கூட்டுறவு கருத்தியல்

bgÇah® bjhiyÃiy¡fšÉ ÃWtd«
bgÇah® gšfiy¡fHf«
nry« - 636 011.
ïs§fiy tÂfÉaš – T£Lwî

Kjyhkh©L
jhŸ - 1 : T£LwÉ‹ fU¤J«, ts®¢áí«
1
Prepared by :
V. mUŸKUf‹
ÉÇîiuahs®
br§Fªj® fiy k‰W« m¿Éaš fšÿÇ
âU¢br§nfhL,
ehk¡fš kht£l«.
2
ïs§fiy tÂfÉaš – T£Lwî
Kjyhkh©L
jhŸ - 1 : T£LwÉ‹ fU¤J«, ts®¢áí«
UNIT I
Meaning of Co-operation: Definition – Sailent features – Economic
and Social Benefits – Moral values, Economic System: Meaning, Objectives
– Capitalism, Socialism, Co-operation – Distinguishing features. Classical
thoughts of co-operation; Robert Owen, Dr. William King, Charles Fourier.
UNIT II
Principles of Co-operation: Evolution of Co-operative Principles –
Rochdale Principles Reformulations (C) Commission on co-operative
principles in 1937, 1966, 1995 – Analysis of principles of co-operation.
UNIT III
Issues on Co-operation: State and Vs Self reliant – State’s Role –
Various forms of State assistance; State Partnership Merits and Demerits of
State assistance – Limited Vs Unlimited liability, Single purpose Vs
Multipurpose, Unitary Vs Federal Structure, Small size Vs Large Size
Society, Co-operative Planning: Totalitarian Vs Democratic.
UNIT IV
Co-operative Development in India – Pre independence era:
Nicholson Report, Co-operative Societies Act 1904 and 1912–Maclagan
Committee (1914) – Co-operative Planning Committee (1949). Co-operative
Development under Five Year Plans: Findings and recommendations of
AIRCSC, AIRCRC, Metha Committee, Agricultural Credit Review
Committee- Integrated Co-operative Development Project (ICDP) –
Development Action Plan (DAP).
3
UNIT V
Co-operation under Globalization Era: Liberalization and Co-
operative sector. Challenges before co-operatives – Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats – New Generation Co-operatives.
Table of Contents
Theory and Development of Co-operation
Unit Particulars
Meaning of Co-operation: Definition

