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Experiment No 1

1. The document describes an experiment conducted by a student to get familiar with equipment in a communication laboratory. 2. It discusses various modulation techniques including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and pulse code modulation. Diagrams of modulators and demodulators are provided for some techniques. 3. The student concludes that they learned about different modulation techniques and observed some communication tools during the experiments. The Falcon kit box was found to be easier to understand than the Etek toolbox.

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ZAHID HOSSAIN
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53 views7 pages

Experiment No 1

1. The document describes an experiment conducted by a student to get familiar with equipment in a communication laboratory. 2. It discusses various modulation techniques including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and pulse code modulation. Diagrams of modulators and demodulators are provided for some techniques. 3. The student concludes that they learned about different modulation techniques and observed some communication tools during the experiments. The Falcon kit box was found to be easier to understand than the Etek toolbox.

Uploaded by

ZAHID HOSSAIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Course Title : Communication Engineering II Sessional

Course No : EEE 3218


Experiment No : 01
Name of the : To Get familiar with the Equipment of Communication
Laboratory.
Experiment
Date of Experiment : 23 September, 2023
Date of Submission : 07 October, 2023

Submitted by Submitted to

Name : Zahid Hossain Md. Sarwar Hosen

Roll : 1901145 Lecturer

Section : C Department of EEE

Series : 19 RUET
Experiment No. 01
1.1 Name of Experiment To Get Familiar with the Equipment of Communication Laboratory.
1.2 Objectives
 To analysis different types of modulation technique.
 To get familiar with communication tools.

1.3 Theory
1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation
AM was the earliest modulation method used for transmitting audio in radio broadcasting.
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude
(signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio
signal. This technique contrastswith angle modulation, in which either the frequency of the carrier
wave is varied, as in frequency modulation, or its phase, as in phase modulation.

Figure 1.1 Amplitude modulator and demodulator

1.3.2 Frequency Modulation


Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the
instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio
broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.
In analog frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting, of an audio signal representing voice
or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, The difference between the frequency of the
carrier and itscenter frequency, has a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude.
Figure 1.2 Frequency modulator and demodulator
1.3.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
In digital data transmission, this corresponds to Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). FSK is a type of FM
where the modulating signal assumes discrete values and shifts the output frequency to a set of
predetermined discrete frequency values.

Figure 1.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulator


1.3.4 Phase Shift keying (PSK)
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing
(modulating) the phase of a constant frequency reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation
is accomplished byvarying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely
used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication. BPSK (also sometimes called
PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two
phases which are separated by 180°
and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation
points arepositioned,

Figure 1.4 Phase Shift keying (PSK) modulator


1.3.5 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a method of reducing
the average power delivered by an electrical signal, by effectively chopping it up into discrete
parts. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off
periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load. Along with maximum power point
tracking (MPPT), it is one of the primary methods of reducing the output of solar panels to that
which can be utilized by a battery.

Figure 1.5 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modulator


1.3.6 Delta Modulation (DM)
A delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal
conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary
importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the
difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams.

Figure 1.6 Delta Modulation (DM) modulator


1.3.7 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or
more bits, is sent bytransmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific
time duration. For example, if each symbol represents a single bit, then the carrier signal could be
transmitted at nominal amplitude when the input value is 1, but transmitted at reduced amplitude
or not at all when the input value is 0.

Figure 1.7 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator


1.3.8 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)

In his Modulation is the refined form of delta modulation. This method was introduced to solve the
granular noise and slope overload error caused during Delta modulation.
This Modulation method is similar to Delta modulation except that the step size is variable
according to the input signal in Adaptive Delta Modulation whereas it is a fixed value in delta
modulation.

Figure 1.8 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) modulator


1.3.9 Line Coded Encoder

In telecommunication, a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent


digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a storage medium. This
repertoire of signalsis usually called a constrained code in data storage systems. Some signals are
more prone to error than others as the physics of the communication channel or storage medium
constrains the repertoire of signalsthat can be used reliably.

Figure 1.9 Line coded encoder


1.3.10 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse Code Modulation techniques are used to produce a series of numbers or digits in binary form.
Hence this process is called digital modulation. The amplitude at that particular time of the signal
sample is indicated by the binary codes.

Figure 1.10 Pulse code modulation (PCM)


1.4 Discussion and Conclusion
In that experiment we learned different types of modulation techniques. Some communication
tools were also observed during the experiments. From the experiments, Some techniques
modulation were learnt like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation etc. It was also
observed that the kit box of FALCON was more easy to understand than the toolbox of ETEK
company.

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