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Lecture 3 & 4 Measure of Central Tendency

The three main measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set. These measures can be used to summarize and describe the central or typical values in a data set.

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37 views30 pages

Lecture 3 & 4 Measure of Central Tendency

The three main measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set. These measures can be used to summarize and describe the central or typical values in a data set.

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gareebdexter
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measure of Central Average

Tendency

Lecture 3+4
Average (Central Tendency )
Average is a number which represents a whole data.
The average means

the center of

the Values

Observation

Quantities
TYPES OF AVERAGE

Mean

Mode

Median

Midrange
Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
The mean is the sum of the values, divided by the total number of values.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +𝑥4 +⋯+𝑥𝑛
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
σ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
Example 1 : Find Mean of 5 , 7 , 8 ,10,5

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Solution : As 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

5+7+8+10+5
So 𝑥ҧ =
5
35
=
5
=7 Answer
Example 2 : The number of calls that a local police department
responded to for a sample of 9 months is shown. Find the
mean. 475, 447, 440, 761, 993, 1052, 783, 671, 621

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Solution: 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

475+ 447+ 440+761+993+ 1052+ 783+ 671+ 621


So 𝑥ҧ =
9

6243
𝑥ҧ =
9

xത ≈ 693.7 (Approximately)
Mean of Grouped Data

Mean for
grouped Data σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛

Where

𝑥ҧ is mean

𝑓𝑖 is frequency of class

𝑥𝑖 is mid point of class

𝑛 is cumulative frequencies
Example: Find Mean of these data represent the net worth
(inMillions) of 46 national cooperations.

Class Limits Frequencies


10-20 3
21-31 8
32-42 15
43-53 7
54-64 10
65-75 3
The Weighted Mean
Sometimes you must find the mean of a data set in which not
all values are equally represented.

When there number values of a quantity , we use weighed


mean technique to calculate.

The weighted mean of a variable X is calculated by


multiplying each value by its corresponding weight and
dividing the sum of the products by the sum of the weights.
Example
The Median
The median is the midpoint of the data array.

Before finding this point, the data must be arranged in


ascending or increasing order.

When the data set is ordered, it is called a data array.


Example: The number of tornadoes that have occurred in
the United States over an 7-year period follows. Find the
median. 684, 764, 656, 702, 856, 1133 , 1132
Solution
Step 1 : Arranging the data values in ascending order.
684, 764, 656, 702, 856, 1133 , 1132
Step 2: Data in ascending order
656, 684, 702, 764, 856, 1132, 1133
Step 3: the middle value in the data is 764 .
Hence Median is 764
Example: The number of tornadoes that have occurred in
the United States over an 8-year period follows. Find the
median. 684, 764, 656, 702, 856, 1133 , 1132,1303
Solution
Step 1 : Arranging the data values in ascending order.
684, 764, 656, 702, 856, 1133 , 1132, 1303
Step 2: Data in ascending order
656, 684, 702, 764, 856, 1132, 1133,1303
Step 3: the middle values in the data are 764 and 856
764+856 1620
Hence Median is = = 810 Answer
2 2
MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA

ℎ 𝑛
Median of =𝑙+ −𝐶
Grouped Data 𝑓 2

Where 𝑙 is lower class boundary

𝑛 is sum of frequencies of all classes

𝑓 is frequency of median class

ℎ is width of median class

C is cumulative frequency preceding median class


Steps for finding the Median

𝑛
Step 1: half of total observations
2

Step 2 : Median Class

Step 3 : terms of median class 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ

Step 4 : Cumulative Frequencies (C) before median


class
Example: Find Median of these data represent the net worth
(inMillions) of 46 national cooperations.

Class Limits Frequencies


10-20 3
21-31 8
32-42 15
43-53 7
54-64 10
65-75 3
Solution :
Class Limits Frequencies Cummulative Frequency C
10-20 3 3
21-31 8 11
32-42 15 26
43-53 7 33
54-64 10 43
65-75 3 46

෍ 𝑓 = 46

𝒏
32-42 is median class because C is greater than here.
𝟐
So Frquency of median class is 𝑓 = 15
Width of of median class is ℎ = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 = 31.5
Median for grouped data is given by

ℎ 𝑛
=𝑙+ −𝐶
𝑓 2

11 46
= 31.5 + − 11
15 2

= 31.5 + 8.8

= 40.3 Answer
Mode
The value that occurs most often in a data set is called the mode.

Example : Find the mode of the temperature ℃ of week of June in Karachi, Sindh
40 , 45 , 44 , 44,43,42 , 44
Solution : Here most frequent number is 44
so 44 is mode
There can be more than one Mode(s) or
no mode at all
Example 1: 4,7,7,8,9,3,7 here 7 is mode (Unimodal data)

Example1: 5,6,5,6,5,6 here 5 and 6 are modes (Bimodal data )

Example 2: 3,6,4,3,6,4 here 3,4 are 6 are modes (Multimodal data)


MODE OF GROUPED DATA

Mode of Grouped (𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 )


Data =𝑙+ .ℎ
(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 )+(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )

Where 𝑙 is lower class boundary of modal class

𝑓1 is frequency preceding modal class

𝑓𝑚 is frequency of modal class

𝑓2 is frequency succeding modal class

ℎ is width of median class


Example: Find Mode of these data represent the net worth
(inMillions) of 46 national cooperations.

Class Limits Frequencies


10-20 3
21-31 8
32-42 15
43-53 7
54-64 10
65-75 3
Solution: Table Modal Class is 32-42 with frequency 𝒇𝒎 = 𝟏𝟓

Class Limits Frequencies


10-20 3
21-31 8
32-42 15
43-53 7
54-64 10
65-75 3

𝒇𝟏 = 𝟖 , 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟕 , 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓
(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 )
As Mode = 𝑙 + .ℎ
(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 )+(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )

(15−8)
= 31.5 + . 11
(15−8)+(15−7)

= 31.5 + 5.133

= 36.633
Midrange
The midrange is a rough estimate of the middle

The midrange is defined as the sum of the smallest


and largest values in the data set, divided by 2.
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢 + 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =
2
Example : The number of bank failures for a recent
five-year period is shown.
Find the midrange. 3, 30, 148, 157, 71
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢 +𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Solution : As 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =
2

Smallest Value =3 and Largest Value = 157

3+157 160
so 𝑀𝑅 = =
2 2
MR = 80 Answer

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