Sailent features
Economic and Social Benefits
I. Moral values, Economic System: Meaning, Objectives
Capitalism, Socialism, Co-operation
Distinguishing features. Classical thoughts of co-operation;
Robert Owen, Dr. William King, Charles Fourier.
Principles of Co-operation: Evolution of Co-operative
Principles
Rochdale Principles Reformulations (C) Commission on co-
II. operative principles in 1937, 1966, 1995
Analysis of principles of co-operation.
Issues on Co-operation: State and Vs Self reliant
State’s Role
Various forms of State assistance; State Partnership Merits
and Demerits of State assistance
III. Limited Vs Unlimited liability, Single purpose Vs
Multipurpose, Unitary Vs Federal Structure, Small size Vs
Large Size Society, Co-operative Planning: Totalitarian Vs
Democratic.
4
Co-operative Development in India
Pre independence era: Nicholson Report, Co-operative
Societies Act 1904 and 1912–Maclagan Committee (1914)
Co-operative Planning Committee (1949). Co-operative
Development under Five Year Plans: Findings and
IV.
recommendations of AIRCSC, AIRCRC, Metha Committee,
Agricultural Credit Review Committee- Integrated Co-
operative Development Project (ICDP)
Development Action Plan (DAP).
Co-operation under Globalization Era: Liberalization and
Co-operative sector. Challenges before co-operatives
V
Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
New Generation Co-operatives.
5
myF -1
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfSk;> nritfSk;.
(Functions of Co-operative Banks) :
,g; ghlg; gFjpapy; tq;fp Kiwf;fhd tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[
tq;fpfspd; gzpfisa[k; mitfs; thof;ifahsUf;Fr; bra;a[k;
nritfisa[k; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd;
tiffisa[k; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpapay; ghlj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfisa[k;>
nritfisa[k; bjhpe;J bfhs;tjw;F Kd;dh; tq;fp Kiwiag; gw;wp bjhpe;J
bfhs;;s ntz;oaJ mtrpakhfpwJ. gzg; g[Hf;fKk;> tpahghu tsh;r;rpa[k;
bgUfp tUk; jw;fhyj;jpy; tq;fpfs; ,y;yhj ,lj;ijna fhz;ghpJ. me;j
mstpw;F rpwpa> bghpa Ch;fspYk;> efu khefuq;fspYk; ,d;W ehk; fhz;gJ
tq;fpfisna.
tq;fp> tq;fpapay;> tq;fpah;> tq;fp Kiw vd;w gy brhw;fspd;
mog;gilapy; brhy;ypd; khw;WUtq;fns> ,tw;wpy; ve;j xU brhy;Yf;F
,yf;fzk; tFj;jhYk; mJ tq;fpf;F cz;lhdr; rpwg;gpay;g[fis
fhl;Ltjhf mika[k;. tq;fp Kiwf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fg; gy;ntW
Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;Lk; ,Jtiu vy;nyhuhYk; xg;g[f; bfhs;Sk;
goahdbjhU Tw;W bjd;gltpy;iy vd;nw Twyhk;. ,e;jpa tq;fp Kiw
bgUk;ghYk; Mq;fpnya tq;fp Kiwia gpd;gw;wpna mike;Js;sJ.
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oYk; rl;l Kiwahf ,yf;fzk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mq;F
njhd;wpa rpy mwpQh;fs; tq;fp Kiwf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;f Kd; te;jdh;.
mth;fspy; Kjd;ikahf lhf;lh; b+h;gh;l; vy;. +hh; tq;fp Kiwf;F
fPH;f;fz;lthW ,yf;fzk; Twpa[s;shh;.
vtbuhUth; jk; rhh;ghft[k; gpwh; rhh;ghft[k; elg;g[f; fzf;fpy;
gzj;ijg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L> gpd;dh; gzk; nghl;lth;fs;> fhnrhiy
mDg;gpdhy; mij kjpg;gij jd;Dila jiyahag; gzpahff;
bfhz;Ls;shnuh mtnu tq;fpah; Mthh; vd;W tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shh;.
rh;$hd; ng$l; vd;w mwpQUk; tq;fp Kiwf;Fk; fPH;fz;lthW
tpsf;fk; je;Js;shh;.
elg;g[f; gzf;fpy; gzk; bgw;Wf;bfhs;Sjy;> gy;ntW fzf;Ffspd;
nghpy; gzj;ij bgw;Wf;bfhs;Sjy;> fhnrhiy btspaply;> fhnrhiyf;Fg;
gzk; tR{ypj;jy; nghd;w gzpfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s egiu my;yJ epWtdj;ij
tq;fpah; vdyhk;. kw;Wk; mth; jk;ik tq;fpah; vd;W mwptpj;Jf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. bghJ kf;fSk; mtiu tq;fpah; vd;W Vw;Wf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
nkw;Twpa ,uz;L tpsf;fq;fspYk; tq;fpg; gzpfisg; gw;wp bjspthff;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. vdnt> mit Kw;Wg;bgwhj tpsf;fq;fs; vd;W gyUk;
mtw;iw Vw;Wf;bfhs;stpy;iy. xt;bthU ehl;oYk; tq;fp Kiwf;F
,yf;fzk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ek; ehl;oy; 1949 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l
tq;fp xGq;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; tq;fp Kiwf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sJ. tq;fp
xGq;fhw;Wr; rl;lk; gphpt[ 5(6) y; tq;fp Kiw vd;why; gpwUf;Ff; fld;
bfhLg;gjw;fhfnth my;yJ tq;fpah; tpUg;gg;go vjpYk; KjyPL bra;anth
my;yJ ntW vjw;fhfthapDk; bghJkf;fsplkpUe;Jg; gzj;ij itg;ghfg;
6
bgw;W gpd;dh; gzk; nghl;lth;fs; fhnrhiy K:ykhfnth my;yJ
gztpil K:ykhfnth my;yJ mth;fsJ cj;jputpd;gonah nfl;Fk;nghJ
jpUg;gpf; bfhLg;gjhFk;. ,ita[k; jtpu tq;fp Kiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l
vj;bjhHpiya[k; bra;tjhFk; vd;W tpsf;fk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkw;Twpa tpsf;fj;jpy; tq;fpapd; gzpfisg; gw;wp bjhpe;J bfhs;s
KofpwJ. itg;g[fisj; jpul;Ljy;> fld; tHq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
thof;ifahsUf;F Kfth; kw;Wk; bghJg; gad; gzpfis bra;tJjhd;
tq;fpg;gzpfs; vd;W tpsf;fk; jug;gl;ls;sJ. tq;fpg;gzpfs; gw;wp
KGikahf ,t;tpsf;fj;jpy; Twg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,t;tpsf;fk; tq;fp Kiwf;F
xU rpwe;j tpsf;fkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
tq;fpj; bjhHpypd; rpwg;g[
kw;w bjhHpy;fisg; nghd;W tq;fpj; bjhHpYk; xU bjhHpyhf
fUjg;gl;lhYk; kw;w bjhHpy;fSf;F ,y;yhj rpwg;g[ tq;fpj; bjhHpYf;F
cz;L. xU tpahghhp gzj;ij KjyPL bra;J ruf;F thq;fp rw;W
TLjyhd tpiyf;F tpw;W ,yhgk; <l;Lfpd;whh;. Mdhy; tq;fpah;>
thof;ifahshplkpUe;J Fiwe;j tl;of;F gzj;ijna jw;fhypfkhf thq;fp
,th; jk; tq;fpapy; rl;lk; vDk; E}ypy; mnj gzj;ij jw;fhypfkhf rw;W
TLjyhd tl;of;F fld; bfhLj;J ,uz;L tl;o tpfpjq;fspilnaa[s;s
ntWghl;oid ,yhgkhf milfpd;whh;. nkYk;> thof;ifahsh; bfhLj;j
gzj;ij jdJ tpUg;gg;go vg;go ntz;LkhdhYk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
thof;ifahsUk;> jhk; tq;fpapy; brYj;jpa mnj gzj;ija[k;>
ehzaj;ija[k;> nfhu KoahJ. mth; brYj;jpa bjhiff;F rkkhd
bjhifiana bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;. thof;ifahsh; nfl;lhyd;wp tq;fpah;
gzj;ij brYj;j khl;lhh;. vdnt> tq;fpj; bjhHpy; kw;w bjhHpy;fspypUe;J
ntWgl;L epw;fpd;wJ. gk;gha; tq;fp tprhuizf;FG “vd; K:isa[k;> cq;fs;
gzKk;jhd; tq;fpj; bjhHpy;” vd;W jdJ mwpf;ifapy; tq;fpj;
bjhHpiyg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpypUe;J tq;fpj; bjhHpy; vt;tst[
rpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ vdj; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kofpd;wJ.
tq;fpg; gzpfs;
tq;fpg; gzpfis ,U bgWk; TWfshf gphpf;fyhk;.
1. jiyahag; gzpfs;
 itg;g[fis jpul;Ljy;
 fld; tHq;Fjy;
2. Jizg; gzpfs;
 khw;WKiw Mtzq;fSf;Fg; gzk; tR{ypj;jy;
 Ma[s; fhg;gPl;Lf; fHf re;jhj; bjhifia tR{ypj;jy;
 mDg;g[if trjpfs;
 ghJfhg;g[g; bgl;lf trjp
 gazf; fhnrhiyfs; tHq;Fjy;
 tzpf cWjpf; fojk; tHq;Fjy;
7
 xg;g[Wjpg; gzpfs;
 gpizaq;fs; thq;Fjy;> tpw;wy;
 bghWg;g[hpikah;> epiwntw;whsh; gzpfs;
 fld;fSf;F Vw;ghL bra;jy;
 tUkhd thp fzf;Ffis Koj;jy;
 muR kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F Kftuhfg; gzpahw;Wjy;
 cj;jputhjk;> ,Hg;gPL rk;ge;jkhd gzpfs;.
,Jtiu tq;fpj; bjhHpy; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gJ gw;wpa[k;> tq;fpfspd;
gzpfs; gw;wpa[k; mwpe;Jbfhs;s Koe;jJ. ,dptUk; ghlg; gphptpy; Tl;Lwt[
tq;fpfspd; gzpfs; gw;wpa[k; mtw;wpd; nritfisg; gw;wpa[k; ghh;g;nghk;.
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfs;
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfis ,uz;L tpjkhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
1. jiyahag; gzpfs;
2. Jizg; gzpfs;
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; itg;g[fis jpul;Ltija[k; fld; tHq;Ftija[k;
jiyahag; gzpfshf; bfhz;L bray;gLfpd;wd. nfl;g[> gztpil
nghd;w khw;W Kiwahtzq;fSf;F gzk; tR{ypj;jy; kw;Wk;
brYj;Jjy;> thlif kw;Wk; ,yhg <t[ brYj;Jjy;> tl;o tR{ypj;jy;>
fhg;gPl;Lr; re;jh> tUkhdthp brYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mfpy ,e;jpa gu];gu
Vw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; go gzj;ij ,lkhw;wk; bra;jy; nghd;w Jizg;
gzpfis bra;J tUfpd;wd.
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; thof;ifahsUf;Fr; bra;a[k; nritfs;
bghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J gzj;ij itg;g[fshfg; bgw;W mg;gzj;ijf;
fld; nfhUk; egh;fSf;F mspg;gJk; itg;g[j; bjhif kPJ thof;ifah;
tpLf;Fk; fhnrhiyfis kjpg;gJnk Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; Kf;fpa gzp
vd;whYk;> ,e;ehisa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; vz;zpylq;fh gpw gzpfs; g[hpe;J
rKjhaj;jpw;Fr; nrit bra;J tUfpd;wd. gzk; mDg;g[if> ghJfhg;g[g;
bgl;lf trjp> Kfikg; gzp> bghWg;g[hpikah;> epiwntw;whsh; gzp nghd;w
gw;gy trjpfs; bra;J jk;ik nkYk; gaDilaitfshf Mf;fpf;
bfhs;fpd;wd. itg;g[fisj; jpul;Ltjpy; fLk; nghl;o epyt[k; ,d;iwa
cyfpy; xt;bthU tq;fpa[k; kf;fis jk;ghy; <h;f;f gw;gy bghJg; gad;
gzpfisa[k;> Kfth; gzpfisa[k; nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
jw;fhyj;jpy; tzpf tq;fpfSld; nghl;oapLk; epiyapYs;sd. itg;g[fisf;
jpul;LtjpYk;> ,jd; nritfis bra;tjpYk; tzpf tq;fpfSf;F epfuhff;
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
nritfs;
1. fhnrhiy> khw;Wr; rPl;L gztpil nghd;w khw;W Kiw
Mtzq;fSf;Fg; gzk; tR{ypj;jy; kw;Wk; brYj;Jjy;
bghJthf fPwpa fhnrhiyf;Fk; gztpilf;Fk; ve;j tq;fpa[k;
gztpilf;Fk; ve;j tq;fpa[k; gzj;ij nehpilahf brYj;jtpy;iy. fPwpa
8
fhnrhiyfSsf;Fhpa gzj;ij tR{y; bra;J thof;ifahsh; fzf;fpy;
tut[ itf;Fk; gzpapid Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; bra;J tUfpd;wd. gzk;
tR{ypg;gjpYk; brYj;JtjpYk; xU tq;fp tR{ypf;Fk; tq;fpahft[k;> kw;bwhU
tq;fp brYj;Jk; tq;fpahft[k; bray;gLfpd;wd. ,nj nghd;W khw;W
rPl;LfSf;Fk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; thof;ifahsh; rhh;gpy; gzj;ij
tR{ypf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; brYj;Jfpd;wd.
2. Ma[s; fhg;gPl;Lf; fHf re;jhj; bjhifapid tR{ypj;jy; kw;Wk;
brYj;Jjy;
gy;ntW Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk; CHpah;fsplkpUe;Jk;>
bghJ kf;fsplkpUe;Jk;> Ma[s; fhg;gPl;Lf; fHfj; jtizj; bjhifia
tR{ypj;J Ma[s; fhg;gPl;Lf; fHfj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; brYj;jp
tUfpd;wd.
3. mDg;g[if trjpfs; bra;jy;
xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;Fg; gzk; mDg;g kpfr;rpf;fdkhd
vspa Kiw tq;fpfs; K:yk; gzk; mDg;g[tjhFk;. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfSk;>
mDg;g[if trjpfis bra;J tUfpd;wd. gzk; mDg;g[tjpy; Tl;Lwt[
tq;fpfs; K:d;W Kiwfis ifahSfpd;wd. mitfs;
 nfl;g[ gztpil
 mQ;ry; khw;wk;
 je;jp tHp vd;gjhFk;
4. ghJfhg;g[g; bgl;lf trjp bra;J jUjy;
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; jkJ thof;ifahshpd; tpiya[ah;e;j eiffisa[k;
kjpg;g[ kpf;f gj;jpuq;fisa[k; ghJfhf;f jdp miwfs; fl;o itj;Js;sd.
ey;y ,Uk;g[f; fjt[fspl;l ,e;j miwfs;> jP. jpUL nghd;w
jPq;FfspypUe;J bghUl;fis fhf;f cjt[fpd;wd. ,e;j miwfspy; gy
mst[fspy; bgl;lfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. thof;ifahsh;
,g;bgl;lfq;fis thliff;F vLj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
Fiwe;j thlifiana tR{ypj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.
5. tzpf cWjpf; fojk; btspapLjy;
tzpf nkk;ghl;ow;F Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; Mw;Wk; kw;Wk; Xh; bgUk; gzp
cWjpf; fojk; btspapLtjhFk;. bgUk;ghYk; khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
kl;Lnk ,f;fojq;fis btspapLk;. thof;ifahsh; rhh;gpy; ,f;fojk;
btspaplg;gLk;> thof;ifahsh; tpLf;Fk; fhnrhiyfs; kjpf;fg;gLbkd;W
fojk; typa[Wj;Jk;.
6. xg;g[Wjpg; gzpfs;
bjhHpy; tsh;r;rp kpFe;J tUk; ,e;ehspy; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
gytiffspy; jhKk; ,t;tsh;r;rpf;F cjt[fpd;wd.rpy epWtdq;fs; btspapLk;
fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fis Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; xg;g[Wjp bra;fpd;wd.
btspaPLfis thq;fp gpwUf;F tpw;gisr; bra;tjhy; xg;g[Wjpf; fHpt[k;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
9
7. gpizaq;fs; thq;fy;>tpw;wy;
gq;Ffs; thq;FtjpYk;> tpw;gjpYk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; Mnyhrid
tHq;Ffpd;wd. gpizaq;fs; thq;fy;> tpw;wy; gw;wpa thof;ifahsh; cj;jput[
bjspthapUf;f ntz;Lk;. gq;Ffs;> fld; gj;jpuq;fs; nghd;w gy;ntW
KjyPLfis thq;fy;> tpw;wy;> xg;g[Wjpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iwr; rhh;e;j
eltof;fspy; <LgLjy; nghd;w gzpfis Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd.
8. bghWg;g[hpikah; epiwntw;whsh; gzp
thof;ifahpd; rhh;ghf mtuJ capypy; fz;Ls;sgo bghWg;g[hpikah;>
epiwntw;whsh; gzpfis Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd. ,g;gzpfspy;
ePjpkd;w Mizapd;go Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; ele;J bfhs;Sk;.
9. fld;fSf;F Vw;ghL bra;jy;
jkJ thof;ifahsUf;F gpw tq;fpfsplkpUe;J fld; bgw;W je;Jk;>
fld;fSf;F cj;jputhjk; mspj;Jk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; nrit bra;J
tUfpd;wd.
10. Kftuhf gzpahw;Wjy;
muR> cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fs;> jdpegh; nghd;nwhhpd; Kftuhf
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wd.
11. cj;jputhjk;> ,Hg;gPL bjhlh;ghd vy;yh eltof;iffspYk;
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; <LgLfpd;wd.
12. thof;ifahsh; rhh;gpy; tUkhdthp fzf;Ffis
Koj;Jf;bfhLg;gJld; tUkhd thpiaa[k; brYj;jp tUfpd;wd.
13. mfpy ,e;jpa gu];gu Vw;ghl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; go gzj;ij ,lkhw;wk;
bra;a[k; gzpfspy; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wd.
Tl;Lwt[ kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; tiffSk;> gzpfSk; (Meaning of Co-
operative)
,e;jpahtpy; 1904 Mk; Mz;L Tl;Lwt[r; rl;lj;ij bjhlh;e;J
gy;ntW Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1912Mk; Mz;L Tl;Lwt[r;
rl;lj;ij bjhlh;e;J gy;ntW Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; njhd;wpd. ,t;tq;fpfs;
gpujk rq;fq;fSf;F epjpa[jtp bra;tjw;fhft[k;> bghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J
itg;g[fis jpul;Ltjw;fhft[k; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mt;thW Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
tq;fpfspy;
 khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
 kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
 bjhlf;ff; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
 Tl;Lwt[ efu tq;fp
 bjhlf;f ntshz;ik Tl;Lwt[ Cuf tsh;r;rp tq;fp
 bjhHpypay; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
10
Mfpaitfs; Kf;fpakhditfshFk;.
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp Vw;gLj;jg;glhj fhyj;jpy; gpujk tq;fpfSf;Fk;>
khtl;l kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfSf;Fk; epjpa[jtp bra;a khepy tq;fp xd;W
Vw;gLj;jg;gl ntz;oajhapw;W. 1912 Mk; Mz;L Tl;Lst[r; rl;lk; njhd;wpa
gpd;dh; jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id kj;jpa efu tq;fpahf ,Ue;j efu tq;fp
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;bghGJ vy;yh khepyq;fspYk;
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
xU khepyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhft[k; fld; ,af;fj;jpd;
mr;rhzpahft[k; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. khepyj;jpYs;s khtl;l kj;jpa
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfis cWg;gpdh;fshfr; nrh;j;J mitfSf;Fj; njitahf
epjpa[jtpfisa[k; Mnyhridfisa[k; tHq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
gzpfs;
1. vy;yh tifahd Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; epjpa[jtp bra;jy;.
2. njrpa tq;fpaplk; epjpa[jtp bgw;W midj;Jf; Tl;Lwt[
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; epjpa[jtp bra;jy;.
3. tq;fpapay; gzpfis nkw;bfhs;Sjy;.
4. kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspilna epjp rkg;gLj;Jk; epWtdkhf
muRf;F cj;jputhjk; mspj;jy;.
5. cWg;gpdh;fsht[s;s tq;fpfs; rhh;gpy; ghuj ];nll; tq;fpf;Fk;>
muRf;Fk; cj;jputhjk; mspj;jy;.
6. g[[jpa fpisfis epWt[jy;.
7. kj;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfSf;Fk;> ,juf; Tl;Lwt[
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ntz;oa cjtpfisr; bra;J mtw;wpd;
jiytuhfr; bray;gLjy;.
Tl;Lwt[ Kaw;rp bjhlf;fj;jpy; njhy;tp miltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa fy;tpawptpd;ik kw;Wk;
nghjpa Mh;tkpd;ika[k;.
2. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; rq;fj;jpd; kPJ tpRthrk; bfhs;shjJ.
3. Kiwahd rl;lg;ghJfhg;g[ ,y;iy.
4. rq;fj;jpd; epUthfpfSf;F nghJkhd nkyhz;ik>
jpwikapd;ik.
5. Kiwahd jzpf;if ,y;iy.
6. K:yjd mog;gilapy; kl;Lk; ,yhgk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;lJ.
bfhs;Kjy; mog;gilapy; my;y.
nkw;fz;l FiwghLfis mwpe;J> mjid ePf;Fk; tz;zk; uhf;nly;
Kd;ndhofs; rq;fj;jpid mikj;jdh;.
11
btspehLfspy; Tl;Lwt[
Tl;Lwt[ vy;yh ehLfspYk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sf;Toa kw;Wk;
tuntw;fj;jf;f mstpy; murpay; kw;Wk; bghUshjhuj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
cWjpahd nfhl;ghlhf mike;jjhy; gytiff; Tl;Lwt[fs; vy;yh
ehLfspYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rpy ehLfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif
Tl;Lwt[fs; mjpf mst[ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cs;sJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[fs; gpurpj;jp bgw;wjhft[k; kw;Wk; kpf
btw;wpfukhdjhft[k; cs;sJ. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp kw;Wk; fld; Tl;Lwt[fs;
Mfpait btw;wpfukhf bray;gl;L tUtjw;F b$h;kdp xU Kd;
cjhuzkhf cs;sJ. bua;gPrd; kw;wk; R{y; blyPR Tl;Lwt[fs; mq;F
rpwg;ghf mike;jd.
,j;jhyp ehl;oy; gzpahsh; xg;ge;j rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[
tq;fpfs; Kjd;ik bgw;W btw;wpdukhd bray;gLfpd;wd. cyf mstpy;
bld;khh;f;F ghy;ts Tl;Lwt[ Kd;khjphpahf rpwe;j mstpy; bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. ghyhilf;fl;o> gd;wp tsh;g;g[ kw;Wk; Kl;il Vw;Wkjpapy;
btw;wpfukhf bray;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. RtPldpy; Efh;nthh; gz;lf
rhiya[k;> $g;ghdpy; Efh;nthh; gz;lf rhiy kw;Wk; kPd;gpo rq;fq;fSk;>
mbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; fdlht[k; re;ijapLif Tl;Lwtpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; mjpf mstpyhd gy;tif Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; cs;sd.
ntshz; rq;fq;fs; mjpf mstpy; gpurpj;jp bgw;W cs;sd.
tiuaiufs; (Definition)
Tl;Lwtpw;F gy tiuaiufs; cs;sd. mitfspy; ve;j xd;wpida[k;
Fwpg;gpl;L ,Jjhd; rpwe;jJ> KothdJ vdf; Tw ,ayhJ. xt;bthU
tiuaiua[k; Tl;Lwtpd; rpy Kf;fpaf; TWfis Kjd;ikg; gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;.
xypnahf; vd;gth; Tl;Lwtpid> ‘mikg;gpy; cs;s midtUk;
rkkhf gq;nfw;W> midth; fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fk;> cl;gl;l xU jd;dpr;irahd
Kaw;rpna’ vd tiuaiu bra;Js;shh;.
xnuR gpsq;fl; vd;gth;> RaKaw;rp mikg;gpd; K:yk;
tYg;gLj;jg;gLtnj Tl;Lwt[ vdf; TWfpwhh;.
lhf;lh; rhfPh; cnrd;> ‘jdpahh; Jiw kw;Wk; bghJj;Jiwf;F
,ilg;gl;L> jdf;bfd ehl;od; bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;ow;F xU jdpahd
gq;fpid Vw;Ws;sJ’ vd TWa[s;shh;.
lhf;lh;. kpshbldhl;R vd;gth;> ‘Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ rpy bghJ
gad;ghLfis gu];gu nrit K:yk;> egh;fs; jd;dpr;irahf xd;W nrh;e;J>
bghJ ,lh;ghLfis Vw;W> K:yjdkpl;L elj;Jk; xU Tl;L bghUshjhu
mikg;g[ vdf; TWfpwhh;.
gd;dhl;L bjhHpyhsh; mikg;g[ (I.vy;.X) Tl;Lwt[ vd;gjid> ‘
Fiwe;j trjp bgw;nwhh;> jd;dpr;irahf xd;W nrh;e;J> $dehaf Kiw
mikg;ghf K:yjdj;ij rkepiyapy; mspg;gnjhL> ,lh;ghLfisa[k;>
ed;ikfisa[k; epahakhd Kiwapy; jq;fspilna gphpj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; mikg;g[
vd tiuaiw bra;Js;sJ.
12
Tl;Lwtpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fs; (Features)
jdpr;rpwg;g[fs;
Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; kw;w mikg;g[fspypUe;J gy tifapYk;
jdpr;rpwg;g[kpf;f xd;whFk;. mitfshtd
1. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; jdp egh;;fspd; Tl;likg;ng xHpa
KjyPl;il mog;gilahff; bfhz;ljd;W. Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fspy; kdpj neak; jiyahabjhd;whFk;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fspy; jFjp bgw;W ve;j xU egUk;
cWg;gpduhfyhk;. vdpDk; mth; mr;rq;fj;jpd; gzpfnshL
bjhlh;g[ilatuhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. rhjp> rkak;> epwk;>
murpay;> rhh;g[> fUjp xU egUf;F mq;fj;jpduhFk; jFjp
,y;iybad;W Tw ,ayhJ. vdpDk; rq;f eyDf;fg; g[wk;ghf
bray;gLk; egiu cWg;gpduhf;f ntz;LtJ ,y;;iy.
cjhuzkhf tl;of;filf;fhuiu Tl;Lwt[f;fld; rq;fj;jpYk;
bert[j; bjhHpy; Kjyhspfis berthsh; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspYk;
cWg;gpduhf;f ntz;Ltjpy;iy.
3. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf miktjhFk;. ve;j xU
egiua[k; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspy; tw;g[Wj;jp nrh;j;jy; TlhJ.
Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ tw;g[Wj;jp ,zq;f itg;gjpypUe;J Kw;wpYk;
ntWgl;l xd;whFk;.
4. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspy; vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fSk; rkkhdtnu.
rq;fj;jpd; nritiag; bgWtjw;F vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk;
rhpepfh; chpik cz;L. xU cWg;gpdhpd; gq;Fj;bjhifianah
mthpd; rK:f epiyianah bry;t epiyianah mog;gilahff;
bfhz;L ntWgLj;jpf; fhz;gjpy;iy.
5. KjyPL vd;gJ Kjd;ikahf fUjg;gLtJ ,y;iy. vdnt
jhd; gq;Fj; bjhiff;F tHq;fg;gLk; tl;o
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
6. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; Foahl;rp Kiwapy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU cWg;gpdh; vj;jid gq;Fj;bjhiffs; bfhz;oUg;gpDk; xU
thf;Ff;F kl;Lnk jFjpa[ilatuhth;. ‘xU cWg;gpdh; xU
thf;F’ vd;gJ Tl;Lwtpd; rpwg;g[kpf;f bfhs;ifahFk;.
7. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; nguit KG mjpfhuk; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
rq;fq;fspd; vy;yhtpj Kot[fisa[k; ,Wjpahf eph;zapg;gJ
,g;nguitahFk;. nguitahy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk; eph;thff;
FGtpYk; bgUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fns Kothff;
fUjg;gLk;. nguitia bghJf;FG vdt[k; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
8. rq;fk; <l;Lk; cghpj; bjhifapy; rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs; mtuth;
tpahghuj;jpy; gq;bfLj;Jf; bfhz;l tpfpjj;jpy;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.
13
9. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; ,yhgk; <l;Ltij nehf;fkhff;
bfhz;oUf;ftpy;iy. cz;ikapy; mit nrit nehf;fk;
cilaitahFk;. ,jdhy;> Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; el;lj;jpy;
bray;glntz;Lbkd;W bghUs; ,y;iy. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspy;
epiyj;j bray;ghl;ow;Fk; Kiwahd tsh;r;rpf;Fk; chpa ,yhgk;
<l;LtJ mtrpakhdJ xd;whFk;. vdpDk;> ,yhgk; <l;l
Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; jtwhd cj;;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ.
10. nrkpg;g[> rpf;fdk; vd;W ,uz;Lk; Tl;Lwtpd; mog;gilf;
TWfshFk;. Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ ew;gz;g[fis tsh;f;Fk; xU
,af;fkhFk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; vspikahf btspg;gilahf
thH;f;ifia thH Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLth;. gy Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fspYk; nrkpg;g[ epjp bjhlq;fg;gl;L cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vjph;ghh;g;g[j; njitia epiwt[ bra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[k; Vida mikg;g[fSk;
Tl;L eltof;if vd;w jj;Jtj;jpy;> Mf;fg;g{h;tkhd xw;Wik
mikg;ng Tl;Lwt[ MFk;. eypt[w;nwhh;fs;> midtUk; rkk; vd;w
mog;gilapy; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; bghJj; njitfis> Tl;L bra;if K:yk;
g{h;j;jp bra;J bfhs;tJ Tl;LwthFk;. Tl;Lwtpd; btw;wp> mq;fj;jpdh;fspd;
Tl;Lwt[ czh;tpidg; bghUj;J mika[k;. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;
mog;gilapy; bghUshjhu rK:f Fwpf;nfhSila mikg;ghFk;.
bghUshjhuf; TWfs; (Economic System)
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspy;> Fiwe;j trjp gilj;jth;fs;> bry;te;jh;fs;
bgwf;Toa trjpfis> xd;W nrh;e;J Tl;L Kaw;rpahy; bgUfpd;wdh;.
bghJthd bghUshjhuj; njitia g{h;j;jp bra;jy; vd;gJ Tl;Lwtpd;
mog;gil nehf;fk;. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs;> jd;
mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F epaha tl;oapy; cw;gj;jpf;F fld; mspf;fpwJ. Efh;nthh;
Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; Efh;nthh; bghUl;fis epaha tpiyapy; tpw;fpd;wd.
xt;bthU Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fKk; mq;fj;jpdhpd; bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;ow;Fg;
ghLgLfpd;wJ. kw;wth;fis Ruz;ly; bra;tJ vd;gJ mjd; Fwpf;nfhs;
fpilahJ. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; jq;fs; Fwpf;nfhs;fis fod ciHg;g[>
jpwik> ,ilj;jufh;fs; ePf;fk;> epaha Kiwfs;> epahag; gfph;t[
Mfpaitfs; K:yk; milfpd;wd. xU Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fk; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd;
bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;il mth;fs; Kaw;rp K:ynk bgw cjt[fpd;wJ.
Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; ,ilj;jufh;fis ePf;fp> cw;gj;jpahsiu
Efh;nthUld; neuoj;bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tUfpd;wd. cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F
rw;W mjpfkhd tpiya[k;> Efh;nthh;fSf;F rw;W Fiwe;j tpiyapYk;
bghUl;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,UtUk; gad; bgWfpd;wdh;.
Kjyhspj;Jt mikg;gpy; Kw;Whpik> kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; Tl;L
Kaw;rpfs; K:yk; Efh;nthh;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;
cw;gj;jpiaf; Fiwj;J> tpiyia mjpfhpj;J> rKjha eyDf;F vjpuhf
kpFe;j ,yhgk; bgUk; cj;jpfisf; ifahSthh;fs;. Tl;Lwt[>
mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ed;ikia Kjd;ikahf vLj;J> tzpfh;fspd; nkhro
14
eltof;iffs; kw;Wk; fyg;glk; Mfpaitfis vjph;g;gnjhL> epahakhd
mstpy; jukhd bghUl;fs; fpilf;f cjt[fpd;wJ.
rKjhaf; TWfs; (Social System)
Tl;Lwt[ jd; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;Lld; rKjha
ey;thH;tpYk; mf;fiu bfhz;Ls;sJ. Tl;Lwtpd; jj;Jtk; ‘ xt;bthUtUk;
midtUf;fhf> midtUk; xt;bthUtUf;fhf’ vd;gjhFk;. jdpahh;
Rje;jpuk;> rKjha Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghjpf;fhj tz;zk; Tl;Lwtpd; nfhl;ghL
mike;Js;sJ. mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F kl;Lky;yhky; bghJkf;fs;> bghUs;
mspg;gth;fs;> gzpahsh;fs; midthpd; ey;thH;ita[k; Tl;Lwt[ jd;Dld;
bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpjhgpkhdk;> rKjha ey;thH;t[ Mfpait Tl;Lwtpd;
mog;gil tpUg;gq;fshFk;.
Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ Tl;L Kaw;rp mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna ey;byz;zk;>
gu];gu cjtp K:yk; ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kd
cWjpapid Tl;Lwt[ mspf;fpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ jiyikg; bghWg;g[ mspj;J
jiyth;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
‘xU mq;fj;jpdh; ‘xU thf;F’ vd;w rPhpa nfhl;ghl;od;go Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; $dehaf mikg;g[fshFk;. ,e;jpah nghd;w $dehaf ehl;oy;>
$dehaf gz;g[ tsh;f;f Tl;Lwt[ gad;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ rKjha
mikg;gpid rpwg;g[wr; bra;J rKjha thH;it brk;ikahf;Ffpd;wJ.
ey; xGf;ff;TWfs; (Moral Values)
Tl;Lwt[ xU thzpg mikg;gpd;wp> ey; xGf;f ,af;fkhft[k;
bray;gLfpd;wJ. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd; btw;wp me;j mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
xGf;fj;jpidna bghUj;jhFk;. cld; gpwg;g[ czh;t[> gue;j nehf;F>
md;g[> jpahfk; midj;Jk; Tl;Lwtpd; vz;zg; gpujpgypg;g[fns> FG
nehf;Fld; midtUf;fhft[k; gzp bra;a[k;. vz;zk; thf;F> bray;
midj;jpYk; neh;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
rl;lj;jpw;Fg; g[wk;ghf> ed; elj;ijf;Fg; g[wk;ghd bray;fspy;
<LgLtjpy;iy. fyg;glk;> vil kw;Wk; mst[fspy; nkhro bra;tJ>
gJf;fy;> fs;sr; re;ij Mfpaitfis vjph;g;gJ Tl;Lwtpd; nfhl;ghlhFk;.
rpf;fdk;> nrkpg;g[> vspikahd thH;f;if> Mlk;guj;ij vjph;j;jy;
midj;Jk; Tl;Lwtpd; ey; xGf;ff; TWfshFk;.
fy;tpf; TWfs;
Tl;Lwtpd; kW gf;fk; fy;tp nkk;ghL> uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofns fy;tp
tsh;r;rpia Tl;Lwtpd; jj;Jtkhf toj;bjLj;jdh;. mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F
fy;tp> ,af;Fdh; FG mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F fy;tp> gzpahsh;fSf;Fk; fy;tp
,it midj;Jk; Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpapy; cl;gLk;. bghJf;fy;tpa[k;> Tl;Lwt[
gw;wpa fy;tpa[k; mspf;fg;gLk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; (Capitalism)
thzpgk; kw;Wk; bjhHpw;rhiyfs; yhg nehf;nfhL jdpahh; Jiwapy;>
murpd; Fiwe;j gl;r FWf;fPl;Lld; elj;jg;gLk; bghUshjhu mikg;ng
Kjyhspj;JtkhFk;. K:yjdk; jdpegh;fshy; yhg nehf;nfhL KjyPL
bra;ag;gLk;. K:yjdj;ij <LgLj;jp[a[s;nshh;fs;. Miy my;yJ
15
gz;izfspy; bjhHpyhsh;fis gzp bra;a itj;J Typ mspg;gh;.
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp fhuzkhf Kjyhspj;Jtk; njhd;wpaJ.
brhj;Jf;fis chpikahf;fpf; bfhs;tJ. bghUl;fSf;F chpik
bgWtJ vd;gd Kjyhspj;Jt mog;gilfs;. re;jjpfSf;F brhj;Jhpik.
bjhHpy; elj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;> jdp yhgk; bgw xg;ge;jq;fs;. nghl;o re;ij
Mfpaitfis Kjspj;Jtk; Vw;fpd;wJ.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fs;
1. jdpahh; brhj;Jhpik
2. ,yhg nehf;F
3. bghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;
4. KG epiwt[g; nghl;o
5. Efh;nthhpd; jdpchpikfs;
6. tpiyf; nfhl;ghL
7. Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; bjhHpyhfspf;s vd ,U TWfs;
8. murpd; gq;F kpf;f Fiwe;jJ kl;Lky;yhky; eL epiyik
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; bjhHpyhsh;fs; Typ bgWk; egh;fshf
Mf;fg;gLfpwhfs;. Kjyhspfs; jq;fs; gq;fpw;F vt;tst[ K:yjdk; bfhz;L
te;jpUf;fpwhfnsh me;j mst[ mj; bjhHpw;rhiyapd; fl;Lg;ghL
mth;fSf;F tUk;. cw;gj;jpf;fhd fhuzpfs; rpyh; fl;Lg;ghl;oypUf;Fk;.
mth;fs; mjid ehL kw;Wk; rKjha nehf;nfhL gad;gLj;jkhl;lhh;fs;.
bghUshjhuk;> re;ijj; njit> mspg;g[ kw;Wk; tpiy epUzak; Mfpait
mog;gilapy; bray;gLk;. nghl;o tpw;gidahy; tpiy Fiwt[ Vw;gLk;.
re;ijapy; bghUs; tpiy mjpfhpj;jhy; gy cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; nghl;onghl;L
mg;bghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F tHp tFg;gh;. ,jdhy; Efh;nthh;fSf;F
bghUs;tpiy Fiwe;J fpilf;Fk;. bghUs; tpiy kpff; Fiwe;J>
el;ltpiy MFk;nghJ> gy cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; cw;gj;jpia iftpl;L tpLth;.
,jdhy; cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J mspg;g[k; Fiwa[k;. vdnt> bghUs; tpiy
mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,jdhy;> tpiy xU epaha tpiyapy; epiyg;gLk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
1. jdpahh; brhj;Jhpik kw;wk; jdpahh; yhgk; gy
bjhHpw;rhiyfSk; thzpgKk; njhd;wt[k;> tsut[k;
tpj;jpLfpwJ. K:yjd bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Efh;nthh;
bjhHpw;rhiyfs; tphpthf;fg;gl;L njrpa tUtha; caUfpd;wJ.
Kaw;rpa[k;> kd cWjpa[k; cs;s jdpahh;fs; jq;fs; K:yjdj;ij
mjpfhpj;J bjhHpiy tsh;f;f Koa[k;. jdpahh; yhgk; bgwyhk;
vd;w nfhl;ghL kfpH;r;rpa[ld; thzpg bgUf;fk; bra;a
cjt[fpd;wJ.
2. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; jilapy;yh nghl;o mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghl;o re;ijapy; jdp kdpjd; Kaw;rpf; nfw;g btw;wp
fpilf;Fk;.
16
3. jilapy;yh nghl;oa[k;> re;ij tpiy Kot[k;> tpiyfis
epue;jug;gLj;j tif bra;fpwJ. tpiya[k; Vw;g[ila epiyapy;
mika[k;.
4. xt;bthU cw;gj;jpahsUk; juj;jpid cah;j;JtnjhL> g[jpa
bjhHpy; EZf;fq;fs; K:yk; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;
g[Jg;bghUl;fis cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. nghl;oia rkhspf;f
,ayhj> juk; Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; re;ijia tpl;L
tpyf;fg;gLth;.
5. Efh;nthh;fns murh;fs; vd;gJ nghy Efh;nthh; tpUg;gj;jpw;nf
bghUs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
1. ,yhg nehf;nf Kjyplk; bgUtjhy; jdpahh;fs;
rKjhaj;jpy; mf;fiu fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
2. jilapy;yh nghl;oapd; fhuzkhf rpy Jiwfspy;
njhitf;F mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpa[k;> cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfis gadgLj;Jtjpy; tpuaKk; Vw;glyhk;.
3. Kw;Whpikia njhw;Wtpf;Fk;> gzf;Ftpaiy
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
4. Kjyhspfs;> bjhHpyhspfs; vd vjpUk; g[jpUkhd
,uz;L th;f;fq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
5. gzf;fhuh;fSk;> ViHfSf;Fkpilna ,Uf;Fk;
,ilbtsp bghpjhfpd;wJ.
6. njit> mspg;gpw;F ,ilna rkdpd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
7. kdpj neak; g[wf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Tl;Lwtpd; TWfs;
1. Tl;Lwt[ kdpjh;fspd; nrh;f;if.
2. epaha mog;gil.
3. jilapy;yh jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;f;if.
4. $dehaf mikg;g[.
5. xw;Wik kw;Wk; cld;gpwg;g[ czh;t[.
6. rpf;fdk;.
7. kj kw;Wk; murpay; eLepiyik.
8. jd; ,r;ir nrh;g;g[.
9. epahag; gq;fPL.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ - xg;gPL xw;Wikfs;
1. Tl;Lwt[ kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; Mfpa ,U
bghUshjhu mikg;g[fSk; jdpahh; brhj;Jhpik kw;Wk;
17
brhj;Jf;fspy; thhpR chpik vd;gjid Vw;Wf;
bfhs;fpd;wd.
2. Kjyhspj;Jtk; nghy Tl;Lwt[k; cw;gj;jpf;F K:yjdk;
njit vd;gij Vw;fpd;wJ. Mdhy;> Tl;Lwtpy;
K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tl;o tiuaWf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;.
3. muR thzpgj;jpy; FWf;fPL bra;tij
Kjyhspj;JtKk;> Tl;Lwt[k; vjph;ff
; pd;wd.
4. jpwikapd; mtrpaj;ij Kjyhspj;JtKk;> Tl;Lwt[k;
typa[Wj;Jfpd;wd.
ntw;Wikfs;
1. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; K:yjdk; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wJ. Kjyhspj;Jt epWtdk; K:yjdj;jpd;
Tl;nlahFk;. Mdhy; Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ egh;fspd;
Tl;lhFk;. gzj;ijtpl kdpjh;fns Tl;Lwtpy;
Kf;fpa mq;fkhf fUjg;gLth;.
2. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy;> K:yjdj;jpy; KjyPL bra;af;
fhuzk; mjpf yhgnehf;nf MFk;. Mdhy;
Tl;Lwtpy; mq;fj;jpdh; K:yjdk; vLj;Jf;bfhs;tJ
rq;fkspf;Fk; bghUshjhu nritiag; bgwntahFk;.
3. Kjyhspj;Jt mikg;gpy;> Typ> thlif> epUthfr;
bryt[ nghf vQ;rpa yhgk; midj;Jk; Kjyhspf;F
rhUk;. Tl;Lwtpy; Kjy;kPJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
tl;ona mspf;fg;gLk;.
4. Kjyhspj;Jt epWtdq;fs; gq;Fjhuh;fspd; ed;ik>
,yhgk;> Mfpaitfis kdjpy; bfhz;nl bray;gLk;.
Mdhy; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; eyk;
kl;Lk; my;yhky; Efh;nthh; bghJkf;fs; eyida[k;
kdjpy; bfhz;L bray;gLk;.
5. Kjyhspj;Jtk; gzf;Ftpay; kw;Wk; Kw;Whpikf;F
tif bra;a[k;. Mdhy; Tl;Lwtpy; mjpfhug; guty;
,Uf;Fk;.
6. Tl;Lwtpy; ‘xU mq;fj;jpdUf;F xU thf;F’ vd;w
nfhl;ghL bray;gLfpwJ. epWkq;fspy; gq;Ffs;
vz;zpf;if Vw;g thf;F chpk mika[k;.
7. Kjyhspj;Jt[j;jpd; mog;gil Ra cjtp> Tl;Lwtpd;
mog;gil Ra cjtp kw;Wk; gu];gu cjtp.
8. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdhy; gztPf;fKk;> gzthl;lKk;
mt;tg;nghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Kjyhspj;Jtk;
tpj;jpLtjpy;iy. vdnt Tl;Lwt[ tpiyfis
epiyg;gLj;j gad;gLfpd;wJ.
18
rkjh;kk; (Socialism)
ehl;od; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; midj;ija[k; munr
clikbgw;W> murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; cw;gj;jp kf;fs; eyDf;fhf
bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;gnj rkjh;kk; my;yJ nrhryprk; MFk;.
gy tiffs;
1. khh;f;fPrpa rkjh;kk;
2. muR nrhryprk;
3. fpy;L nrhryprk;
4. rpd;ofhypr nrhryprk;
5. g[ul;rp nrhryprk;
6. `nggpad; nrhryprk;
khh;f;fPrp rkjh;kk;
fhuy; khh;f;]; vd;w jj;Jt Qhdpapd; rkjh;k gilg;ng
khh;f;fPr rkjh;kk; MFk;. midj;Jg; nghh;fs;> fytuq;fs;>
murpay;apaf;fq;fs; Mfpaitfspd; njhw;w mog;gil bghUshjhuf;
fhuzpfs; MFk;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; bry;tk; rpyh; iffspy; Ftpe;J
Kw;Whpik mikfpd;wJ. Kjyhspj;Jtk; th;f;fg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; Koa[k;.
ciHg;gtDf;F Typjhd; fpilf;fpd;wJ. Kjyhspf;nfh cghp yhgk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. bjhHpyhspf;F fpilf;fntz;oaij Kjyhspfs; bfhs;is
mof;fpd;wdh; vd;gJ khh;f;fPr njw;wk;.
muR nrhryprk;
rl;lKiwapy; midj;J bjhHpyfq;fSk;
muRlikahf;fg;gl;L> cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; murplk; xg;gilf;f ntz;Lk;.
muR cw;gj;jp> tpepnahfk; Vw;W kf;fs; njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a[k;.
fpy;L nrhryprk;
cw;gj;jp bjhHpy; midj;Jk; bjhHpyhsh;fspd; fpy;L
mikg;ghy; epUthfpf;fg;gly; ntz;Lk;. muR bjhHpw;rhiyia fpy;L K:yk;
elj;Jtnj fpy;L nrhryprk; MFk;. fpy;L bjhHpyhsh;fs; mikg;ghFk;.
rpd;o fhypr nrhryprk;
muR mjpfhhpfs; ifapy; xg;gilf;fhky;> bjhHpw;rq;fq;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy; bjhHpw;rhiyfSk;> bjhHpYk; mikf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;
vd;gnj rpd;ofhyprk;.
g[ul;rp nrhryprk;
nrhryprk; jhdhf kyu gy Mz;Lfs; gpof;Fk;. vdnt
cldoahf rkjh;kj;ij epiyepWj;j g[ul;rp njit. g[ul;rp K:yk; nrhryprk;
mikg;gJ kf;fs; eyd; fUjpna vd g[ul;rp nrhryp];l; fUJfpd;wdh;.
`nggpad; rkjh;kk;
gpur;rhuk; K:yk; kf;fSf;F rkh;jh;k ed;ikfis tpsf;fp
rkh;jh;k rKjhak; mikg;gJ `nggpad; rkh;jh;kk; tuntw;fpwJ.
19
rkjh;kj;jpd; TWfs;
1. cw;gj;jpf;fhd fhuzpfs; epyk;> bjhHpw;rhiyfs;>
Ruq;fq;fs;> midj;Jk; muRilikahf;fg;gl;l muRf;nfh>
muR mikj;Js;s Kifikf;nfh khw;wk; bra;jy;.
2. jdpahh; epWtdq;fSf;F mDkjp ,y;iy. cw;gj;jp
murpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. Typ eph;zak;> xt;bthU bjhHpw;rhiyf;Fk; xU
fl;Lg;ghl;L FGkk; K:yk;; bra;ag;gLk;.
4. xt;bthUtUf;Fk; ntiy mspg;gJ murpd; flik
5. xU eghpd; tUkhdk; mth; bgUk; Typ kl;Lnk
6. muR Kjyhspapd; gzpfs; midj;Jk; bra;a[k; epyr;
Rthd;jhh;> bjhHpyjpgh; vd;w Kiwapy; thlif> ,yhgk;>
midj;Jk; muRf;nf nghFk;
7. muRf;F fpilf;Fk; yhgk;> fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> rKjha
ed;ikfSf;fhfr; brytplg;gLk;.
RUq;f;fTwpd; rkh;jh;kj;jpd; TWfshtd
1. xl;Lbkhj;j chpik
2. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rKjha bghUshjhuf; Fwpf;nfhs;fs;
3. ika bghUshjhu jpl;lk;
4. bghUshjhu rkj;Jtk;
5. rk tha;g;g[
6. cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis rpwg;ghf gad;gLj;JtJ
7. ntiyapd;ikia mwnt ePf;Fjy;
8. ,yhgk; muRf;nf brhe;jk;
rkh;jh;kj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
1. xt;bthUtUf;Fk; tha;g;g[ mspf;fg;gLtjhy; jq;fs;
jpwikia cah;;j;jpf;bfhs;s tha;g;g[ fpilf;fpwJ.
2. xU bjhHpw;rhiy kl;Lkpd;wp gy bjhHpw;rhiyfSf;F
,ilnaa[k; Typ eph;zaj;jy; bgUj;j ntWghL ,Uf;fhJ.
3. bjhHpw;rhiyapd; yhgk; muirr; rhUk;
4. jpwikahd jpl;lj;jpd; K:yk; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis
KGikahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
5. kf;fs; ey thH;t[k;> kf;fs; thH;;fifj;ju cah;t[k; munr
fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
20
FiwghLfs;
1. jdpg;gl;l egh;fSf;F brhj;J chpiknah> yhgq;fnsh
,y;yhjjhy; jdp egh;fSf;F cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;w Cf;fk; ,Uf;fhJ.
2. muR mjpfhhpfspd; bkj;jdg; nghf;Fk;. mjpfhu
MztKk; kpFe;jpUf;Fk;.
3. mspg;g[ kw;Wk; njit rkdw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
4. jd; tpUg;gj; bjhHpiy njh;e;bjLf;Fk; chpik
bjhHpyhspfSf;F ,y;iy.
5. mog;gil kdpj chpik ,Hf;fg;gLfpwJ. thH;f;if xU
,ae;jpuk; nghy; mika[k;
6. Efh;nthhpd; njit kw;Wk; tpUg;g[f;fis jpl;lkpLgth;fs;
Kd;Dhpik bfhLj;J braypy; <Lglkhl;lhh;fs;.
Tl;Lwt[ - rkh;jh;kk; xg;gPL
xw;Wikfs;
1. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; kw;Wk; rkjh;kk; Mfpa ,uz;Lnk
rKjhag; bghUshjhu ,af;fq;fshFk;. ,it ,uz;Lnk
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpYs;s bgUk; FiwghLfSf;F vjpuhf
njhd;wpa ,af;fq;fs;. yhg nehf;fpid> nrit
nehf;fpdhy; khw;Wtijna ,U rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; mog;gil
nehf;fhfg; bgw;Ws;sd.
2. ,uz;L mikg;g[f;fSnk xl;Lbkhj;j ,izg;gpd; K:yk;
kf;fs; eyid fhf;f Kw;gLfpd;wd.
3. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Rwz;ly;> twpath;fis thl;Ljy;
Mfpaitfis vjph;g;gnj rkjh;kk; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwtpd;
Fwpf;nfhs;fs; MFk;.
4. rKjha nrit vd;gJ rkjh;kk; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwtpw;Fk; kpft[k;
Vw;g[ilaJ.
ntw;Wikfs;
1. rkjh;kk; jdpahh; brhj;Jhpikia Vw;gjpy;iy. Tl;Lwt[
jdpahh; brhj;Jhpikia Vw;gnjhL jdpahh; brhj;Jhpikapd;
tphpthf;fk; Tl;Lwt[
2. rkjh;kj;jpy; midj;Jr; braYk; rKjha ed;ik
mog;gilapnyna ,Uf;Fk;. jdp egh; Kd;ndw;wk; vd;gJ
fpilahJ. Mdhy; Tl;Lwt[ jd;dpr;irahd mikg;g[
vd;gnjhL xt;bthUtUk; midtUf;fhf midtUk;
xt;bthUtUf;fhf vd;w mog;gilapy; mika[k;
3. rkjh;kg; bghUshjhuk; vd;gJ bjhHpyhsh;fs; bghUshjhu
mikg;g[ MFk;. Tl;Lwtpy; bjhHpy; my;yJ ciHg;g[
vd;gJ xU cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpahfnt fUjg;gLfpwJ.
21
4. rkjh;kj;jpy; muR vd;w mikg;ng tYthd midj;J
tptfhuq;fspYk; ,Wjp Kot[ muR Kot[ MFk;. Tl;Lwtpy;
muR mjd; bray;ghl;oy; FWf;fPL bra;af;TlhJ vd;w
nfhl;ghl;il cilaJ.
5. rkjh;kk; Fwpf;nfhs;fis mila fl;lhaj;jpidg;
gad;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwtpy; fl;lhag;gLj;jtJ vd;gjpy;iy.
jd;dpr;irahf mikg;g[> tpUg;gKilath;fs; kl;Lk; nrh;e;J
gad; bgwyhk;.
6. rkjh;k mikg;gpy; yhgk; muRf;nf chpik. Mdhy;
Tl;Lwtpy; cghp yhgk; ,Uf;Fnkahdhy; mJ
mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F> mth;fs; rq;fj;jpw;F mspj;j
thzpgj;jpy; mog;gilapy; gfph;e;J mspf;fg;gLk;.
7. rkjh;kj;jpy; bghUshjhu>murpay; Kot[fSk; FtpaYk;
muRld; ,Uf;Fk; Tl;Lwtpy; mjpfhug; guty; cz;nl
xHpa mjpfhuf; Ftpay; fpilahJ.
Tl;Lwtpw;Fk;> rkjh;kj;jpd; gy xw;Wikfs; cs;sd. mnj nghy;
Tl;Lwt[ kw;Wk; rkjh;kj;jpd; gy ntWghLfSk; cs;sd. Tl;Lwt[
Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rkjh;kj;jpd; rpwg;g[f;fis jd;Dld; Ml;bfhz;L>
mitfspy; FiwghLfs; ePf;Ffpd;wJ. Tl;Lwt[ ‘Kjyhspj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
rkjh;kj;jpw;F ,ilg;gl;l jq;fk; epfh; tHpahFk;.
Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; Classical thoughts of Co-operation :
uhf;nly; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; bjhlq;fpajd; gpd;dzpia Ma;t[
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. rq;fj;jpdh;fs; midtUk; mikjpa[ld;> nghl;o
cyfpy; jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; bfhs;s> Ra Mjut[f; FGf;fis
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp 17 Mk; E}w;whz;onyna bjhlq;fpaJ. gp.rp. gpshf;>
rhd;bgy;yhh;r;> nghd;wth;fs; tptrhapfs;> bjhHpyhspfs; xd;W nrh;e;j
jd;dpr;irahd bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;L mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;
vz;zj;jpid cUthf;fpdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; vz;zq;fSf;F vGj;J
totk; mspj;J> ifnaLfshft[k;> gpuRu Jz;Lfshft[k; btspapl;ldh;.
,it uhgh;l; Xtidf; fth;e;jJ.
,uhgh;l; Xtd; vd;gth; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; epa{ld; vd;w
,lj;jpy; rpwpa fil chpikahshpd; kfdhthh;. rhjhuz R{H;epiyapy;
gpwe;j mth;> fLikahd ciHg;gpd;K:yk; jd; 19tJ tajpy; xU Jzp
cw;gj;jp Miyf;F nkyhsuhf;fg;gl;lhh;. 21tJ tajpy; rpy MiyfSf;F>
Tl;lhspahf chpikahsuhdhh;. bjhHpyhspfspd; ,lh;ghLfisf; fz;L
kdk; tUe;jpdhh;. ,ae;jpuq;fs;> mjpy; ntiy bra;a[k; bjhHpyhsh;fistpl
cah;thf kjpf;fg;gLtij> nghw;wg;gLtijf; fz;L JaUw;whh;. jd;
bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; bjhHpyhsh;fs; ntiy neuj;jpid 17 kzpapypUe;J 10
kzpahff; Fiwj;jhh;. mth;fspd; thH;f;if epiyia cah;j;j tpUk;gpdhh;.
mth;fSf;F ntiy neu ,ilntisapy; cztpid epahatpiyapy;
mspg;gnjhL mth;fspd; FHe;ijfSf;F fy;tp fw;f tHptFj;jhh;. 10
tajpw;F Fiwe;j rpuhh;fis ntiyapy; Vw;f kWj;jhh;. Vida
22
bjhHpyjpgh;fs; uhgh;l; Xtd; Kaw;rpf;F vjph;g;g[ bjhptpj;jnghhpYk; jd;
Kaw;rpia bjhlh;e;jhh;.
bjhHpyhsUf;fhf Tl;Lwt[ FoapUg;g[fSk;> FGkq;fisa[k;>
,uhgh;l; Xtd; bjhlq;fpdhh;. epa{yhdhf; vd;w rpwpa fpuhkj;jpy; Miyfis
Kd; khjphpahf mikj;J mitfis Ra njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a[k;
rKjha mikg;ghf cUthf;fpdhh;. Tl;Lwt[ FoapUg;g[fspy; mth;fSf;F
njitahd bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mikg;ghft[k; njitg;gLk;
Vidath;fSf;F mjid mdpj;J kw;iwa bghUs;fis bgWtjw;fhft[k;
xU mikg;ghf mike;jJ. ,Jnghd;w FoapUg;g[fs; ,q;fpyhe;J>
mah;yhe;J> tlmbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; bkf;rpnfhtpYk; bjhlq;fg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; ,f;FoapUg;g[f;fspy; nghjpa K:yjdj;jpid mq;fj;jpdh;fsplkpUe;J
bgw Koatpy;iy. me;j mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F bjhHpy; my;yJ
ntshz;ikapy; mDgtk; ,y;iy. nkYk; ciHg;g[ ,y;yjth;fSk;
nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSf;F nkyhz;ikj; jpwika[k;> Fiwthf
,Ue;jjhy;> mitfs;> K:lg;gl;ld.
,uhgh;l; Xtd; kdKile;J nghftpy;iy. 1832Mk; Mz;L
‘ciHg;g[ khw;wikg;g[‘ vd;w mikg;gpd; K:yk; ciHg;gth;fspd; bghUshjhu
epiyia khw;w Kaw;rp bra;jhh;. ,e;j ‘ciHg;g[ khw;wikg;g[‘
jw;fhyj;jpYs;s ‘ntiy tha;g;g[ epiyak;’ vd jtwhf vz;zf;TlhJ.
bjhHpyhsh;fs; jhq;fs; bra;j ciHg;gpw;F ciHg;g[ kjpg;gPl;Lj;jhs;fis
bgw;wdh;. ,jd;K:yk; jq;fSf;Fj; njitahd bghUl;fis mth;fs; thq;f
Koe;jJ. nkYk;> ,j;jhs;fis kw;w bjhHpy; khw;wikg;g[f;fspy; bfhLj;J
njitahd bghUs;fis thq;f Koe;jJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j Kaw;rpa[k; tpw;f
Koahj gy bghUs; cw;gj;jpapdhy; njhy;tp mile;jJ. ,uhgh;l; Xtd;
,jdhy; tUe;jpdhnu jtpu jd; nfhl;ghl;od; njhy;tpahf vLf;ftpy;iy.
jd;Dila vz;zq;fis gj;jphpiffspd; K:yk; nghl;oapid Tl;Lwtpd;
K:yk; rkhspf;fyhk; vdf; fUj;J bjhptpj;jhh;.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; lhf;;lh; tpy;ypak; fpq; vd;w ,yz;ld;
kUj;Jth; ‘thzpg mikg;g[fs;’ vd;W xU mikg;gpid njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
,t;thzpg mikg;g[fs; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; md;whl njitf;fhd
bghUs;fis Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Koe;j tiuapy; mlf;f tpiyapy; tpw;W
te;jdh;. ,e;j mikg;g[ gy ,lq;fspYk; bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Fiwe;j
tpiyapy; tpw;gjw;fhf bghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nkw;bfhz;lJ. ,jdhy;
gyUf;F ntiytha;g;g[fs; fpilj;jd. Mdhy; mjpf cw;gj;jpapd;
fhuzkhf re;ijapLif bra;a Koahky; mitfs; K:lg;gl;ld. lhf;lh;
tpy;ypak; fpq; ‘Tl;Lwt[ vd;w khj ,jHpida[k; btspapl;lhh;. mtUila
thzpg mikg;g[f;fs; jw;fhy Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fisg; nghy mike;jd
Tl;Lwt[ vz;zj;jpid ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; gpbuQ;R ehl;L rhh;y]; g{hpah;
kw;Wk; gpypg;g{r; vd;gth;fSk; Tl;Lwt[ vz;zj;jpw;F tYthd Mjut[
mspj;jdh;.
23
Raghpnrhjid nfs;tpfs; :
nfs;tpfs;:
01. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfis ________, _________ vd ,uz;L
tifahf gphpf;fyhk;.
02. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; thof;ifahsUf;F bra;a[k; nritfspy; rpy
03. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; tiffspy; rpy
gjpy;fs;:
01. jiyaha gzpfs;> Jizg; gzpfs;
02. mDg;g[if trjpfs;> ghJfhg;g[ bgl;lf trjp> xg;g[Wjpg; gzpfs;>
gpizaq;fs; thq;fy; tpw;wy;> fld; Vw;ghL bra;jy;> Kftuhf
gzpahw;Wjy;.
03. khepy Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp> kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp> bjhlf;f Tl;Lwt[
tq;fp>
Tl;Lwt[ efu tq;fp> bjhlf;f ntshz;ik Tl;Lwt[> bjhHpy;
Tl;Lwt[.
nfs;tpfs;:
04. thzpgk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy; rhiyfs; yhg nehf;fj;njhL jdpahh;
Jiwapy;
Fiwe;j gl;r KjyPl;Lld; elj;jg;gLk; bghUshjhu mikg;ng
____ MFk;.
05. ehl;od; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfs; midj;ija[k; munr clik
bgw;W> murpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy; cw;gj;jp kf;fs; eyDf;fhf bray;gLj;j
ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
________ MFk;.
06. rkjh;kj;jpd; tiffspy; rpy
gjpy;fs;:
04. Kjyhspj;Jtk;
05. rkjh;kk; my;yJ nrhryprk; MFk;.
06. khh;f;fPrpa rkjh;kk;> muR nrhryprk;> fpy;K nrhryprk;>
rpz;ofhypr
nrhryprk;> g[ul;rp nrhryprk;> `nggpad; nrhryprk;.
24
Kf;fpakhd nfs;tpfs;&
gFjp – m&
01. Tl;Lwt[ - tiuaW
02. tq;fp vd;gJ vd;d?
03. Kjyhspj;Jtk; vd;gJ vd;d?
04. rkjh;kk; vd;gJ vd;d?
05. ,uhgh;l; Xtd; vd;gth; ahh;?
06. tpy;ypak; fpq; vd;gth; ahh;?
07. rhh;y]; a{hpah; vd;gth; ahh;?
gFjp – M&
08. Tl;Lwtpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fis tpthp?
09. bghUshjhu TWfs; gw;wp ePtph; mwptJ vd;d?
10. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
11. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fs; ahit?
gFjp - ,&
12. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; gzpfisa[k;> nritfisa[k; tpthp?
13. Kjyhspj;Jtk; rpwg;gpay;g[fs;> TWfs;> ed;ikfs;> jPikfs;
ahit?
14. Tl;Lwtpd; Classical Thought fis tpthp?
25
myF -2
Tl;Lwtpd; nfhl;ghLfs; (Prinicples of Co-operation)
epaha mog;gil kw;Wk; midtUk; rkk; vd;w nfhl;ghl;od;
jj;Jtj;jpy; jdpj;jd;ikahd thzpg Kiwna Tl;LwthFk;.
‘xt;bthUtUk; midtUf;fhft[k;> midtUk; xt;bthUf;fhft[k;’vd;w
jj;Jtj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ng Tl;LwthFk;. epahag; gq;fPL vd;gJ Tl;Lwtpd;
Fwpf;nfhs; cw;gj;jp> tHq;fy;> tq;fpapay;> re;ijapLif> ghy; tpdpnahfk;
kw;Wk; gy;ntW bghUshjhu gpur;ridfis Tl;Lwt[ K:yk; rpwg;ghfj; jPh;t[
fhzyhk;. Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fj;jpd; njhw;Wtpg;ghsh;fspd; bghJthd
bghUshjhug; gpur;ridna mr;rq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fq;fs;> jh;k mikg;g[fs; my;y. Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ Ra cjtp kw;Wk; khw;W
mog;gilapy; kw;wth;fSf;Fk; cjtp mspg;gJ vd;w kndhghtk;
cs;sth;fspd; Tl;L cwntahFk;. xt;bthU cWg;gpdUk;> midj;J
cWg;gpdh;fspd; ed;ikapidf; fUJk; vz;zk; cilath;fshth;.
midtUk; xd;W nrh;e;J jq;fs; Mw;wiy xd;W nrh;j;J midj;J
cWg;gpdh;fs; ed;ikapid Ra ey nehf;fpd;wp Tl;L Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Tl;L
bray;ghl;od; K:yk; Kd;ndWtnj Tl;LwthFk;.
tYthd kw;Wk; bry;tkpf;fth;fs; bgWfpd;w bghUshjhu
nkk;ghl;oid> tYFiwe;j> Mjpf;f rf;jpaw;w> VH;ik epiyapYs;sth;fSk;
bgWk; epiyf;F cah;j;Jk; Tl;L Kaw;rpna Tl;LwthFk;. xU Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fk; jd;dpr;irahd mikg;g[> midtUk; mjpy; nrh;e;J gad;bgw
tuntw;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Tl;Lwtpy; xt;bthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk;> rk chpika[k;>
rk bghWg;g[f;fSk; cz;L. ,t;thikg;g[ yhg nehf;fpd;wp xt;bthUtUk;
kw;wth; ed;ik> cjtp fUjp Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mikg;ghFk;.
mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;ilna Fwpf;nfhshff;
bfhz;L> mjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; bghUshjhu mikg;g[ Kiwna
Tl;LwthFk;. Tl;Lwt[ midj;Jg; bghUshjhu>murpay; mikg;g[f;fSk;
Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; tifapy; cs;sJ. tsh;r;rpg; ghijia nehf;fpr; bry;Yk;
tsUk; ehLfSf;F Tl;Lwt[ kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. ,e;ehLfspy;
mwpahik> gog;gwpt[ ,d;ik> rKjha ntWghLfs;> neha;> eypt[w;w
bgz;fs;> rpuhh;fs; Mfpait gpur;ridahf mike;Js;sd. ,r;rq;fq;fs;
me;ehLfspy; bghUshjhu rKjha khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j ty;y Kf;fpa
tYthd> gaDs;s fUtpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghJthd bghUshjhu> rKjha> fhyr;rhug;
gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;t[ fhz Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs;
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpid njhw;Wtpj;j bgUik ,q;fpyhe;J
ehl;oidr; rhUk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Vw;gl;l bjhHpy;g[ul;rp gy
gpur;ridfis njhw;Wtpj;jJ. Kjyhspfs;> bjhHpyjpgh;fs;
cah;tile;jnghJ> bjhHpyhspfs; gy ,d;dy;fSf;Fk;> VH;ikf;Fk;
js;sg;gl;ldh;. bjhHpyhsh;fs; moik thH;t[ thHntz;oa epiyapy;>
jq;fSf;Ff; njitahd md;whlj; njit bghUs;fSk; mth;fSf;F
fpilf;ftpy;iy. Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhaj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
26
bjhHpyhsh;fs; jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;oa epiyapy;
js;sg;gl;ldh;.
bjhHpy; g[ul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fisf; fhf;f Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk; Kjd;Kjyhf ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
bjhHpw;g[ul;rp> ciHf;Fk; ,dk; vd;w jdp th;f;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
bjhHpyhsh;fs; thH;tpid Kd;ndw;w uhgh;l; Xtd; nghd;w rKjha eyk;
ngZgth;fs; njhd;wpdhh;fs;. uhgh;l; Xtd; jd; bjhHpw;rhiyapy;
bjhHpyhspfSf;F gy ey;y jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp> mth;fs;
Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F ghLgl;lhh;. mth; nghl;o vd;w vz;zj;jpw;F khwhf
Tl;Lwt[ vd;w vz;zj;ij cjak; bra;jhh;. mth; ‘Tl;Lwtpd; je;ij’ vd
miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
uhf;nly; vd;w rpwpa efuk; fk;gsp kw;wk; gUj;jp Milfs;
cw;gj;jpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. ,q;F ork;gh; 21k; njjp 1844 Mk; Mz;L
ek;gpf;if kpf;f bert[j; bjhHpyhsh;fs; xt;bthUtUk; xU gt[z;L
K:yjdj;jpid (,ij xU Mz;L nrkpf;f ntz;o ,Ue;jJ) mspj;J 28
gt[z;L K:yjdj;Jld; Kjy; Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiy bjhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
uhf;nly; rq;fj;jpy; gzpahsh;fs; mkh;j;jg;gltpy;iy. khiyg;bghGjpy;
bray;gl;L> tpw;gidia mth;fspy; xUtnu ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
uhf;nly; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; bjhlq;fpajd; gpd;dzpia Ma;t[
bra;jy; ntz;Lk;. rq;fj;jpdh;fs; midtUk; mikjpa[ld;> nghl;o
cyfpy; jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; bfhs;s> Ra Mjut[f; FGf;fis
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp 17 Mk; E}w;whz;onyna bjhlq;fpaJ. gp.rp. gpshf;>
