
A. Some ______ is at least as old as _____.
B. There is a person p in my class such that p is _____.
C. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every
person q in my class, p is ____.

Answer for Example 2:

A. person in my class; every person in my class
B. at least as old as every person in my class
C. at least as old as q
 Activity 2.1 Rewriting Statements

Fill in the blanks to rewrite the given statement.

1. For all objects J, if J is a square then J has four sides.
A. All squares ____.
B. Every square______.
C. If J______, then J ______.
2. Every nonzero real number has a reciprocal.
A. All nonzero real numbers ____.
B. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is ____ for r.
C. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such that ______.
3. For all equations E, if E is quadratic the E has at most two real solutions.
A. All quadratic equations ______.
B. If an equation is quadratic, then it ____.
C. If E _____, then E _____.
D. For all quadratic equations E, _____.

Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A × B and
read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:
A × B={(a , b)∨a ∈ A∧b ∈ B }.
To find the numbers of element of A × B , just multiply the number of elements in A
by the number of elements in B.

Example: Let A={1 , 2, 3 } and B={u , v } .

A. Find A × B
Solution: Pair every element in A to every element in B.
A × B={(1 , u),(1 , v),(2 , u),(2, v),(3 , u), (3 , v)}
B. Find B× A
Solution: Pair every element in B to every element in A.
A × B={(u ,1),(u ,2),(u , 3),(v ,1),(v , 2), (v , 3)}
C. Find B× B
Solution: Pair every element in B to every element in B.
B× B={(u , u),(u , v),(v ,u) ,(v , v )}

Activity 2.2 Cartesian Product

Let Y ={a , b , c } and Z={1 , 2 ,3 }.
 A. Find Y × Z
B. Find Z ×Y
C. Find Y ×Y

The Language of Relations and Functions

Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B . Given an
ordered pair (x, y) in A × B , x is related to y by R, written xRy, if, and only if, (x, y) is
in R. The set A is called the domain of R and the set B is called the co-domain.

Example: Let A={1 , 2} and B={1, 2 , 3 } and define a relation R from A to B

as follows:
Given any (x , y )∈ A × B,
x− y
(x , y )∈ R means that is an integer.
2
A. State explicitly which ordered pairs in A × B are in R.
Solution: A × B={(1 , 1),(1 , 2),(1, 3) ,(2 ,1),(2 , 2),(2 , 3)}. Examine each
ordered pair in A × B to see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition
in R.
1−1 0
(1 , 1)∈ R because = =0, 0 is an integer.
2 2
1−2 −1 −1
(1 , 2)∉ R because = , is not an integer.
2 2 2
1−3 −2
(1 , 3)∈ R because = =−1, -1 is an integer.
2 2
2−1 1 1
(2 , 1)∉ R because = , is not an integer.
2 2 2
2−2 0
(2 , 2)∈ R because = =0, 0 is an integer.
2 2
2−3 −1 −1
(2 , 3)∉ R because = , is not an integer.
2 2 2
Thus R={(1, 1),(1, 3),(2 ,2)}

B. Is 1R3? Is 2R3?
Solution: Yes, 1R3 because (1 , 3)∈ R .
No, 2 is not related to 3 because (2 , 3)∉ R .
C. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
Solution: The domain of R is {1, 2}, and the co-domain is {1, 2, 3}.

Functions
A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and a co-
domain B that satisfies the following properties:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B such that (x , y )∈ F .
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B,
if (x , y )∈ F and (x , z )∈ F , then y=z .
Or in other words,
1. Every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first element.
 Example: Let A={2 , 4 ,6 } and B={1, 3 , 5 }. Which of the relations R, S, and
T defined below are functions from A to B?
A. R={(2, 5),(4 ,1),(4 ,3),(6 ,5)
Solution: R is not a function because it does not satisfy property (2). The
ordered pair (4, 1) and (4, 3) have the same first element.
B. For all (x , y )∈ A × B ,( x , y)∈ S means that y=x +1.
Solution: S is not a function because it does not satisfy property (1). For
example, 6 ∈ A but there is no element in B such that y=6+1=7 .
C. T ={(2 ,5),(4 , 1),(6 ,1)}
Solution: T is a function because it satisfies both property (1) and property (2).

Activity 2.3 Relation and Function

1. Let A={2 , 3 , 4 } and B={6 , 8 ,10 } and define relation R from A to B as follows:
For all (x , y )∈ A × B,
y
(x , y )∈ R means that is an integer.
x
A. Is 4R6? Justify your answer.
B. Is (3 , 8)∈ R? Justify your answer.
C. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.
D. Write the domain and co-domain of R.
2. Let A={2 , 4 } and B={1, 3 , 5 } and define relations U, V, and W from A to B as
follows: For all (x , y )∈ A × B ,
(x , y )∈U means that y−x >2.
x
(x , y )∈V means that y−1= .
2
W ={(2 ,5),(4 ,1),(2 , 3)}.
A. Is U a function? Justify your answer.
B. Is V a function? Justify your answer.
C. Is W a function? Justify your answer.

ASSESSMENT 2

Let C={0 ,1 , 2} and D={2 , 4 , 6 , 8 } and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

For all (x , y )∈C × D,
y+ 2
(x , y )∈ R means that is an integer.
x
A. List all the elements of C × D.
B. Write R as set of ordered pairs.
C. Is R a function or not? Justify your answer.