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This document discusses key concepts in probability, including: - Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment, and an event is a subset of outcomes. - Mutually exclusive events cannot have any outcomes in common. - Probability is represented by P(E) for event E, reading as "the probability of E." - The complement of an event is the probability of that event not occurring. - Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred.

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30 views17 pages

Sec 2

This document discusses key concepts in probability, including: - Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment, and an event is a subset of outcomes. - Mutually exclusive events cannot have any outcomes in common. - Probability is represented by P(E) for event E, reading as "the probability of E." - The complement of an event is the probability of that event not occurring. - Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred.

Uploaded by

ahmedwaelgiar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sample Space and Event

Sample space: The collection of all possible outcomes


for an experiment.

Event: A collection of outcomes for the experiment, that


is, any subset of the sample space. An event occurs if
and only if the outcome of the experiment is a member
of the event.
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two or more events are mutually exclusive events if no two of them have outcomes in common.
Probability Notation
If E is an event, then P(E ) represents the probability
that event E occurs. It is read “the probability of E.”
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The complement of an event is the probability of that event not occurring. In this case, the
complement of rolling a 1 would be rolling any number other than 1 (i.e., rolling a 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).

Since the die is fair and has six sides, each side has an equal probability of 1/6. Therefore, the
probability of rolling a 1 is 1/6.

To find the complement probability, we subtract the probability of the event from 1. In this case, it
would be:

Complement probability = 1 - (Probability of rolling a 1)

Complement probability = 1 - (1/6)

Complement probability = 5/6

So, the complement probability of rolling a 1 on a fair six-sided die is 5/6.


Suppose we have a bag containing 5 red marbles and 3 blue marbles.
We randomly select one marble from the bag. Let's define the events
as follows:
Event A: Selecting a red marble
Event B: Selecting a blue marble
The probability of selecting a red marble, P(A), is 5/8, as there are 5
red marbles out of a total of 8 marbles.
The probability of selecting a blue marble, P(B), is 3/8, as there are 3
blue marbles out of a total of 8 marbles.
The probability of selecting both a red and a blue marble, P(A ∩ B), is
0 since it is not possible to select both a red and a blue marble
simultaneously.
Now, we can apply the general addition rule to find the probability of
selecting either a red or a blue marble:
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
= 5/8 + 3/8 - 0
= 8/8
=1
Contingency Tables; Joint and Marginal
Probabilities
Conditional Probability
The probability that event B occurs given that event A occurs is called a
conditional probability. It is denoted P(B | A), which is read “the
probability of B given A.” We call A the given event.

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