rhd;bgy;yhh;r;> nghd;wth;fs; tptrhapfs;> bjhHpyhspfs; xd;W nrh;e;j
jd;dpr;irahd bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;L mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;
vz;zj;jpid cUthf;fpdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; vz;zq;fSf;F vGj;J
totk; mspj;J> ifnaLfshft[k;> gpuRu Jz;Lfshft[k; btspapl;ldh;.
,it uhgh;l; Xtidf; fth;e;jJ.
,uhgh;l; Xtd; vd;gth; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; epa{ld; vd;w
,lj;jpy; rpwpa fil chpikahshpd; kfdhthh;. rhjhuz R{H;epiyapy;
gpwe;j mth;> fLikahd ciHg;gpd;K:yk; jd; 19tJ tajpy; xU Jzp
cw;gj;jp Miyf;F nkyhsuhf;fg;gl;lhh;. 21tJ tajpy; rpy MiyfSf;F>
Tl;lhspahf chpikahsuhdhh;. bjhHpyhspfspd; ,lh;ghLfisf; fz;L
kdk; tUe;jpdhh;. ,ae;jpuq;fs;> mjpy; ntiy bra;a[k; bjhHpyhsh;fistpl
cah;thf kjpf;fg;gLtij> nghw;wg;gLtijf; fz;L JaUw;whh;. jd;
bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; bjhHpyhsh;fs; ntiy neuj;jpid 17 kzpapypUe;J 10
kzpahff; Fiwj;jhh;. mth;fspd; thH;f;if epiyia cah;j;j tpUk;gpdhh;.
mth;fSf;F ntiy neu ,ilntisapy; cztpid epahatpiyapy;
mspg;gnjhL mth;fspd; FHe;ijfSf;F fy;tp fw;f tHptFj;jhh;. 10
tajpw;F Fiwe;j rpuhh;fis ntiyapy; Vw;f kWj;jhh;. Vida
bjhHpyjpgh;fs; uhgh;l; Xtd; Kaw;rpf;F vjph;g;g[ bjhptpj;jnghhpYk; jd;
Kaw;rpia bjhlh;e;jhh;.
bjhHpyhsUf;fhf Tl;Lwt[ FoapUg;g[fSk;> FGkq;fisa[k;>
,uhgh;l; Xtd; bjhlq;fpdhh;. epa{yhdhf; vd;w rpwpa fpuhkj;jpy; Miyfis
Kd; khjphpahf mikj;J mitfis Ra njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a[k;
27
rKjha mikg;ghf cUthf;fpdhh;. Tl;Lwt[ FoapUg;g[fspy; mth;fSf;F
njitahd bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mikg;ghft[k; njitg;gLk;
Vidath;fSf;F mjid mdpj;J kw;iwa bghUs;fis bgWtjw;fhft[k;
xU mikg;ghf mike;jJ. ,Jnghd;w FoapUg;g[fs; ,q;fpyhe;J>
mah;yhe;J> tlmbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; bkf;rpnfhtpYk; bjhlq;fg;gl;ld.
Mdhy; ,f;FoapUg;g[f;fspy; nghjpa K:yjdj;jpid mq;fj;jpdh;fsplkpUe;J
bgw Koatpy;iy. me;j mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F bjhHpy; my;yJ
ntshz;ikapy; mDgtk; ,y;iy. nkYk; ciHg;g[ ,y;yjth;fSk;
nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSf;F nkyhz;ikj; jpwika[k;> Fiwthf
,Ue;jjhy;> mitfs;> K:lg;gl;ld.
,uhgh;l; Xtd; kdKile;J nghftpy;iy. 1832Mk; Mz;L
‘ciHg;g[ khw;wikg;g[‘ vd;w mikg;gpd; K:yk; ciHg;gth;fspd; bghUshjhu
epiyia khw;w Kaw;rp bra;jhh;. ,e;j ‘ciHg;g[ khw;wikg;g[‘
jw;fhyj;jpYs;s ‘ntiy tha;g;g[ epiyak;’ vd jtwhf vz;zf;TlhJ.
bjhHpyhsh;fs; jhq;fs; bra;j ciHg;gpw;F ciHg;g[ kjpg;gPl;Lj;jhs;fis
bgw;wdh;. ,jd;K:yk; jq;fSf;Fj; njitahd bghUl;fis mth;fs; thq;f
Koe;jJ. nkYk;> ,j;jhs;fis kw;w bjhHpy; khw;wikg;g[f;fspy; bfhLj;J
njitahd bghUs;fis thq;f Koe;jJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j Kaw;rpa[k; tpw;f
Koahj gy bghUs; cw;gj;jpapdhy; njhy;tp mile;jJ. ,uhgh;l; Xtd;
,jdhy; tUe;jpdhnu jtpu jd; nfhl;ghl;od; njhy;tpahf vLf;ftpy;iy.
jd;Dila vz;zq;fis gj;jphpiffspd; K:yk; nghl;oapid Tl;Lwtpd;
K:yk; rkhspf;fyhk; vdf; fUj;J bjhptpj;jhh;.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; lhf;;lh; tpy;ypak; fpq; vd;w ,yz;ld;
kUj;Jth; ‘thzpg mikg;g[fs;’ vd;W xU mikg;gpid njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
,t;thzpg mikg;g[fs; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; md;whl njitf;fhd
bghUs;fis Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Koe;j tiuapy; mlf;f tpiyapy; tpw;W
te;jdh;. ,e;j mikg;g[ gy ,lq;fspYk; bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Fiwe;j
tpiyapy; tpw;gjw;fhf bghUs;fs; cw;gj;jpa[; nkw;bfhz;lJ. ,jdhy;
gyUf;F ntiytha;g;g[fs; fpilj;jd. Mdhy; mjpf cw;gj;jpapd;
fhuzkhf re;ijapLif bra;a Koahky; mitfs; K:lg;gl;ld. lhf;lh;
tpy;ypak; fpq; ‘Tl;Lwt[ vd;w khj ,jHpida[k; btspapl;lhh;. mtUila
thzpg mikg;g[f;fs; jw;fhy Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fisg; nghy mike;jd
Tl;Lwt[ vz;zj;jpid ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; gpbuQ;R ehl;L rhh;y]; g{hpah;
kw;Wk; gpypg;g{r; vd;gth;fSk; Tl;Lwt[ vz;zj;jpw;F tYthd Mjut[
mspj;jdh;.
Tl;Lwt[ Kaw;rp bjhlf;fj;jpy; njhy;tp miltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1. mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa fy;tpawptpd;ik
kw;wk; nghjpa Mh;tkpd;ika[k;.
2. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; rq;fj;jpd; kPJ tpRthrk; bfhs;shjJ.
3. Kiwahd rl;lg;ghJfhg;g[ ,y;iy.
4. rq;fj;jpd; epUthfpfSf;F nghJkhd nkyhz;ik
jpwikapd;ik.
28
5. Kiwahd jzpf;if ,y;iy.
6. K:yjd mog;gilapy; kl;Lk; ,yhgk;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;lJ. bfhs;Kjy; mog;gilapy; my;y.
nkw;fz;l FiwghLfis mwpe;J> mjid ePf;Fk; tz;zk; uhf;nly;
Kd;ndhofs; rq;fj;jpid mikj;jdh;.
rpwg;ghf mike;jd.
tq;fpfs; Kjd;ik bgw;W btw;wpfukhf bray;gLfpd;wd. cyf mstpy;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ (I.rp.V) tiuaiu
Kjd; Kiwahf brg;lk;gh;. 1995k; Mz;L> nkd;r];lhpy;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[> xU tiuaiuia mspj;Js;sJ.
egh;fs;> jd;dpr;irahf jq;fs; bghJthf bghUshjhu rK:f>
fyhr;rhu njitfis> $dehaf fl;Lg;ghl;L Tl;likg;g[ K:yk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpj;jd;ik bgw;w mikg;ng Tl;LwthFk;.
nkny fz;Ls;s tiuaiug;go
1. jdpj;jd;ik mikg;g[
egh;fspd; jd;dpr;ir nrh;f;if
2. bghJthd bghUshjhu> rK:f> fyhr;rhu njitfis
g{h;j;jp bra;jy;.
3. Tl;likg;g[
4. $dehaff; fl;Lg;ghLfs;.
29
uhf;nly; jj;Jtq;fs; (Rochdal Principles) :
1844 Mk; Mz;nl uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; Tl;Lwt[
nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fpajw;F mth;fs; ghuhl;lg;glntz;Lk;.
mf;nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;Wk; KGtJk; Vw;g[ilaJ.
1. bghUl;fis epyt[k; re;ij tpiyapy; tpw;gJ.
2. K:yjdj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiuf;Fl;gl;l tl;o mspj;jy;.
3. ,yhg <t[ mq;fj;jpdh; rq;fj;jpy; thq;fpa mst[ bghUl;fs;
mog;gilapy; mspj;jy;.
4. buhf;f mog;gilapnyna bfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; tpw;WKjy;
bra;jy;.
5. ,U ghyUf;Fk; rk chpikfs;.
6. xt;bthU mq;fj;jpdUf;Fk; xnu thf;F.
7. rq;f mYty; gw;wp tpthjpf;f mof;fo mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
Tl;lk; elj;JtJ.
8. fzf;Ffis rhpahf itg;gnjhL> jzpf;if bra;J ,yhg
el;lf; fzf;F>,Ug;g[ epiyf; Fwpg;g[ mq;fj;jpdUf;F
mspj;jy;.
uhf;nly; nfhl;ghLfis RUf;fkhff; TW ntz;Lkhdhy;
1. $dehaff; fl;Lg;ghL.
2. jilaw;w jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;g;g[.
3. K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tl;o.
4. tpRthr yhg <t[.
5. buhf;f tpw;gid.
6. murpay; kw;Wk; kj eLepiyik.
7. fy;tp nkk;ghL.
nfhl;ghLfspd; tphpthf;fk;
1. $dehaff; fl;Lg;ghL
Tl;Lwtpd; mog;gilj; jj;Jtq;fspy; xd;W $dehaff; fl;Lg;ghL>
$dehafk; Tl;Lwtpd; moj;jsk;. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd; bghJf; FGtpd;
Kont midj;J tptfhuq;fspYk; ,WjpahdJ. md;whl eph;thfk;
bghJf;FGthy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,af;Feh; FGtplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk;> xt;bthU mq;fj;jpdUf;Fk; xU thf;Fjhd;
cz;L.
2. jpwe;j mDkjp
jFjpa[s;s vtUk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gLth;. kjk;>
rhjp> murpay; fl;rp vd;w mog;gilapy; ahUk; mDkjp kWf;fg;glkhl;lhh;.
Mdhy;> mDkjpf;F jFjpa[s;sth;jhd; nrh;f;fg;gLth;. rq;fj;jpd;
30
bray;gug;g[ vy;iyf;Fs; trpf;fhj egh; rq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jpdh; Mf
KoahJ.
xU kPdth; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fj;jpy; kPd; gpog;gijj; bjhHpyhff;
bfhs;shj xUth; mq;fj;jpduhf KoahJ.
3. K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tl;o
xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpy;> mq;fj;jpdh; jhd; bfhz;Lte;Js;s
K:yjdj;jpd; kPjhd tl;o tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. xust[ tl;ona bgwyhk;.
xt;bthU khepyj;jpYk; mKypy; ,Uf;Fk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lg;go>
tl;o 13 my;yJ 14 tpGf;fhL vd rq;f mq;fj;jpdUf;F mspf;fty;y cr;r
tl;o tPjj;jpid Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; KjyPL bra;tjw;fhf
mikg;g[ my;y. mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; bghUshjhu gpur;ridia jPh;g;gnj
Tl;Lwtpd; jiyahd nehf;fkhFk;.
4. Mjut[f;fhd tpRthr yhg <t[
xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpy;> fhg;g[ epjp> Vida rl;l g{h;tkhd
epjpfSf;F xJf;fPL bra;j gpd; vQ;rpa yhgj;ij mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F
tpRthr yhgkhf gfph;e;J bfhLf;fyhk;. ,g;gq;fPL mth;fs; vLj;Jf;
bfhz;Ls;s gq;Ffs; mog;gilapy; my;y. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; rq;fj;jpw;F
tpRthrkhf ,Ue;J vj;Jiz mst[ rq;f thzpgj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
,Uf;fpwhh;fnsh me;j mog;gilapnyna mika[k;. cjhuzkhf> xU
Efh;nthh; rq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;jpdh; mt;thz;oy; rq;fj;jpypUe;J bfhs;Kjy;
bra;j mstpYk;> xU ghy; mspg;g[ rq;fj;jpy;> mq;fj;jpdh;fs; vt;tst[
mst[ ghy; rq;fj;jpw;F mspj;Js;shh; vd;w mog;gilapYk;> ifj;jwp
berthsh; rq;fq;fspy;> mq;fj;jpdh; vt;tst[ Jzp rq;fj;jpw;F bert[
bra;Js;shh; vd;w mog;gilapYk; mika[k;.
5. buhf;f tpw;gid
Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyfs; buhf;f tpw;gid jhd; bra;a[k;. fld;
tpw;gid fpilahJ. Vbddpy; fld; tpw;gid mq;fj;jpdiu njitf;F
mjpfkhf thq;f Cf;Ftpj;J> jpUg;gpj;ju ,ayhky; mtUf;F bghUshjhu
beUf;foia Vw;gLj;Jk;. nkYk; Tl;Lwtpd; mog;gil nrkpg;g[> rpf;fdk;>
brytpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpad MFk;. vdpDk; Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf
rhiy> khzth; czt[ tpLjp> kUj;Jtkid> rpiwr;rhiy Mfpa
mikg;g[fSf;F> FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F fldspf;fyhk;.
6. murpay; kw;Wk; kj eLepiyik
mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ve;j murpay; fl;rpianah kjj;ijnah
rhh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mjid kdjpy; bfhz;L> ghFghL bra;J>
mDkjpapid kWf;f KoahJ.
7. fy;tp nkk;ghL
xt;bthU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fKk;> mq;fj;jpdh;fs;> ,af;Fdh; FG kw;Wk;
gzpahsh;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa[k; Vida jfty;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp mspj;jy;
xU jiyaha gzp MFk;.
31
rPuikf;fg;gl;l nfhl;ghLfs;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ (I.rp.V) mt;tg;nghJ Tl;Lwt[
nfhl;ghLfis tpthjpj;J kWMa;t[ bra;J te;Js;sJ. Tl;Lwtpy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s khWjy;fs; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp mog;gilapy; rpy khw;wq;fs;
njitg;gLk;. ,jdhy; uhf;nly; nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk; khw;wg;
gl;Ls;sd vd vz;zf; TlhJ. rpW khw;wq;fSk;> g[jpa nfhl;ghLfSk;
nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kjy; rPuikg;g[
1934k; Mz;L $.rp.V. xU Jizf; FGit mikj;J Tl;Lwt[f;
nfhl;ghLfis kW Ma;t[ bra;af; nfl;Lf; bfhz;lJ. ,f;FG jd;
mwpf;ifia 1937k; Mz;L bfhLj;jJ. ,f;FG nfhl;ghLfis ,U
TWfshf 1) kpf mtrpaf; nfhl;ghLfs; vd;Wk;> 2) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;j
nfhl;ghLfs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
kpf mtrpaf; nfhl;ghLfs;
1. jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;g;g[
2. $dehaff; nfhl;ghL
3. K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tl;o tPjk;.
4. ,yhg <t[ mq;fj;jpdh;fs; rq;fj;jpw;F mspj;j thzpg
mog;ilapy; mspj;jy;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;j nfhl;ghLfs;
1. kj kw;Wk; murpay; eLepiyik.
2. buhf;f tpw;gid.
3. mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F fy;tp
,uz;lhtJ rPuikg;g[
o.$p. fhh;nt> vd;w ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[ ty;Ydhpd; jiyikapy; xU
FG mikf;fg;gl;L> ,f;FG 1966k; Mz;L jd; mwpf;ifia mspj;jJ.
,f;FGtpd;go> rPuikf;fg;gl;l nfhl;ghLfs;.
1. jd;dpr;ir mikg;g[ kw;Wk; jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;g;g[.
2. $dehaff; fl;Lg;ghL.
3. K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tl;o tPjk;.
4. ,yhgg; gphpt[> mq;fj;jpdh;fs; mspj;j gzp
mog;gilapy;.
5. Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp.
6. Tl;Lwt[fSf;F ,ilna Tl;Lwt[.
,f;nfhl;ghLfspy; filrp nfhl;ghlhfpa ‘Tl;Lwt[fSf;fpilna
Tl;Lwt[‘ vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd nrh;f;ifahFk;. mf;nfhl;ghl;od; ghpkhzk;
gy nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.
32
bjhlf;f Tl;Lwt[f;Fk;> khtl;l Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpw;Fk;> khtl;l
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpw;Fk;>khepy ,izafj;jpw;Fk;> njrpa ,izafj;jpw;Fk;>
xU khepy Tl;Lwtpw;Fk; Vida khepy Tl;Lwtpw;Fk; xU ehl;Lf;
Tl;Lwtpw;Fk; kw;iwa ehl;L Tl;Lwtpw;Fk;> Tl;Lwt[ Vw;gLj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
nkd;r];lhpy; I.rp.V. E}w;whz;L tpHh
I.rp.V.tpd; 100 tJ epiwt[ tpHhit xl;o ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy;
nkd;r];lh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1995Mk; Mz;L ele;j Tl;Lwt[ jj;Jtq;fs;
rPuikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. jd;dpr;ir kw;Wk; jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;g;g[.
2. $dehaf mq;fj;jpdh; fl;Lg;ghL.
3. mq;fj;jpdh; bghUshjhu gq;nfw;g[.
4. Rje;jpuk;> jdpj;jd;ik.
5. fy;tp> gapw;rp kw;Wk; jfty; bjhlh;g[.
6. Tl;Lwt[fspilna Tl;Lwt[.
7. rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw.
rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw vd;gJ Kf;fpa nfhl;ghlhf
nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. bghJthf Tl;Lwt[f;F rKjha mf;fiu ,Ue;jhYk;
,f;nfhl;ghl;od;go rKjha mf;fiu fhl;o g[jpa Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs;
njhw;wg;gly; ntz;Lk;.
Tl;Lwtpd; rpwg;gpid> nkd;r];lh; khehL’ ‘Tl;Lwt[ Ra Kaw;rp’ Ra
bghWg;g[> $$ehafk;> rknehf;F> xw;Wik vd;w mog;gilj; jj;Jtq;fSk;>
jUk vz;zk;> neh;ik> jpwe;j ghh;it> rKjha bghWg;g[ Mfpaitfis
cilj;J’ vd Tl;Lwtpd; mog;gilfisf; Twpa[s;sJ.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ (I.rp.V / ICA)
1895 Mk; Mz;L Tl;lg;gl;l gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]; K:yk;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfk; KGtJk; cs;s
ehLfspypUe;J 163 mikg;g[fs; gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;nghL
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mfpy cyf mikg;g[fspy; gHikahdJ gd;dhl;L
Tl;Lwt[ mikg;ghFk;. ,J KGikahf Tl;Lwt[ gpur;rpidfis
jPh;g;gjw;F ghLgl;lJ. cyf mstpy; cs;s Tl;Lwthsh;fis
xd;wpizg;gJ rpwe;j gzpahf bra;ag;gLfpwJ. tzpfk;> tq;fpfs;> fhg;gPL
nghd;w Jiwfspy; bjhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jp gy;ntW ehLfspd; Tl;Lwt[
mikg;ig jpwk;gl elj;j tHp bra;fpd;wJ. cyf re;ijapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp Efh;nthh;fisa[k;> cw;gj;jpahsh;fisa[k; bgUkstpy; gad;bgwr;
bra;fpd;wJ.
nehf;fq;fs;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fs; gw;wp 1 kw;Wk; 3 y; cs;s
tpjpfspd;go fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; tpl;Lr;brd;w
gzpia bjhlh;e;J bra;J tUfpwJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[
33
brhe;jkhd tHpKiwfis cUthf;fp Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. Tl;Lwt[
Kiwfspy; ,yhg nehf;Fila rpe;jidf;F gjpyhf rK:fj;jpy; gad;bgwf;
Toa tifapy; gu];gu cjtp jpl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
m. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fspy; xnu khjphpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf vy;yhtifahd bray;ghLfisa[k;
Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspd;go bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
M. cyfk; KGtJk; Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfis gpur;rhuk;
bra;antz;Lk;.
,. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;ig vy;yh ehLfspYk; Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
<. vy;yhtifahd Tl;Lwt[fspd; bray;ghLfisa[k;
fz;fhzpf;f ntz;Lk;.
c. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fis rhh;e;j epWtdq;fnshL
ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;.
C. njrpa mstpYk;> cyf mstpYk; cs;s Tl;Lwt[
epWtdq;fnshL bghUshjhu cwit rPuikf;f ntz;Lk;.
v. Tl;Lwt[ Kaw;rpfs; K:yk; kf;fSf;F mikjpa[k; ghJfhg;g[k;
Vw;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;.
cWg;gpdh; nrh;f;if
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ gFjpm 8y; cs;sgo cWg;gpdUf;fhd
epge;jidfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpy;
cWg;gpduhtjw;F kdpjh;fspd; Tl;likg;ngh>Tl;Lwt[ mikg;ngh
jFjpbgWfpd;wJ. Fwpf;nfhs;fis eph;zapf;Fk; fhq;fpu]py; bjspthf
Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lg;go cUthd rq;fq;fs;>Tl;Likg;g[ nghd;witfs;
rKjha bghUshjhu nkk;ghL mila gu];gu cjtp K:yk; bray;gLfpd;wJ.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpd; 23 tJ fhq;fpu]; khehl;oy; uhf;nly;
Kd;ndhofspd; Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld. tpjpf;fg;gl;l
epge;jidfspd;go rpy mikg;g[fs; cWg;gpdh;fshf nruj; jFjp bgWfpd;wd.
1. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak;.
2. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ ,iza mikg;g[.
3. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; kz;ly xd;wpak;.
4. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;jtpw;gid gz;lfrhiy.
5. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L rq;fq;fs;.
6. Efh;nth; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;.
7. bjhHpt; Tl;Lwt[ rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs;.
8. kPdt Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;.
9. Tl;Lwt[ fld; rq;fq;fs;.
10. tPl;L trjp fld; rq;fq;fs;.
cyf mstpy; cs;s midj;J njrpa Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fSk;
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;sd. bgUk;ghd;ikahd
34
njrpa Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fq;fs; gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;nghL
bjhlh;g[ilaitahFk;. muR nkw;ghh;ita[k;> fl;Lg;ghLk; cs;s Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fs; bgaust[ cWg;gpdh;fshf kl;Lnk nruj; jFjp milfpd;wd.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ rhh;g[ mikg;gpd; bray;ghLfs;
gFjp 13y; cs;s tpjpfspd;go fPH;f;fz;l gzpfis epiwntw;w
ntz;Lk;.
1. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fisa[k;
bfhs;iffisa[k; gpd;gw;Wjy;.
2. xt;bthU epjpahz;oYk; re;jh brYj;j ntz;Lk;.
3. I.rp.V.tpd; Mz;L mwpf;if tHq;Fjy; ntz;Lk;.
4. g[j;jfq;fs; btspaPL bjhlh;ghf me;je;j ehLfSf;F I.rp.V.
K:yk; bjhpe;J bfhs;Sjy;.
5. I.rp.V ntz;Lfpd;w nghbjy;yhk; vy;yhtpjkhd
jfty;fisa[k; mspj;jy;.
6. I.rp.V. ghpe;Jiuf;Fk; Mnyhridapd;go vy;yh
bray;fisa[k; nkw;bfhs;sjy;.
7. I.rp.V. apd; btspaPL kw;Wk; g[j;jf tpw;gidf;F cjt[jy;
mtrpakhFk;.
I.rp.Vapd; nkyhz;ik
I.rp.V. bghJthf fPH;f;fz;lKiwapy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. fhq;fpu];> 2. kj;jpaf;FG> 3. braw;FG> 4. ,af;Feh;fs;> 5. bghJr;
brayhsh;. fhq;fpu]; vd;gJ Tl;Lwt[ gd;dhl;L mjpfhu mikg;ghFk;.
rhh;g[ mikg;g[fspd; nguitahFk;. K:d;W Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw gy;ntW
ehLfspy; TLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]py; I.rp.V. gw;wp Ma;t[ bra;J
kj;jpaf;FG K:yk; bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jPh;khdq;fs; epiwntw;wg;gl;L
fUj;Jf;fs;,af;Feh;fs; K:yk; eph;thfpfSf;F bjhpag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
bray;gLj;Jk; mikg;ghf kj;jpaf;FG> braw;FG> tsh;r;rpf;FG kw;Wk;
brayfk; nghd;wit jpfH;fpd;wd. kj;jpaf;FG njrpa mstpy; cs;s
mikg;g[fis bfhz;L gq;Ffs; tR{H; bra;a Kay;fpd;wJ. Tl;Lwt[
fhq;fpu]py; tpthjpf;fg;gl;L KobtLf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fSf;F bray;totk;
bfhLf;f kj;jpaf;FG bray;gLfpwJ. kj;jpaf;FGt[f;F cWg;gpdh;fis
tpyf;Ftjw;fhf mjpfhuk; tHq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,izaj;jpd;
tpjpfs;> Fwpf;nfhs;fs;> bray;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf
bray;glf;Toath;fs; I.rp. VtpypUe;J ePf;fg;gLthh;fs;. Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu];
jiyth;> Jizj;jiyth;> braw;FG Mfpnahh; bjhpt[ bra;ag;gl;L mLj;j
fhq;fpu]; TLk; tiu gjtpapy; ePog;gJ tHf;fkhFk;. I.rp.Vapd; md;whl
bray;ghLfs; brayfj;jpd; K:yk; epiwntw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
epjp
67 ehLfspypUe;J 163 mikg;g[fs; I.rp.Vapy; mq;fj;jpdh;fshf
cs;sd. mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdh;fs; Efh;nthh; rq;fq;fs; 37.88% fld; kw;Wk;
rpf;fdr; rq;fq;fs; 33.92% tptrha rq;fq;fs; 18.78%> tPl;L trjp> bjhHpy;
35
Tl;Lwt[ 9.42% cs;sdh;. I.rp.V. mikg;gpd; vz;zpf;if epjp Mjhuq;fis
tHq;FtnjhL nkYk; kdpjts nkk;ghl;ow;F jpwikahdth;fs;> epg[zh;fs;
nghd;nwhiu tHq;fp tsh;e;J tUk; ehlfspd; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fis
nkk;gilar; bra;fpwJ. I.rp.Vapd; gpujhd tUthna cWg;gpdh;
mikg;g[fspd; re;jhthFk;. rpy rpwg;g[j; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjp cjtp njrpa
bjhHpy; El;g mikg;g[fsplkpUe;njh my;yJ cWg;gpdh;
mikg;g[fsplkpUe;njh bgwg;gLfpwJ. tsh;e;JtUfpd;w bghUshjhu
rpe;jidfspd;go gyehLfspd; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fspilna RKfkhd
cwit Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. bghUshjhu jl;Lg;ghLk;> jilfSk;
ePf;fg;gl;L gu];gu cjtp K:yk; cyf ehLfspy; epue;jukhf mikjpia
Vw;gLj;j epjp bgwg;gLfpwJ. I.rp.V mikg;gghdJ murpaYf;Fk; kw;Wk;
cs;s mikg;g[fSf;Fk; eLepiyahf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ.
gd;dhl;L Mnyhrid mikg;g[
I.rp.V. cah;e;j gl;r Mnyhrid bgwt[k; tHq;ft[k; rpy gd;dhl;L
KfikfnshLk;> mikg;g[fnshLk; RKfkhd cwit itj;Js;sJ.
a[bd];nfh> I.v];.X.> v`g;.V.X.> a[dpbr`g;> gd;dhl;L mZrf;jp Kfik
nghd;w mikg;g[fs; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. I.rp.V apd; gpujhd nehf;fnk
tpj;jpahrkhd mZFKiwapYk; gq;nfw;gpYk; mwpt[> mDgtk;> jpwik
Mfpatw;iw tsh;e;j ehLfs; tsUfpd;w ehLfSf;F tHq;fr; bra;a
ntz;Lk;. I.rp.V. njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; cyf ehLfspd; mikjpfhf;Fk;
gq;if rpwe;j Kiwapy; filgpoj;Js;sJ. cyf mstpy; vy;yh ehLfSk;
tsk; bgwt[k;> tsh;r;rp bgwt[k; I.rp.V cjtpa[s;sJ. If;fpaehLfspd; rig
jpwikahd tHpapy; bray;fspYk; <Lghl;Lld; I.rp.V Mnyhrid mikg;g[
bray;gl;Ls;sJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[f;Fk;> If;fpaehLfs;
rigf;Fk; xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jp vy;yh tiffspYk; gd;dhl;L
Mnyhrid mikg;g[ cjtpa[s;sJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpd;
mjpfhhpfs; khehL> fUj;juq;fk; nghd;witfis I.eh. rig elj;Jk;nghJ
rpwe;j epg[zh;fshft[k;> fUj;jhsh;fshft[k; fye;Jbfhspfpd;wdh;.
bjhHpy; El;g cjtp
I.rp.V. kw;Wk; gy mikg;g[fs; epjp cjtp bgwntz;Lk;> bjhHpy; El;g
cjtp bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gy bghUshjhu jpl;lq;fis
jahhpf;fpd;wd. mfpy cyf mstpy; thzpg Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fpilna
RKfkhd cwita[k; bjhlh;iga[k; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 1960 Mk; Mz;L
eilbgw;w 21tJ Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]py; ePz;lfhyj; jpl;lk; jPl;o bjhHpy;
El;g cjtp tHq;f Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fq;fs; Kd;tu ntz;Lk;.
jpl;lq;fspd; gpujhd rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
1. tsUfpd;w kz;lyq;fis ghh;itapl;L jpl;lq;fs; bjhlh;e;J
eilbgw;W KGikaila ntz;Lk;.
2. gy tifahd Tl;Lwt[fspd; gpur;rpidfis jPtpu Ma;t[
bra;J ghpe;Jiufs; tHq;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
3. epue;jukhd fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F fy;tp trjp Vw;gLj;jp
vy;yh epiyfspYk; gad;bgWk; tifapy; kz;ly
36
fUj;juq;Ffs; g[j;jq;fs; bfhs;Kjy;> fw;gpf;Fk;
cgfuzq;fs; Mfpait tHq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4. njrpa mstpy; cs;s Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpa;fSk; kw;w KfikfSk;
xd;whf nrh;e;J Muha;r;rp bra;J Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp kw;Wk;
gapw;rpia nkk;ghL milar; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
5. tzpf mgptpUj;jpa[k;> Kd;ndw;wKk;> tsh;e;J tUfpd;w
ehLfspd; Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; jpwikahf
bray;gLfpd;w Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fq;fSf;Fk; bjhlh;ig
Vw;gLj;jj; ju ntz;Lk;.
Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]; khehl;oy; xnu khjphpahd tsh;r;rp Tl;Lwt[fspy;
Vw;glntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf bjhHpy;El;gk; bray;tot mwptpay;
nghd;wtw;iw gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;nfhns
,Uf;fpd;w tsq;fis kpft[k; jpwikahd tHpfspy; gad;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;. mLj;J ele;j Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]py; Tl;Lwt[
bray;ghLfs; gw;wp ghprPyid bra;ag;gl;L bjhHpy; el;g hPjpahf
tzpf Kiw elj;jg;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;igr; rhh;e;j
epWtdq;fs; jpl;lq;fis bjhlh;e;j bray;gLj;j bjhHpy; El;g
cjtpia ntz;oaJ. Tl;Lwt[ fhq;fpu]; xU ntz;Lnfhs;tpLj;jJ.
mjhtJ Kd;ndwpa Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fs; tsUfpd;w ehLfspd;
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;f tsh;r;rpf;F> bjhHpy; El;gq;fspy; cjtntz;Lk;.
mg;bghGJjhd; tsUfpd;w ehLfspdy; gjdpLjy;> Efh;nthh;
bjhHpy;nghd;wtw;iw njhw;Wtpf;f Koa[k; fhq;fpu]py; cWg;gpdh;
ehLfspilna xU ntz;Lnfhs; tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[ bgUe;jd;ikahf tsh;r;rp epjpia cWg;gpdh;fsplkpUe;J
tR{ypj;J bjhHpy; El;g hPjpahf cjtp> tsUfpd;w Tl;Lwt[ ,af;f
ehLfis mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
I.V.rp. apd; gq;F
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ cs; thzpgj;ij bray;gLj;JfpwJ.
cyf mstpy; gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gidr; rq;fk;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jDila Kf;fpa nehf;fnk cs;thzpgj;ij
bgUf;Ftjw;F bkhj;jtpw;gid rq;fq;fis cUthf;fp bkhj;j
tpw;gidahsh; vd;w Kiwapy; ve;jtpj ,lh;ghLk; ,y;yhky; mitfns
cw;gj;jp bra;J mfpy cyf mstpy; thzpgj;ij eilbgwr; bra;fpwJ.
Ma;t[ mwpf;ifapd;go gytpjkhd ghpe;Jiufs; bra;ag;gl;L tpahghuk;.
bra;fpd;w Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fis neuoahf fz;fhzpj;J cjtpbra;J
tUfpwJ. ehLfSf;fpilna xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jp tzpfj;jpy;
K:yg;bghUs;fis bgw tHptif bra;ag;l;lJ. Fwpg;ghf
czt[g;bghUs;>gHq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; rhj;jpaf;TWfs;
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ mjDila kz;ly mYtyfq;fs;
K:yk; tzpf Tl;Lwt[fs; gad;bgwf;Toa tifapy; tzpf bra;jpfis
btspapl;L tUfpd;wd. Tl;Lwt[ tzpfj; bjhFg;g[ vd;w gj;jphpf;if tHpahf
btspaplg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gj;jphpifapy; tzpf xg;ge;jq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf tphpthd
jfty;fSk; bghUs;fspd; gl;oaYk; gpuRhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. I.rp.Vapd;
37
bjd;fpHf;F Mrpa kz;ly mYtyfk; rpwe;j gzpahw;wpa[s;sJ vd;gjw;F
xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. I.rp.Vapd; kz;ly mYtyfk; fPH;f;fz;l
eltof;iffis nkw;bfhz;L Tl;Lwt[fs; gd;dhl;L re;ijapy; bjhlh;g[
bfhs;s cjt[fpd;wd.
1. tzpfk; eilbgwt[k;> tphpthf;fkilat[k; tsUfpd;w ehLfspd;
Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[f;Fk; kw;Wk; tsh;e;j ehLfspd;
Kd;ndw;wkile;j Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[f;Fk; RK:f cwit
Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ tzpf mikg;g[fs; tzpf rk;ge;jkhf bra;jpfis
nrfhpf;ft[k; gug;gt[k; I.rp.V cjt[fpd;wJ.
3. tzpfk; bjhlh;ghd Mtzq;fis jahhpf;fpwJ.
4. gd;dhl;L thzpgj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;ff;Toa Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fs; bjhlh;ghd jfty;fisa[k; ,yf;fpaq;fisa[k;
jahhpj;J tHq;f ntz;Lk;.
5. Mnyhrid tHq;ft[k;> thzpg xg;ge;jq;fis Vw;gLj;jt[k;
cjt[fpd;wJ.
6. tzpf ghpkhw;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L xUq;fpizf;f cjt[fpd;wJ.
7. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; jFe;j thzpgf; FGf;fspYk;> mikg;gpYk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; bgwf;Toa tha;g;g[fis Muha ntz;Lk;.
8. mfpy cyfpy; Mh;tKs;s gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fs; bjhlh;g[
Vw;gLj;jp. bghUs; re;ijaply; fHfj;njhL eph;thfk; bra;jy;
9. gd;dhl;L thzpg xg;ge;jk; eilbgWtjw;F tHptif bra;jy;
10. tzpf rk;ge;jkhf mfpy cyf mstpy; gapw;rp jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;fp> jfty;fis rhh;g[ epWtdq;fSf;F fpilf;fr;
bra;a ntz;Lk;.
I.rp.V kw;Wk; mjDila rhh;g[ mikg;g[fs; gd;dhl;L thzpgj;ij
mjpfhpg;gjw;F fle;j Mz;Lfspy; Muhag;gl;lJ. thzpgj;ij
bjhFj;Jk;> thzpgj;jpw;F cjtpa[k; bray;ghLfis eilbgwr; bra;jJ.
cjhuzkhf tpahghuj; bjhFg;g[k;> xg;ge;jKk; jha;yhe;J tptrhaf;
Tl;Lwt[f;Fk;> $g;ghd; tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[f;Fk; Vw;gLj;jp jhdpaj;ij
cw;gj;jp bra;J tpepnahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xg;ge;jj;jpd;go tphpthf;f gapw;rp
jpl;l trjpfis $g;ghd; kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J Tl;Lwthsh;fs; gad;bgwr;
bra;ag;gl;lJ. epg[zh;fspd; nrita[k; jha;yhe;J tptrha Tl;Lwtpy; jhdpa
cw;gj;jpf;F Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpa[s;sJ. ,iztpid mikg;g[fis Vw;gLj;jp
cjtpaJ. cjhuzkhf rkPgj;jpy; tptrhak; bjhlh;ghd ntjpg;bghUl;fis
cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mikg;g[ njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. $.rp.V kw;Wk; tptrha
cw;gj;jpahsh;fspd; gd;dhl;L ,izak; ,tw;wpw;F bjhlh;ig cUthf;fp
,ul;ilKiw thzpgk; bjhlh;ghd rhj;jpaf; TWfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
$.rp.Vapd; murpaikg;gpd;go tptrhaj; Jizf;FG thzpgj;ij
njhw;Wtpf;f Kjy; goahf bray;gl;lJ. ,e;j Jizf;FG 1967 Mk;
38
Mz;L bjd;fpHf;F Mrpa kz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jDila
Fwpf;nfhs;fshtd.
1. jfty; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp njrpa ,af;fq;fspy; cs;s
tptrha Tl;Lwt[fis fz;lwpa ntz;Lk;.
2. Tl;Lwtpy; Tl;Lwt[ vd;w nfhl;ghl;il tptrha cw;gj;jpapy;
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; tha;g;g[fis cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. kz;lyq;fspy; tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[j;Jiwfis njhw;Wtpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ thzpgj;jpy; Jizf; FGf;fs; jfty;fis
ghpkhwpf; bfhs;Sk; mikg;ghf tpsq;fp tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fis
fz;fhzpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,wf;Fkjp>Vw;Wkjp bjhlh;ghd thzpgk; gy
bghUs;fSf;F xt;bthU ehLfspy; eilbgWfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fs; mfpy cyf mstpy; bray;gLk; rhj;jpaf;TWfs; Muhag;gl;lJ.
tptrhaf;Tl;Lwt[fs; bjhlh;ghd g[s;sp tptuq;fis nrfhpj;J me;je;j
kz;ly mYtyfq;fSf;F Rw;W K:yk; cWg;gpdh; mikg;g[fSf;F
bjhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fs; bjhlh;ghd gzpfis nkk;ghL
milar; bra;J chpa ftdk; brYj;jp mjpy; cs;s gpur;ridfshd kPd;
tsh;g;g[ rk;ke;jkhf jPh;t[ fhz ntz;Lk;. tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fis tsh;r;rp
bgwr; bra;tjw;F re;ijaplypy; ftdk; brYj;jp bjd;fpHf;F Mrpa
Jizf;FG cjtp tUfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; Ma;t[ bra;J jpl;lq;fs; Tl
jahhpj;J tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[f;F cjt[fpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd jpl;lq;fSf;F
gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[k;> $g;ghd; tptrhaf; Tl;Lwtpd; kj;jpa
mikg;g[k; 50:50 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; epjp cjtp mspj;J tUfpd;wd.
rkPg Mz;Lfspy; $.rp.V tsh;r;rp gzpfs;.
1972 Mk; Mz;L eilbgw;w Tl;Lwt[ 25tJ fhq;fpu]; khehl;oy;
rpy bray;ghl;L jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. fhq;fpu]; khehl;oy; Kaw;rpfs;
nkw;bfhz;L jpwikia tsh;f;ft[k;> mikg;g[fis mgptpUj;jpailar;
bra;at[k; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[k; rpy
gzpfSf;F Kd;Dhpik tHq;fp mLj;J tUk; ehd;F Mz;Lfspy; (1977 -
1980) bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. cyfk; KGtJk; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd;
njitia czh;e;J $.rp.V gzpahw;wp tUfpwJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[ xU Tl;lj;ij elj;jpaJ. mjhtJ ,isQh;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[
fy;tpa[k;> gapw;rpa[k; vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpthjq;fs; eilbgw;wd. 1976 Mk;
Mz;L kh];nfhtpy; eilbgw;w Tl;lj;jpy; 62 gpujpepjpfs; 21
ehLfspypUe;J gq;nfw;wdh;. ,e;jf; Tl;lj;jpy; mfpy cyf Tl;Lwt[
,isQh;fs; khehL bjhlh;e;J eilbgWtjw;G typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ.
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; K:yk; ,isQh;fis xd;W gLj;jp rPhpa tHpfspy;
gapw;rp mspf;ft[k; Vw;ghLfs; bra;ag;gl;ld. Mrpah> Mg;gphpf;fh> kz;ly
mYtyfq;fy; K:yk; gy Tl;lq;fs; elj;jp Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpw;F
g[j;Jzh;t[ mspf;fg;gl;lJ. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[k; xU gpujpepjpahf
If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;g[fs; elj;Jk; Tl;lq;fspy; fye;J bfhz;Ls;sJ.
39
1. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ gzph;khd thzpgj;jpy; gd;dhl;L
mikg;g[fs; gq;F bfhs;fpd;wd. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ thzpf
mikg;g[ njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ bgl;nuhypa rq;fk;> $.rp.V apd; cWg;gpduhf
bray;gLfpwJ. Kjd; Kjyhf ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy;
tpahghuj;ij bjhlq;fpaJ.
3. 1972 Mk; Mz;L VG $nuhg;gpa tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; rpy
Tl;Lwt[fs; nrh;e;J gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpf;FGit
njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
4. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ fhg;gPL ,izak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
5. mfpy cyf kWfhg;gPL mikg;g[ njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L bjhHpy;
El;g Mnyhridfis tHq;fp tUfpd;wd.
6. 1963 Mk; Mz;L gd;dhl;L tsh;r;rp mikg;g[ mikf;fg;gl;L>
Tl;Lwt[ fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fs; bjhlh;ghd rhj;jpf;TWfSf;fhd
Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ.
7. Tl;Lwt[ bjhHpyhsh; cw;gj;jp gd;dhl;L FG Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
8. tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fspd; mfpy cyf FG Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
9. mfpy cyf Tl;Lwt[ tPl;Ltrjpf;FG bjhlq;fg;gl;L njrpa
mstpny tPLfs; fl;Lk; jpll
; k; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
10. Efh;nthh; bfhs;iff;fhd mikg;g[ njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tifahd mikg;g[ beUq;fpa bjhlh;ir re;ijaply;> FG>
tpsk;guk;> gfph;khdk; Mfpatw;wpy; mfpy cyf thzpg
mikg;g[fnsh Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sJ.
Raghpnrhjid nfs;tpfs;&
nfs;tpfs;&
01. xt;bthUtUk; midtUf;fhft[k;> midtUk;
xt;bthUtUf;fhft[k; vd;w jj;Jtj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ng ______
MFk;.
02. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpid njhw;Wtpj;j bgUik _____ ehl;oid
rhUk;.
03. ,uhgh;l; Xtd; ve;j ehl;il nrh;e;jth;
gjpy;fs;&
01. Tl;Lwt[
02. ,q;fpyhe;J
03. ,q;fpyhe;J
40
nfs;tpfs;&
04. mikg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; rkkhf gq;nfw;W> midth;
fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fk;> cl;gl;l xU jd;dpr;irahd Kaw;rp vd
tiuaiw
bra;jth; _________.
05. I. rp. V vd;gJ vd;d?
06. uhf;nly; nfhl;ghLfspy; rpy
gjpy;fs;&
04. Vypnahf;
05. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[
06. $dehaf fl;Lg;ghL> jilaw;w jpwe;j mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;g;g[>
tpRthr
yhg <t[> bkhj;j tpw;gid> murpay; kw;Wk; kj eLepiyik>
fy;tp
nkk;ghL.
gFjp – m&
01. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?
02. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gid gz;lfrhiy vd;gJ
vd;d?
03. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?
04. bjhHpy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?
05. gd;dhl;L Mnyhrid mikg;g[ vd;gJ vd;d?
06. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ vd;gJ vd;d?
gFjp – M&
07. Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wp tpthp
08. Tl;Lwt[ Kaw;rp njhy;tp miltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
09. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpthp?
10. gd;dhl;L Mnyhrid mikg;g[ gw;wp vGJf?
gFjp - ,&
11. uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; gw;wp tpthp?
12. uhf;nly; jj;Jtq;fis tphpthf vGJf?
13. gd;dhl;L Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ gw;wp tpthp?
14. rkPg Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s I. rp. V tsh;r;rp gzpfs; gw;wp tpthp.
41
myF - 3
muRk] Tl]Lwt[fSk] (Stable’s role)
‘Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;’ vd;w fUj;nj khepy muR fl;Lg;ghl;od; fPH;
tUk; xd;whFk;. fhyg;nghf;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; khepy
muRf;Fkpilna cs;s bjhlh;g[ mjpfhpj;JtUk; xd;whFk;. Tl;Lwt[
muRf;fhft[k; muR Tl;Lwt[f;fhft[k; vd;Dk;go ,f;fUj;jhdJ Xh;
,UtHpghijahf mike;Js;sJ. nkYk; ,J tsh;e;J tUfpwnj jtpu>
,uz;Lf;Fkpilna cs;s bjhlh;gpw;fhd Kw;Wg;g[s;sp Vw;gLtjhf
bjhpatpy;iy. khwptUk; rK:f murpay; bghUshjhu epiyf;nfw;g jhnd
rhpf;fl;o bfhs;SkhW cs;s xU bjhlh; eltof;ifahf ,J
mike;Js;sJ.
nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fkhdJ jd;dpr;irahf>
typnahUf;F ,ytrkhf vspnahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;j nghjpYk;
gpd; jq;fpa ehLfspy; mJ murhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Xh; ,af;fkhfnt
,Ue;jpUe;jpUf;fpwJ. Vbddpy; mJ tpUk;ghjjhy; my;yhky;
,ayhikahy; Vw;gl;lJ MFk;. vt;tifapYk;> ,J bghUshjhu
nkk;ghl;il cWjp bra;a[k; Xh; ,af;fkhFk;. nkYk; murpd; jiyaPl;ow;Fk;
Mjutpw;Fk; ntW gy fhuzq;fs; cz;L.
Mfnt muRf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd bjhlh;g[f;fhd
njitfs; gpd;tUkhW
1. nkyhz;ik fz;fhzpg;g[ nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd Vw;ghLfnshL xU
rl;l ghJfhg;ig Tl;Lwt[fSf;F tHq;Fjy; ntz;Lk;.
2. rq;fj;njhL bjhlh;g[ila kf;fspd; eyd;fis ghJfhf;f
ntz;Lk;.
3. rq;fq;fSf;F bfhLf;fg;gl;l Kd;Dhpikfs; jtwhf
gad;gLj;jg;glhky; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
4. g[jpa bjhHpy; El;gj;ija[k; tHpKiwfisa[k; tpUk;gj;jf;f
jiyika[k; njrpa nkk;ghl;ila[k; Kd;dpWj;jp ,af;fj;jpd;
nkk;ghl;ow;F cjt[jy;.
xt;bthU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fKk; muR mjpfhhpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l bray;gLgit MFk;.
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; ,yf;F> rl;lj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rq;fq;fspd; nehf;fk;> mikg;g[ Kiw epjpfis gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fz;lhd
nehf;fq;fs;> bray;ghl;L Kiwfs;> eph;thfpfspd; bghWg;g[ Mfpait
rl;lq;fspdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Tl;Lwt[ Jiw gjpt[ eph;zak; kw;Wk;
Tl;Lwt[fspd; fiyg;g[ nghd;w rl;l hPjpahd bray;ghLfs;> tprhuiz>
nky;tprhuiz jw;Wk; jzpf;if nghd;w xGq;FKiwfisj; jtpu gjyp
cah;t[> nkk;ghL> fz;fhzpg;g[> Mnyhrid> cjtpaspj;jy; nghd;w
bray;ghLfisa[k; nkw;bfhs;fpd;wd.
42
muR> ,e;jpa ehl;od; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;
,Jtiu ehk; muR kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; ,ilna tsUk;
ehLfspy; epyt[k; cwt[Kiwapd; bghJthd mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpj;njhk;. ,dp ehk; nkw;f;fz;l cwt[ Kiwapd; jw;nghija epiy
jdp Ma;t[ bra;nthk;. ,e;jpa ehl;oy;> Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> ,q;fpyhe;J
murpdhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. bua;`gPrd; mog;gilapy; fld; Tl;Lwt[fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1904Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR Tl;Lwt[ fld; rq;fq;fs;
rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
,e;jpa ehl;oy; Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ Xh; ,af;fky;y> kj;jpa murpd;
jPh;khdq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU ‘bfhs;if’ vd TWk; mstpw;F rpy
Tl;Lwt[fs; mike;jpUe;jd. 2904k; Mz;oypUe;J ,e;ehs; tiu Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk;> muR cjtpiaf; bfhz;L tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ. bghJthd
mog;gilapy;> Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpw;fhd muR cjtp> jhh;kPf bghUshjhu>
rl;lg{h;tkhd cjtpahFk;> nkw;Twpa rpwg;g[ mk;rq;fs; fPnH
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fspd; mikg;g[ Kiw kw;wk; bray;ghl;L
Kiw gw;wpa rl;lq;fis ,aw;wy;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;ij> fld; epthuz rl;lk; kw;Wk; ehl;L
tq;fpah; rl;lk; nghd;witfspd;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ruj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;J ghJfhj;jy;.
3. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpy; FiwghLfs; cs;sjhf muR fUJk;
nghJk;> ty;Yeh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; njitg;gLk; nghJk;
ty;Yeh;FG epakpj;jy;.
4. mjpf mstpy; gzpahsh;fisf; bfhz;l Tl;Lwt[ Jiwfis
guhkhpg;gjpy;> murpd; epjprhh; ifaspg;g[.
5. fld; cjt[ kw;Wk; Cf;fj; bjhif nghd;w khd;aq;fs; Mfpa
tpjq;fspy; mspf;fg;gLk; epjpa[jtp.
6. brhe;j gzpahsh;fis epakdk; bra;a ,ayhj epiya[s;s
gy;ntW epWtdq;fSf;F nrit gzpahsh;fis mspj;jy;;.
7. gy;ntW eltof;iffSf;F> Fwpg;ghf nghh;fhyq;fspy;>
bghUj;jkhd epWtdkhf Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;ij mq;fpfhpj;jy;
thapyhd jhh;kPf Mjut[. cjhuzk; : fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
kw;Wk; mj;ahtrpa bghUs;fspd; mspg;g[> bfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk;
tpepnahfk;> Foirj; bjhHpy;fSf;fhd cjtp> jpl;lkplg;gl;l
bghUshjhu tsh;r;rp nghd;wit.
8. tUkhdthpapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;F gj;jpu bryt[fs;
nghd;witfspypUe;J tpyf;F mspj;jy;> gq;Ffis
fl;lhakhf ,izj;jy;> ,ytr epjp brYj;Jtrjp Mfpa
rpwg;g[ rYiffs; kw;Wk; chpikfs; Tl;Lwt[fSf;F
mspf;fg;gl;ld.
43
1954 Mk; Mz;L fpuhkpa fld; Ma;t[f;FG fPH;f;fz;lthW
TwpajhtJ:
eph;thf hPjpahft[k; epjp gw;whf;Fiw hPjpahft[k; Tl;Lwt[fs; jh;rhh;g[
bgWk;tiu muR bjhlh;e;J cjtp mspj;J tUtJ ey;yJ.
mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpa fld; Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;
xg;g[f;bfhz;l gpwF Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; xl;oa muR cjtp kw;WK; muR
fl;Lg;ghLfs; gutyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;wd. ehl;od; bghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpf;fhd> jpl;lkpl;l bray;ghLfspy;> Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; rpw;gg[
gq;fpid> murk; Tl;Lwt[fSk; czh;e;jd.
kj;jpa murpd; gq;F
tptrhak; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ kj;jpa murpd; gq;F fPH;f;fz;ltw;iw
xl;oaJ MFk;.
1) tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Tl;Lwt[> tptrahf; fld; kw;Wk; fld; Rik.
2) Tl;Lwt[ Jiwrhh;e;j bghJthd bfhs;iffs; midj;J
JiwfSld; Tl;Lwt[ xUq;fpizj;jy; (gy;ntW Jiwrhh;e;j
mikr;rh;fs;> jq;fs; Jiwapy; Tl;Lwt[ eltof;iffSf;F
bghWg;ngw;wy;).
3) njrpa Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa rhuhk;rk;.
4) njrpa Tl;Lwt[ nkk;ghl;Lf; fHfk;.
5) xU khepyj;ij kl;Lk; rhuhj nehf;fq;fis bfhz;l Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fis> Vw;gLj;Jjy; xGq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jy;.
6) Tl;Lwt[j;Jiw kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fspd; gzpahsh;fSf;F
gapw;rp mspj;jy; (eph;thfpfs;> mjpfhu my;yhjth;fs;
Mfpath;fSf;F fy;tp g[fl;LtJ cs;gl).
khepy murpd; cjtp (Various Forms of State Assistance)
Tl;Lwt[ Jiwf;fhd muR cjtpfs; jhh;kPf bghUshjhu kw;Wk;
rl;lhPjpahdit. rl;lhPjpahd cjtpia bghUj;jtiu> Tl;Lwt[
epWTdq;fspd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; bray; ghl;ow;F muR rpwg;g[ rl;lq;ffs;
,aw;wyhk;. gy;ntW fld; epthuz kw;Wk; ehl;L tq;fpah; rl;lq;fspd;
ruj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J rq;fq;fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ mspf;fyhk;.
Tl;Lwt[ khepy muir rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjhy;. Tl;Lwt[fspd; guhkhpg;g[>
kw;Wk; nkk;ghL khepy murpd; bghUg;ghFk; khepy murpd; tut[ bryt[
jpl;lq;fspd; Tl;Lwt[ Jiwf;fhd rpwg;g[ xJf;fPLfspd; K:yk; bryt[fs;
<Lfl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; eilKiw K:Yjdj; njitf;fhf> khepy muR
fld; tHq;Ftjpy;iy. Mapd; nkw;Twpa njitf;fhf mit btsp
epWtdq;fsplk; ,Ue;J epjpa[jtp bgWjy; mtpakhFk;. Mapd; rpy bgwpa
mstpyhd rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijapLif rq;fq;fs; gz;lfhg;g[r; rhiyfs;
fl;l muR neuo epjpa[jtp mspj;Js;sJ.
gpujk fld; rq;fq;fSf;F> nkyhz;ik hPjpahd cjtpfs;
mspf;ft[k;> kj;jpa kw;wk; khepy tq;fpfspy;> TLjy; gzpahsh;fis
epakpf;ft[k;> muR cjtpj; bjhif tHq;Ffpd;wd. re;ijapLif
44
Tl;Lwt[fSf;Fk; nkyhz;ik cjtpj;bjhif kw;Wk; gzpahsh; epakdk;>
cgfuzq;fs; thq;Fjy;> gz;lf fhg;g[ rhiufs; fl;Ljy; kw;wk;
thiliff;F mkh;j;jy;> Efh;nthh; rhh; eltof;iffs; MfpaitfSf;Fk;.
cjtpj; bjhif tHq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkyhz;ik hPjpahd cjtpfisg;
bghUj;jtiuapy;> muR> Fiwe;J tUk; msit mog;gilapy; 3y; ,Ue;J
5 tUlfhyq;fSf;F khd;aq;fs; tHq;Ffpd;wJ. nkw;fz;l nehf;fq;
fSf;fhd kj;jpa murpd; epjpa[jtp njrpa Tl;Lwt[ nkk;ghl;Lf;fHfj;jpd;
K:ykhf mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; fld; bjhif kw;wk; tl;oj; bjhifia
fldspf;Fk; epWtdq;fSf;F bryj;Jtjw;F muR cj;jputhjk; mspg;gJ>
Tl;Lwt[fSf;F muR mspf;Fk; kiwKf cjtpahf fUjyhk;.
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp kw;Wk; ghu ];nll; tq;fp> khepy re;ijapLif
rq;fq;fSf;F fld; mspg;gjw;F> muR cj;jputhjk; mspj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;. kj;jpa epyts tq;fpfs; btspapLk; fld; gj;jpuq;fSf;Fk;>
rk;ke;jg;gl;l khepy muR cj;jputhjk; mspj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Tl;Lwt[fSf;F thptpjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;f mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,k;Kiw ehl;ow;F ehL khWgLk; ,e;jpa ehl;oy; Tl;Lwt[fSf;F gy
tpjq;fspy; thptpjpg;gpypUe;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. midj;J rq;fq;fSk; jq;fs; gq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
fld;gj;jpuq;fspd; gjptpypUe;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. Tl;Lwt[fs; brYj;j ntz;oa fl;lzk;> jhq;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa FWfpa fhy tpahghu gj;jpuq;fs; kPjhd gjpt[f;
fl;lzk; nghd;wtw;iw khepy munr brYj;j ntz;o
,Uf;Fk; vd midj;Jr; rl;lq;fSk; bjspthf
bjhptpf;fpd;wd.
3. midj;J khepyq;fpsd; rl;lq;fSk; jj;jk; khepy muRfs;>
Tl;Lst[fSf;F ,ju muR thp Cjpak;> my;yj jPh;itfspy;
,Ue;J tpyf;F mspf;f> mjpfhuk; tHq;Ffpd;wd.
4. tUtkhd rl;lj;jpd; fPH; thp tpjpg;gpw;fhd kjpg;gPl;loy;
Tl;Lwt[fspy; ,Ue;J <l;oa tUkhdj;jpw;F thptpyf;F
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkYk; Tl;Lwt[fs;>tl;o my;yJ kw;w
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fsplk; ,Ue;J bgw;w ,yhg <t[fs; gz;lff;
fhg;g[ rhiyfis thliff;F mspj;jy; gz;lf fhg;g[ kw;Wk;
gjdpL nghd;w trjpfis mspj;jy; nghd;w midj;J
tifapYk; <l;oa tUkhdq;fSf;F thp tpyf;F
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak;
khepy Tl;Lwt[ ‘xd;wpak; ,sepiy gzpahsh;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp
mspf;Fk; mikg;ghf jpfH;fpwJ. gapw;rpahdJ vGj;jstpYk;
bra;KiwapYk; Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfs;> rl;lk;> fzf;F> jzpf;if kw;Wk;
tq;fpapay; rk;ke;jkhf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1957 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa njrpaf;
Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; cWg;gpdh; fy;tpj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. khepy f;
45
Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; cWg;gpdh; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; epiwntw;Wk; bghWg;ig ftdpj;J
tUfpwJ. Efh;nthh; cWg;gpdh; fy;tp jpl;lk; bjhlq;fg;gl;L
bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 1968Mk; Mz;L khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; jPtpu
tptrha nkk;ghl;L jpl;l K:yk; cWg;gpdh; fy;tpia epiwntw;wpaJ. jPtpu
tptrha cWg;gpdh;fspd; jpl;lkhdJ cWg;gpdh; flik> bghWg;g[fisa[k;>
rq;fj;jpd; eph;thff;FG mjpfhuj;ija[k; gw;wp mwpa gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Tl;Lwt[ bfhs;iffs; bjhlh;ghf Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp tpsf;Feh;fs; ,uz;L
tifahd tFg;g[fs; elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
1. cWg;gpdh;fSf;fhd jPtpu tFg;g[.
2. eph;thff;FG cWg;gpdh;fs; fy;tp tFg;g[.
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; vg;bghGJnk njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l Tl;Lwt[
,af;Feh;fs; fUj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L bray;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf
Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; bfhs;if mstpy; Kot[ vLg;gjpy; murhq;fj;jpd;
Mnyhidia bgWfpwJ. mjdhy; bjhlh;ghsuhf bray;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[
epWtdq;fspy; Vw;gLk; xGq;fPdq;fs; khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpaj;jpd; K:yk;
muhrhq;fj;jpw;F bjhpag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ jfty; ikakhf tpsq;fp
bghUs;fis tHq;FtnjhL Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa> rpe;jidfis khepy mstpy;
tprhuiz bra;fpwJ.
khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; gy;ntW Jiwfspd; epg[zh;fis
cUthf;fp Tl;Lwt[ jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ. khehL> fUj;juq;fk;
nghd;w jpwikahd tHpfspy; Tl;Lwtpy; fy;tp mspj;J tsh;r;rp bgwr;
bra;fpwJ. khepyf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; Tl;Lwt[ thutpHh elj;jp Tl;Lwtpd;
Kf;fpaj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ xd;wpaj;jpd; K:yk; Mh;tkhd tpsf;fkhd
Tl;Lwt[ rk;ke;jkhf jpiug;glk; jahhpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. xt;bthU
elkhLk; Ch;jp K:yk; 16 vk;vk; jpiuapLk; ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; xypbgUf;fpa[k;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jpwikahf bray;gLk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fis
milahsk;fz;L ghuhl;o>nflaq;fs; nghd;;wit xt;bthU Tl;Lwt[ tpHh
bfhz;lhl;lj;jpYk; tHq;fg;gLfpwJ.
khepy Tl;Lwt[ Jiw
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPH;> Tl;Lwt[j; Jiwapd; eph;thf
mikg;g[ Kiwapy; murpdhy; epakpf;fg;l;l Tl;Lwt[ rq;fg; gjpthsh;>
Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;whh;. ‘nkw;Twpa rl;lj;jpd; fPH;> rq;fg;
gjptpw;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fis> bgWjy;> ghprPyid bra;jy;> rq;fq;fspd;
Jiz – tpjpfis gjpt[ bra;jy; mtw;iw jpUj;jk; bra;jy;> rq;fq;fspd;
fzf;Ffis jzpf;if bra;jy; my;yJ jzpf;iff;F cl;gLj;Jjy;>
rq;fj;jpd; brhj;Jf;fs; kw;wk; bghWg;g[fis kjpg;gPL bra;jy; jtizj;
jtwpa fld;fis gl;oay; ,Ljy;. Tl;Lwt[ rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
Jiztpjpfs; chpaKiwapy; filgpof;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gjid Ma;t[
bra;jy;> njitg;gLk;nghJ> rpwg;g[ nky; tprhuiz bra;jy;> rq;fq;fis
fiyj;jy; my;yJ gjpit uj;J bra;jy; Mfpait gjpthshpd; gzpahFk;’.
Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[ Kiwapy; gjpthshpd; gq;F kpft[k; rpwg;g[
tha;e;jjhFk;. Mthh; jiyiknaw;Ws;s Tl;Lwt[j; Jiw> mjpKf;fpaj;
Jiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. $dehaf muRfs;> jq;fs; rKjha kw;wk;
46
bghUshjhu czh;g[fis bray;gLj;Jk; rkhjhdkhf gjpthsh;
fUjg;gLfpd;whbud Tl;Lwt[ eph;thff; FG fUj;Jj; bjhptpj;Js;sJ.
Tl;Lwt[ gjpthsh; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[Jiwapd; gzpfs;
Tl;Lwt[ gjpthsh; kw;wk; Tl;Lwt[ Jiwapd; gzpfis
,uz;Ltiffshf gphpf;fyhk; (1) rl;lg{h;tkhd gzpfs;> (2) nkk;ghL kw;Wk;
tsh;r;rpgzpfs;. Tl;Lwt[ rl;lj;jpd; fPH; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l> gjpt[ bra;jy;>
Jiztpjpfspd; jpUj;jk; fzf;Fj; jzpf;if> bray;ghLfs; gw;wpa
tprhuiz> tHf;Ffisj; jPh;j;Jitj;jy;> kz;lid tHq;Fjy;
fiyj;jy; nghd;w flikfis nkw;bfhs;Sjy; rl;lj;jhy; tHq;fg;gl;l
gjpthshpd; gzpahFk;.
Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fs; g[jpa jpl;lq;fisj; Jtf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
nkk;ghL> Mfpatw;wpw;F Mnyhrid tHq;Fjy;> eilKiw cjtp bra;jy;>
Mfpait nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp gzpfspy; mlq;Fk;. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;
gjpt[ bra;ag;gLKd;> mr;rq;fk;> Tl;Lwt[ gzpfs; kw;Wk; tpahghu
czh;t[fis bray;gLj;j rhj;jpa TW cs;sjh vd;gij gw;wp> Tl;Lwt[
Jiw jpUg;jp miljy; ntz;Lk;.
xU nehf;F kw;Wk; gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[fs; (Single Pupose Vs Multi Purpose)
Tl;Lwt[f; fl;likg;g[ gw;wpa rpy njhw;wq;fs; cs;sd. xU Tl;Lwt[
rq;fk; xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fkhf ,Uf;fntz;Lkh my;yJ
gynehf;Fila Tl;Lwt[ rq;fkhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lkh? xU Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fj;jpd; mst[ vg;go ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;? rpwpa mst[ rq;fkhf ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lkh my;yJ bghpa mst[ Tl;Lwt[ rq;fkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lkh?
,e;j E}w;whz;od; Kjy; Ik;gJ Mz;Lfspy; ,it mdy; gwf;Fk;
tpdhf;fshf ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; ,itgw;wpa tpthjq;fs; jw;nghJ
Kotile;J ,itgw;wpa fUj;JfSf;F tpil fz;Lbfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s
epiyapy; ,t;tpdhf;fs; tFg;giw Kf;fpaj;JtKila tpdhf;fshfnt
cs;sd.
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; bjhlq;fpa 1904 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; xU nehf;F rq;fq;fshfnt> ,Ue;J
te;jd. ,e;jpahtpd; Rj;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd;> fpuhkpaf; fld; Ma;t[f;FG> 1954
,d; mwpf;if btspaplg;gl;L> ghpe;Jiufis Vw;w gpwnf gy nehf;F
Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; vd;w nfhl;ghL Vw;fg;gl;L> gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. xU nehf;F my;yJ gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[fs;
vd;gJ Tl;Lwt[r; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; my;yJ jkpHehl;ilf;
bghWj;Jtiu bjhlf;f ntshz;ikf; Tl;Lwt[ vd miHf;fg;gLk;
mikg;gpidna Fwpf;Fk;.
Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;lwt[f; fld;
tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; 1904 vd;gjpd; mog;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j mfpy ,e;jpa rl;lk;> rh;. gpulhpf; epf;fy;rd; I.rp.v]; mth;fs;
md;iwa brd;id khfhz muRf;F> ‘bua;gPridf; fz;Lgpoa[q;fs;’ vd;w
ghpe;Jiuapd; mog;gilapYk;> L:gh;dhf;R kw;Wk; vl;th;L yh vd;gth;fSk;
,e;jpa murpw;F ,nj mog;gilapy; ghpe;Jiu bra;jija[k; Vw;W
cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
47
bua;gPrd; ‘Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; my;yJ bua;gPrd;
tq;fpfs; vd;W b$h;kdpapy; bray;gl;L te;j rq;fq;fspd; mog;gilf;
TWfshtd.
1. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; - xU fpuhkj;jpw;F xU rq;fk;
vd;w mog;gil.
2. tiuaWf;fg;glhj kl;oy; mspj;jy;.
3. ntshz;ikf; fld; kl;oy; mspj;jy;.
4. Fiwe;j tl;;otPjk;.
5. ,yhg nehf;fpd;ik.
6. Toakl;oy; Cjpakw;w bfsut eph;thfnk.
,e;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> b$h;kdpa Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd;
mor;RtLfisna gpd;gw;wpj; bjhlq;fg;gl;ljhy;> 1904 Kjy; 1954 tiu rpwpa
mst[ Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fns ,e;jpahtpy; bray;gl;L te;jd. rpwpa mst[
rq;fq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp bua;gPrd; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspd; Kd; khjphpiaf; bfhz;L
ntshz;ikf; fldspf;Fk; xnu nehf;F rq;fkhfnt bray;gl;ld. ,e;jpa
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fpuhkpaf; fl;d; Ma;t[f; FGtpd; ghpe;Jiuiaf; bfhz;L
gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; xU bray; my;yJ xU gzpf;fhf
bray;gLk; gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; xU gzpf;Fnky; gy nritfs;
my;yJ gy bghUs;fis mspf;Fk; rq;fkhFk;.
xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; btw;wpfukhf bray;gl njitahd
fhuzpfshtd.
m) nghjpa mst[ rq;fkhf bray;gl rq;fj;jpw;F nghjpa mst[
thzpgk; njit.
M) nghjpa mst[ thzpgk; mika rq;fj;jpd; bray;gug;g[
bghpajhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,) mq;fj;jpdh;fshfpa ntshz;Fo kf;fSf;F xU nehf;F
rq;fk; gw;wpa nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; ed;F
bjhptJld; ey;y tHpg;g[zhl;t[k; njit.
<) ,r; rq;fq;fq;fs; kpf mjpf mq;fj;jpdh;fisg; bgw;wpUf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ntshz;ikf;fhd gphpl;o\; murpd; uhay; FG xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fis ghpe;Jiu bra;J TwpajhtJ> bfhs;if mog;gilapy;
nkk;ghl;ow;fhd rpwe;j tHp xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fshFk;. nkYk; ‘
xU neuj;jpy; xU gzp vd;gJ rpwe;j bfhs;isahFk;.
xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspd; rpwg;g[fshtd
1) xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpapy; rpwg;gpid bgwKoa[k;.
2) epUthfpg;gJ vspJ
48
3) mDgt hPjpapy; ,af;Feh; FG bray;jpwDk; epUthfj; jpwika[k;
bgwyhk;.
4) mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna beUq;fpa bjhlh;g[ Vw;gLk;
5) mq;fj;jpdh;fs; bgWk; flid gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid
fz;fhzpf;f ,aYk;.
6) chpa fhyj;jpy; fld; tR{y; bra;tJ vspJ
7) flid jpUg;gpj;juj; jtWk; kw;Wk; kWf;Fk; mq;fj;jpdh; kPJ
vQ;rpa midj;J mq;fj;jpdh;fSk; xUq;fpize;j bray;;
eltof;if vLf;f Koa[k;.
8) fzf;Fg; gjptpay; epUthfpg;gJ vspJ
9) jzpf;if kw;Wk; Ma;tpid jpwk;gl bra;ayhk;
10) xU rq;fj;jpd; njhy;tp my;yJ Kwpt[ Vida rq;fq;fis
ghjpf;fhJ
gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs;
fldspg;g[ jtpu Vida gy gzpfisa[k; mspf;Fk; xU Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fnk> gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fkhFk;. ,r;rq;fk; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ‘
rpwe;j ntshz;ik’> ‘rpwe;j thzpgk;’ kw;Wk; ‘ brGikahd thH;f;if’ thH
cjt[k;. rpwe;j ntshz;ik bra;a mq;fj;jpdUf;Fj; njitahd midj;J
,LbghUl;fis mspj;jy;. rpwe;j thzpg nehf;Fld; ntshz;ik bra;;
ntshz; tpisbghUl;fis re;ijapLif bra;tJ> ,ij xl;oa Jizg;
gzpfis mspg;gJ nkYk; brGikahd thH;f;if mika rpf;fdk; kw;Wk;
nrkpg;gpid Cf;Ftpg;gJ Mfpait gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspd;
Fwpf;nfhs;fshFk;.
xU gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fk; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oa gzpfs;
1. fldspg;g[
2. nritaspg;g[> nkYk;
3. bghUsspg;g[
xU gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fk; fldspg;gpy; mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;Fj;
njitahd FWfpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa fhy flid mspj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
nritaspg;g[g; gzpapy; ,r;rq;fk; tpisbghUis tpw;gid bra;jy;
gjg;gLj;Jjy;> fplq;fp trjp> ntshz; fUtpfis thlifaspj;jy;
MfpaitahFk;. nkYk; bghUsspg;g[g; gzpapy; mtrpa bghUl;fs; gq;fPl;Lg;
bghUl;fs; Mfpait mspf;fg;gLk;.
fpuhk tq;fpfs; gw;wpa hprh;t; tq;fpapd; bra;jp mwptpg;g[ ,jH;(1937)
fPH;f;fz;lthW Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
“RUq;ff;Twpd; fpuhk tq;fp> fld; mspf;fk; epWtdkhf kl;Lkpd;pw
tpisbghUl;fis mspg;gJ> ntshz;ik kw;Wk; bjhHpy; nkk;ghl;oy;
Kf;fpa gq;fpid Vw;gJ nkYk; rKjha fyhr;rhu nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; cjt
49
ntz;Lk;. rKjha nkk;ghL> rKjha thH;f;if mikg;g[ Mfpaitfspy;
Kf;fpa gq;F Vw;f ntz;Lk;”.
fpuhk Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[
rq;fkhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk; vdf; Twpa Tl;Lwt[ jpl;lf;FG
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ
“ fldspg;g[ vd;gJ tptrhapapd; thH;f;ifj; njitapd; xU
gFjpiana g{h;j;jp bra;tjhy; fpuhk bjhlf;ff; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs;
KGikahd thH;f;ifj; njit midj;jpida[k; mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
bjhlf;f ntshz;ikf; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; bghJthd
nkk;ghl;ow;F gzpaspf;Fk; xUikakhf khw;wg;gl;L rPuikf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;”.
fpuhkpa tq;fp Ma;t[f;FG Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ> “Tl;Lwt[ fldikg;gpy;
gytPdg;gFjp ,r;rq;fq;fns (fpuhkpa flikf;Fk; rq;fq;fs;) fpuhk mstpy;
,jid tpl rpwe;j mikg;g[ ,Uf;f ,ayhJ> vdnt tYthd gynehf;F
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gLtijna ghpe;Jiu bra;fpd;nwhk;”.
gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspd; ed;ikfshtd
1. ntshz; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; midtUk; jq;fSf;Fj; njitahd
midj;Jg; bghUl;fisa[k;> nritfisa[k; xnu
rq;fj;jplkpUe;J bgw tpUk;g[th;. ,ij gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fq;fs; K:yk; gzpbgw ntz;oa epiyia khw;wp xU
rq;fj;jpypUe;nj bgwyhk;. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; xnu rq;fj;jpdpd;W
midj;J gzpfisa[k; bgWtjhy; fhyj;jpida[k; rf;jpapida[k;
gzr;brytpida[k; nrkpj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
2. gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fk; thzpgj;ij mjpfkhf bgUf;fpf;
bfhz;L bghUshjhu jFepiy mikg;ghf Koa[k;.
3. gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; mjd; bray; gug;gpid mjpfhpj;J>
gzp mspf;Fk; FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf; fl;lj;jpw;F gpwF ntshz; bjhHpypy;
<Lglhj Vidath;fSf;Fk; gadspf;fKoa[k;.
4. gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; tYthd epjp Mjhuk; bgWtjw;fhd
tha;g;g[fs; mjpfk;. mjpf mq;fj;jpdh;fs; nrur;nru mjd; gq;F
K:yjd Mjhuk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. tq;fpg;gzpapid mjpfhpj;jy;
K:yk; ,r;rq;fk;> mq;fj;jpdh;fs; kw;Wk; mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
,y;yhjth;fsplkpUe;Jk; itg;g[fis mjpfk; bgwyhk;.
,k;Kaw;rpapy; rq;fk; btw;wp bgw;why; kj;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpia
cjtpf;F mjpfkhf eho epw;fntz;lhk;.
5. midj;Jg; gzpfisa[k;> bghUs;fisa[k;> xnu ,lj;jpy; rq;fk;
mspg;gjhy; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; midtUk; beUq;fp rq;f
mYty;fspy; <Lgl tha;g;g[f;fs; mjpfk;. ,jdhy;
mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; rq;f tpRthrk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
50
6. gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; nghjpa Cjpak; bgUk; CHpah;fis
epakpj;J rq;f bray;ghl;oid rpwg;g[w elj;jyhk;.
7. mjpf mst[ rq;f thzpgj;jpdhy; nky; bryt[fSk; eilKiwr;
bryt[fSk; Fiwa[k;. ,jdhy; mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F gzpa[k;
bghUl;fSk; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; fpilf;Fk;.
8. gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;> rpwe;j re;ij tha;g;g[f;fis>
mspg;gjd; K:yk;> mq;fj;jpdh;fs; tpis bghUl;fSf;F ey;y
tpiya[k; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; nguk; bra;a[k; tha;g;gpida[k;
mspf;fKoa[k;.
9. mq;fj;jpdh;fSk; fpuhk kf;fSk; Efh; bghUl;fis jq;fs;
fpuhkj;jpnyna jq;fs; rq;fj;jpy; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;.
,g;bghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;fhf mz;ik efuj;jpw;Fg;
nghfntz;oa fhy tpuaj;ija[k;> brytpida[k; ePf;fpf;
bfhs;syhk;.
10. gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fj;jpd; gy gphpt[g; gzpfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
xU gzpapy; Vw;gLk; el;lj;ij Vida gphptf [ spy; Vw;gLk;
yhgj;jpdpd;W <Lf;fl;of; bfhs;syhk;.
11. xU rq;fj;jpd; Tl;lq;fspy; fye;J bfhs;tJ vspJ. gy
rq;fq;fspypUe;J xt;bthU gzp bgw;why; gy rq;ff;
Tl;lq;fspy; fye;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. fhyKk;> ,lJ}uKk;
,jw;F trjpahf ,uhJ.
FiwghLfs;
1. xnu nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fisna epUtfpf;ff; Toa
eph;thfj;jpwika[s;sth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s ,e;jpa
fpuhkq;fspy; gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; epUthfj;
jpwikapd;ikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
2. gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fSf;F mjpf eilKiw
K:yjdk; njitg;gLk;. ,jidg; bgWtJ vspjhd
fhhpakd;W.
3. tq;fpj; bjhHpy; kw;Wk; tq;fpaw;w Vida thzpgk; Mfpa
,uz;oida[k; fyg;gJ cfe;jjd;W.
Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwtpw;fhd bray;jpl;lf;FG bjhl;ff
ntshz;ikf; fld; rq;fq;fis gynehf;F rq;fq;fshf cldoahf khw;wf;
fPH;f;fz;l ghpe;Jiufis bra;jJ.
1. Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gidr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk;> Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk;
rq;fq;fSf;Fk; tYthd ,izg;g[ njit. ,jw;fhff;
TklKwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; tpw;gidr;
rq;fq;fSld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
2. bghUshjhu jFepiy mile;Js;s my;yJ milaty;y
nritr;rq;fq;fs; KGneu my;yJ gFjpneu brayh;fisg;
51
bgw;wpUe;jhy;> ,r;rq;ffq;fs; cldoahfj; njitahd
ntshz;ik ,LbghUl;fis ruf;fpUg;g[ bfhs;sntz;Lk;.
3. tpw;gid kw;Wk; ,LbghUs;fs; Mfpaitfspy; <LgLk; fld;
tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fSf;F kj;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp buhf;ff; fld;
trjpahf U:. 10>000/- (gj;jhapuk;) mspg;gnjhL> muR
mspj;Js;s K:yjdj;jpd; xU gFjpia ,jw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
4. ed;F bray;gLk; Tl;Lwt[r; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; tpirj;
bjspg;ghd;fs; kw;Wk; rpy ntshz;ikf; fUtpfis
thliff;F mspf;fyhk;.
5. bghUshjhu jFepiy mile;j milat[s;s ntshz;
rq;fq;fq;fs; Efh;nthh; bghUl;fis tpw;gid bra;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
6. nkny Twpa gzpfis nkw;bfhs;Sk; fld; tHq;Fk;
rq;fq;fSf;F fplq;fp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;j epjp
mspf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
jpU. kzpyhy; ehdhtjp vd;w ntshz; bghUshjhu epg[zh;> ‘xU
nehf;F rq;fq;fs; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; <Lghl;ilg; bgUtjpy;iy. fld;
bgw;wt[ld; jq;fisj; jdpg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; gynehf;F
Tl;Lwt[ K:yk; bjhlh;e;j gpizg;g[ mq;fj;jpdh;fSlDk; rq;fj;JlDk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ’.
rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; (Small Size)
,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; bjhlq;fpa nghJ rpwpa mst[
rq;fq;fshfnt bjhlq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j E}w;whz;od; Muk;gj;jpy; rpwpa
mst[ rq;fq;fs; cfe;jjhfnt ,Ue;jJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk; rpwpa kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd bjhlf;fnk njitahf ,Ue;jJ.
Tl;Lwtpd; gad;fis kf;fs; mwpe;J bfhs;s rpwg;g[ Kaw;rpfs;
njitg;gl;ld. ,J kpfg; bghpa gzpahf ,Ue;jjhy; rpwpa mst[ Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fns trjpahf ,Ue;jJ. gpe;ija fhyfl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[f; fld;
tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; gy gzpfs; mspf;fntz;Lk; vd vz;zpanghJ rpwpa
mst[ rq;fq;fs; gadw;wjhfj; njhd;wpaJ.
kf;yfhd; FG rpwpa mwt[ rq;fq;fns rpwe;j mikg;g[ vdf; fUjp
TwpajhtJ> ‘mq;fj;jpdh;fs; kw;iwa mq;fj;jpdh;fis ed;F
czh;e;jpUe;jhy; jhd; ahiu ek;g[tJ ahiu ek;gf;TlhJ vd;Wk;
cz;ikahd nkw;ghh;ita[k; bra;a ,aYk;. vdnt bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fis
Vw;f ,ayhJ. bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; xU mst[f;nf ed;ik gaf;fty;yJ.
eilKiwapy; rq;fj;jiyth; jtpu ntW vtUk; <LghL bfhs;tjpy;iy.
,af;Fdh; FGtpd; ey;xGf;fj;ijg; bghWj;nj rq;f bray;ghL mika[k;>
bghpa rq;fq;fspy; trjp gilj;jth;fs; flid jpUg;g kWf;fpd;wdh;.
kw;iwa mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; fz;fhzpg;g[ ,y;yhjjhy; epiyf;F
js;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
52
,e;jpa murpd; miHg;gpy;> ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf 1957 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpah te;j rh; khy;fk; lhh;ypq; jd; mwpf;ifapy;> ‘ ,e;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[
,af;fj;jpd; rpy TWfs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; bghpa mst[ Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fSf;F vjph;g;g[ bjhptpj;J vGjpajhtJ>. ‘bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fshy;
bghUshjhu ed;ikfs; ,Ue;jhYk; gy ehLfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s bghpa
rq;fq;fs;nghy mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna cz;ikahd el;g[hpikiaa[k; Tl;Lwt[
kdg;ghd;ika[k; tsh;f;fg;glhtpl;lhy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; xU nfs;tpf; Fhpa
brhj;jhfj;jhd; fUjg;gLk;.
gy E}w;whz;Lfshf ,e;jpa fpuhkq;fs; njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a[k;
tYthd bghUshjhu rKjha ,izg;ghfnt ,Ue;J te;jJ. etPd
bghUshjhu murpay; tsh;r;rpapdhy; mitfs; jd;dlq;fpa mikg;ghf
,y;yhj nghJk; gu];gu cjtp kw;Wk; el;g[ epyt[k; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;ghfnt
fpuhkq;fs; cs;sd. gy fpuhk Tl;Lwt[fis> bjhiy J}uj;jpy;
,Ug;gitfis ,izj;J bghpa rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpdhy; ,e;j ed;ikfs;
mHpe;JtpLk; trjp gilj;jth;fSf;F bghpa rq;fq;fshy; ed;ik
Vw;gLnkad;wp ViH tptrhapfSf;F ed;ik fpilf;fhJ. rpwpa jd;
fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpy; ,aw;ifahf bray;gLtJ nghy bghpa
tq;fpnghd;w mikg;gpy; ,aw;ifahf bray;glkhl;lhh;fs;.
rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs;
ed;ikfs;
1. ,e;jpa R{H;epiyf;F rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; cfe;jitna.
,d;Wk; ,e;jpa tptrhapfspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs;
vGj;jwpt[ilath;fshf ,y;yhjjhy;> fld; kw;Wk; rpy
gzpfis jq;fs; fpuhkj;jpYs;s rpwpa rq;fj;jpypUe;J bgWtJ
vspjhFk;.
2. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fis epUtfpg;gJ ,e;jpa tptrhapfshy;
,aYk;.
3. mq;fj;jpdh;. vz;zpf;if rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mq;fj;jpdh;fs; xt;bthUtUk; kw;wth;fis ed;F mwpe;J
bfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy; fldst[ epUzpak;> fld; tR{y;
Mfpait vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. xU rpwpa rq;fj;ij elj;jpr; bry;Yk; bryt[ Fiwthfnt
,Uf;fk;.
5. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> ntshz;
mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;Fj; njitahd flid KGikahfg; g{h;j;jp
bra;a ,aYk;> ,af;Feh; FG mq;fj;jpdh;fs;> jq;fs;
beUf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fld; bjhifia vspjpy; jpUg;g[
bgwyhk;.
53
FiwghLfs;
1. ntshz;ikf;F kpf mjpf fld;m njit> kw;wk; gy
nritfSk; mjpfkhf njitg;gLk; ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpy; rpwpa
mst[ rq;fq;fs; fhyk; jtwpa njw;wkhFk;.
2. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; mjpf itg;g[fs; nrfhpg;gpid bra;a
,ayhJ. gy tq;fpg; gzpfis mspf;Fk; bghpa mst[
rq;fnk> kpf mtrpaj; njitahfpa itg;g[f;fis nrfhpf;f
Koa[k;.
3. rpwpa rq;fq;fs;> bfsut eph;thf mog;gilapy; jhd;
bray;gl,aYk;> mjpff; flDk;> nrita[k; mspf;f Cjpak;
bgUk; brayh; njit. ,jid rpwpa mst[ rq;fk; mspf;f
,ayhJ.
4. rpwpa rq;fq;fs; bghUshjhu jF epiyia milaKoahJ.
fpuhkPa fldha;t[f;FG bghpa mst[ Tl;Lwt[f; fld; rq;fq;fs;
mika ntz;oajw;fhd fPH;f;fz;l fhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
1. xU fpuhkj;jpw;F xU rq;fk; vd;w mog;gilapy;
bjhlq;fg;gl;l rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
njhw;Wtpl;ld.
2. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; njhw;Wtpl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna ey;y ek;gpf;if ey;cwt[
Vw;glhjjhYk;> bfsut epUthfj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
fpilf;fhjJkhFk;.
bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fspd; ed;ikfs; (Large Size Society)
1. xU bghpa mst[ rq;fk; gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fp> bghpa
vy;iyg;gug;g[ bgUtjhy; ,J nghd;w rq;fq;fspy;
mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;f;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. bghpa mst[ rq;fk; jpwikahf bray;gl ,aYk; nghJkhd
epjp Mjhuk; mjpf thzpgk; K:ykhf jpwik mjpfhpg;g[
rhj;jpakhdJ.
3. bghpa rq;fq;fSf;F brhe;jf; fl;olq;fSk; ghJfhg;g[
miwfSk; ,Ug;gjhy; mjpf itg;g[fis nrfhpf;f Koa[k;.
4. bghpa mst[ rq;fk; nghjpa Cjpak; bgUk; CHpah;fis
epakpj;J jpwk;gl rq;fj;ij elj;jyhk;.
5. bghpa mst[ rq;fk;> fld; nrit kw;Wk; mspg;g[ gzpfis
jpwk;go bray;gLj;j Koa[k.;
6. xU fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fgpd;g[> ntshz; bjhHpy; jtpu Vida
bjhHpy; bra;gth;fSf;Fk; gzpfis mspj;J ‘tsh;r;rp
ikakhf’ khw;wpf; bfhs;syhk;. rpW bjhHpy;fs;> Foirj;
54
bjhHpy;fs;> ghy;gz;iz> nfhHptsh;g;g[ Mfpatw;wpYk;
jd;id <LgLj;jpf; bfhs;syhk;.
xU Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fk; ve;j mst[ bghpjhf
,Uf;fhyhk; vd;gij tiuaiu bra;jy; fodkhdjhFk; `nghh;L
mwf;fl;lis Ma;t[f;FG Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ.
“,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkq;fs; mog;gil rKjha mikg;ghdhYk;>
fpuhkq;fs; mst[> bghUshjhu epiy> re;ij epiyfspy; ntWgl;nl
,Uf;fpd;wJ. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fpuhkq;fs; R{H;epiyfSf;F Vw;g
mikf;fg;glntz;Lk;. mog;gil Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspy; ntWghL
fpilahJ vd;whYk;>rq;f mst[> fpuhk mst[> njit> bghUshjhu
epiyiaf; bfhz;nl epUzapj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
kjuh]; Tl;Lwt[f; FG (1955-56) Twpa[s;sjhtJ “Fiwe;j mst[
mq;fj;jpdh;fs;> mjpf gl;r mq;fj;jpdh;fs;> vy;iyg; gug;gpw;fhd Fiwe;j
mst[ fpuhkq;fs;> mjpf gl;r fpuhkq;fs; MfpaitfSF;F tiuaiu
bra;aKoahJ. Mq;fhq;nf epyt[k; kf;fs;bjhif> njit Mfpaitfspd;
mog;gilapy; Kot[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;bwhU gFjpapy;
,J ntWgl;L ,Uf;fyhk;.
,e;j epiyapy; Kd;dhy; ghujg;gpuhjkh;> bghUshjhu epg[zh;>
rpe;jidahsh;> Tl;Lwt[thsh;> gz;oj $t +h;yhy; neUtpd; ,J gw;wpa
Tw;wpid vz;zpg; ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;. fpuhkPaf; fldha;t[f; FGtpd;
ghpe;Jiufis muR Vw;W bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fs;> rpwpa rq;fq;fis
,izj;Jk; rpy rq;fq;fis fiyj;Jk; Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ>
neU mth;fs; njrpa tsh;r;rpf;FG Tl;lj;jpy; mjd; jiyth; vd;w
Kiwapy; ‘ehd; rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fisna tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;. bghpa mst[
rq;fq;fis tpUk;gtpy;iy> Vbddpy; rpwpa mst[ rq;fwq;fs;jhd; fpuhk
xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;whh;.’ gpujkhpd; ,f;Tw;W jpl;l
mjpfhhpfSf;Fk>cah;kl;l mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; xU ,f;fl;lhd R{H;epiyia
njhw;Wtpj;jJ. bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L Kot[Wk; ,e;epiyapy;
rpW rq;fq;fSf;F jpUkgpr; bry;tJ ,ayhJ. gpujkhplk; cah;kl;lf;FGtpd;
ghpe;Jiua[k; bghpa rq;fq;fspd; ed;ikfisa[k; Twpat[ld; ‘bghpa rq;fq;fns
,Uf;fl;Lk;’ vd;whh;> gpujkUk; neU Twpa fUj;J jtwd;W.
xUq;fpizg;g[k; gu];gu ek;gpf;ifa[k; rpwpq rq;fq;fs;jhd; mspf;fty;yJ
rq;f mst[ gw;wpa xU befH;r;rp nehf;F njit.
nkYk; xU bghpa mst[ rq;fk; jFepiy rq;fkhf> mjpf
mq;fj;jpdh;fSk; K:yjdk; kw;Wk; thzpgj;jpidg; bgw;wpUf;fntz;Lk;.
bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fshy; ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[f;F Vw;gl;Ls;s rpwg;g[fis
mLj;j ghl;jpy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
55
Ra ghpnrhjid nfs;tpfs;:
nfs;tpfs; :
01. ________ ,ilepiy gzpahsh;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp mspf;Fk;
mikg;ghf jpfH;fpwJ.
02. Tl;Lwt[ gjpthsh; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ Jiwapd; gzpfis _____,
_____ vd
,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;.
03. ______ rq;fk; xU bray; my;yJ xU gzpf;fhf bray;gLk;.
gjpy;fs;:
01. khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak;
02. rl;l g{h;tkhd gzpfs;, nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpg;gzpfs;
03. xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[
nfs;tpfs;:
04. fldspg;g[ jtpu Vida gy gzpfisa[k; mspf;Fk; xU Tl;Lwt[
rq;fk;
_____ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
05. gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oa gzpfs; ____
____ __
06. _____ gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fp, bghpa vy;iyg; gug;g[
bgUFtjhy;,
rq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jpdh; nrh;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
gjpy;fs;:
04. gy nehf;F
05. fldspg;g[, nritaspg;g[> bghUsspg;g[
06. bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fs;.
56
Kf;fpakhd nfs;tpfs;:
gFjp-m:
01. khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; vd;gJ vd;d?
02. Tl;Lwt[ gjpthsh; vd;gth; ahh;?
03. xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ ahJ?
04. gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ vd;why; vd;d?s
05. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; vd;git ahit?
06. bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fs; vd;git ahit?
gFjp-M:
07. Tl;Lwt[fspy; murpd; gq;F vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Ff?
08. Tl;Lwtpy; khepy murpd; cjtp gw;wp tpthp
09. Tl;Lwt[ Jiwapd; gzpfs; ahit?
10. xU nehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;> btw;wpfukhf bray;glj; njitahd
fhuzpfs; ahit?
gFjp-,:
11. gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; ed;ikfs;> FiwghLfs; ahit?
12. rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fspd; ed;ikfs;> FiwghLfs; ahit?
57
NOTES
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58
myF -4
,e]jpahtpy] Tl]Lwtpd] njhw]Wtha]
(Co-operative development in India)
,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; 1904k; Mz;L
bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ.20k; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fk;> ,e;jpag; bghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk;
ntshz;ikf;Fk; kfpH;r;rp a[k;> ek;gpf;ifa[k; mspj;jJ. ,e;jpa
tptrjapfspilna 19k; E}w;whz;od; ,Wjpapnyna> 1880-1899 Mz;Lfspy;
btWg;g[k;> ek;gpf;ifapd;ika[k; jiyJ}f;fp epd;wJ. ,e;jpahit Mz;L
te;j bts;isah; Ml;rp tptrhapfspd; ,g;nghf;fpid cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;J
te;jJ. ehloy; tpLjiy ntl;if> bts;isand btspnaW vd;w xUkpj;j
Tf;Fuy;> ,j;Jld; tptrhapfspd; nghf;Fk; bts;isah; Ml;rpf;F
rthy;tpl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jd. tptrhapfs; Ml;rpf;Fk;> epUthfj;jpw;Fk;
vjph;g;ghf bfhjpj;bjGe;J nghh;f;nfhyk g{z;oUe;jdh;. tptrhapfs; fle;
Rik. kw;Wk; ntshz;ikf;F mlhto tl;of;F nythnjtpf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk;
ehl;L tq;fpahplKk; fld; thq;fp my;yYw;wpUe;jdh; tptrhapfs;
gyKidfspYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;oUe;jdh;. mitahtd.
1. ntiytha;g;g[ ,y;yhj epiyapy; bgUghyhndhh;
ntshz;ikiana ek;gp ,Uf;f ntz;oa epiyapy; tptrhapfs;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jnjhL epyq;fs; rpW rpW Twhf
Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L> nkYk; kpfr; rpwpa mst[ epyk; gy ,lq;fspy;
gphpe;J fple;jjhy;>ntshz;ikr; bryt[ mjpfhpj;J> cw;gj;jp
Fiwe;jJ
2. bjhlh;e;J twl;rpYk;> gUt kiH bgha;g;gpdhYk; ntshz;ik
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. tl;of;filf;fhuh;fs; mjpf nkhro tl;oia bgWtnjhL>
btw;Wj;jhspy; fld; bgw;wthplk; ifbaGj;J thq;FtJ>
bfhLj;j bjhiff;F mjpfkhf bfhLj;jjhfg; nghyp gjpt[
bra;tJ> bgw;w gzj;ij tut[ bra;ahik. nkYk; mjpy;
tl;of;F vt;tst[ vLf;fg;gl;lJ. mrYf;F vt;tst[ tut[
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w tptuk; bjhptpg;gjpy;iy. nkYk; gFjpf;
flid jpUg;g[k;nghJ fld; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; tut[f; Fwpg;g[
itg;gjpy;iy.
4. mWtil> Mdt[ld; ntshz;tpis bghUl;fis Fiwe;j tpiy
epyt[k;nghJ> fld; bgw;w bjhiff;F fl;lha tpw;gid bra;ar;
brhy;yp fld; bjhif rhp bra;J bfhs;tJ.
5. flDf;fhf epyj;ij vGjp thq;fp chpik khw;wk; bra;tJ
6. fld; tHq;f epWtd mikg;gpd;ik
nkny Twg;gl;l fhuzq;fnshL rKjha epiy fz;nzhl;lj;jpdhy;
Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fSk; jf;fhzgPlg{kp tptrhapfis neuoahf fytuk; bra;a
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa muR rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ
jf;fhz ntshz; epthuzr; rl;lk;(1879) epy nkk;ghl;Lf;F ePz;l fhyf;
fldspf;ft[k; FWfpa fhyf; fld; mspf;ft[k; tif bra;jd. ,e;j
rl;lq;fs; jf;fhtp rl;lk; vd;Wk;> ,r;rl;lq;fspd; fPH; bfhLf;fg;gLk;
59
fld;fSf;F jf;fhtp fld; vd;Wk; Twg;gl;lJ. tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhhp>
jhrpy;jhh;> ,f;flid mspf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,r;rl;lKk;> ViH
tptrhapfSf;F epthuzk; mspf;ftpy;iy. muR mjpfhhpfSf;F ifa{l;L
mspf;Fk; bry;te;jh;fs; kw;Wk; epyf;fpHhUf;F kl;Lnk mJt[k; rpwpa
bjhiff; fld; fpilj;jJ. ve;j vjph;ghh;g;g[ld; ,r;rl;lq;fSk;> flDk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lnjh mit njhy;tp mile;jd.
1982k; Mz;L> mg;nghija brd;id khfhz muR(jw;nghJ
jkpH;ehL vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.) rh;. gpublhpf; epf;fy;rd; vd;w cah; muR
mjpfhhpia fpuhkpaf; fld; epiy kw;Wk; ntshz;ikf; fldspg;g[f;fhd
tHpfisa[k; muRf;Fg; ghpe;Jiuf;f xU FGthf epakpj;jJ. Inuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; epiyikapid Ma;t[ bra;J 1895k; Mz;L kw;Wk; 1897k; Mz;Lfspy;
,uz;L gFjpfshf jd; mwpf;ifapid ,f;FG mspj;jJ. mth;
b$h;khdpa ehl;L Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fspd; rpwe;j
bray;ghl;oidf; fz;L> mJnghy ,e;jpahtpYk; bray;gLj;j>
bua;gPridf; fz;Lgpoa[q;fs;’ vd ghpe;Jiu bra;jhh;. ,nj fhy fl;lj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpy; bray;gLj;j cj;jpugpunjr khfhzj;jpy; L:gh;dhf;];
vd;gtiua[k;> gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; rh; vl;th;L kf;yfhd; vd;gtUk; rpy
fld; mikg;g[fis epWtp mitfSk; btw;wpfukhf bray;gl;ld.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa muR rh; vl;th;L yh vd;gth;
jiyikapy; xU FGtpid epakpj;J Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; mikf;f tHp
tiffis ghpe;Jiu bra;af; nfhhpaJ. ,f;FGt[k; rh;. gpbulhpf; epf;fy;rd;
FGnghy ‘bua;gPrd; Tl;Lwt[fis’ ghpe;Jiu bra;jJ. ,jd; tpist[fshf>
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; (rl;lk; 1904)> 1904k; Mz;L khh;r; 25k; njjp
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;lk; mfpy ,e;jpar; rl;lk; MFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpaf; TWfs;.
1. 18 tajpw;F nkw;gl;l 10 egh;fs;> mnjfpuhkk;> efuk;
my;yJ mnj tifg;gl;l bjhHpypy;
<Lgl;lth;fs;>nrkpg;g[ kw;Wk; mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna Ra
cjtp Vw;gLj;j xU Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk;
rq;fj;ij mikf;fyhk;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fis mikf;ft[k;>
fl;lLg;gLj;jt[k; Tl;Lwt[ gjpthsh; xUth;
epakpf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
3. rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;nfhs; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; kw;Wk;
mq;fj;jpduy;yhjth;fsplkpUe;J itg;g[fisg; bgw;W
mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F fldspg;gJ.
4. jzpf;if> gjpthshpd; rl;lg{h;tkhd flik MFk;>
kw;Wk; Cjpak;; bgwhky; jzpf;if bra;ag;gLk;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; efu kw;Wk; fpuhkr; rq;fq;fs; vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ve;j rq;fq;fspy; Ie;jpw;F
ehd;F gq;F mq;fj;jpdh;fs; tptrhapfnsh
mr;rq;fq;fs; fpuhk rq;fq;fs; vd;Wk;> ve;j
rq;fq;fspy; Ie;jpw;F ehd;F gq;F mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
60
tptrhapfs; ,y;yhky; ntW bjhHpypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdnuh
mr;rq;fq;fs; efu rq;fq;fs; vd;Wk; Twg;gl;ld.
6. efurq;fq;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfnth>
tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhfnth ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; fpuhk
rq;fq;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhfnt
,Uf;Fk;.
7. fpuhk rq;fq;fspd; yhgk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhg;g[ epjpia
flf;Fk; tiu mq;fj;jpdUf;F yhg <t[
bfhLf;ff;TlhJ.
8. efh;g[w rq;fq;fs; jq;fs; yhgj;jpy; 25 tpGf;fhl;oid
fhg;g[ epjpf;F xJf;fpagpd; vQ;rpa bjhifia yhg
<thf mspf;fyhk;.
9. fld; mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F kl;Lk; brhj;jpd; nghpnyh
jdpg;gl;l xg;g[Wjpapd; nghpnyh mspf;fyhk;.
10. K:yjdj;jpd; kPJ tl;o tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j
msnt mspf;fyhk;.
11. gjpt[f;fl;lzk;> ];lhk;g; fl;lzk;> tUkhd thp
Mfpaitfspy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fSf;F tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
12. xU gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; jdp
rl;lg{h;tkhd mikg;ghFk;> bjhlh;e;J thH;t[
cilajhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk;
rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> 1904 xU vspikahd rpwpa rl;lk;
,jpy; 59 gphpt[fs; ,Ue;jd. ,r;rl;lk;> khfhz
muRfs; njitahd tpjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhs;s>
jhuhsg; gLj;jg;gl;l> tisa[k; jd;ika[s;s rl;lkhf
,Ue;jJ. muR mYtyh;fs; Kaw;rpapy; Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; bjhlq;fg;gl;ld. xt;bthU khepyKk; xU
Tl;Lwt[g; gjpthsiu epakpj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. 1906k;
Mz;od;nghJ 860 Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; 91>000
mq;fj;jpdnuhL bray;gl;L te;jJ. 1911k; Mz;L 5300
rq;fq;fshf ,tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if cah;e;jJ.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; gy gpur;ridia re;jpf;f
ntz;oapUe;ejJ.
m) rpwpa mst[
M) Fiwe;j mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
,) bfsut eph;thfk;
<) mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; <Lghod;ik
c) muR mYtyh; Kaw;rp K:ynk rq;fq;fs; njhw;Wtpg;g[
C) epjpg; gw;whf;Fiw
v) tiuaWf;fg;glhj bghWg;g[
61
V) tl;of;filf;fhuh;fs; nghl;o nghl;L rq;f
bray;ghl;od; tsh;r;rpia jLj;jy;.
I) epjp> kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;g[f;F cah; rq;fk; ,y;yhik.
x) bry;te;jh;fSk;> bgUk; epyf;fpHhh;fns
mq;fj;jpduhapUe;jdh;.
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; njhw;Wtha;> Ke;ija ghlj;jpy;
tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> Tl;Lwt[f; fld;
tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> 1904 ,aw;wpagpd; njhd;wpaJ. ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[
tsh;r;rpia ,U fl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;F
Kd; Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rp
vd;gjhFk;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; (Pre – Independence Era)
1. bjhlf;f fhy gpur;ridfs; (1904 Kjy; 1911)
Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> 1904> Tl;Lwt[ fld;
tHq;Ftjw;fhd rq;fq;fis cUthf;fnt mDkjp mspj;jJ. fld; rhuh
rq;fq;fisg; gjpt[ bra;a mDkjp ,y;iy. nkYk; fpuhkg;g[w rq;fq;fs;
tiuaWf;fg;glhj bghWg;g[s;s rq;fq;fshfnt gjpt[ bra;a Koa[k;. Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; bfsut eph;thfpfshnyna epUtfpf;fg;gl;lJ. Cjpak; bgWk;
KGneu brayh; fpilahJ. rq;fq;fs; rpwpa mst[ rq;fq;fshft[k;> kpff;
Fiwe;j mq;fj;jpdh;fisf; bfhz;ljhft[k; ,Ue;jd. KGikahd
jzpf;if bra;a Koatpy;iy. bfsut eph;thfj;jpy; gzgykpf;f rq;fj;
jiyth; tPl;onyna rq;f mYty; VLfSk;> buhf;fk; kw;Wk; rhd;Wr;
rPl;Lfs; ,Ue;jjhy; mitfis mthplk; bgw;W jzpf;iff;F cs;shf;f
,aytpy;iy. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; FWfpa
kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyf; fld;fisa[k; mspf;f ntz;oapUe;jJ. ,jw;Fg;
nghJkhd epjp mr;rq;fq;fsplk; ,y;iy. jkpH;ehl;oy; bra;fy;gl;L
khtl;lj;jpy;> jpU:h; vDk; ,lj;jpy; 1904k; Mz;L Kjy; fld; tHq;Fk;
rq;fk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gpd; mq;bfhd;W ,q;bfhd;W vd rpy
rq;fq;fs; gy khtl;lq;fspy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gnj Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rp gw;wpa
rpwg;g[r; bra;jpahFk;.
2. Tl;Lwtpy; mtru tphpthf;fk; (1911-19)
1911-k; Mz;L> ,e;jpa murpd; mDkjpnahL gk;gha; kj;jpa
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ. gy fld; rhuh rq;fq;fs; rl;l
mDkjpapd;wp cjpj;jd. (1905k; Mz;L brd;idapy; jpUty;ypf;nfzp efu
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; (o.a[.rp.v];.) fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fkhfg; gjpt[ bgw;W> Jiz
tpjpapy; mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F Efh; bghUs; mspg;gjpid xU gzpahf
Fwpg;gpl;L gz;lf rhiyahf bray;gl Muk;gpj;jJ). xU g[jpa rl;lk;>
mfpy ,e;jpa rl;lkhf>Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; (rl;lk; 2>1912)
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 1904k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j gy Fiwfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld.
1912 k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa ruj;Jf;fshtd
1. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; fld; mspf;Fk; rq;fkhfnth> fld; rhuh
rq;fkhfnth gjpt[ bra;ag;glyhk;.
62
2. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rq;fkhfnth>
tiuaWf;fg;glhj rq;fkhfnth gjpt[ bra;ag;glyhk;.
3. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; kw;bwhU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd;
cWg;gpdh; Mfyhk;.
4. xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; bghJ ed;ikfSfhf jd;
,yhgj;jpy; 10% tiu xJf;fPL bra;ayhk;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ vd;w jd; bgaUld; ve;j jdp epUtdKk;
,izj;Jf; bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
6. Tl;Lwt[ rq;f gq;Ffis ePjp kd;w Miz brhj;J
Klf;fk; bra;a KoahJ.
7. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tR{ypy; rl;lg{h;t rpy Kd;Dhpikfs;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. Jiz tpjpfs; ,aw;Wtjpy; khhz muRfSf;F
mjpfhjuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
1912k; Mz;L rl;lk;> gy Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs;> mq;fPfhukpd;wp
bray;gl;l fld;rhuh rq;fq;fis bewpg;gLj;jpaJ. 1915k; Mz;oy; 12000
rq;fq;fs; 5 ,yl;r mq;fj;jpdh;fld; bray;gl;L te;jJ.
,e;jpa muR 1914Mk; Mz;L> Tl;Lwt[f;FG vd;w FGtpid
kf;yfhd; vd;gth; jiyikapy; mike;J> Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs;
brk;ikahfr; bray;gl ghpe;Jiufs; bra;af; TwpaJ. ,f;FGtpd; Kf;fpa
ghpe;Jiufs;
1. mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F kl;Lnk fldspg;g[ bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
2. fld; mspg;g[ cw;gj;jp Cf;Ftpg;g[f;F kl;Lnk mspf;f
ntz;Lk;. fld; bjhif gad;gLj;Jtij rq;fk;
fz;fhzpf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. mq;fj;jpdh;fs; nrkpg;g[ kw;Wk; itg;g[fs; K:yk; Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fq;fs; epjp Mjhuj;ij tYg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
4. bfsut eph;thfk; bjhluntz;Lk;.
5. rq;fq;fs; bray;gug;g[ rpwpa msthf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
6. fld; mspf;Fk;nghJ fld; bgUgthpd; ed;elj;ij
Fzj;ija[k; nehf;f ntz;Lk;.
7. Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
8. fld; tR{y; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
9. mq;fj;jpdh;fspilna nrkpg;g[ gHf;fj;jpid mjpfhpj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
,f;FG Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; kw;Wk; bghJkf;fs;
tpUg;gj;jpdhy; tsh;r;rpaila ntz;Lnkad;wp muR ce;Jikna mjw;F
tsh;r;rp msf;f ,ayhJ vdf;TwpaJ. nkYk; jzpf;if> nkw;ghh;it
Mfpatw;iw tYg;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Mnyhrid mspj;jJ.
1914k; Mz;L Kjy; cyfg; nghh; K:z;lJ mtrpa jl;Lg;ghL
bghUs;fis Tl;Lwt[fs; K:yk; tHq;f Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyfs; gy
63
epWtg;gl;ld. 1919k; Mz;L 29000 Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fSk; 2000
fld; rhuh Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; bray;gl;L te;jd.
3. jpl;lkplg;glhj tphpthf;fk; (1919 – 1929)
gphpl;o\; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; 1919k; Mz;L khz;lf;F-brk;];nghh;L
rPh;jpUj;jk; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,jd; mog;gilapy; Tl;Lwt[j;Jiw
khfhz murpd; fPH; bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gk;gha; khfhzk; 1925k; Mz;L
gk;gha; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; vd jdp rl;lk; ,aw;wpaJ. ,e;jpa muR
1926k; Mz;L ntshz;ikf;fhd uhay; FGtpid epakdk; bra;jJ. ,f;FG
Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gidr; rq;fq;fs; tphpthf;fk;> ntshz;ikf;fhd ePz;lfhy
Tl;Lwt[f; fld; Fiwe;j tl;oapy; mspg;gJ kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp
Mfpaitfis typa[Wj;jpaJ. nkYk; ,f;FG> ‘Tl;Lwt[ njhw;why;> ,e;jpa
fpuhkq;fspd; ek;gpf;if njhw;WtpLk;’ vdf; TwpaJ.
1927k; Mz;L brd;id khfhz muR> lt[d;brd;L vd;gth;
jiyikapy; brd;id khfhzj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[j; Jiw tsh;r;rpia kjpg;gPL
bra;at[k;> Tl;Lwt[ nkk;ghl;ow;F ghpe;Jiu bra;at[k; xU FGtpid
mikj;jJ. ,f;FG jd; gy ghpe;Jiufspy;> mg;nghija
eilKiwapypUe;J te;j Tl;Lwt[r; rl;lj;jpypUe;J FiwghLfis ePf;fp
brd;id khfhzj;jpw;F khepy muR jdpahd xU rl;lk; ,aw;w ntz;Lk;
vd ghpe;Jiu bra;jJ. nkYk;> kj;jpa epy mlkhd tq;fpr; rl;lk; 1929
epiwntw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. xd;W nrh;g;g[ kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;g[ (1930-38)
1930 Mk; Mz;L cyf KGtJk; bghUshjhu thl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf ntshz; tpisbghUs;fs; tpiy tPH;r;rpaile;jd .
tptrhapfs; rq;fj;jpw;F flidj; jpUg;gpj; ju ,aytpy;iy rq;fq;fspy;
epYit ghf;fp mjpfhp mjpfhpj;jJ. ,jdhy; gy Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
braypHe;J nghapd. khtl;l kj;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfSk;> gpujk
Tl;Lwt[f;fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fsplkpUe;J fld; jpUg;gp tuhjjhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. rpW epy chpikahsh;fSk; jq;fs; epyj;ij mlkhdk;
bra;J epy mlkhd tq;fpfsplkpUe;J fld; bgw;W Kd; flid jPh;j;jdh;.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; epy mlkhd tq;fpfspd; gzpapid btWk;
thh;j;ijfshy; brhy;yp ghuhl;l KoahJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; brd;id
khfhz Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> 1932,y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ ,r;rl;lk;
‘Fiwe;j trjp gilj;jth;fSf;F vd Kd;g[ rl;lj;jpy; Kd;Diuahf
Fwpg;gpl;oUe;jij ePf;fp midj;J kf;fSk; Tl;Lwtpy; nru tHp bra;jJ.
gjpthsUf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; mspj;jnjhL Tl;Lwt[fSf;F nruntz;oaf
ld; ghf;fpf;fhf Tl;Lwt[ rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilapy; rg;jp bra;a tHp
tFj;jJ. 1935 Mk; Mz;L hprh;t; tq;fp cUthf;fg;gl;L> ntshz; fld;
gphpt[ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> xU Kf;fpa epfH;r;rpahFk;.
5. Kd;ndw;w fhy fl;lk; (1939-47)
,uz;lhtJ cyfg;nghh; 1939Mk; Mz;L bjhlq;fpat[ld; Tl;Lwt[
tsh;r;rpf;F ey;y R{H;epiyia cUthf;fpaJ. ntshz; tpis bghUs;fspd;
tpiyfs; cau Muk;gpj;jd. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; fld; tR{y; ed;F
mike;J epYit ghf;fp Fiwe;jJ. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; itg;g[fs;
64
mjpfhpj;jd. mtrpag; bghUl;fspy; tpdpnahfk; kw;Wk; gq;fPL Tl;Lwt[
gz;lfrhiyfs; K:yk; bra;ag;gl;ljhy; Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
mjpfhpj;J mitfspd; tpw;gid kpf mjpf mstpy; ,Ue;jd.
Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gidr; rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ghy; tpw;gidf; Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fq;fs; tYthfpd. ,e;jpah Mf];l; 15> 1947 ,y; tpLjiy bgw;W
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mila[k; tiu Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; xU rthyhdJ fhy
fl;lj;ij btw;wpfukhff; fle;J te;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Tl;Lwtpd; tsh;r;rp (Development of Co-
operation after Independence)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkh;> kdpjUs; khzpf;fk;> rpe;jidr; rpw;gp>
jpl;lnkiij> gz;o $t +h;yhy; neU> ,e;jpag; bghUshjhu jpl;lj;jpy;
Tl;Lwt[f;F jdp rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;glntz;Lk; vd;whh;. fpuhkpa
,e;jpahtpd; kW kyh;r;rp K:d;W mq;fq;fis ek;gpna ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitfs;
fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J> fpuhk Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; kw;Wk; fpuhk Mrphpah; vd
Mzpj;jukhff; TwpanjhL> Tl;Lwtpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; tpj;jpl;lhh;.
mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fldha;t[f;FG> 1954
hprh;t; tq;fp> Mf];l; 1952k; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf;
fldha;t[f;FG vd;w xU FG lhf;lh; v.o. nfhh;thyh vd;w bghUshjhu
epg[zh; jiyikapy;> nguhrphpah; o.Mh;. nfl;fpy; kw;Wk; lhf;lh; gp.
btq;flRg;igah Mfpath;fis mq;fj;jpdh;fshff; bfhz;L mike;jJ.
,e;jpa muR kwWk; khepy muRfSf;F fpuhkpaf;fld; mspg;gpy; xU
xUq;fpize;j bry;ghl;il cUthf;f ,f;FG ghpe;Jiu bra;at[k; Ma;t[
bra;at[k; nfhhpaJ.
,f;FGtpd; ghpe;Jiu kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jnjhL> ,e;j
mwpf;if ,d;Dk; gy Mz;Lfs; nghw;wg;gLk; rpwe;j mwpf;ifahfj;
jpfGk;> kpfg; bghpa mstpy; Ma;t[ bra;jnjhL xU KGikahf Ma;thFk;
mike;Js;sJ. vdntjhd; ,f;FG jd; mwpf;ifapy; ,Jnghd;w kpf;f
bghpa Ma;t[ ,dptUk; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; njitapy;iy> mt;tg;nghJ
njitahd gFjpfSf;F kl;Lk; kW Ma;t[ bra;J bfhs;syhk; vdf;
Twpa[s;sJ.
,f;FG ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ njhw;Wtpl;lJ’ Mdhy; Tl;Lwt[
bty;y ntz;Lk;’ vd;Twpa[s;sJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> FGtpd; Ma;t[g;go
1954k; Mz;L (Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; bjhlq;fp 50 Mz;Lfs;
epiwtpd; nghJ> fpuhkpaf; fldpy; 3 tpGf;fhnl Tl;Lwt[ fldhf
mspj;Js;sJ. muR 3 tpGf;fhLk;> tzpf tq;fpfs; 1 tpGf;fhl;ow;F
Fiwthft[k; mspj;Js;sd. vQ;rpa 93 tpGf;fhl;Lf; flid tl;of;
filf;fhuh;fs;> ehl;L tq;fpah;> ez;gh;fs;> cwtpdh;fs;> tzpfh;fs;>
jufh;fs;> Mfpnahh;fs; jhd; mspj;J tUfpd;wdh;> vd fzf;fPL bra;jJ.
,f;FG Tl;Lwt[f;fld; mikg;gpy; gy FiwghLfis vLj;Jf; fhl;oaJ.
1. ,r;rq;fq;fs; vz;zpf;if mstpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lhYk;
mtw;wpy; gy rq;fq;fs; bgaustpy; bray;gl;L te;jd my;yJ
braypHe;j rq;fq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
65
2. rq;fq;fspd; mst[ kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; ,Ue;jjhy; Fiwe;j
mq;fj;jpdh;fisa[k;> K:yjdj;ija[k; bgw;wpUe;jjhy; fzprkhd
fld; bjhif mspf;f ,aytpy;iy.
3. gy rq;fq;fs; gytPdkhd rq;fq;fshfnt ,Ue;jd.
4. ,r;rq;fq;fshy; xust[ bghpa epyr; Rthd;jhh;fs; gad; bgw;wdnu
jtpu rpW tptrhapfSf;F ve;jg; gaDk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
5. rpWghd;ik> gpw;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F rq;fj;jpy; mDkjp
kWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nkny Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk;> Tl;Lwit
tpl rpwe;j epWtd mikg;g[> fpuhkpaf; fldspg;gpy; ,Uf;f ,ayhJ> vd;Wk;>
Tl;Lwtpd; gy ghpe;Jiufisf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
1. muR Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspy; midj;J epiyapYk; gq;F K:yjdk;
vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
2. fldspg;g[f;Fk;> Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gidf;Fk; xUq;fpizg;g[
Vw;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;.
3. Tl;Lwt[g; gzpahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp kpf mtrpak;.
4. ,k;gPhpay; tq;fpia ghuj ];nll; tq;fpahf muRilikahf;fp xU
tYthd muR tq;fpia Vw;gLj;jp Tl;Lwt[fSf;F epjpak; mDg;g
tif bra;a ntz;Lk;.
5. ntshz; bghUl;fisg; ghJfhf;f ehL KGtJk; fplq;fpfis
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
6. cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;g[> nehf;f fld; mspg;g[.
nkYk;> rpwpa gytPdkhd tq;fpfisf; fiyj;J tYthd bghpa
gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[fis cUthf;ft[k; Mnyhrid TwpaJ.
nkYk;> khepy muR Tl;Lwt[fspy; gq;F Kjy; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;s> khepy muRf;F hprh;t; tq;fp fldspf;f ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf hprh;t;
tq;fp ,uz;L epjpaq;fisj; njhw;Wtpf;f ntz;Lk;.
1. njrpa ntshz; ePz;l fhyf;fld; eltof;if epjpak;.
2. njrpa ntshz;fld; epiyg;gLj;Jk; epjpak;.
3. njrpa ntshz; (epthuz kw;Wk; cj;jputhj) epjp.
4. njrpa ntshz; bghUl;fs; ghJfhg;g[f; fplq;fpfs; epjp.
nkny Twpa epjpaq;fspy; Kjy; ,uz;L epjpaq;fSk;> kw;iwa
midj;Jg; ghpe;JiufSk; murpdhy; Vw;fg;gl;L bray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Tl;Lwt[f; fld;FG> 1960
jpU.tp.vy;. nkj;jh jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gll ,f;FG jd;
mwpf;ifia 1960 Mk; Mz;L nk khjk; btspapl;lJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa
ghpe;Jiufs;.
1. ntshz; cw;gj;jp jpl;lk; fpuhk mstpy; bra;ag;gl;L
thptofk; mspf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
66
2. njitahd bjhHpy; EZf;fg;gzpahsh;fs; Tl;Lwtpy;
epakpf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
3. kpfg;bghpa jpl;l mstpy; Tl;Lwt[f; fld;
mspf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
4. fld; kl;Lkpd;wp Vida cw;gj;jp nriyfSk; mspf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;.
5. Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; bghpa mstpy;
rPuikf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
6. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; Fj;jifjhuUf;Fk; ntshz; fld; mspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
7. jFepiy Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; cUthf;f murpd; gq;F
K:yjdk; TklKwtpy; mjpfhpf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
8. rpwg;g[ Iaf;fld; fhg;g[ epjpia Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
9. Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; jq;fs; cs; epjp Mjhuj;jpid itg;g[fs;
mjpfhpf;fntz;Lk;.
mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; tpkh;rdf;FG 1969
,f;FGtpd; bgaiu mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; kW Ma;t[f;FG
vdt[k; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 1954Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifahd> fpuhkpaf;fld;
Ma;t[f;FGtpd; cWg;gpdh; Kidth; gp. btq;flRg;igah ,f;FGtpd;
jiyth; Mthh;. muR 1954k; Mz;L mwpf;if ghpe;Jiufis KGtJkhf
Vw;Wf;bfhz;L bray;gLj;jpa gpwF fpuhkpaf; fld; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[f;
fldspg;gpy; Kd;ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Lssju> nkYk;> khWjy;fs; VnjDk;
njitah vd mwpa ,f;FGit epakpj;jJ.
,f;FG bghJthf Tl;Lwt[ fldspg;gpy; fzprkhd Kd;ndw;wk;
,Ug;gjhft[k;> rw;nwuf;Fiwa fpuhkf;fldpy; 35 tpGf;fhL Tl;Lwt[fshy;
mspf;fg;gl;lhYk;> rpy fUk;g[s;spfs; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;gpYs;s
FiwgLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd.
1. Tl;Lwt[f; fldhy; bghpa tptrhapfs; gad;gl;Ls;sdnu jtpu>
rpwpa kw;Wk; FW tpthapfSf;F ve;j xU gaDk; ,y;iy. mth;fs;
mq;fj;jpduhf nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
2. gRikg; g[ul;rp kw;Wk; ntshz; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;g[
jpl;lq;fshy; ntshz;ikf;F kpf mjpff; fld; njitg;gLfpwJ. vdnt>
Tl;Lwt[f; fl; kl;Lk; nghjhJ> midj;J epWtdq;fSk; ntshz; flid
mspf;f ntz;Lk; vdf; TwpaJ.
3. ,f;FG> muRilikahf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfs; bghpa mstpy;
ntshz; flid mspg;gnjhL 1) rpW tptrhapfs; Kfik 2) FW tptrhapfs;
Kfik kw;Wk; 3) fpuhk kpd;rhu ,izg;g[ thhpak; Mfpaitfis epWt
ghpe;Jiu bra;jJ.
67
4. mg;nghJ epytpa ntshz; kWepjp Tl;LU (jw;nghJ
eghh;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ) tphpthf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
tq;fpf;FG mwpf;if> 1972
,f;FG 1969k; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; jpU.Mh;.rp riuah vd;w
jiurpwe;j Tl;Lwthsh; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FG jd;
mwpf;ifia 1972k; Mz;L hprh;t; tq;fpf;F mspj;jJ. ,f;FGtpd; Ma;t[f;
Fwpf;nfhs;fshf bfhLf;fg;gl;lit.
1. Tl;lwtpd; tq;fpfs; bray;ghl;oid tpkhprdk; bra;J>
Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfSf;Fk; tzpf tq;fpfSf;Fkpilna xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd
tHpfis ghpe;Jiu bra;jy;.
2. K:y;lhdpfd;> ruhg;g[fs; nghd;w ehl;L tq;fpah;fspd; braYk;>
,itfs; gzr; re;ijapy; tfpf;Fk; ,lj;jpida[k; Ma;t[ bra;J njitahd
ghpe;Jiu bra;jy;.
3. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; tzpf tq;fpfs; rl;lq;fis Ma;t[
bra;J njitahd khw;wq;fisf; TWjy;.
,f;FG gy ghpe;Jiufisr; bra;jpUe;jJ> Tl;Lwt[f; fld; gw;wpa
ghpe;Jiufshtd.
1. gpujk Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fqfs; jq;fis tYg;gLj;jpf;bfhz;L>
mjpff; flid mspf;f ntz;Lk;. nkYk; tq;fp rhuh Vida gzpfisa[k;
mjpfhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. tzpf tq;fpfs; fpuhkg;g[wq;fspy; fpisfisj; bjhlq;fp
ntshz; fld; mspg;ig mjpfhpg;gJld; fpuhkq;fisj;
jj;bjLj;Jf;bfhz;L KGf; fld; mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. Tl;Lwt[f; fldikg;g[ gytPdkhf cs;s ,lq;fspy; tl;lhu
fpuhkPa tq;fpfspd; Jiz tq;fpahf bray;glyhk;.
4. Tl;Lwt[f; fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; tzpf
tq;fpfSf;Fk; xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd tHpfisa[k; ghpe;Jiu bra;Js;sJ.
Tl;Lwt[ epyts tq;fpf;FG 1974
,f;FG jpU. khjtjh]; jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FGtpd; ghpe;Jiufs;.
1. Tl;Lwt[ epyts tq;fpfs;> ,Ufl;l mikg;ghfnth> xU
mLf;F mikg;ghfnth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jid me;je;j khepy munr Kot[
bra;ayhk;. ,uz;L mikg;g[fspYnk ed;ikfSk;> FiwghLfSk; cs;sd.
2. bjhlf;f Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;> epyts tq;fpapd; Kftuhf ePz;l
fhyf; fld; mspg;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
3. FWfpa fhyf; fl;likg;iga[k;> ePz;l fhyf;
fl;likg;giga[k; ,izf;fyhk;.
68
4. epyts tq;fpfs; fldspf;FKd; tpQ;Qhd EZf;f Ma;t[fs;
gpd;ng ePh;tsk;> kz;tsk;> njhl;lg;gaph; MfpaitfSf;F fldspg;g[ bra;a
ntz;Lk;.
5. rpy ePz;l fhyf; fld;fis jtizfspy; fld; bjhif
mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
6. fld; gad;ghl;il fz;fhzpf;f ntz;Lk;.
7. fld; jpUg;gk; mWtil fhyj;ij xl;o mikf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk;.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Vida Kf;fpaf; FGf;fs;
1. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; mikg;g[f;fspd; ,izg;g[f;fhd FG
1976-jiyth; lhf;lh; Mh;.nf. +rhhp.
2. epYit ghf;fp Ma;t[f;FG> 1974- jiyth; lhf;lh;> nlo.
3. ntshz;ikf;fhd njrpaf; FG> 1976- jiyth; rp.
Rg;gpukzpak;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;g[ ,e;jpa Tl;Lwtpy; Kf;fpa khWjy;fshtd.
1. bjhlf;f ntshz; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; bghpa mst[ tq;fpfshf
Rw;wpa[s;s gy fpuhkq;fSf;F bray; gug;ig mjpfhpf;f rpwpa rq;fq;fis
,izj;Jk;> gytPdkhd rq;fq;fis Fiyj;Jk; rPuikg;g[ bra;ag;gl;L
bghpa tYthd gtnehf;F rq;fq;fshf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r;rq;fq;fSf;F
KG neu Cjpak; bgWk; brayh; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. gaph;f; fld;
mspg;gjpYk;> eiff;fld; mspg;gjpYk; bgUk; Kd;ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
egh; xUtUf;F U:.1>00>000/-k; tiu eiff; fld; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rq;fq;fs; brhe;jkhd ghJfhg;g[f; fl;olq;fspy; tYthd ,Uk;g[ gPnuhf;fs;
itj;Js;sd. mj;jpahtrpag; bghUs; tpepnahfk;> mtrpag; bghUl;fs;
tpw;gid> ntshz; fUtpfis thliff;F mspg;gJ nghd;w gy gzpfis
bra;J tUfpd;wd.
2. gpujk ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Cuf tsh;r;rpt q;fpfs; (Kd;g[ epy
ts tq;fpfs;) bghpa mstpy; bray;gLfpd;wd. epy chpikahsh;fSf;F
kl;Lkpd;wp xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;jpd; fPH; epykw;w
bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F tz;o khL> rhz vhptha[ mLg;g[> fwit khL
Mfpatw;wpw;F tq;fp flDk; eiff;flDk; mspf;fpd;wd. gd;wp> nfhHp> ML
tsh;g;g[> njhl;lg; gaph; MfpaitfSf;Fk; fld; mspf;fpd;wd. ouhf;lh;>
gk;g[ brl;LfSf;Fk; bgUkst[ fldspf;fpd;wJ.
3. khtl;l kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; tYtile;Js;sd.
fzprkhd itg;g[fisr; nrfhpj;Js;sd. fpisg; bgUf;f K:yk;
khtl;lj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; tzpf tq;fpg; gzpfisj; jtpu> Efh;nthh;
fld;> eiff;fld;< rpW bjhHpYf;F fld; bghpa mstpy; mspf;fpd;wJ.
4. Tl;Lwt[ rh;f;fiu Miyfs;> Tl;Lwt[ E}w;ghiyfs; nghd;w
bghpa bjhHpw;rhiyfs; bjhlq;fg;gl;L bghpa mstpy; bray;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; 50 tpGf;fhL Tl;Lwt[ rh;f;fiu
MiyfspypUe;J cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
69
5. efu tq;fpfs; fl;olk;> gzp mYtyfk; gjpdg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
,t;tq;fpfs; itg;g[ epjp jpul;Ljy; mjpfhpj;Js;snjhL> bghJ kf;fSf;F
eiff;fld;> Efh;t[ff; ld;> rpW bjhHpy; fld; bghpa mstpy; mspf;fpd;wJ.
6. Tl;Lwt[ ghy; cw;gj;jpr; rq;fqfs;> ghy; Tl;Lwt[ ,izafk;
Mfpait tphpt[gLj;jp> ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpa ehl;ilf;
Kjyhtjhf bfhz;L te;Js;snjhL bghpa mstpy; kf;fSf;Fg; ghy;
tpepnahfk; bra;fpd;wJ.
7. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;L> gy Tl;Lwt[
rpwg;g[ mq;fhofSk; bray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
8. jzpf;ifg; gphpit jdpg;gLj;jp> Tl;Lwt[j; jzpf;ifia
tYthft[k; ntfkhft[k; jzpf;ifia Kof;ft[k; tif bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
epf;nfhy;rd; ghpe;Jiu (Nicholson’s Report)
,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ fld; ,af;fk; jpU. `gpbulhpf; epf;nfhy;rd;
(Frederick Nicholson) vd;gthpd; ghpe;Jiwahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;
rpwe;j Tl;Lwt[ rq;f khjphp gotk; mikf;f ghpe;Jiu bra;jhh;.
jpU.oa{gh;bef;]; (Dupernex) vd;gtUk; ,nj ghpe;Jiu bra;jhh;.
,g;ghpe;Jiwfspd; mog;ilapy; 1904 Mk; Mz;L Tl;Lwt[ fld; rq;f rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 1904 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; Jtq;fpa
Mz;lhf fUjg;gl;lJ. b$h;kdp kw;Wk; bld;khh;f; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
mog;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Tl;Lwt[ rq;f cWg;gpdh;fSk;l jdf;Fjhnd
cjtp kw;W gu];gu cjtp vd;gjdog;gilapy; tptrhapfs;> bjhHpy;
Kay;nthh;fs; gq;nfw;wdh;. ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; fPH;f;fz;l
rpwg;gpay;g[fis bfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; njhw;Wtpf;f Fiwe;jJ 10 cWg;gpdh;fs;
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; midtUk; xnu fpuhkj;jpy; trpjj; y; ntz;Lk;
(jkpH; ehl;oy; 25 egh;fs;)
2. cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuawhjJ> efu Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuaWj;jJ.
3. rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F fld; trjpia
Vw;gLj;jp jUtjhFk;. cWg;gpdh;fSf;F mth;fspd; brhe;j
cj;jputhjj;jpd; mog;gilapy; fld; tHq;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. cWg;gpdh;fspd; K:yjd gq;F U:100f;Fk; kpifahf ,Uf;fhJ.
5. rq;fj;jpd; fzf;Ffs; gjpthshpd; cj;jputpd; bgahpy;
jzpf;if bra;ag;gLfpwJ. my;yJ ,ytrkhf gpw cWg;gpdh;fshy;
jzpf;if bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
bld;khh;f;Fk;> b$h;kdpapYk; tptrhapfis rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf
nru ve;j ,iljufh;fSk; bray;gLtJ ,y;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; me;epiy
,y;iy. Mjyhh; 1912 Mk; Mz;L ,e;epiyia Tl;Lwt[ rq;f rl;lk;
njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
70
,r;rl;lj;jpd; mog;gilapy; rq;fq;fs; fld; trjpf;fhf kl;Lk;
cUthf;fggLtjy;iy. gpw trjpfSk; cWg;gpdh;f;F bra;J jUfpwJ.
kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ rq;f cwg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuaWj;jJ. fpuhkg[w
Tl;Lwt[ rq;f cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiwawhjJ. ve;j cWg;gpdh;fSk;
rq;fj;jpd; bkhj;j K:yjdj;jpy; 1/5 f;Fk; mjpfkhf itj;jpUf;f KoahJ.
rq;fj;jpy; yhgj;jpy; ¼ gq;F fhg;g[ epjpf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; - rhjidfSk; gpur;rpidfSk;
,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ jdpahh; Jiwahf tsh;e;Js;sJ. ,e;jpag;
bghUshjhu jpl;lj;jpYk;> bghUshjhu mikg;gpYk; bghJj;Jiwf;Fk;
jdpahh; Jiwf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kjpg;g[ kpf;f Kf;fpa Jiwahf Tl;Lwt[
Jiw jpfH;fpd;wJ. 1904Mk; Mz;L bjhlq;fg;gl;l Tl;Lwt[ E}W Mz;Lfs;
gaDs;s nritia vl;og; gof;f cs;sJ. ,e;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; gy
rhjidfs; gilj;jpUe;jhYk;> jd;dplk; gy FiwghLfisa[k; Vw;Wf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;ij vjph;nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk;
mndfk; cs;sJ.
fpuhkPa fld; Ma;t[f;FG> 1954> jd; mwpf;ifapy; uj;jpdr;
RUf;fkhf Twpa[s;s cz;ik> ‘Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; njhw;Wtpl;lJ> Mdhy;
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; btw;wp bgw;nw Mf ntzLk; ! kf;sfhd; FG
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ> ‘ Tl;Lwt[ njhw;why;> mq;F fpuhkpa ,e;jpahtpd;
ek;gpf;if njhw;fpd;wJ’.
rhjidfis vz;zpf;if tsh;r;rp mstpYk;> ju tsh;r;rp
mog;ilapYk; fhzntz;Lk;. ,e;jpag; bghUshjhu jpl;l rhjidfspy;
Tl;Lwtpd; gq;F nghw;wj; jFe;jJ. 1950-51 ,y; bjhlq;fg; gl;l Kjy;
Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; ehl;od; bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;
xU Kf;fpaf; fUtpahf bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Kjy; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy;> Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;
TWfshtd.
1. $dehaf jpl;l mikg;gpd; xU mq;fk; vd;w Kiwapy;
ce;Jik> gu];gu ed;ik> rKjha nkk;ghL Mfpa jpl;l Fwpf;nfhs;fis
Tl;Lwt[ epiwntw;w ty;yJ.
2. Tl;Lwt[> fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jld; ,ize;J bray;glty;yJ.
3. xt;bthU fpuhkj;jpYk; xU Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jp>
mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; gy;ntW njitfisg; g{h;j;jp bra;a jpl;lf; fhyj;jpy;
Kaw;rpf;fg;gLk;.
4. 1955-56 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; ,e;jpa fpuhkq;fspy; 50 tpGf;fhLk;>
30 tpGf;fhL fpuhk FLk;gq;fisa[k; Tl;Lwt[ K:yk; ,izf;f ,yf;F
epUzapf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. Tl;Lwt[ ntshz; fldpd; ,yf;F U:. 130 nfhoahf
,Uf;Fk;> ,jpy; U:. 100 nfho FWfpa fld; mspg;g[> U:. 25 nfho kj;jpa
fhy fld; kw;Wk; U:. 5nfho ePz;l fhyf; fldhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
6. Tl;Lwt[ gz;iz Kiw mikg;gpy; muR midj;J
Cf;Ftpg;gida[k; mspf;Fk;.
71
7. Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rp mila nghjpa gapw;rp bgw;w gzpahsh;fis
cUthf;FtJ.
8. Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gidr; rq;fq;fis nkk;gLj;jp ntshz;tpis
bghUl;fSff;F ey;y chpa tpiyiag; bgWtJ.
,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; vy;iyf; fy;yhf mike;j epfH;r;rp>
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp 1951Mk; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkPa fld; Ma;t[f;
FGtpid mikj;jjhFk;. eilKiwapy; cs;s Cuff; fld; mspg;g[
epWtdq;fis Ma;t[ bra;tJ ,f;FGtpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhFk;. 1954Mk;
Mz;L rkh;g;gpj;j jd; FG mwpf;ifapy;> gy Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufisr;
bra;jJ. ,jd; bgUk;ghd;ikahd ghpe;Jiufis muR Vw;wJ.
,g;ghpe;Jiufspd; Vw;Wf; bfhz;lJ kw;Wk; bray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ Tl;Lwt[
tsh;r;rpapy; xU jpUg;g[ Kidapid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1955-1969-61)
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; rkjh;kk; khjphpahd rKjhaj;ij
mikg;gJ vd;gjid jd; tphpe;j nfhl;ghlhf Vw;wJ. jdpahh; yhg
nehf;fkpd;wp rKjha yhg eyd; nehf;fpy; bray;gLtJ vd;gJ
,f;nfhl;ghl;od; mog;gilahFk;. Tl;Lwt[ vd;gJ ,f;nfhl;ghl;il
mila Kf;fpa Kfikahf Vw;fg;gLtnjhL Tl;Lwt[j; Jiw mikg;gJ
vd;gJ jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpg;nfhs;fspy; xd;whFk;.
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;l fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwtpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;glitfs;.
1. bghpa mst[ rq;fq;fq;fs; mikg;g[.
2. Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp mikg;g[f;fis rPuhf;fp tYthd khtl;l
tq;fpfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. bjhlf;f tpw;gid Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fis rPuikg;g[ bra;jy;.
4. ve;j khepyq;fspy; kj;jpa epyts tq;fpfs; ,y;iynah mk;
khepyq;fpsbyy;yhk; mjid Vw;gLj;JtJ.
5. gjg;gLj;Jk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
6. Tl;Lwt[j; Jiw gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd;
gzpahsh;fistYg;gLj;Jjy;.
7. bghUs; nrkpg;gpid mjpfhpf;f kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs;
K:yk; fpilq;fpfisVw;gLj;Jjy;.
8. khepy mstpy; epthuzk; kw;Wk; cj;jputhj epjp Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
9. Tl;Lwt[g; gzpahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp kw;Wk; mq;fj;jpdh;fs;
fy;tp mspj;jy;.
K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; (1961-66)
bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;ow;fhd jpl;lq;fspy; Tl;Lwtpw;F xUKf;fpa
gq;F K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpYk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ntfkhd
bghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F tYthd Tl;Lwt[j;Jiw> tptrhapfs;>
bjhHpyhspfs;> Efh;nthh;fs; njitf;F kpf mtrpak; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.
fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tphpthd Fwpf;nfhs;fs; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
72
1. Tl;Lwt[ ntshz; fldikg;g[ midj;J fpuhkq;fSk;
bfhz;L bry;yg;gl;L Fiwe;jJ 60 tpGf;fhL tptrhapfSf;F
K:d;whtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l ,Wjp Mz;oy; fldspg;g[
fpilf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. muR Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; gq;F K:yjdj;jpy; midj;J
epiyfspYk; gq;nfw;f ntz;Lk;.
3. bjhlf;f ntshz; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; rPuikg;g[>
mr;rq;fq;fs; epUthfj;jpw;F muR khdpaj;bjhif mspg;g[
Mfpait bray;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
4. Tl;Lwt[ flDf;fhd fld; ,yf;F FWfpa fhyf; fld; U:.
530 nfhoahft[k; ePz;l ePz;l fhy ntshz; fld;> K:d;whtJ
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;l ,Wjp Mz;oy; U:.150 nfhoahft[k;
,yf;F itf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gid rq;fq;fs;> Tl;Lwt[ gjd rq;fq;fs;
nkk;ghL kw;Wk; flid tpw;gida[ld; ,izg;gJ
Mfpaitfs; nkw;bfhs;sy;.
6. mtrpag; bghUl;fs; tpdpnahfk; Tl;Lwt[fs; K:yk; efu
g[wq;fspYk; fpuhkg; g[wq;fspYk; KGikahf
tphpt[gLj;JtJ.
7. rpW bjhHpy;fs; bjhlf;fk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpf;F Tl;Lwtpd;
cjtp.
8. Tl;Lwt[ Jiw gzpahsh;fs; mikg;g[ midj;J epiyapYk;
tYg;gLj;Jjy;.
9. Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpapid brk;ikgLj;j khepy
Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; kw;Wk; khtl;l Tl;Lwt[
xd;wpaq;fis tYg;gLj;JtJ.
10. fld; rhuhrq;fshfpa ntshz;ik> kPd;tsh;g;g[> ghy;
gz;iz kw;Wk; tPl;L trjp rq;fq;fs; bghpa mstpy;
bray;gLj;JtJ.
Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; (196-99) kw;Wk; ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1969-74)
Mz;L jpl;lq;fs; bray;gLj;jpa nghJ jdpahd Fwpf;nfhs;fs;
btspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; ‘ epue;juj;Jld;
tsh;r;rp’ vd;w nfhl;ghL bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1. bjhlf;ff; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;f mikg;g[fis rPuikj;J
bghUshjhu jFepiy fld; mikg;ghf;FtJ> kw;Wk;
gytPdkhd kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfis tYg;gLj;JtJ>
epYit ghf;fpis Fiwg;gJld; itg;g[ nrfhpg;gpid
mjpfhpg;gJ.
2. Tl;Lwt[ fld; tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; epyts tq;fpfs;
Mfpaitfspd; eilKiw kw;Wk; vz;zj;jpid khw;wp rpW
tptrhapfSf;F gadspj;jy;.
73
3. Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gid rq;f fl;likg;gpid tYg;gLj;Jtjpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;.
4. 550 Tl;Lwt[ gjg;gLj;Jk; rq;fq;fs; Vw;gLj;JtJ.
5. eil Kiwapy; cs;s Tl;lwt[ rq;fq;fis xGq;FgLj;jp
tYg;gLj;JtJ.
fpuhkPa fld; tpkh;rdf; FG 1969 (gp. btq;filah FG) mwpf;ifapd;
btspaPL xU Kf;fpa tHpfhl;Ljyhf ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mike;jJ.
Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1974-79)
Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;nfhs;fspy; xd;W>
tYthd> jFepiy Tl;Lwt[fis Vw;gLj;jp tptrhapfs;> bjhHpyhsh;fs;>
Efh;nthh;fs; eyd;bgw tYg;gLj;JtJ. Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;l thptot[
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhtJ ‘jw;nghJ epyt[k; R{H;epiyapy; njitahd rKjha
bghUshjhu khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; kpfr; rpwe;jJ.
,jid tpl tYthd rKjha nehf;Fila ntW tHp VJk; ,y;iy’.
1. ntshz;ikapy; bjhlh;e;j tsh;r;rpf;F ntshz;ikf;
Tl;Lwt[fis (fld; rq;fq;fs;> mspg;g[> tpw;gid>
gjg;gLj;jy;) tYg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; bghUshjhu hPjpapy; jF epiyf;F
bfhz;L tUtJ.
3. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; tsh;r;rpapy; Vw;wj;jhH;t[fs; Fwpg;ghf fld;
tHq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; bray;ghl;oy; ,Ug;gij rkg;gLj;JtJ.
4. rpwpa kw;Wk; FW tptrhapfspd; njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a[k;
tz;zk; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fis kW rPh; mikg;g[ bra;tJ.
MwhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1980-85)
fPH;f;fz;l Fwpf;nfhs;fs; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa jpl;l nehf;fkhFk;.
1. fpuhk bjhlf;ff; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fis tYg;gLj;jp
gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fshf bray;gLj;JtJ.
2. fpuhkg;g[w ViHfspd; bghUshjhu epiyapid cah;j;JtJ.
3. ntshz; flid tphpt[ gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; gy;tif fld;fis
mspj;jy;.
4. Tl;Lwtpy; bjhHpy; EZf;fk; gilj;jth;fspd; eph;thfj;jpid
gad;gLj;JtJ.
VHhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1985-90)
VHhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa bray; nehf;fq;fs;.
1. bjhlf;f ntshz;ikf; Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspd; xl;L bkhj;j
tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs; K:yk; gynehf;F rq;fkhf bray;
Cf;fk; mspj;jy;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ fld; mjpfhpg;g[ kw;Wk; ,U bghUs;fs;> nritfs;
eyptile;j gphptpdUf;F mjpfhpf;Fk; tz;zk; tHpKiwfis
khw;wp mikg;gJ.
74
3. gpd; jq;fpa khepyq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf tlfpHf;F khepyq;fspy;
Tl;Lwtpd; K:yk; rpwg;g[ jpl;lq;fis bray;gLj;JtJ.
4. efh;g;g[wk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;g[wq;fspy; Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[r;
rq;fq;fis tYg;gLj;jp> mit bghJ gq;fPl;oy; Kf;fpa
mq;fkhf bray;glr; bra;tJ.
5. epUthfj; bjhHpy; epUthfpfis gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJ.
VHhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[f;fhd xJf;fPL U:. 1400.58
nfhoahf epUzapf;fg;gl;lJ.
vl;lhtJ Ie;;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy; (1990-95)
vl;lhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;l efy; mwpf;ifapy; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa jdp
mj;jpahak; ,y;yhjJ Vkhw;wj;jpid mspj;jJ. ,e;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[
xd;wpak; ,jw;F bghpa vjph;g;gpid bjhptpj;jJ.
,j;j jpl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhlf;f ntshz; Tl;Lwt[fis
tYg;gLj;JtJ> mjpf ePz;l fhyf; fld;> fld; rhuh rq;fq;fs; tphpt[
gLj;jy; Mfpait Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Tl;Lwtpd; tsh;r;rpa[k; rhjidfSk;
mjpfk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Tw;wpd; bghUs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpaf;
Tl;Lwtpd; rhjid kpff; Fiwnt. vdpDk; mg;nghija epy mlkhd
tq;fpfs; (jw;nghija ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Cuf tsh;r;rp tq;fpfs;) bra;j
gzp kpf cah;e;jJ. gy rpwpa epy chpikahsh;fs; epyk; fldhy; K:H;fp
,Hf;Fk; epiyapy; mf;flid jPh;j;J rpW tptrhapfSf;F epyj;jpid jf;f
itj;jJ Tl;Lwt[ epy mlkhd tq;fpfshFk;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Tl;Lwtpd; rhjidfs; gy
1. bghpa mst[ gy nehf;F Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fs; ehL KGtJk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. nkYk; kiyg;gFjpthH; kf;fSf;F bghpa
mst[ gy nehf;F ntshz; rq;fq;fs; (yhk;g;];) mikj;jJ.
2. bjhlf;f ntshz;ik Tl;Lwt[r; rq;fq;fspd; K:yjdj;ij
muR fzprkhf gq;Fj; bjhif K:yk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
3. gaph; fld; bgUkstpy; mspj;J> brhj;Jf;fs; mog;gil
,y;yhky; cw;gj;jp bra;aty;y tpisbghUs;fs; kjpg;g[
mog;gilapy; fld; tHq;FtJ.
4. FWfpa fhy fldspg;gpy; Efh;r;rpf; fldhf xU gFjpia
nrh;j;J fldspj;jy;.
5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bjhlf;f ntshz; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; kpfg;
bghpa mstpy; eiff;flid mspf;fpd;wd. jw;nghJ egh;
xUtUf;F U:. xU yl;rk; tiu eiff; fldspg;gJ
midj;J tzpf tq;fpfSf;Fk; rthy; tpLf;Fk; xU
bra;ifahFk;.
6. Tl;Lwt[ ntshz;ik fld; rq;fq;fs; kWrPh;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gytPd rq;fq;fs; fiyf;fg;gl;L rpW
rq;fq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L tYthd rq;fq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
75
7. bghJg; gq;fPL fpuhkg;g[wq;fspy;> jkpH;ehL nghd;w
khepyq;fspy; KGikahf Tl;Lwtpd; K:yk;
bray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. bjhlh;e;j> vspikahd vzbzz;iz tpdpnahfk; bra;a
jkpH;ehl;oy; bjhlf;f ntshz; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
kz;bzz;iz gq;Ffs; Vw;gLj;jpa[s;sd.
9. jkpH;ehl;oy; U:. xU nfhof;F nky; itg;g[ bgUk; bjhlf;f
ntshz; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; tPL fl;l flDk;> kUj;Jth;fs;
fpuhkj;jpy; kUj;Jtkid Vw;gLj;j U:. 10 yl;rk; tiu
fldspf;fyhk;.
10. gpujk ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Cuf tsh;r;rp tq;fpfs; ePz;l
fhyf; fldsit mjpfhpj;jJld; epykw;wth;fSf;Fk;
xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;jpd; K:yk; gytifahd
fld;fis mspf;fpd;wJ. ML tsh;g;g[> nfhHp tsh;g;g[> gd;wp
tsh;g;g[ njhl;lg; gaph; itf;f> yhhp> ntd; thq;ft[k;
fldspf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tif tq;fpfspy; rpy eiff;flDk;
mspf;fpd;wd.
11. ntshz; fld; rhuh rq;fq;fspy; efu Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
tsh;r;rp bgw;Ws;sd. mitfs; ,g;nghJ U:. 5 Kjy; 7 nfho
tiu tPL fl;lt[k;> jdpegh;fSf;F Efh;r;rpf; flDk;> rpW
bjhHpw;rhiyfs; njitf;F jhuhsf; flDk; mspf;fpd;wd.
12. Tl;Lwt[ rh;f;fiu Miyfspd; bgUtsh;r;rp rpwe;j
rhjidahFk;. Tl;Lwt[ rh;f;fiu MiyfSk;> bkhj;j
rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; mitfspd; gq;Fk; fPnH
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy;
Mz;L Miyfs; Tl;Lwtpd;
cw;gj;jp (%)
1.4
1960-61 8
14.8
1965-66 32
26.9
1968-69 56
43.6
1974-75 97
47.7
1975-76 106
1978-79 130 52.0
76
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; ghjpf;F nky; Tl;Lwt[
Miyfs; cw;gj;jp bra;fpd;wd. nkYk; mit 3 kpy;ypad; ld; rh;f;fiuia
cw;gj;jp bra;tnjhL 30 kpy;ypad; ld; fUk;gpid muit bra;fpd;wd.
13. rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; 50 tpGf;fhl;Lf;F nky; cw;gj;jp vd;gJld;>
kw;bwhU rhjid Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; ,urhad cuq;fspy; 60
tpGf;fhL tpdpnahfk; bra;fpd;wd. tpw;gidr; rq;fq;fs; 1975-
76,y; U:. 1560 nfho tpis bghUs;fis tpw;gid bra;Js;sd.
1961-62,y; ,J U:. 175 nfho kl;Lnk.
14. Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiyfs; fpuhkg;g[wj;jpy; U:.440 nfho bghUl;fs;
tpdpnahfk; bra;J bghJg; gq;fPl;od; KJbfYk;ghf jpfH;fpd;wJ.
,nj nghy; mit efh;g;g[wj;jpy; U:.550 nfhof;F mtrpag;
bghUl;fspd; bghJg; gq;fPL bra;fpd;wJ.
15. 1963 Mk; Mz;L njrPa Tl;Lwt[ nkk;ghl;L Tl;LU (vd;.rp.o.rp) rl;l
g{h;tkhf mikf;fg;gl;L Tl;Lwtpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> 1982Mk; Mz;L
eghh;L vd;w tq;fp> hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Jiz tq;fpahf Tl;Lwt[
flid bgUkstpy; mspf;ft[k; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
16. ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; cyf rhjid gilj;J> ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; cyf
ehLfspy; Kjy; ,lj;jpid bgw;Ws;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;
Tl;Lwt[ ghy; cw;gj;jp rq;fq;fshFk;. F$uhj; khepyj;jpd; bfa;uh
khtl;lj;jpy; Mde; ghy; a{dpad; ypkpbll; (mKy;) lhf;lh; th;fP];
Fhpad; jiyikapy; ,e;jpahtpy; ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; g[ul;rpg; ghijia
fhl;oa[s;sJ. Tl;Lwtpd; kpf;g bghpa rhjid ghy; cw;gj;jp
mjpfhpg;ghFk;.
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; gpur;rpidfs; (Challenges before Co-operatives)
1. Tl;Lwt[ re;jpf;Fk; kpfg;bghpa gpur;rpidf;fld; tR{y; ghf;fp> fld;
epYit ghf;fp MFk;. fld; bgWgth;fs; flidj; jpUg;gpj;
jUtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; bjhlf;f ntshz;ik Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp
epiyapy; epYit ghf;fp Vw;gLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf bjhlf;f
ntshz;ik Tl;Lwt[ tq;fp khtl;l kj;jpa Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpf;F
flid jpUg;g Koahj epiyapy; khtl;l kj;jpa tq;fp epiyapYk;
khepy Kjd;ik tq;fp epiyapYk; epYit ghf;fp Vw;gl;L Tl;Lwt[
fld; bjhlh;e;J fpilg;gJ jilgLfpd;wJ.
2. midj;J murpay; fl;rpfSk; mt;tg;nghJ njh;jy; thf;FWjpahf
Tl;Lwt[ flid js;Sgo bra;tjhf jtwhd vz;zq;fis
njhw;Wtpg;gjhy; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; flid jpUg;gpj; jUk; vz;zk;
bfhs;tjpy;iy.
3. murpd; gpoapy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; rpf;f jd;dpr;irahd $dehafj;
jd;ikia ,Hf;fpd;wJ.
4. gzf;fhu> trjp gilj;njhh;fns Tl;Lwtpy; Mjpf;fk;
bra;fpd;wdh;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpy; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; <LghL Fiwthf
cs;sJ.
77
6. Tl;Lwtpy; jiyika[k;> jiyik bghWg;g[ Vw;f jFjpahdth;fSk;
,y;yhjJ Fiwahf cs;sJ.
7. jpwikahd bjhHpy; hPjpahd epUthfk; Tl;Lwtpy; ,d;Dk;
fdthfnt cs;sJ.
8. Tl;Lwt[g; gzpahsUf;F njitahd gapw;rp mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; gy khepyq;fspy; Tl;Lwtpd; Vw;wj; jhH;thd tsh;r;rp
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; Tl;Lwt[ fld; ,af;fkhfnt
tsh;e;Js;sJ. fld; rhuh rq;fq;fs; nghjpa tsh;r;rp bgwtpy;iy.
tptrhaf; flDk;> FG ghpe;JiufSk;
tptrhak; xU Kf;fpaj; bjhHpyhFk;. kw;w bjhHpy;fisg; nghynt
tptrhaj; bjhHpypw;Fk; K:yjdk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Fiwe;j tUtha;>
mjpf thlif tpfpjk;> Fiwe;j mst[ ntiytha;g;g[ nghd;w
fhuzq;fspdhy; bgUthhpahd tptrhapfs; jtph;f;fKoahky; jq;fs; epjpj;
njitfSf;F fld; thq;Ffpwhh;fs;. bghJthf tptrha tuyhw;wpy;
tptrhapfs;> fld; thq;Fjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; typa[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vbddpy;
tptrhapfspd; bgUkst[ K:yjdk;> epyq;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;Ffspy;
Klq;fpa[s;sd. tptrha cw;gj;jpapd; tsh;r;rpf;F J}z;Lnfhyhf mika>
tptrhapfSf;Fg; nghjpa flDjtp chpafhyj;jpy; tHq;fg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;;.
If;fpa ehLfspd; xU btspaPL tptrhapfspd; fld; njitfisf;
fPH;f;fz;lthW typa[Wj;jpa[s;sJ. “cyf mstpy;> bgUthhpahd
tptrhpafs;> rpy rka;fspy; fld; thq;f ntz;oa[s;sJ. gy tptrhapfs;
mjpf mstpy; fld; thq;f ntz;oa epiyapy; cs;sdh;. tptrha cw;gj;jp
bgUf;fj;jpw;F mth;fs; kpf mjpf mstpy; fld; thq;fntz;oa[s;sJ. epy
chpikahdJ> khw;W tpepnahfk; epfGk; nghJ fld; tHq;Fjypd; mtrpak;
kpft[k; mjpfkhfpwJ. tptrhapfspd; epyk; kw;Wk; bghJthd tsh;r;rpiaf;
fUj;jpw;bfhz;L mth;fSf;F fld; trjp mspj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ
MFk;”. eilKiw thH;tpy;> tptrha bra;Kiw mikg;gpd; Mjhukhf
tptrhaf;fld; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. nghjpa epjp trjpapd;ikahy; tptrhapfSf;F
Vw;gLk; rPuHpt[fisj; jtph;j;J bra;Kiw mikg;gpd; rPuhd xl;lj;jpw;F
tptrhaf; fld; tHpnfhYfpwJ.
ViHehLfspy; tptrhaf;fldpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
tptrhapfspd; Fiwe;j mst[ nrkpg;g[j;jpwd; my;yJ nrkpf;f ,ayhik>
mth;fis mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; tifapy;> jq;fs; bray;ghl;ow;F
epjpjpul;l> tHp tpLtjpy;iy. tptrhaj;Jiwapd; njf;fepiyia
nghf;Ftjw;F epWtdq;fs; thapyhff; epjp tHq;Fjny> xnu epue;ju
tHpahFk;. bghJeyidf; fUj;jpw;bfhz;L ghh;f;Fk;nghJ> tptrhaf; fld;
mspg;gjpy; jdpahh; epjp epWtdq;fspd; gq;F kpft[k; FiwthdjhFk;.
tptrhaf; fldpd; tiffs;
tptrhaf;fld;> njit nehf;fthhpahf> fhythhpahf> gpizathhpahf
fldPe;njhh;thhpahf ehd;F tifg;gLjjyhk;.
78
1. fld; thq;Fjypd; nehf;fk;
tsh;r;rp rhh;fld; (,jidK:yjdf; fld; vdt[k; miHf;fyhk;)
tptrhapfSf;F fPH;f;fz;ltifapy; KjyPL bra;a njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. epyk; thq;Fjy;
2. ePh;g;ghrd trjpf;fhf> g[jpa fpzW btl;Ljy;> giHa
fpzWfis g[Jg;gpj;jy;> gk;g[brl;Lfs; mikj;jy;
nghd;wit.
3. tphpthf;fg;gzpfs;> epyq;fis rPuikj;jy;> kw;Wk;
gz;gLj;jy;> epytk; kw;Wk; <ug;gjj;ij ghJfhj;jy;>
fhy;tha; kw;Wk; tofhy; mikj;jy; nghd;wit.
4. fhy;eil bfhl;lif kw;Wk; fplq;Ffs; mikj;jy;>
ntypapLjy; vhprhztha[f;Tlk; mikj;jy;
nghd;wit.
5. gHj;njhl;lq;fs; mikj;jy;> kyh;rhFgo
njhl;lg;gaph; tphpthf;fk; Kjypad.
6. ghy; gjdpL epiyak;> nfhHpg;gz;iz> gd;wpg;
gz;iz> kPd;tsk;> gl;Lg;g{r;rptsh;g;g[> njdPtsh;g;g[
nghd;witfSf;F bfhl;lif mikj;jy;> fhy;eil
kw;Wk; gwitfs; thq;Fjy;> cgfuzq;fs; thq;Fjy;
Kjypad.
2. fld; njitg;gLk; fhy mst[
tptrhapfspd; fld; njitfisf; fhy mst[ mog;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Kd;Tl;o Vw;gLk; bryt[fis K:d;W tifahfg;
gphpf;fyhk; mitahtd. ePz;lfhyk;> kj;jpa fhyk; kw;Wk; FWfpa fhyk;>
nkw;fz;l tifahd fld;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; cWjpahd tiutpyf;fzk; VJk;
,y;iy. Mapd;> eilKiw tHf;fj;ij xl;o nehf;Fk;nghJ ePz;lfhy
fld; 5,y; ,Ue;J 15 Mz;Lfhyk; tiu gutp ,Uf;Fk;. kj;jpa fhy
fld;fs; 2,y; ,Ue;J 5 Mz;Lfs; tiu gutp ,Uf;Fk;. elg;g[ cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; ,ju njitf;fSf;fhf 3,y; ,Ue;J 18 khjk; tiu fld; trjp
njitg;gLk;. mjhtJ xU rhFgoapypUe;J gphpbjhU rhFgo fhyk; tiu>
njitg;gLk; fld;bjhif FWfpa fhy fld; vDk; tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
3. gpizaj;jpw;bfjpuhf tHq;fg;gLk; fld;fs;
1. epy mlkhdj;jpd; nghpy; tHq;fg;gLk; tptrha mlkhd
fld;.
2. fhy;eilfs;> gaph; kw;Wk; gz;lff;fhg;g[ rhiyapd; urPJ
Mfpait <l;od;nghpy; tHq;fg;gLk; gpizaf;fld;.
3. jdpegh; ehzak;> jpUg;gp brYj;Jk; rf;jp Mfpatw;wpd;
mog;gilapy; tHq;fg;gLk; brhe;jf;fld;.
4. fldPe;njhh; rhh;fld;
,it fld; mspf;Fk; jdpegh; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; nehf;fpd;
mog;gilapy; tHq;fg;gLk; cuk;. epyf;fpHhh;fs;> th;j;jfh;fs;> ez;gh;fs;>
cwtpdh;fs;> ehl;Ltq;fpah;> Mfpnahh; ,th;fs; ve;j tpjpKiwfs;
79
mog;ilapYk; bray;gLtjpy;iy. Ruz;liy cs;nehf;fkhf
bfhz;lth;fs;.
tptrhaf; fld; K:yq;fs;
tptrhaf;fld; gy epWtdq;fspdhy; tHq;fg;gLfpwJ. mit gy;ntW
tifahdit . ,Ug;gpDk; mitfis bghJthf ,uz;L
tifahfg;gphpf;fyhk;;.
1. jdpahh; my;yJ jdpegh; K:yq;fs;
epyf;fpHhh;fs;> cwtpdh;fs;> th;j;jfh;fs; ehl;Ltq;fpah; nghd;wth;fs;
2. epWtd K:yq;fs;
tzpftq;fpfs;> Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;> murhq;fk; nghd;w epWtdq;fs;
,t;tifiar; rhh;e;jit.
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jjpypUe;J nkw;f;fz;l fpuhkpaf;fld; gw;wpa
Ma;t[fs;
ek; ehL Rje;jpuk; mile;jjpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp nghjpa
fhy ,ilbtspapy; fpuhkpaf; fld;fis gw;wp gy tphpthd Ma;t[fis
nkw;bfhz;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy; Kjd;ikahdJ mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf;fld;
Ma;t[ MFk;. gpwF mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; kw;Wk; KjyPl;L Ma;t[
nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gpwF mz;ikapy; gphpbjhU mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf;
fld; kw;Wk; KjyPL Ma;t[ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
nkw;Twpa Ma;t[fspd; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; kw;Wk; Kot[fs; fPnH
tHq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf;fld; Ma;t[f; (AIRCS) FG
1951 Mz;L mg;nghija ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpapd; fth;dh;
jpU. B. uhkuht; Tl;oa Tl;wt[fs; kw;Wk; eph;thfpfspd; Mnyhridf;
Tl;lj;jpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; mog;gilapy; hprh;t; tq;fp> mfpy ,e;jpa fld;
Ma;t[fis nkw;bfhz;lJ. jpU. A.D nfhh;thyh jiyikapy; rpwpa FG
mikf;fg;gl;L>mf;FGtplk; Ma;t[g; gzp xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
lhf;lh; D.R. fhl;fpy; mf;FGtpd; xU cWg;gpduhthh;. ,t;tha;t[f;fhd
mog;gilr; rhd;Wfs; ehl;oy; gy khepyq;fspy; mike;Js;s khtl;lq;fspy;
7 khtl;lq;fspy; trpf;Fk; 1>27>343 FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J jpul;lg;gl;ld.
mt;tha;tpd; Kot[fs; K:d;W gFjpfis cs;slf;fpait mitahtd.
1. Ma;twpf;if 2. bghJ mwpf;if 3. bjhHpy; El;g mwpf;if
Kf;fpaf; fz;Lgpog;g[fs;
1. mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; Ma;tpd; Kf;fpag; g[s;sp tptu
fz;Lgpog;g[ fpuhkpa kf;fspd; fld;fs; gy fld; tHq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy;
gutpa[s;sd vd;gJ gw;wp MFk;. tptrhapfspd; bkhj;jf;fldfspd;
3.3rjtPjk; murhq;fj;jhy; tHq;fg;gl;lit 3% rjtPj fld;fs;
Tl;Lwt[fspdhy; tHq;fg;gl;lit. 0.9 rjtPjk; tzpf tq;fpfshy;
tHq;fg;gl;lit. tptrhapfspld; fld;fspy; 92.70 rjtPjk; jdpahh; fld;
epWtdq;fsodhy; tHq;fg;gl;lit. ,tw;wpy; 44.80 rjtPjfld;fs;
ehl;L tq;fpauhy; kl;Lk; tHq;fg;gl;lit.
80
gy;tif tptrhapfSf;fpilna bgwg;gl;l fld;fs; gy;tif fld;
epWtdq;fSf;F tpfpjhr;rhu mog;gilapy; ,y;iy vd;gJ ,f;FGtpd;
Kf;fpaf; fz;Lgpog;g[ MFk;. xU rpyh; kpf mjpf tpGf;fhL flida[k;>
xU rpyh; rpy tpGf;fhL fld; kl;Lk; mspj;jjpypUe;J Jy;ypakhf
fz;Lfpof;fg;gl;lJ.
khepy thhpahf
murhq;fj;jhy; tHq;fg;gl;l fld;fspy; bgUk;gFjp gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy;>
,lg;bgah;r;rp bra;ag;gl;lth;fSf;F tHq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nehf;f mog;gil tpepnahfk;
murhq;ff; fld;> Fiwe;j msthf ,Ug;gpDk; mit tptrhaj;jpd;
beLq;fhy njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;a[k; tifapy; mike;Js;sd. FWfpa
fhy fld;fis Tl;Lwt[ fld; rq;fq;fs; K:ykhf mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tl;o tpfpjk;
tptrhapfs;> jq;fs; njitf;fhf> 25 rjtPjk; my;yJ mkw;F
mjpfkhd tl;o tpfpjj;jpy;> jdpahhplk; ,Ue;J thq;fpa[s;sdh;. ,t;tif
fld;fs;> xt;bthU khepy jdpg;gl;l bkhj;jj;jpYk;> 70 rjtPjk; xhp];]h
khepyj;jpYk;> 49 rjtPjk; jphpg[uhtpYk;> 40 rjtPjk; nkw;F tq;fj;jpYk;> 29
rjtPjk; cj;jpugpunjrj;jpYk; kw;Wk; nkYk; 27 rjtPjk; gPfhhpYk;
thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Tl;Lwt[fs;
1. 1954Mk; Mz;L ek; ehl;oy; 16> khepy Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
bray;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy; rpy rpf;fy;fshtd gpd;tUkhW.
m) Tl;Lwt[fis xJf;fp jdpegh;fSf;F fld;
tHq;Fjy;.
M) ePz;lfhy fld;fspy;> FWfpafhy epjpfs;
tHq;Fjy;.
,) th;j;jfj;ij> tq;fpnahL ,izj;jy;.
2. 509 kj;jpaf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; tq;fp xd;wpaq;fs;
bray;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy; jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; kfhuh\;ouh
khepyq;fspy; kl;Lnk xU kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ruhrhp
brhj;J K:yjdk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l U:. 3 ,yl;rq;fis
jhz;oaUe;jJ.
3. 47.77 ,yl;gk; cWg;gpdh;fisf; bfhz;l 1.08 ,yl;rk;
tptrha fld; rq;fq;fs; ekJ ehl;oy; bray;gl;ld.
4. ek; ehl;oy; 7 epyts tq;fpfs; kl;Lnk bray;gl;ld.
Tl;Lwt[ ePz;lfhy fld;fspy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
FiwghLfshtd.
m) ,t;tif fld;fspd; bgWthhpahdit Ke;ija
fld;fis milf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
M) fld; tHq;Ftjpy; mjpf fhy jhkjk;.
81
5. Tl;Lwt[f;fld;fs;> eLj;ju kw;Wk; rpW tptrhapfis tpl
bghpa tptrhapfSf;nf mjpfk; tHq;fg;gl;ld.
FGtpd; Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufs;
mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; Ma;tpd; Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufs; kw;Wk;
xUq;fpize;j fpuhkpaf; fld; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;g[ mk;rq;fq;fs; fPnH
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. xUq;fpize;j fpuhkpaf;fld; jpl;lk;
fPH;f;fz;l K:d;W bfhs;iffspd; mog;gilapy; fpuhkpaf;
flid khw;wp mikg;gjw;F xU xUq;fpize;j jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. gy epiyfspy; murpd; gq;nfw;g[
2. fld; kw;Wk; ,ju bghUshjhu eltof;iffspy; ,ilna
KG xUq;fpizg;g[.
3. fpuhkpa kf;fspd; njitfisg; g[hpe;J bfhz;L
brayhf;fj;jf;f> gapw;rp bgw;w kw;Wk; jpwd; kpf;f
gzpahsh;fis bfhz;L eph;tfpj;jy;.
2. Tl;Lwt[ fld; nkk;ghl;oy; ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpapd; gq;F
Tl;Lwt[ fld; epWtdq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;g[ kw;Wk;
khw;wpaikj;jYf;F jpl;lq;fs; jPl;l> ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp khepy muRfnshL
,ize;J gzpahw;w ntz;Lk;.
3. kj;jpa murpd; gq;F
khepy muRfspd; K:ykhf> Tl;Lwt[ fld; epWtdq;fSF;F khdpak;
tHq;Ftjw;F czt[ kw;Wk; tptrha mikr;rfk;> njrpa tptrhaf; fld;
(epthuzk; kw;Wk; fhg;g[epjp) epjpia gad;gLj;Jjy; ntz;Lk;.
4. khepy murpd; gq;F
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpa[ld; Mnyhrid bra;J tFf;fg;gl;l fld;
nkk;ghl;L bray; jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jk; bghWg;g[ khepy muirr;
rhh;e;jjhFk;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; gq;F
,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpa[ld; Mnyhrid bra;J> gy epiyfspy; cs;s
Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fis khw;wpaikf;f> bghWg;g[ khepy muirr;
rhh;e;jjhFk;.
6. re;ijapLif kw;Wk; gjdpLjy; nghd;w Tl;Lwitr; rhh;e;j
bghUshjhu eltof;iffspd; nkk;ghL Kd;Dhpik bgWjy;
ntz;Lk;.
7. gz;lff;fhg;g[ kw;Wk; tpepnahf eltof;iffs; rpwg;gila ntz;Lk;.
8. fpuhkpa kw;Wk; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpapay; nkk;ghL cWjp bra;ag;gl
ntz;Lk;.
9. gzpahsh;fSf;F nkk;ghl;L gapw;rpapf;Fk; trjpfs; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
10. jdpahh; epWtdq;fspd; gq;F kw;Wk;
11. fpuhkpa nrkpg;g[ cWjp bra;ag;gly; ntz;Lk;.
82
12. gQ;r epthuz epjpfs; mspf;fg;gly; ntz;Lk;.
13. fpuhkg;gFjpapy; rhiyfs; mikj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
14. fpuhkpa bjhHpy;fSf;F epjpa[jtp mspj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
15. eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jk; bra;ag;gLjy; ntz;Lk;.
mfpy ,e;jpa fpuhkpaf; fld; kW Ma;t[f; FG (AIRCRC)
1966 Mk; Mz;L $Pd; khjk; ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp> tFf;fg;gl;l
bfhs;iffspd; mog;gilapy; rhjpf;fg;gl;l gyd;fs;> vjph;fhyj;
njitfs;> mj;njitfis g{h;j;jp bra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
Mfpatw;iw kW Ma;t[ bra;tjw;fhf jpU. B. btq;fl;lg;igah
jiyikapy; xU FGit mikj;jJ. mf;FG jdJ mwpf;ifia
1969-Mk; Mz;L $Piy khjk; rkh;g;gpj;jJ. mf;FGtpd; Kf;fpa
ghpe;Jiufs; fPnH gl;oayplg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. tptrhaf; fld; FG Vw;gLj;Jtjpd; K:yk;> hprh;t; tq;fp>
fpuhkpaf; fld;fis khw;wpaikj;jy;.
2. ehL jGtpa mstpy;>njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l khtl;lq;fs;>
xt;bthd;wpYk; rpW tptrhapfs; nkk;ghl;L epWtdk;
mikj;jy;.
3. tptrha tsh;r;rpf;fhd tha;g;g[s;s gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfs; kw;Wk;
,ju gFjpfs; gad; milaj;jf;f tifapy; xU fpuhkpa
kpd;rhuf;fHfk; mikj;jy; .
4. tptrha kW epjpf; fHfk;> jPtpu kw;Wk; gutyhd tifapy;
bray;glj; jpl;lk; tFj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tsq;fis
mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ kw;Wk; tzpf tq;fpfs; K:ykhf> nghjpa kw;Wk;
chpafhyj;jpy; tptrhaf; fld; mspf;Fk; tifapy; gy;tif
mst[fnfhy;fis tFj;jy;.
FGtpd; Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufis fPH;f;fz;lthW tpsf;fhyhk;.
1. jpwd; kpf;f gpujk Tl;Lwt[fspd; njitfs;.
2. fld; tHq;Ftjw;fhd bfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; bra;Kiwfis
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. rpwpa tptrhapfs; nkk;ghl;L epWtdk; mikj;jy;.
4. KjyPl;Lj; njitfSf;fhd fhy fldspj;jy;.
5. fpuhkpa kpd;rhuf; fHfk; mikj;jy;.
6. hprh;t; tq;fpapd; gq;F cWjp bra;ag;gLjy;.
7. fhy;eil tsh;g;g[f;fhd fld; trjpfs; nghd;wit.
8. Ms; nrh;f;if kw;Wk; ntiytha;g;g[
1. jpwd; kpf;f gpujk Tl;Lwt[fspd; mtrpak;.
Tl;Lwt[f; fld; fl;likg;g[ gpujk epiyapy; jpwd;kpf;fjha;
miktjd; mtrpaj;ij> FG kPz;Lk; typq[Wj;jpaJ. nkw;Twpa
mk;rk; g[wf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljhy;> gpujk rq;fq;fs; khw;wpaikf;f>
83
cj;ntfkhf jpl;lk; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf 1970-71 Mk;
Mz;L ,Wjpapy; jpwd; kpf;f gpujk rq;fq;fs; kl;Lnk bray;gLk;
epiynjhd;Wk; vd fUjg;gl;lJ.
2. fldspg;g[ bfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; bray;Kiwfs;.
Tl;Lwt[fs; rk;ge;jkhf FG ,uz;L tif a[f;jpfis
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. mtw;wpy;> xd;W> bray;Kiwfis> vspik> tpiut[
Mfpaitfis fUj;jpw;bfhz;L tHpKiwgLj;jy; MFk;.
3. rpW tptrhapfspd; nkk;ghl;L epWtdk;.
gy khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l 30
khtl;lq;fspy;> rpWtptrhapfs; nkk;ghl;L epWtdq;fis mikj;jy;>
mfpy ,e;jpaf; fpuhkpaf;fld; kW Ma;t[f; FGtpd; ghpe;Jiufspy; kpf
Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
4. KjyPl;Lj; njitf;fhd fhyf;fld; mspj;jy;
nkw;fz;l fld;fs; bjhHpw;El;g rhj;jpaf;TW bghUshjhuj;
jpwd; Mfpa mog;gi;lapy; tHq;fg;gl ntz;Lbkd FG ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
fldpd; fhy mst[> jpUg;gp brYj;Jk; rf;jpapd; mog;gilapy;
mikjy; ntz;Lk;. mt;tiff; fld;fs; Kiwahff;
fz;fhzpf;fg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;. Koe;jtiu xU Kd;khjphp jpl;l
mog;gilapy; fhz;fhzpg;g[ kw;Wk; gpbjhlh; eltof;iff; mikjy;
ntz;Lk;.
5. fpuhkpa kpd;rhuf; fHfk;
tptrha KjyPl;ow;F ePz;l fhy fld; msof;Fk;
a[f;jpfnshL bjhlh;g[s;s ghpe;Jiufspy; fpuhkpa kpd;rhuf;fHfk;
epWt[jYk; xd;whFk;. 1973-74 Mk; Mz;oy; TLjyhr 12.50 ,yl;rk;
gk;g[ brl;Lfis kpd;kakhf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;ilf; FG typapWj;jpaJ.
khepy kpd;rhu thhpaq;fs;> fpuhk gFjpfspy; kpd; ,izg;g[fs; tHq;Fk;
K:yq;fis fz;lwpjy; ntz;Lk;.
6. hprh;t; tq;fpapd; gq;F
bgUfptUk; gd;Kf gy;nehf;F ntshz; fld; Jiwapd;
ghpkhzj;jpw;nfw;g epjp Vw;ghL kw;Wk; tHq;Fk; K:yk; xd;wpid
mikj;Jj; jUjypy; ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpapd; <LghLk;> Kf;fpag; gq;Fk;
,f;FGtpd; ghpe;Jiufspy; fhz;ggLfpwJ.
7. fhy;eiltsh;g;g[ kw;Wk; bjhlh;g[s;s eltof;iffSf;F fld; trjp
mspj;jy; FGtpd; <LghLk;> ghpe;Jiufspy; xd;whFk;.
8. Ms;nrh;g;g[ kw;Wk; ntiytha;g;g[
Tl;Lwt[fs;> jpwikahd gzpahsh;fis> nghjpa mstpy;
<h;g;gjd; mtrpaj;ij FG Rl;of;fhl;oaJ. nje;bjLf;fg;gl;l
eph;thf FGtpdh; rk;gsk; bgUk; mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; gpw nkyhz;ik
gzpahsh;fs; mfpnahuJ bghWg;g[f;fis tiuaWg;gjpy; brk;ikahd
tHpKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; ntz;Lk;.
nkw;fz;l tpjq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkpaf; fld; epiyahdJ
Kiwahf Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;L nkk;ghl;L eltof;iffs; jPtpukile;J
84
te;Js;sJ. jw;nghJ ,e;epiy jFe;j mstpw;F Kd;ndw;wk;
mile;Js;sJ vd cWjpahf ek;gyhk;.
Ra ghpnrhjid nfs;tpfs;&
nfs;tpfs;:
01. ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ _______ Mk; Mz;L bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
02. _____ vd;w cah; mjpfhhpia fpuhkpaf;fld; epiy kw;Wk;
ntshz;ik fldspg;g[f;fhd tHpfis Muha brd;id khfhz
muR epakpj;jJ.
03. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; _______ Mk; Mz;L _______ njjp
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
gjpy;fs;:
01. 1904
02. rh; gpublhpf; epf;fy; rd;
03. 1904> khh;r; 25
nfs;tpfs; &
04. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; re;jpj;j gpur;ridfspy; rpy
05. ,e;jpa muR 1914 Mk; Mz;L Tl;Lwt[f; FG vd;w FGtpid
________ vd;gth; jiyikapy; mike;jJ.
06. ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ fld; ,af;fk; _________ vd;gth;
ghpe;Jiuahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
gjpy;fs; :
04. rpwpa mst[> Fiwe;j mq;fj;jpdh;fs;> bfsut eph;thfk;>
epjpg;gw;whf;Fiw> tiuaWf;fg;glhj bghWg;g[.
05. kj;yfhd;
06. `gpuylhpf; epf;nfhy; rd;
85
gFjp – m&
01. epf;fy;rd; vd;gth; ahh;?
02. kf;yfhd; vd;gth; ahh;?
03. Tl;Lwt[ jpl;lf;fkpl;o vd;gJ vd;d?
04. AIRCSC vd;gJ vd;d?
05. AIRCRC vd;gJ vd;d?
06. tptrha fld; kW Ma;t[ fkpl;o vd;gJ vd;d?
07. DAP vd;gJ vd;d?
gFjp – M&
08. Tl;Lwt[rq;fq;fs; rl;lq;fs; gw;wp vGJf?
09. epf;fy;fs; mwpf;if gw;wp vGJf?
10. kf;yfhd; fkpl;o vjw;fhf epWtg;gl;lJ? tpthp?
11. DAP gw;wp tpthp?
gFjp - ,&
12. ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;FKe;ija fhy Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fq;fis gw;wp tpthp?
13. Ie;jhz;L jpl;l fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpthp?
14. ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; rhjidfs; kw;Wk; gpur;ridfs; gw;wp tpthp?
86
NOTES
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…………………………………………………………………….……………..
87
myF - 5
cyf kakhf;fypd; fPH; Tl;Lwt[
(Co-operationunder Globalization era)
rpwg;ghf mike;jd.
tq;fpfs; Kjd;ik bgw;W btw;wpdukhd bray;gLfpd;wd. cyf mstpy;
Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp (Co-operative education)
fy;tp vd;gJ Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspd; cjtpnahL jpwikahf
bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ fy;tp vd;gJ gpur;rhuj;jpypUe;J ntWgl;lJ.
gpur;rhuk; kw;Wk; btspaPL nghd;wit bghUs;fis tpw;gid bra;tjpYk;>
fUj;Jf;fis jpzpg;gjd; K:yKk; kdpjd; tsh;r;rp bgWfpd;whd;. xU
rpwe;j kdpjid cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> gz;ghsdhf khw;wt[k; fy;tp kpft[k;
mtrpakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xt;bthU mikg;g[k; jq;fis bjhpag;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;tjw;Fk; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; gpur;rhuk; njitg;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwtpy; fy;tp
vd;gJ nfhl;ghLfs; tHpKiwfs; Fwpf;nfhs;fs; gapw;rp bgWjy;
nghd;wtw;wpy; mwpit tHq;Ftjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. kf;fspilna
Tl;Lwt[ cj;ntfk;> jpwik> ntiy Mfpatw;iw btspf;bfhzUtjw;F
fy;tp mtrpakhfpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[j; JiwahdJ gynfhz tsh;r;rpapYk; ntfkhf tphpthf;fr;
braypYk; ghFghL bra;J gpujhdkhf bghUshjhu jpl;lkplYf;F
tHptFf;fpwJ. Tl;Lwt[fs; bghUshjhu jpwik bgWtjw;F cah;e;j gl;r
tHpKiwfis gpd;gw;wp typikahd rKjhaj;ij gilf;fpwJ. ,e;jtif
bray;ghL Tl;Lwt[fis kw;wth;fsf;F bjhpag;gLj;jt[k;> vy;yh
epiyfspYk; kdpj rf;jp jpl;lkpliy bra;at[k;> nkyhz;ik tsh;r;rp K:yk;
gapw;rp mspf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wd. kdpjts nkk;ghl;ow;F
bjhHpy;kakhf;fjYf;F tHptif bra;fpd;wJ. gapw;rpahdJ nkyhz;ikapy;
Vw;gLk; nghl;o kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k; Tl;Lwt[j;Jiwapy; rkhspj;JtpLfpd;wJ.
88
vdnt mjpfg;goahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kj;jpa khepy muRfs; mspj;J
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; tsUtjw;Fk; gapw;rpapd; mog;gil Kiwfs;
tYg;bgWtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;jd.
Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpapd; nehf;fq;fs;
Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpapd; nehf;fq;fshtd
1. kf;fis Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd;fPH; bfhz;LtUtjw;Fk;>
kdpjh;fpsd; tsh;r;rp caUtjw;Fk; bray;gLfpd;wd.
2. bjhHpy; nkyhz;ik bjhpahj kf;fSf;F> bghUs;
cw;gj;jpf;fhd gilg;ghspfspd; jFjpia tsh;j;jy;.
3. Tl;Lwt[ cwg;gpdh;fspilna cs;s czh;t[fshd rq;fk;
jq;fSilaJ vd;gij czh;j;JtnjhL jpwikahf rqfk;
eilbgw mq;fj;jpdiu rhh;e;jpUj;jy;.
4. mwpt[> nehf;fk;> jpwik Mfpatw;wpy; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
ek;gpf;if Cl;o Tl;Lwthsh;fis bfhz;L bjhHpy;
mikg;ghf bray;gl cjtntz;Lk;.
5. fy;yhikf;Fk;> mwpahikf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s nghhpy; Mz;>
bgz; vd;W ghuhky; g[jpa rKjhak; gilf;f vLnfhshf
jpfH;fpwJ.
6. Tl;Lwt[ $dejafj;ij kf;fs; fw;Wf;bfhs;tjw;F
cjt[fpd;wJ.
7. Tl;Lwt[ rpe;jidfSf;F Fe;jfk; Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; cs;s
fhuzpfspypUe;J Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;ij ghJfhf;fpwJ.
8. Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspy; <LghL ,y;yhj kf;fsplk;
fye;Jngrp mth;fis Tl;Lwt[ Kizaj;jpy; bfhz;L
tUjy;.
9. Tl;Lwt[fSf;F njitahd gapw;rpbgw;w bghUg;ghsh;fis
cUthf;fp mth;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ nfhl;ghLfspy;
tHpfhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
10. bghJkf;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ gw;wp rhpahd jfty;fs; tHq;Fjy;.
Tl;Lwt[g; gapw;rpapd; nehf;fq;fs;
Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp bfhs;ifahdJ bewpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L njrpa
nehf;fpy; bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;L Kd;Dhpik tHq;fp
Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rpia mjpfhpf;fpwJ. njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkk;
gapw;rpapd; jpl;lkply;> xUq;fpizj;jy; nghd;wtw;iw ftdpj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rpapd; gpujhd nehf;fnk nkyhz;ik mikg;g[ Kiwia
Tl;Lwt[fspy; Vw;gLj;jp nkyhz;ik kakhf;FjYf;F cjtr;
bra;antz;Lk; vd;gjw;nfw;w jpwik> mwpt[ Mfpatw;wpy; gzpahsh;fSf;F
Mh;tg;gLj;jp gy;ntW tifahd gapw;rpfis mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikak;
njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpaj;jpd; xU mq;fnk Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp ikak;
MFk;. Kd;djhf mfpy ,e;jpa Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
Ma;thsh;fs; ikakhf 1988 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J bray;gl;lJ vd;W
89
Twg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikak; cj;jpugpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;s
jhf vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; bray;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF bray;ghLfs; midj;Jk;
+hpahdh khepyj;jpd;> Fh;fhd; khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. filrpahf 1964-y;
g[Joy;ypf;F khw;wg;gl;L bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. 1980 Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
brhe;jkhf fl;olk; fl;lg;gl;L mjw;F $th;fyhy; neU Tl;Lwt[ tshfk;
vd;W bgahplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; cs;s gFjpapy; xU
jdpf; fl;olj;jpy; oy;ypapy; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikak; bray;gLfpwJ.
nehf;fq;fs;
njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikaj;ij cUthf;Ftjpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fnk
bghWg;g[s;s tphpt[iuahsh;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpapy; gapw;rp
mspf;fg;glntahFk;. njrpa mstpy; Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp jpl;lj;ij
epiwntw;Wtjw;F tHpKiwfis tFj;Jf; bfhLf;fpd;wd. fw;Wwj;jUjypd;
El;gq;fspYk; ,af;Feh;fSf;F bfhs;if Kot[ vLg;gjpYk; gy;ntW gapw;rp
jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
gzpfs;
njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikak; fPH;f;fz;l jpl;lq;fs; K:yk;
brayhw;wp tUfpd;wd.
m. gzpahsh;fSf;fhd Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp
1. Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp tphpt[iuahsh;fSf;fhf gog;g[.
2. Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp Ma;thsh;fSf;F g[j;jhf;fg; gapw;rp.
3. fw;gpf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; jahhpf;Fk; gl;liw elj;Jjy;.
4. fy;tpj;jpl;l nkw;ghh;it mYtyh;fSf;F g[j;jhf;fg; gapw;rp
mspj;jy;. mjhtJ bray; ,af;Feh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspj;jy;. nkYk; rpy
rpwg;ghd gpujk Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; Tl gad;bgWfpd;wd.
,. fsr; bray;ghLfs; gw;wp Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk;.
<. gy;fiyf; fHfk; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfspy; nghjpf;Fk; Tl;Lwt[
Mrphpah;fSf;F rpwg;g[ jpl;lq;fs; K:yk; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkk;
njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkk; Kd;djhf Tl;Lwt[g; gapw;rpapd;
kj;jpaf; FG vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kj;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpapy;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy; $#iy 1962y; bray;glj; bjhlq;fp 1976y; ,d;iwa gapw;rp
FGkkhf jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpaj;jpd; fPH; xU
mq;fkhf njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkk; bray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
nehf;fq;fs;
1. Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp bjhlh;ghd bfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lj;jpYk;
bray;totk; bfhLf;fpwJ.
2. Tl;Lwt[ Jiwapy; gzpg[hpa[k; gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp tHq;fp vy;yh
Vw;ghLfisa[k; bra;J jUfpwJ.
3. Tl;Lwt[ gzpahsh;fspd; gapw;rpapd; njitia czh;e;J
jpl;lkpLjYf;F trjp bra;Jk;> gapw;rpf;F totikj;Jk; cjt[fpd;wd.
90
4. kj;jpa> khepy muRfSld; bray;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;J kpft[k;
jpwikahd bjhlh;g[ mikg;ghf bray;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
5. Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp epWtdq;fis Vw;gLj;jp eph;thfk; bra;fpd;wJ.
6. Tl;Lwt[fspy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gFjpfis fz;lwpe;J
njitapUg;gpd; Muha;r;rpia nkw;bfhz;L eph;thfhPjpahf Ma;t[fs;
elj;jg;gl ntz;Lk;.
7. gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}hpfspYk; Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpia njhw;Wtpj;j
ghlj;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp. njh;t[fs; elj;jpa[k;> jukhd Tl;Lwt[ ghlg;
g[j;jfq;fis btspaPL bra;Jk; gapw;rp ikak; brayhw;wp tUfpwJ.
8. itFe;j nkj;jh njrpa Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik epWtdk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWk; tifapy; njrpa mstpy; rhj;jpaf; TWfs;. Ma;t[
bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk;.
9. fy;tpapd; juj;ij epiyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp. gapw;rp
mikg;g[fs; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp njh;t[fs; jpwikahd Kiwapy;
elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
10. njrpa mstpy; Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tpf;fhf gy;fiyf; fHfk;
cUthf;Fk; tha;g;g[fs; gw;wp ghprPyid bra;ag;gly; ntz;Lk;.
11. Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fspy; Mnyhrid nritikaq;fs; Vw;ghL
bra;J Fwpg;ghf nkyhz;ik gpur;rpidfspy; RK:fkhfj; jPh;t[ fhzr; bra;;a
ntz;Lk;.
12. muR cjtp> fl;lzq;fs;> re;jh nghd;wtw;wpd; K:yk; epjpia
jpul;Lfpd;w tHpfis gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk;
kj;jpa murplkpUe;Jk; cjtpfis bgw ntz;Lk;.
njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rpf; fHfk; njrpa mstpy; cs;s KJepiy
brayhsh;fSf;F g{dhtpy; gapw;rpf;fspf;fg;gLfpwJ. eLepiyapy; cs;s
mYtyh;fs; 18 Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik mikg;g[fnshL bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L
gapw;rp bgWfpd;wdh;. gapw;rp fHfq;fs; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhd efuq;fspy;
bray;gLfpwJ. FGkk; bjhlh;e;J fy;tp jpl;lj;jpy; 97 gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;
khepymuR kw;Wk; khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpaj;jpd; cjtpnahL eph;tfpf;fpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik epWtdk;
18 Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik epWtdk; ,e;jpahtpy; gy khepyq;fspy;
bray;gLfpwJ. ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; K:yk; mog;gilahf Tl;Lwt[
nkyhz;ik gl;lak; kw;Wk; rpy Jiwfspd; rpwg;g[ gl;lak; elj;jg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. mt;tg;bghGJ bray;ghLfs; hPjpahf FWfpa fhy ghlj;
jpl;lKk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ Ma;thsh;fs;. Tl;Lwt[
jzpf;ifah;fs; kw;Wk; tphpthf;f mYtyh;fs; MfpnahU;fFk; gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fspy; gzpg[hpa[k; ,ilepiy bray;
mYtyh;fSf;F mjhtJ nkyhsh; mstpy; cs;sth;fSf;Fk; nkyhz;ik
epWtd gapw;rp bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
91
ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; gl;oay;
t.vz; gl;lag;gog;g[
01. KJepiy Tl;Lwt[ gl;lak;
02. KJepiy RUf;fg;gl;l Tl;Lwt[ gl;lak;
03. bjhHpy; Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik ghl gl;lak;
04. ifj;jwp bert[ Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik gl;lak;
05. Tl;Lwt[ jzpf;ifapay; gl;lak;
06. tq;fpapaypd; gl;lak;
07. efuf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspy; gl;lak;
08. epyts tq;fpapay; gl;lak;
09. Tl;Lwt[ re;ijapay; nkyhz;ikapy; gl;lak;
10. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ikapy; gl;lak;
njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkj;jpd; eph;thfj;jpy; midj;J Tl;Lwt[

nkyhz;ik gapw;rp epWtdq;fSk; bray;gLfpd;wd. epWtdq;fspd;
tHpfhl;LjYf;Fk; xUq;fpizg;g[f;Fk; gapw;rp jpl;lk; jahhpf;fg;gl;L
nkyhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; cs;s FG mq;fPfhpf;fg;glntz;Lk;. ,e;jf;
FGthdJ xt;bthU Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik epWtdj;Jf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp ikaq;fs;
1987 Mk; Mz;oy; 90 ,sepiy Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp ikaq;fs; cs;sd.
me;j ikaq;fs; K:ykhf Tl;Lwtpy; brayhw;Wk; mog;gil gzpahsh;fs;
gapw;rp bgWfpd;wdh;. khepy Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; bghWg;gngw;W gapw;rpj;
jpl;lq;fis jahhpj;J ,sepiy gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fPH;f;fz;l ghlj; jpl;lq;fs; Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp ikaq;fs; K:yk;
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
92
ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; gl;oay;
t.vz; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; gl;oay; fhyk;
01. ,sepiy mog;gil ghlk; 24 thuq;fs;
02. rhd;wpjH; ghlk; 24 thuq;fs;
03. brayUf;fhd rhd;wpjH; ghlk; 16 thuq;fs;
04. ,sepiy gl;lag; ghlk; 8 thuq;fs;
05. nkw;ghh;itahsh;fs; gapw;rp ghlk; 21 thuq;fs;
06. Tl;Lwt[j;Jiw nkw;ghh;itahsh; ghlk; 9 thuq;fs;
07. ,sepiy Ma;thsh; ghlk; 1 tUlk;
08. bghJ mog;gilg; ghlk; 9 khuq;fs;
bgz;fspd; Tl;Lwt[ rq;f tsh;r;rpapd; FiwghLfs;

gpur;rpidfSk;> FiwghLfSk; mDgthPjpahf bgz;fs; Tl;Lwt[>
eph;thfj;jpy; Vw;gl;lit. mit fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. fy;yhika[k;> mwpahika[k;
bgz;fspd; Fiwe;j rjtPjf; fy;tp xU Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mjdhy; Tl;Lwtpy; bgz;fspd; <LghL jilgLfpwJ.
bgz;fSk; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa xU bjspt[k;> rpe;jida[k; ,y;yhky; cs;sdh;.
2. epjpf;FiwghL
gy;ntW epjp Kfikfs; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSf;F cjtp bra;fpd;wd
epjp cjtp bgWtjpy; mYtyf tHpKiwfs; fofdkhf cs;sjhy; epjp
Kfikfs; bgz;fisf; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpy; bray;gLtijj; jil
bra;fpwJ.
3. Tl;Lwt[r; rl;lj;jpy; FiwghLfs;
Tl;Lwt[fspd; rl;lq;fSk;> tpjpfSk;> Jiz tpjpfSk; bgz;fis
Tl;Lwtpy; nrUtjw;Fj; jilahf cs;sd. bgz;fs; brhe;jkhf epy
Mtzk; ,y;yhjjhy; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf Kotjpy;iy.
93
4. murpay; FiwghLfs;
Mz; murpay; jiyth;fs; K:yk; Mjpf;fk; brYj;Jtjhy; Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fs; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. bgz; jiyth; ,Uf;Fk;
rq;fq;fspy; murpay; jiyaPL Vw;gl;L bgz;fs; Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rpf;F
jilahf cs;sJ.
5. KobtLj;jypy; bfhs;ifapd;ik
Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpy; bfhs;ifapd;ikahy; bgz;fs; Tl;Lwt[
tsh;tJ jilgLfpwJ. kfhuh\;ouh khepy muR bgz;fSf;fhd
gynehf;F Tl;Lwt[ nrit rq;fj;ij cUthf;fp btw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.
,Ue;jhYk; Ra g{h;j;jp epiyia mila[kh? vd;w nfs;tpf;F ,d;Dk; gjpy;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.
ghpe;Jiufs;
1. Tl;Lwt[f; nfhl;ghLfs; ,UghyUf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;ij
cUthf;fp cs;sd. Tl;Lwt[ bray;ghLfs; gy nfhzq;fspy; Muhag;gl;L
bgz;fSf;F nghJkhd gpujpepj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
fPH;kl;l mstpYs;s Tl;Lwt[fspypUe;J nky;kl;lk; tiu filgpog;gJ
mtrpak;.
2. njrpa mstpy; fUj;juq;Ffs;> Tl;lg;gl;L Fwpg;ghf
“Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpy; bgz;fspd; gq;F” vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpthjk; eilbgw
ntz;Lk;. xt;bthU bgz; cWg;gpdh; mikg;g[fSk; fz;og;ghf fye;J
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
3. Ma;t[ xd;W elj;jg;gl;L ,d;iwa R{H;epiyapy; bgz;fspd;
gq;F Tl;Lwtpy; cs;sijf; fz;lwpa ntz;Lk;. njrpa mstpy;
bgz;fisf; bfhs;if hPjpahf epfH;r;rpfspYk; FGf;fspYk;
fye;JiuahlypYk; nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;sg;glntz;Lk;.
4. bgz;fs; eph;thff; FGtpy; gpujpepj;Jtk; tHq;fg;gl;Lk;
xt;bthU ehLfspYKs;s njrpa Tl;Lwt[ epWtdq;fspy; bray;gl tha;g;g[
mspf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. Tl;Lwt[ Jiz tpjpfisg; ghprPyiz bra;J
FiwghLfisf; fz;lwpe;J ve;j tpjpahtJ bgz;fs; gq;nfw;g[f;Fj;
jilahf ,Ug;gpd; rl;l hPjpahf Kot[ vLf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
6. ehl;ow;F ehL fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w jpl;lj;jpy; bgz;fis
<LgLj;Jk; tifapy; rpwe;j bgz;fs; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; gpujpepjpfis
mDg;gp gad;bgw ntz;Lk; (cjhuzkhf Mrphpah;fs;> khzth;fs; fUj;Jg;
ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <Lglyhk;).
,e;jpa murpayikg;g[ ,UghyUf;Fk; rk chpik tHq;Fk; tifapy;
rl;lq;fis tFj;Js;sJ. rl;lk; ,Ue;jhYk; bgz;fs; gy tHpfspy; Mz;
cWg;gpdhpd; Mjpf;fj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. “bgz;fSk; Tl;Lwt[
tsh;r;rpa[k;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpsf;fkhd rpe;jidfs; Twg;gl;Ls;sd.
bgz;fspd; khpahij ehSf;F ehs; mty epiyia milfpwJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lg;go Mz;fSF;F bgz;fs; rkk; vd;w nfl;ghL
Tl;Lwt[fspy; filgpof;fg;gLfpwJ. bgz;fSk;> Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rpa[k; vd;w
94
fUj;J tpthjpf;fg;gl;L> gy tifahd bgz;fs; Tl;Lwt[ miktjw;F
rKjhag; bghUshjhu epiyfs; mgptpUe;J mila ntz;Lk;.
b$h;kdp
cyf ehLfspy; b$h;kdpapy;jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf fld; tHq;Fk;
mikg;g[fspy; Tl;Lwt[f; nfhl;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gl;;l. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L
kj;jpapy; b$h;kdp ehl;oy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
E}w;whz;oy;> b$h;kdpapy; bghUshjhu epiy kpft[k; nkhrkhdjhf
,Ue;jJ. tptrhapfSk; iftpiQh;fSk; bgUkstpy; fld; bjhe;juit
re;jpj;jdh; ehL KGtJk; gQ;repiy. ,Jnt Tl;Lwt[ mig;g[ njhd;w
tHptFj;jJ v`g; lgpy;a[ bua;gPrpad; (1818- 1888) gpud;]; R{y;nr (1809 – 1883)
,uz;L Kd;ndhofs; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;f J}z;Lnfhshf ,Ue;J
kf;fspd; mtjpepiyia jPh;;f bua;gPrpad; Kaw;rp vLj;jhh;. efug; gFjpfspy;
cs;s kf;fspd; fld; gpur;rpidfis jPh;;f;f R{y;epiy ghLgl;lhh;. ,uz;L
Kd;ndhofSk; jPtpkhf czh;e;jdh;. MjhtJ b$h;kdpapy; cs;s kf;fs;
a{jh;fspd; gpoapypUe;J tpLgl;lhy;jhd; Kd;ndw;wkila Koa[k;. Mfnt>
b$h;kdpapy; cs;s vy;yh kf;fSk; jq;fSila Jaiu Jilj;Jf;bfhs;s
jPtpukhd Kiwapy; ,uz;L Kd;ndhofnshLk; nrh;e;J xj;JiHg;g[
bfhLj;jdh;. Ra cjtpna kpft[k; jPtputHpahf fUjp ciHj;jhh;fs;.
bua;gPrpad; rq;fq;fs;
bua;gPrpad; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; Kjy; fpuhkf;
Tl;Lwit Muk;gpj;jhh;. bua;gPrpd; epa[btl; vd;w rpwpa efuj;jpy; je;ijahf
,Ue;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpy; vd;d epiy ,Ue;jnjh mnj nghd;W b$h;kdpapYk;
fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; Muk;gpj;jnghJ ,Ue;jJ. b$h;kdpapd;
rpWtptrhapfs;> buw;gPrpad; cs;s fhyj;jpy; fld; Rikapdhy; VH;ikapdhy;
bgUk; my;yg;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfSf;F vspjhf fld; bfhLg;gth;fshf
tpahghpfSk; nyyhnjtpfSk; ,uf;fkw;w Kiwapy; bray;gl;ldh;.
bua;gPrpapdpd; Ra cjtp kw;Wk; gu];gu cjtp jpl;lk; K:yk; rpWtptrhapfspd;
fld; gpur;rpidia jPh;f;f Koa[k; vd;W epU:gpj;J fhl;odhh;.
m. nehf;fq;fs;
bua;gPrpad; rq;fq;fspd; khjphp tpjpfspd;go> b$h;kdpa kf;fspd;
bghUshjhu epiyia nkk;ghL milar; bra;at[k;> tptrhapfis Tl;Lwtpd;
fPH; bfhz;Ltut[k;> bjhHpy; bra;gth;fSf;F epjp cjtp mspf;ft[k; Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
M. bray; vy;iy
bua;gPrpad; rq;fq;fspy; bray; vy;iy xU fpuhkk; vd;w
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. fpuhkk; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpd; ,uz;L my;yJ K:d;W
fpuhkq;fs; xd;whf bray;gl;L rq;fj;ij elj;jyhk;.
,. eilKiw Kjy;
bua;gPrpad; rq;fq;fspy; eilKiw Kjiy gq;Ffs;> itg;g[fs;>
fld;fs;> K:ykhf bgw;wd. 90 rjtPj Kjy; itg;g[fisa[k;>
flikfisa[k;> bfhz;ljhFk;. cWg;gpdh;fs; gq;Ffis jtiz Kiwapy;
brYj;jp gad; bgwyhk;. itg;g[fs; cWg;gpduy;yhjthplkpUe;J bgwg;gl;lJ.
95
<. bghWg;g[
cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ bua;gPrpad; rpe;jidg;go
,e;j tifahd bghWg;g[ mq;fj;jpdh;fis jpwikkpf;ftuhft[k;>
neh;ikahdtuhft[k; jpfH tHptif bra;fpwJ.
c. fld; tHq;fy;
bua;gPrpad; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspy; K:d;W tufahd fld;
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tHq;fg;gLfpwJ. (m) rhjhuzf; fld;> (M) eilKiw
fzf;F> (,) brhj;J khw;wf;fld;> rhjhuzf; fld;>cWg;gpdh;fspd; $hkpd;
bgahpnyh> epyk; mlkhdj;jpd; bgahpnyh> itg;gpd;nghpnyh tHq;fg;gLfpwJ.
C. ,yhgk;
midj;J cWg;gpdh;fs; TLfpd;w rigf;F bghJf;Tl;lk; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mz;ow;F xUKiw Tl;lk; eilbgw;W mjpy; eph;thf
,af;Feh;fs; njh;t[ bra;ag;gLthh;fs; eph;thff; FGtpy; 6 ngh; ,lk; bgw;W
rq;fj;jpd; eltof;iffis ftdpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. eph;thff; FGtpd;
fhyk; 4 Mz;Lfs; vd;W eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkw;ghh;it FGkk; 3
cWg;gpdh;fis bfhz;L 3 Mz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpf;fpwJ. bghJthfnt>
eph;thfj;jpw;fhd bryt[ vg;bghGJnk Fiwe;j mstpy;
fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
R{H;nr – blypl;]; rq;fq;fs;
efh; gFjpfspy; trpf;fpd;w kf;fspd; bghUshjhu njitfis g{h;j;jp
bra;a R{H;nr blypl;]; xU mikg;ig Muk;gpj;jhh;. R{H;nr Kjypy;
ePjpj;Jiwapy; nrh;e;jhh;. rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;F gpd; mtUila ghh;it
Fiwtpd; fhuzkhf gjtp tpyf gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j R{H;epiyna
R{H;nria bghJ thH;f;ifapy; <Lglr; bra;jJ. 1867 Mk; Mz;oy; Kjy;
Tl;Lwt[ g[Urpah rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l bgUik R{y;nria rhUk;. 1840 Mk;
Mz;oy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rk;> gl;odp fhuzkhf b$h;kdpapy; trpf;Fk; efu
kf;fspd; epiy kpft[k; my;yy;gl;lJ. ,ijf;fz;l R{y;nr ViH efu
kf;fSf;F vjhtJ bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpdhh;. jr;rh;fSf;Fk;>
fhyzp cw;gj;jpahUf;Fk; K:yg;bghUs;fs; bfhs;Kjy; bra;ant Kjy; fld;
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;ij 1850 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
m. nehf;fq;fs;
R{y;nr blypl;]; rq;fq;fspd; Kjd;ik nehf;fnk tpahghhpfspd;>
iftpidQh;fspd;> ehLj;ju kf;fspd; fld; njitia g{h;j;jp bra;tjw;nf
efuq;fspy; Tl;Lwt[ fld; mikg;g[fs; bray;gl;ld.
M. bray; vy;iy
efug;gFjpfspy; mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mapuf;fzf;fpy;
cs;sjhy; cWg;gpdh;fspd; Rabjhlh;g[ ,y;iy. bray;vy;iy me;je;j
efukhf cs;sd.
,. eilKiw Kjy;
R{y;nr rq;fj;jpd; eilKiw Kjy; gq;Fj; bjhif> itg;g[ kw;Wk;
fld; nghd;witahFk;. xt;bthU cWg;gpdUk; EiHt[f; fl;lzk; brYj;j
96
ntz;Lk;. cWg;gph;fspilna rpf;fdg; gHf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp> gq;Fj; bjhif
Kiwapy; tR{ypf;fg;gLfpwJ.
<. fld;
cWg;gpdh;fs; midtUf;Fk; fld; trjp bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fld;
fhRf; fldhfnth> nehf;fq;fspd; mog;gilapnyh tHq;FtJ tHf;fk;.
fldpd; fhy mst[ K:d;W khjq;fs; vd jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhRf; fld;
jtpu kw;w fld; bkhj;jkhf jpUg;gp brYj;Jk; tHf;fk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
cw;gj;jpf;F kl;Lnk fld; tHq;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
c. fld;
itg;g[fSf;F tl;o tHq;fpa kPjj;jpypUe;Jk;> fld; kPJ bgWfpd;w
tl;oapd; kPjKk; rq;fj;jpd; yhgj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ. bryt[fs; nghf vQ;rpa
yhgj;ij fhg;g[epjpf;Fk; ,yhg gfph;t[f;Fk; vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gLfpwJ.
,yhg gfph;t[ 0.20 rjtPk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
C. eph;thfk;
efu tq;fpfspd; bray;ghLfs; ey;y jFjptha;e;j mjpf gl;r rk;gsk;
tHq;fg;gl;l egh;fis bfhz;L eph;thfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. eph;thff; FGtpd;
K:d;W ,af;Feh;fs; ,lk;bgw;W tq;fpia eph;tfpf;fpd;wdh; ,af;Feh;fspy;
,uz;L egh;fs; Mtzq;fspy; ifbahg;gk; ,l;L xt;bthU eltof;iff;Fk;
,Wjp totk; bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,af;Feh;fs; bghJg; nguitapy; njh;t[
bra;ag;gl;L K:d;W Mz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpf;fpg;ghh;fs; efu tq;fpfspy;
nkw;ghh;itf; FGkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L xt;bthU thuKk; re;jpf;fpd;wdh;.
nkw;ghh;itf; FGkk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F rk;gsk; tHq;fg;gLfpwJ.
b$h;kdp ehl;oy; cs;s Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fs; fpuhkk;> efuf; Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; fPH;f;fz;lthW xg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
bua;gPrpad; rq;fq;fs; U:y;nr blypl;]; rq;fq;fs;
1. cWg;gpdh;fs; bgUk;ghYk; 1. cWg;gpdh;fs; iftpidQh;fs;>
cw;gj;jpahsh;fSk;> tptrhapfSk; bjhHpyhsh;fs;> tpahghpfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ 2. cWg;gpdh;fpsd; bghWg;g[

tiuaWf;fg; gltpy;iy. tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. rpwpa mst[ bray; vy;iy. 3. bghpa mst[ bray; vy;iy.
4. fld; tHq;fg;gl;L ePz;lfhy 4. fld; tHq;fg;gl;L kpft[k; FWfpa

Kiwapy; tR{ypf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhyj;jpy; tR{Hpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. egh; $hkPd; bgahpy; fld; 5. brh;Jf;fspd; mog;gilapy;jhd;

tHq;fg;gLfpwJ. fld; tHq;fg;gLfpwJ.
97
6. bgaustpy; gq;Fj; bjhif 6. gq;Fj;bjhiff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tR{ypf;fg;gLk;. tHq;fg;gl;L mjpf mst[ gq;Ffs;
tR{ypf;fg;gLk;.
7. b$h;kdpa ehl;L Tl;Lwt[ rl;lg;go 7. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ kl;Lnk

Jiz tpjpfspy; ,yhgk; <l;Ltij Kjd; i k Fwpf;nfhshf
Kf;fpa Fwpf;nfhshf fUjtpy;iy. fUjg;gLfpwJ.
8. el;lk;>,yhgk;> ,uz;Lk;
Vw;gl;lhYk;; fhg;g[ epjpf;F 8. efu tq;fpfs; fhg;g[ epjpf;F
khw;wg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjpy;iy.
9. fpuhkf; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;

midj;Jk; eph;thfj;ij bfsut 9. efuf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfs;
,af;Feh;fis bfhz;L ey;yjFjp tha;e;j ,af;Feh;fSf;F
bray;gLj;JfpwJ. rk;gsk; tHq;fg; gl;L
eph;thfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
10. bghUs;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ePjp
bewpKiwfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf 10. mq;fj;jpdh;fspd; bghUs;fs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tHq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mgptpUj;jp mila ftdk;
brYj;jp gpujhfkhf bray;hLfpwJ.
,q;fpyhe;J
,q;fpyhe;J Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; kpft[k; gHik tha;e;jjhf nkw;F
Inuhg;gpa ehLfspy; jpfH;e;jJ ePz;lfhyj;jpa ,af;fk; vd;gjhy; rpwe;jJ
vd;W miHf;fhky;. rPuhd tsh;r;rpia Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
vz;zpf;if> bray;ghL K:yjd KjyPL nghd;wtw;wpYk; kpft[k;
Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; bray;ghLfs;
hPjpahf ,isQh;fis xUq;fpizj;J gytHpfspy; cjtp tUfpd;wd.
gpur;rpidfis Muha;e;J jpl;lq;fs; tphpthd Kiwapy; ,isQh;fSf;F
epiwntw;wg;gLk;.
,uhgh;l; Xtd; (1771- 1858) 14.5.1771 Mk; Mz;L VH;ikahd
FLk;gj;jpy; gpw;jhh;. mtUila thH;f;if fhyj;jpy; bjhHpw;rhiyfspy;
jiytuhf bgaUk; g[fGk; bgw;W tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhgh;l; xtd; jd;Dila
9-tJ tajpy; bjhHpyhspahf bjhHpw;rhiyapy; ntiyf;F nrh;e;jhh;.
bjhHpyhsuhf gzpg[hpe;j rkaj;jpy; midtUlDk; beUq;fp gHfpajhy;
gpur;idfis g[hpe;J bfhz;lhh;. ,uhgh;l; xtdpd; rpe;jidg;go bjhlh;e;J
mauhJ ciHj;J rpwpa ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;lwpe;jhh;. fpsh];nfh vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; cs;s epa[ydhh;f; Miyapy; chpikahsh; kfis jpUkzk; bra;Jf;
bfhz;lhh;. epa[ydhh;f; Miyapd; mDgtk; fhuzkhf gy jpwikfis
tsh;j;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf epa[ydhh;f; Miyapd;
chpikahsh; ,we;Jtpl;ljhy; ,uhgu;l; Xtd; mth;fs; Miyf;F
chpikahsuhf khwpdhh;. mth; kpft[k; ez;guhf gHff; Toath;
98
bkd;ikahdth; brhj;Jf;fis nrfhpf;Fk; briya[k;> bry;t nrfhpg;iga[k;
,uhgh;l; Xtd; xU nghJk; tpUk;gpajpy;iy. ,tUila Kjd;ikahd
nehf;fnk kdpj rKjhak; kfpH;r;rpapy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.
rkj;Jt fhydpfis Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid uhgh;l; XtDf;F
,Ue;jJ. Tl;Lwt[[ fpuhkq;fis cUthf;f ntz;Lk;. vd;W jpl;lkpl;L
bray;gl;lhh; vd;gJ ghuhl;lf;Toa mk;rkhFk;.
bjhHpy; ghpkhw;wk;
epa[ydhh;f; gw;wpa mwpf;if jahhpj;jnghJ> gzpj;jpd; gad;ghL gw;wp
Twp mjDila jPikfisa[k; tpsf;fpdhh;. braw;ifahd jtwhd kjpg;gpd;
juj;ij cUthf;fntz;Lk;. ,uhgh;l; Xtd; gzg;gaid
Kf;fpag;gLj;jhky;> kdpjtsj;ij mgptpUj;jpailar; bra;jhh;.
bjhHpyhsh; rf;jpna kjpg;iga[k; juj;ija[k; cah;j;Jk; vd;W MH;e;j
ek;gpf;if bfhz;lhh;. bghUs;fs; rhjhuz kjpg;gpny khw;wk; mila[k;
nghJ ve;jtpj yhgKk; Vw;glhJ.
,uhgh;l; XtDk; etPd Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fKk;
etPd Tl;Lwthsh;fs; yhgk; <l;Ltjpy; ek;gpf;if bfhs;stpy;iy.
Mdhy; rpy;yiu tpahghuj;jpy; yhgj;ij KGikahf jtph;j;jhh;. VjhtJ
rpwpJ yhgk; bgw;why;Tl mjp bfhs;Kjy; bra;j mq;fj;jpdh;fSf;F gphpe;J
tHq;fg;gLfpwJ. etPd Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; rq;f nfhl;ghLfis gpd;gww;wp
uhgh;l; Xtd; mth;fSflF md;iga[k; njoj;je;jJ. etPd ,af;fj;jpy;
jdpegh; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;W rq;fj;jpy; nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; juk; tsh;r;rpaila tha;g;g[fSz;L.
lhf;lh; tpy;ypak; fpq;
,uhgh;l; Xtidg; gpd;gw;wp te;jtu; lhf;lh; fpq; mth;fs;. Xtd;
VH;ik> neha;> Fw;wk; nghd;wtw;wpw;F vjpuhf gy tpthjq;fs; bra;jhh;.
rkPgj;jpa bghUshjhu> rKjha epiyfs; khWtjw;F nkw;Twpait
fhuzq;fshFk;. bjhHpyhsh;fSf;F tpnkhrdk; vd;gJ mth;fspd; ifapny
cs;sJ. Tl;Lwtpy; bjhHpyhsh;fs; Jd;gg;gLtjw;F fhuzk;
kw;wth;fSf;fhf ciHg;gjhFk;.
uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs;
Tl;Lwtpy; mDgtk;> njhy;tpfs; nghd;wtw;wpd;K:yk; 1830 Mk;
Mz;L uhf;nly; ez;gh;fs; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 60
berthsh;fis bfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. 1840 Mk; Mz;oy; ,q;fpyhe;J
tuyhw;wpy; kpfg; bghpa rhpt[ fhzg;gl;lJ. “ehw;gjpy; grp” vd;w
miHf;fg;gl;lJ. uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; 28 berthsh;fisf; bfhz;L
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; mikj;jnghJ epyik kpft[k; nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. vy;yh
bertsh;fSnk ey;y rk;gsk; bgwf; Toath;fs;> jpwik tha;e;jth;fs;.
bjhHpy; tsikahf ,Ue;J fhyj;jpy;jhd; rq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mth;fSila ey;byz;znk rpwe;j rKjha epiyia cUthf;fp
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;j monfhypdhh;fs;. kf;fSf;F Kd; cjhuzkhf
tpsq;fp g[jpa rpwe;j rKjha epiyia cUthf;f ghLgl;ldh;.
99
RtPld;
RtPld; Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rpapy; xU tpjptpyf;fhd ehlhFk;. 19 Mk;
E}w;whz;od; Muk;gj;jpy; rpwpJ fodq;fSld; ,af;fk; njhd;wpaJ. bghUs;
gfph;khdj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; cs;s mikg;g[fis vjph;j;J nghuhlnt Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. Tl;Lwt[ Efh;nthh; filfs; mjhtJ rpwg;gq;fhofs;.
rpw;wq;fhofs; Efh;nthh; bghUs; gfph;khdj;ij bra;J te;jd.
rpwg;gq;fhofs; czt[g; bghUl;fspy; ftdk; brYj;jpanghJ> rpw;wq;fhofs;
gy gphpt[fspy; ,aq;fp te;jd. Tl;Lwt[f; filfspy; tPl;Lw;F njitahd
midj;Jg; bghUl;fSk; tpw;gjw;F jahuhf itf;fg;gl;ld> Fwpg;ghf rpW
bghk;ik Kjy; rpw;Wz;o tiu elj;jg;gl;lJ. nkYk; midtUk;
ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; Ranritg; gphpt[Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
RtPld; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j mk;rnk js;Sgo
tpw;gidahFk;. ,jdhy;> bghUs;fs; bgUk;ghYk; Fiwthd tpiyapy;
tpw;ff; Toa R{H;epiy cz;lhfpaJ. efu vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ> mjdhy; epyj;jpd; tpiy> bjhHpyhsh; mikg;gpw;fhd
bryt[ epahakhf ,Ue;jJ. bghpa mst[ tpw;gida[k; yl;rf;fzf;fhd
mstpy; Efh;nthh;fs; te;J bry;Yfpd;w Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mg;ghw;gl;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ> mjdhy; epyj;jpd; tpiy> bjhHpyhsh;>
mikg;gpw;fhd bryt[ epahakhf ,Ue;jJ. bghpa mst[ tpw;gida[k;
yl;rf;fzf;fhd mstpy; Efh;nthh;fs; te;J bry;Yfpd;w Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Tl;Lwt[f;bfd;W jdp milahsh; xt;bthU Efh;nthh;
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd; Kd;g[k; bjhq;fptplg;gl;oUf;Fk;. ,e;j milahsk;
Efh;nthh;fSf;F ghJfhg;iga[k;> cj;jputhjj;ija[k; mspf;fpwJ. xU
filapy; tha;rpa bghUspy; VjhtJ Fiw ,Ue;jhnyh ehl;oy; cs;s ve;j
filapYk; khw;wpf;bfhs;syhk;. mjw;F Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gid milahsk;jhd;
fhuzkhfpwJ. Efh;nthh;fs; jtWjyhf thq;fptpl;nlhnk vd;W ftiy
bfhs;s ntz;oajpy;iy. Efh;nthh;fs; vg;bghGJnk ey;y njh;it
bra;tnjhL rpy rkaq;fspy; epha tpiyfl;F Tl fpilf;ff; TLk;.
RtPld; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> Tl;Lwt[ ep;thfjpw;F xU ghlkhf
tpsq;FfpwJ. cr;r mstpy; cs;s mikg;gpw;F nf v`g; vd;W bgah;. gpujk
myFfs; xd;whf To ,izaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jpl;lkply;> tpiy
eph;zak;> fzf;F guhkhpj;jy;> gzpahsh; nkyhz;ik nghd;witfs; kj;jpa
mikg;ghd nfh Mg;gnul;ot; ghh;gz;ll; (nf.v`g;) K:yk; eilbgWfpd;wd.
Tl;Lwt[fspy; bjhlh;e;J eltof;if nkw;bfhz;L gpujk rq;fq;fs;
,izg;gjw;F Kaw;rpfs; bra;ag;gl;lJ. kj;jpa mikg;g[ gzpfis ikag;
gLj;JtnjhL rpf;fdkhd Kiwapy; rpy;yiu myFfs; ,izf;fg;gl;L
gzpahsh; kw;Wk; epjpf;fl;Lghl;il eph;tfpf;fpd;wdh;.
RtPld; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fis Mjhpj;J RtPld;
cr;r kd;wk; vd;W fUjg;gl;;lJ. ,iz mikg;g[fs; gy fpisfis
tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[> ,af;fj;njhL nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. bfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk;
tpepnahff; Tl;Lwt[fs; fld; Tl;Lwt[> ghy;tsk; Tl;Lwt[> tdtsf;
Tl;Lwt[> nghd;witfis ,izj;J bray;gLfpwJ. RtPld; tptrhaf;
Tl;Lwt[ Mh;tk; brYj;jp Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WfpwJ> etPd nkshz;ikapd;
cjtpnahL tptrhag; gz;izfSf;F xt;bthU 4 kzp neuj;jpw;Fk;
100
thdpiy mwpf;if tHq;fg;gLfpwJ. RtPld; ehl;oy; gy;ntW Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fspd; gzpfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk;> Efh;nthh;
Tl;Lwt[fSf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;L tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[fspd; bray;ghLfis
mgptpUj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; Tl;Lwt[
Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; jhafkhf tpsq;FtJ ,q;fpyhe;J.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf 18k; E}w;whz;oy; rKjhag;
bghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Tl;Lwtpd; fpisfs;
Efh;nthh; mikg;gpYk;> tptrha mikg;gpYk; bray;gl;ld. rpy bjhHpyhsh;
cw;gj;jp Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSk;> tPl;L trjpp rq;fq;fSk; fpHf;F ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
mjpf mstpy; njhd;wpd. Tl;Lwt[ fld; mikg;g[fs; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy;
njhd;wtpy;iy. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; ,iza mikg;g[ Kiwapy;
Tl;Lwt[fs; bray;gl;ld. efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[[ ,af;fk; Tl;Lwt[
xd;wpaj;ij mikj;J ,q;fpyhe;J KGtJk; tpahghuk; nehf;fpw;fhf
Efh;nthh; mikg;g[fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha ,af;fk; njrpa
mstpy; tptrhaf; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; vd;Wk; ];fhl;yhe;J Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;
vd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
rl;lg;g{h;tf; fl;Lg;ghL
,q;fpyhe;J Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> bjhHpy; kw;Wk; nrk ey rq;fq;fspd;
rl;lg;go gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lk; 1852-Mk; Mz;L
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjd; gpwF gyKiw khw;wq;fs; bra;J ,Wjpahf
1965k; Mz;L KG totk; bgw;wJ. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; gjpag;gLtJ>
Kjd;ikg; gjpthsh; cjtpnahL ele;jJ. bjhHpw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ntW
tifahd mikg;g[fs; epWkq;fs; nghd;wit ez;gh;fs; rq;fq;fshf
bray;gl;ld. murhq;fj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ tsh;r;rp Kfikapd; K:yk; Tl;Lwt[
mikg;g[fis fz;fhzpj;J te;jd. Tl;Lwtpy; gadile;njhh; kl;Lk;
kpft[k; vspa Kiwapy; Tl;Lwt[ mikg;g[fspy; cWg;gpduhf nrh;e;J
bfhs;syhk;.
Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;
uhf;nly; vd;w rpwpa efuk; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; cs;sJ. uhf;nly;
kf;fs; Jd;gq;fisa[k;> ed;ikfisa[k; bjhHpy; g[ul;rpahy; bgw;wdh;.
uhf;nlypy; cs;s midtUk; berthsh; FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;. 60
berthsh;fs; xd;whff; To mikg;ig cUthf;fpdh;. ,Jnt Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; njhd;Wtjw;F Kjy; goahf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;j mikg;g[ rpwpJ
fhyk; brayhw;wp kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;gpy; cs;s cWg;gpdh;fs;
bfsuh> n$k;];> $hd; M[];lh; rpUk; Kd;ndhofshf ,Ue;jdh;. Kjy;
mikg;gpd; mDgtj;jpd; mog;gilapy; 28 berthsh;fs; xd;whff; To
uhf;nly; eufj;jpYs;s nlhl;yhz;L tPjpapy; uhf;nly; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk;
21.12.1844y; rpwpa K:yjdj;njhL Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs;
uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;ij mog;gil fhzkhf
,Ue;jdh;. rq;fj;jpd; nehf;fk; FLk;gj;jpw;F njitahd kspif kw;Wk;
Jiztiffis tpahghuk; bra;jdh;.
101
1. FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; njitahd Foikg; bghUl;fis
tHq;FtnjhL vspa Kiwapy; bfhs;Kjy; bra;J
bray;gl;ldh;.
2. ntiytha;g;ig njitahd cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tHq;fpdh;.
3. epyq;fis thq;fp cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fg; gaphpl thliff;F
tplg;gl;lJ.
4. cw;gj;jp> gfjph;khdk;> fy;tp nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;jp Ra
cjtp fhydp K:yk; bray;gLjy;.
5. rq;fq;fspd; xU gFjpapy; rpw;Wz;oa[k; elj;jg;gl;L te;jJ.
uhf;nly; nfhl;ghLfs;
cz;ikahd Kd;ndhofs; nfhl;ghLfs; vija[k;
Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. 1860 Mz;L uhf;nly; rq;fk; Tl;oa Mz;Lf; Tl;lj;jpy;
tpahghuk; elj;Jfpd;w tpjpKiwfisa[k; tFj;jdh;.
mitahtd
1. K:yjdk; midj;Jk; cWg;gpdh;fns nghlntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;
Fwpg;gpl;l msnt tl;o tpfpjk; tHq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. kspif rhkhd;fs; Rj;jkhft[k; epahakhft[k; tHq;fg;gLjy;.
3. vil kw;Wk; mst[ rhpahft[k; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
4. re;ij tpiy mDrhpj;J tpw;wy; fld; tpw;gid fpilahJ.
5. ,yhgj;ijg; gphpj;J cWg;gpdh;fs; bfhs;Kjy; bra;j
mstpw;F tHq;fg;gLfpaJ. xUtUf;F xU Xl;L vd;w
$dehaf; nfhl;ghL filgpoj;jy;.
6. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd; eph;thfk; rpyUila bghWg;gpy;
eilbgWfpwJ. ,af;Feh;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
xUKiw njh;t[ eilbgWfpwJ.
7. Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPj yhgk; fy;tpf;fhf xJf;fg;gLjy;.
8. ,Ug;g[epiyf; Fwpg;g[ kw;Wk; epjpg;gl;oay;fs; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
mspj;jy;.
uhf;nly; Kd;ndhofs; rpwe;j ghuhl;Ljy;fis bgw;wdh;. KJy;
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; cyfj;jpnyna njhw;Wtpj;j bgUik Kd;ndhofisr;
rhUk;. ,J xU tifapy; rhpapy;iy vd;whYk;> ,jw;F Kd; 100 rq;fq;fs;
njhd;wp njhy;tp mile;jd. mjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; yhgj;ij cWg;gpdh;
bfhs;Kjypd; mog;gilapy; gfph;t[ bra;ag;gltpy;iy. etPd Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk; uhf;nly; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jgpwF yhgg;
gfph;tpidf;F xg;g[jy; tHq;fpaJ. Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; tsh;tjw;F
nlhy;yhz;oy; cs;s filfhuzkhf mike;jJ.
rpy;yiu Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; (Retail Co-operative Society)
rpy;yiuf; Tl;Lwt[fspd; bray;ghLfs; rpwg;ghf mike;J bjhlh;e; J
gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wd. xt;bthU gFjpf;Fk; xU rq;fk; vd;W eph;zapf;fg;
bgw;W ,Ue;jJ. VjhtJ gpur;rpid ,Ug;gpd; eLepiyahsh;fis epakpj;Jj;
jPh;g;g[ tHq;Fk; mikg;g[ njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ xd;wpak; MFk;. Tl;Lwt[g;
102
gz;lfrhiyf;F eilKiw K:yjdk;> gq;Ffs;> fld; kw;Wk; itg;g[fs;
MFk;. nghJkhd yhgk; cs;s bghGJ fhg;g[epjpf;F vLj;Jr;
bry;yg;gLfpwJ. rq;fq;fs; czt[g; bghUl;fis tpahghuk; bra;tnjhL:
cyh; ryitafk;> cztfk;> jpiug;glk;> njePufk; nghd;wtw;iwa[[k;
brhe;jkhf elj;jp te;jJ. tpiy kw;Wk; ,yhgg; gfph;tpy; xnu khjphp
bfhs;ifia filgpog;gjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghh; ele;j rkaj;jpy;
tpiyf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; thp tpjpj;jy;> gq;fhjhak; mspj;jy;
nghd;wtw;wpYk; rpy rpf;fy;fs; ,Ue;jd. gq;fhjhank mth;fis ghh;j;Jf;
bfhs;Sk; bfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
1. cWg;gpdh;fs; re;ijtpiyapy; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tij
Ml;nrgiz bra;tjpy;iy. fhuzk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
Mz;L ,Wjpapy; gq;fhjhak; fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
cz;L.
2. Tl;Lwt[ gz;lf rhiy bfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
3. nghl;oia jtph;f;Fk; bfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
4. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; bgUk;ghYk; bgz;fns tPl;Lj;
jitfis thq;Ftjhy; bgz;fSf;F gq;fhjhak; xU rpwe;j
nrkpg;ghf tpwq;FfpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gidr; rq;fk;
Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gid rq;fk; 1863k; Mz;L khd;br];lh; efhpy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;oy; rpy;yiuf; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd;
ika mikg;ghf jpfH;e;jJ. bkhj;j tpw;gid rq;fk; ehL KGtJk;
rpy;yiu rq;fq;fSf;F nrit bra;tjpy; ehl;lk; bfhz;ld. 1973k; Mz;L
];fhl;yhe;J Tl;Lwt[ rq;fKk;> bkhj;j tpw;gid rq;fKk; nrh;e;J bghpa
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,uz;L bghpa tpahghu mikg;g[fs; xd;whf
nrUtnjhL ,q;fpyhe;J Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpwJ.
bkhj;j tpw;gid rq;fk; xU tpahghu ,wf;Fkjpahsuhf cw;gj;jpahsuhf
yhgk; <l;Lduhf nrit g[hpfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf tq;fp> gzk;> fhg;gPL
rpw;gf;fiy. fil bghwpapay; nghd;w bray;ghLfis brhe;jkhfnth
my;yJ Jiz mikg;g[fnsh elj;Jfpd;wd.
ed;ikfs;
Tl;Lwt[ FGkj;jpd; (Federation) re;ijapLifapd; ed;ikfs;
1. rpf;fd fl;Lkk;> kw;Wk; rpf;f cw;gj;jp.
2. rpf;fd nghf;Ftuj;J trjp.
3. bghUs;fs; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;wy;.
4. gfph;t[ bryt[ kpft[k; Fiwt[.
5. epiyahd tpiy guhkhpg;g[.
6. md;whl epfHr;rp kw;Wk; eltof;iffs; gw;wpa tptuj;ij
cs;S:h; ghy; gz;izf;F mspf;fpd;wd.
7. mq;fj;jpdhpd; bghUSf;F tpahghu Fwp (Trade Mark)
,lg;gLfpd;wJ.
103
btz;iz tpw;gidapy; 3 gphpt[fshf tpw;gidahsh;fs; cs;sdh;.
7. bjhHpy; El;g mikg;g[
bghUspd; mlf;fj;ij> rpf;fd cw;gj;jp eltof;if K:yk;
Fiwf;fpwJ. mjw;fhf cWg;gpdh;fSf;F nghJkhd gapw;rp mspf;fpg;gLfpwJ.
8. njitahd fhg;g[ epjp
cWg;gpdh;f;F Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPj yhgj;ij gfph;e;jspj;J>
kPjKs;s yhgj;ij fhg;g[ epjpahf khw;Wfpd;wdh;. gpd;dh; me;epjp
cWg;gpdUf;F gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. eilKiw Kjy; nrh;;g;g[
cWg;gpdh;fs; K:yk; itg;g[j; bjhifia Fiwe;j tl;of;F
bgw;W> mjid eilKiw K:yjdkhf gadgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
10. epiyahd ghy; tHq;Fjy; (mspg;g[)
jilapy;yh ghy; mspg;g[> ghy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; btw;wpapd;
,ufrpak; MFk;. Mjyhy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; mjpf ghy; cw;gj;jp bra;J
ehl;od; tsh;r;rpf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
fhy;eil bjhHpy; (Bacon Infpdustry)
ghy; gz;izapd; tsh;;r;rp Tl;Lwt[j; Jiwapy; mjid rhh;e;j
JiwapYk; tsh;r;rp mila VJthf mike;jJ. gd;wpfspd; tsr;rpa[k;>
,jDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhHp gz;iza[k; Tl;Lwt[ Jiwapd; K:yk;
cWg;gpdh;fs; njhw;Wtpj;jdh;;. ,jd; fhuzkhf bld;khh;f;fpy; nfhHp kw;Wk;
gd;wp Tl;Lwt[ gz;izfs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
1885 Mk; Mz;L tiu,q;fpuhe;jpw;F gd;wpfs; bld;khh;f;fpypUe;J
Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gl;ld. Tl;Lwt[ ghy;gz;iz btw;wpapd; tpisthf 1887
Mk; Mz;oy; Tl;Lwt[ gd;wp ,iwr;rp rq;fk; bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ. epjp trjp
epiwe;j jdpahh; Kfth;fSld;> Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; gd;wp ,iwr;rpapy; 89%
Vw;Wkjp bra;J mjd; K:yk; 300 kpy;ypad; yhgk; bgw;wJ.
ngfd; (Bacon) tpahghu epWkj;jpd; bgahpy; Tl;Lwt[ Vw;Wkjp rq;fk;
bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epWtdk; ,J bjhlh;ghd Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpw;F epjp
trjp Vw;gLj;jp jUk; gzpiaa[k; bra;jJ.
Kl;ilj; bjhHpy; (Egg Industry)
tptrha tpisbghUs; Vw;Wkjpf;F mLj;jgoahf Kl;il Vw;Wkjp
,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij bgWfpwJ. 90% Kl;ilfs; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gid rq;fq;fs; g[jpa Kl;il bgWtjw;F
trjpaspf;fpd;wd. fPH;f;fz;l epWtdq;fs; Vw;Wkjp gzpia bra;fpd;wd.
mitahtd.
1. nlkp\; Tl;Lwt[
2. ngfhd; (Bacon) Tl;Lwt[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs;.
3. jdpahh; tpahghpfs;.
Kl;ilfis nrhjidaplt[k;> jukhdtw;iw vLg;gjw;Fk;> fl;Lkk;
bra;tjw;Fk; jdpj;jdpna epiyaq;fis mikf;fg;gl;ld. Kl;il Vw;Wkjp
nlkp\; (Damish) Tl;Lwt[ Kl;il Vw;Wkjp fHfk; K:yk; eilbgWfpwJ.
104
mjd; K:yk; cw;gj;jpahsh; jq;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F jFe;j tpiyia
bgWfpd;wdh;. Tl;Lwt[ nfhHp gz;izfs; rpwpa mstpy; bjhlq;fp> mjpf
yhgj;jUk; bjhHpyhf> khwp gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. nlkp\; (Damish)
Tl;Lwt[ Kl;il Vw;Wkjp fHfk; 20 tpGf;fhL Kl;ilfis Vw;Wkjp
bra;fpd;wd. 1960 Mk; Mz;L 7 rpW Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; nldp \; Tl;Lwt[
Kl;il fHfj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
Tl;Lwt[ tpw;gd bld;khh;f; murpd; ve;j Jiza[k; ,d;wp (epjp kw;Wk;
rl;lk;) tsh;r;rp mile;jJ. Tl;Lwt[ bfhs;iffis kf;fs; g[hpe;J mjd;
mog;gilapy; cUthdjhy; bld;khh;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; btw;wpf;F
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd.
Tl;Lwt[ mspg;g[ rq;fq;fs;
bld;khh;fpy; kf;fs; Tl;Lwt[ njitia g[hpe;J bfhz;ljpd;
tpisthf Tl;Lwt[ mspg;g[ rq;fq;fs; cUthapd xt;bthU fpuhkg;g[wj;jpYk;
xU Tl;Lwt[ mspg;g[ rq;fk; cUthdJ.
Tl;Lwt[ mspg;g[ rq;fq;fs;> xUq;fpize;j Tl;Lwt[ mspg;g[
fHfj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fHfk; cWg;gpdh;f;F cjtp bra;fpd;wJ.
,f;fHfk; cWg;gpdUf;F njitahd> bghUs;fs;> tPl;L cgnahfg;
bghUs;fs;>K:yg;bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw cWg;gpdh;f;F mspf;fpwJ.
khjhe;jpu ,jH; btspaPLk; bra;fpd;wJ.
czt[g;bghUs; Tl;Lwt[ (Stv 77) rq;fq;fs; bjhlq;fg;gl;L
cWg;gpdUf;F ntz;oa bghUl;fis (Stu 77) mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy;
rq;fk; 1989 Mk; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid bjhlh;e;J gy rq;fq;fs;
bjhlq;fg;gl;ld.
tptrhapfs; Tl;Lwt[ bfhs;Kjy; FGkk; (Federation) mikj;jdh;.
me;j FGkk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F njitahd jukhd K:yg; bghUs;fis
mspj;J> Kl;il> gHq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; Kjypatw;iw cWg;gpdh;fsplk;
,Ue;J bfhs;Kjy; bra;fpd;wd.
bld;khh;f; KGtJk; ,t;tif Tl;Lwt[ Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg; gl;l
gpwF cyfpd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpd.
Tl;Lwt[ Kiw tpw;gid> cWg;gpdh;fSf;F mth;fs; cw;gj;jp
bra;a[k; bghUSf;fhd epahakhd tpiya[k;> cWg;gpdh;fSf;F njitahd
bghUl;fis chpa tpiyapYk; tHq;FfpwJ. yhgj;jpy; xU gFjp nldp\;
(Danish) Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gid epiyaj;jpd;W khw;wp> kPjk; cs;s yhgk;
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r; rq;fq;fis gyjug;gl;l
eltof;iffspy; <LgLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
tpw;gid eltof;ifahFk;. ,r;rq;fq;fs; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; Efh;t[f;Fk;
,ilapy; bra;gLfpwJ. bghUs;fis bkhj;jkhf bfhs;Kjy; bra;J mjid
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSf;F Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mspf;fpwJ. Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fSf;F bghJthd kw;Wk; El;g Mnyhrhiz tHq;FfpwJ.
105
gpw Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; (Other Co-operative Societies)
1. fhy;eil tsh;r;rp Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
ghy; gz;izfSf;F fhy;eil tsh;g;g[ caph; ehoahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
fhy;eil tsh;g;gpy; gpd;tUk; gpur;ridfs; cs;sd.
1. jukhd fhy;eil tsh;g;g[.
2. vjph;ghf;Fk; mst[ fhy;eil tsh;g;g[.
3. ghYf;F Vw;w tpiyia jPh;khdpj;jy;.
4. fhg;gPL K:yk; fhy;eilia ghJfj;jy;.
nkw;gz;l Fiwfis ePf;Fk; tifapy;> cWg;gpdh;fs; Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; bjhlq;fp mjd; K:yk; jq;fs; fhy;eilfis ghJfhf;fpd;wdh;.
fl;Lg;ghl;L rq;fq;fs;> btspaPl;L rq;fq;fs;> ju> tsh;g;g[ rq;fq;fs; nghd;w
rq;fq;fs; gy;ntW elto;iffspy; <LgLfpd;wd.
2. fl;Lg;ghl;L rq;fq;fs; (control Societies)
fl;Lg;ghl;L rq;;fq;fs;> cWg;gpdh;fSf;F> fhy;eilfs; gw;wpa
mwpit mspf;fpd;wd. cWg;gpdh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; gR nrhjid rq;fq;fs;
mikj;J jq;fspd; gRf;fis nrhjid bra;fpd;wdh;. Kjy; fl;Lg;ghl;L
rq;fk; 1895y; bjhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. fhy;eil tsh;g;g[ rq;fq;fs;
,r;rq;fk; vUJ rq;fk; (Bull Club) vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,r;rq;fq;fs; jukhd gRf;fis tsh;g;gjw;F njh;t[ bra;fpd;wd.
cWg;gpdh;fs; jukhd gRf;fis bfhs;Kjy; bra;tJ bjhlh;ghf
gjpntLfis ghJfhf;fpd;wd. ,r;rq;fq;fs; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F fhy; eil
tsh;g;gpw;F njitahd gapw;rp mspf;fpwJ.
4. fhy;eil fhg;gPL
bld;khh;fpy; fhy;eil fhg;gPl;oy; tpaf;fj;jf;f Kd;ndw;wk; VJk;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
1. Tl;Lwt[ fhg;gPl;L epWkq;fs; tpjpf;Fk; fl;lzj;jpy; mjpf
ntWghLfs; ,y;iy.
2. fhy;eil fhg;gPl;L bjhHpypy; mjpf ,lh;fs; cs;sjhy;>
fhg;gPl;L rq;fq;fshy; mjid <L bra;a Kotjpy;iy.
bld;khh;f;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; kpfr; rpwe;j btw;wpia
mile;Js;sJ. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> kf;fspd; neuo <LghL> mq;F
fhzg;gLk; rhufkhd fy;tpKiw> murpay; kw;Wk; bghUshjhu
gpd;dzpfns MFk;.
bld;khh;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; btw;wpaila fPH;f;fz;l> Kf;fpakhd
epiyfs; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
1. kf;fis mth;fs; bra;a[k; bjhHpypd; mog;gilapy; gphpj;jy;>
cjhuzk; fpuhk tptrhapfs;.
2. cah;e;j jukhd fy;tp mspj;jy;.
106
3. kf;fspilna epWtd bghWg;g[ gw;wpa vz;zj;ij
njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
4. tpahghu kw;Wk; mspg;g[ elgof;iffspy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
<LgLfpd;wd.
5. rq;fq;fSf;F njitahd epjp cWg;gpdh;fs; K:yk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mth;fspd; bghUg;g[ tiuaWj;jJ.
bld;khh;f; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;g[fs;.
1. Ra tpUg;gr; rq;fk;
bld;khh;f;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;> kf;fspd; RatpUg;gjpd;
mog;gilapy; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;litahFk;.
2. tpRthrpfs;
cWg;gpdh;fs; md;whl eltof;iffspy; kpFe;j mf;fiunahLk;>
epWtdj;jpw;F kpFe;j tpRthj;njhLk; bray;gLfpd;wdh;.
3. muR cjtp ,d;ik
murplk; ,Ue;J ve;j tifahd epjp cjtpa[k; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;
bgWtjpy;iy. Mjyhy; murpay; R{H;ypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L ,aq;FfpwJ.
midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk; jukhd fy;tpia mog;gil gs;spfs; kw;Wk;
fy;Y}wpfs; K:yk; bgWfpd;wdh;.
4. rpwg;g[ jFjp (m) rpwg;g[ njh;r;rp
bld;khh;f Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; xt;bthU JiwfspYk; rpwg;g[ njh;r;rp
bgw;Ws;sd. tptrha bghUs;fns Kd;ndhoahd cs;sjhy; mtw;wpw;F
jdpah Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
5. mjpf gutyhf;fk;
cs;S:h; rq;fq;fs; ,ize;J mth;fspd; eyj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
njrpa Tl;Lwt[ ,izak; bjhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. rpwg;g[ rYififfs; VJk; ,y;iy
muR jdpegh; tpahghuj;jpw;F vjpuhf Tl;Lwt[ rq;fSf;F rpwg;g[
rYiffs; VJk; tHq;Ftjpy;iy.
7. fl;lha mspg;g[
cWg;gpdh;fs; jhq;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; bghUs;fs; midj;Jk;
rq;fj;jpw;F mspf;f fl;lhag; gLj;jg; gLfpd;wdh;.
8. epjp
cWg;gpdh;fsplk; cj;jputhj;jpd; mog;gilapy; fld; bgw;W
eilKiw KjYf;F gad;gLj;JfpwJ. tzpf tq;fpfsplKk; ePz;l fhy
fld; bgw;W gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
nkw;Twpa midj;J fhuzq;fshYk; bld;khh;f;fpy; Tl;Lwt[
,af;fk; tsh;r;rp mila VJthf mike;jjhy; ehk; bld;khh;f; ehl;il
‘Tl;Lwt[ ehL vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;.
107
may;ehLfspypUe;J ,e;jpah bgWk; ghlq;fs;
(,q;fpyhe;J> b$h;kd; kw;Wk; bld;khh;f; ehLfspd; nrhjidapd; btspg;ghL)
,e;jpa murhq;fk; Tl;Lwt[ bjhlq;Ftjw;Fk; mjid tsh;r;rp
bra;tjw;Fk; mf;fiu bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;fpyhe;J b$h;kdp
kw;Wk;bld;khh;f;fpy; Tl;Lwt[ njhd;Wk; bghGJ me;ehl;L murhq;fk;
tpag;g[ld; ghh;j;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lw[t rq;fk; ,af;Ftjw;F mjDila brhe;j
tsj;jina ek;gpapUe;jJ. mJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l rpy ehl;fspnyna
Kd;ndhofs; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;e;J mjid kw;w JiwfspYk;
g[Fj;jpdh;.
nkw;fpe;jpa ehLfspy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk;. typathplk; ,Ue;J
vspatiu fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy;
ViHfspd; thH;f;if juj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;fhf murhq;fk; KG K:r;Rld;
njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mth;fs; jhDk; gyd; bgwntz;Lk; kw;wtUk; gyd;
mila ntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fpy; bjhlq;fpdh;.
fPH;f;fz;l fhuzpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; muR
njhw;Wtpf;f fhuzkhapUe;jd. mit
1. Tl;Lwt[ jtpu gpw ve;j Kfika[k; VH;ikia nghf;f
Kd;tutpy;iy.
2. kf;fSf;F Tl;Lwt[ gw;wpa mwptpd;ika[k; b$h;kdp> bld;khh;f;
nghd;w ehLfs; nghd;W Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; nghd;w xU jiyika[k;
njitg;gl;lJ. nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; Kiwahd fy;tpawpt[k; ,af;fj;ij
tHpelj;j bry;Yk; jpwika[k; kf;fsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
3. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSf;F rl;l goahd ghJfhg;g[ VJkpy;iy.
rq;fq;fis nkyhz;ik bra;at[k; nkw;ghh;it bra;at[k; Kiwahd rl;lk;
VJk; ,y;iy. Mjyhy; muR Kd;te;J rl;lgoahd ghJfhg;g[ ju
Kd;te;jJ.
4. ViHfs;> ,iljufh;fs; K:yKk;. epyRthd;jh;fs; K:yKk;
Vkhw;wg;gl;L te;Js;sdh;. mth;fsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;g[ bghUl;L muR
Kd;te;J Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp ViHkf;fSf;F rl;lg;goahd
ghJfhg;g[ jUfpwJ.
5. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F mth;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. khepyq;fspd; rkrPuhd tsh;r;rpf;F tl;Lst[ rq;fq;fis muR
njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
7. tptrha mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; fpuhkg[w tsh;r;rp Mfpait Tl;Lwt[
rq;fq;fs; K:ynk jPh;t[fhz ,aYk;> muR Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; K:yk; epy
rPh;jpUj;jk;> epy thlif kw;Wk; ntshz;ik tpisbghUs; mq;fho
Mfpatw;iw rPh;gLj;jpa[s;sJ.
8. muR fpuhkg[wj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fis njhw;Wtpj;J
tptrhapfspd; Xa;t[ neuj;ija[k; gaDs;s mstpy; gad;gLj;jp> Tl;Lwt[ ghy;
rq;fq;fs; nghd;wtw;iw njhw;Wtpj;j gadila bra;fpwJ.
108
9. VH;ik> mwpahik> fy;tpawptpd;ik nghd;wtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;F
Tl;Lwt[ rpwe;j tHp.
10. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; K:yk;. mtrpa bghUs;fs; kf;fSf;F Fiwe;j
tpiyapy; mspf;f KofpwJ.
11. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpw;F muR bgUk;ghd;ikahd Kjy; ,l;L.
ViHfspd; ,ayhikia nghf;FfpwJ.
12. muR rl;lj;jpd; K:yk;. rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;g[> bray;ghLfs;>
nehf;fk;> bghWg;g[fs; kw;Wk; mYtyhpd; bghWg;g[k; tiuaiw
bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
13. muR K:d;W epiyfspy; gzpg[hpe;J tUfpwJ. mitahtd
m) rl;lgoahd gzp(gjpt[> Kwpt[)
M) gzprk;ge;jg;gl;lJ (Regulatory function)
(tprhuiz> fz;fhzpj;jy;> jzpf;if)
,) cah;t[ gzp (Promotion function)
(nkw;ghh;it> cjtp> tHpfhl;Ljy;)
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; jdJ Raepjp K:yk; ,aq;FtJfodk;. fhuzk;
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; epjp kpft[k; FiwthdJ MFk;. Mjyhy; muR epjp
cjtp bra;JtUfpd;wJ. mjd; K:yk; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; jdJ gzpia
rpwg;ghf bra;J tUfpwJ. muR gy tHpfspy; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fSf;F cjtp
tUfpwJ. mitna
1. thpr; rYif
2. ,ytr jzpf;if
3. nkyhz;ik khdpak;
4. K:yjd gq;nfw;g[
5. cWthf;fj;jpy; muR cjtp
6. muR gzpahsh;
7. kpff;Fiwe;j tl;o tPjj;jpy; fld; mspj;jy;
8. bghUs; gfph;tpy; Kd;Dhpik
9. bghJgzpapy; cld;ghL
10. mwpt[iu tHq;fy;
nkw;fz;l cjtpfs; tHq;Ftjd; K:yk; ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ntsu
tha;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; K:yk; muR rq;fq;fspd; elto;fifapy;
<LgLtjpy;iy. muR cjtp bra;tjd; Kjd;ikahd nehf;fk; VJvdpy;
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; jd;dpiwt[ mile;J mjd; brhe;j fhypny epw;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. Mjyhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; rl;lg;go
tYthft[k; cWg;gpdh; mog;gilapy; tYtpy;yhkYk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Tl;Lwt[ rq;fj;jpd; eph;thfk; mjd; gjpthsh; jiyikapy;
,aq;FfpwJ. “bghUshjhu kw;Wk; rKjha tsh;r;rpapy; Tl;Lwt[“ vd;w
jiyg;gpd; fPH; Vg;uy; 1984-k; Mz;L nlhf;fpnahtpy; khehL eilbgw;wJ.
109
mk;khehl;oy; Tl;Lwt[ Muk;g fhyj;jpy; murpd; cjtp mtrpak; vd;w
fUj;J midtuhYk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
gFjp – m&
01. Tl;Lwt[f; fy;tp vd;gJ vd;d?
02. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ fy;tp ikak; vd;gJ vd;d?
03. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkk; vd;gJ vd;d?
04. Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik epWtdk; vd;gJ vd;d?
05. rpy;yiw Tl;Lwt[ rq;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?
06. Tl;Lwt[ bkhj;j tpw;gid rq;fk; vd;gJ vd;d?
gFjp – M&
07. ,d;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ gw;wp tpsf;Ff?
08. Tl;Lwt[ fy;tpapd; nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
09. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkj;jpd; nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
09. njrpa Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkj;jpd; nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
gFjp - ,&
10. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp tphpthf vGJf?
11. Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fspd; gyk;> gytPdq;fs;> rhjf> ghjfkhd
mk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff?
12. g[jpa tif Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs; gw;wp tphpthf vGJf?
110
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bgÇah® bjhiyÃiy¡fšÉ ÃWtd«

ïs§fiy tÂfÉaš – T£Lwî

Theory and Development of Co-operation

Meaning of Co-operation: Definition

1978-79 130 52.0

01. KJepiy Tl;Lwt[ gl;lak;

02. KJepiy RUf;fg;gl;l Tl;Lwt[ gl;lak;

03. bjhHpy; Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik ghl gl;lak;

04. ifj;jwp bert[ Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ik gl;lak;

05. Tl;Lwt[ jzpf;ifapay; gl;lak;

06. tq;fpapaypd; gl;lak;

07. efuf; Tl;Lwt[ tq;fpfspy; gl;lak;

08. epyts tq;fpapay; gl;lak;

09. Tl;Lwt[ re;ijapay; nkyhz;ikapy; gl;lak;

10. Efh;nthh; Tl;Lwt[ nkyhz;ikapy; gl;lak;

njrpaf; Tl;Lwt[ gapw;rp FGkj;jpd; eph;thfj;jpy; midj;J Tl;Lwt[

t.vz; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; gl;oay; fhyk;

01. ,sepiy mog;gil ghlk; 24 thuq;fs;

02. rhd;wpjH; ghlk; 24 thuq;fs;

03. brayUf;fhd rhd;wpjH; ghlk; 16 thuq;fs;

04. ,sepiy gl;lag; ghlk; 8 thuq;fs;

05. nkw;ghh;itahsh;fs; gapw;rp ghlk; 21 thuq;fs;

06. Tl;Lwt[j;Jiw nkw;ghh;itahsh; ghlk; 9 thuq;fs;

07. ,sepiy Ma;thsh; ghlk; 1 tUlk;

08. bghJ mog;gilg; ghlk; 9 khuq;fs;

bgz;fspd; Tl;Lwt[ rq;f tsh;r;rpapd; FiwghLfs;

2. cWg;gpdh;fspd; bghWg;g[ 2. cWg;gpdh;fpsd; bghWg;g[

3. rpwpa mst[ bray; vy;iy. 3. bghpa mst[ bray; vy;iy.

4. fld; tHq;fg;gl;L ePz;lfhy 4. fld; tHq;fg;gl;L kpft[k; FWfpa

5. egh; $hkPd; bgahpy; fld; 5. brh;Jf;fspd; mog;gilapy;jhd;

7. b$h;kdpa ehl;L Tl;Lwt[ rl;lg;go 7. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ kl;Lnk

9. fpuhkf; Tl;Lwt[ rq;fq;fs;

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