Chapter 11

Chapter 11
How to create
and use arrays
Murach's PHP and MySQL, C11 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Use any of the functions and techniques presented in this chapter as
you use arrays, associative arrays, and arrays of arrays.
Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Distinguish between an array and an associative array, including
the difference in the way indexes are used.
2. Explain how gaps can be introduced into an array and how the
gaps can be removed.
3. Describe the use of a for loop with an array and the use of a
foreach loop with an associative array.
4. Distinguish between a queue and a stack.
5. Describe the use of the functions for creating arrays, working with
queues and stacks, performing mathematical calculations,
searching arrays, sorting arrays, and modifying arrays.
6. Distinguish between a regular array and an array of arrays,
including the difference in the number of indexes that are used to
access an element.
The syntax for creating an array
$array_name = array([value1[, value2, ... ]])
The syntax for referring to an element an array

$array_name[index];
How to create an array of names

With one statement
$names = array('Ted Lewis', 'Sue Jones', 'Ray Thomas');
With multiple statements

$names = array(); // create an empty array
$names[0] = 'Ted Lewis'; // set 3 values in the array
$names[1] = 'Sue Jones';
$names[2] = 'Ray Thomas';
How to create an array of discounts
With one statement
$discounts = array(0, 5, 10, 15);

$discounts = array(); // create an empty array
$discounts[0] = 0; // set 4 values in the array
$discounts[1] = 5;
$discounts[2] = 10;
$discounts[3] = 15;
The syntax for adding an element to an array
$array_name[] = $value;
How to add a value to the end of an array

$letters = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'); // a, b, c, d
$letters[] = 'e'; // a, b, c, d, e
How to set a value at a specific index

$letters[0] = 'e'; // e, b, c, d
$letters[3] = 'f'; // e, b, c, f
$letters[5] = 'g'; // e, b, c, f, NULL, g
How to get values from an array

$letter1 = $letters[0]; // $letter1 is 'a'
$letter2 = $letters[1]; // $letter2 is 'b'
$letter4 = $letters[4]; // $letter4 is NULL
Functions for removing the values from elements
unset($var1[, $var2 ...])
array_values($array)
How to delete values from an array

unset($letters[2]); // a, b, NULL, d
unset($letters); // $letters is NULL
How to remove NULL elements and reindex

unset($letters[2]); // a, b, NULL, d
$letters = array_values($letters); // a, b, d
How to use variable substitution with elements

$name = array ('Ray', 'Harris');
echo "First Name: $name[0]"; // First Name: Ray
echo "First Name: {$name[0]}"; // First Name: Ray
Functions for loops that work with arrays
count($array) //The number of elements in an array not
counting gaps.
end($array) //Move pointer to the last element
key($array) //The index of the element that the pointer
is on
isset($var)
Code that stores 10 random numbers in an array

$numbers = array();
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
$numbers[] = mt_rand(1, 100);
}
Code that displays the elements of an array

$numbers_string = '';
for ($i = 0; $i < count($numbers); $i++) {
$numbers_string .= $numbers[$i] . ' ';
}
echo $numbers_string;
How to skip gaps in an array
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
unset($numbers[2], $numbers[6]);
end($numbers);
$last = key($numbers);
for($i = 0; $i <= $last; $i++) {
if (isset($numbers[$i])) {
$numbers_string .= $numbers[$i] . ' ';
}
}
echo $numbers_string; // Displays: 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10
An associative array is one that uses strings for
its index values. These are often called keys.
The syntax for creating an associative array
array([key1 => value1, key2 => value2, ... ])
How to create an associative array of tax rates

With one statement
$tax_rates =
array('NC' => 7.75, 'CA' => 8.25, 'NY' => 8.875);

$tax_rates = array();
$tax_rates['NC'] = 7.75;
$tax_rates['CA'] = 8.25;
$tax_rates['NY'] = 8.875;
How to create an associative array of codes
With one statement
$country_codes =
array('DEU' => 'Germany',
'JPN' => 'Japan',
'ARG' => 'Argentina',
'USA' => 'United States');

$country_codes = array();
$country_codes['DEU'] = 'Germany';
$country_codes['JPN'] = 'Japan';
$country_codes['ARG'] = 'Argentina';
$country_codes['USA'] = 'United States';
How to create an associative array of extensions
$ext = array();
$ext[10] = 'Sales';
$ext[13] = 'Customer Service';
$ext[16] = 'Returns';
$ext[18] = 'Warehouse';
An array that contains integer and string indexes

$employees = array();
$employees[0] = 'Mike';
$employees[1] = 'Anne';
$employees[2] = 'Judy';
$employees['senior'] = 'Mike';
$employees['newest'] = 'Pren';
How to set a value with a specific key
$name = array('first' => 'Ray', 'last' => 'Harris');
$name['middle'] = 'Thomas';
What happens when you omit the key

when adding a value
$name[] = 'Thomas'; // key is 0
How to get a value at a specified key

$first_name = $name['first'];
$last_name = $name['last'];
The syntax of a foreach loop
foreach ($array_name as [ $key => ] $value) {
// Statements that use $key and $value
}
A loop that displays the values in an array

$tax_rates = array('NC' => 7.75, 'CA' => 8.25,
'NY' => 8.875);
echo '<ul>';
foreach ($tax_rates as $rate) {
echo "<li>$rate</li>";
}
echo '</ul>';
The result displayed in a browser
A foreach loop that displays the keys and values
$tax_rates = array('NC' => 7.75, 'CA' => 8.25,
'NY' => 8.875);
echo '<ul>';
foreach ($tax_rates as $state => $rate) {
echo "<li>$state ($rate)</li>";
}
echo '</ul>';
The result displayed in a browser
A foreach loop that displays the values
in a regular array
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
unset($numbers[2], $numbers[6]);
foreach($numbers as $number) {
$numbers_string .= $number . ' ';
}
echo $numbers_string; // Displays: 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10
How to use the range function to create an array
$numbers = range(1, 4); // 1, 2, 3, 4
$numbers = range(10, 22, 4); // 10, 14, 18, 22
How to use the array_fill and array_pad functions

$numbers = array_fill(0, 5, 1); // 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
$numbers = array_pad($numbers, 10, 0);
// 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
How to use the array_merge function

$employees = array('Mike', 'Anne');
$new_hires = array('Ray', 'Pren');
$employees = array_merge($employees, $new_hires);
echo implode(', ', $employees);
// Mike, Anne, Ray, Pren
How to use the array_sum function
$prices = array(141.95, 212.95, 411, 10.95);
$sum = array_sum($prices); // 776.85
How to use functions to search an array
$tax_rates = array('NC' => 7.75,
'CA' => 8.25, 'NY' => 8.875);
$is_found = in_array(7.75, $tax_rates); // TRUE
$is_found = in_array('7.75', $tax_rates); // TRUE
$is_found = in_array('7.75', $tax_rates, true);
$key_exists = array_key_exists('CA', $tax_rates);
$key = array_search(7.75, $tax_rates); // 'NC'
How to count the number of occurrences
of a value in an array
$names = array('Mike', 'Mike', 'Mike',
'Anne', 'Joel', 'Joel');
$occurences = array_count_values($names );
echo $occurences['Mike']; // 3
echo $occurences['Anne']; // 1
echo $occurences['Joel']; // 2
How to sort strings in ascending order
$names = array('Mike', 'Anne', 'Joel', 'Ray', 'Pren');
sort($names); // Anne, Joel, Mike, Pren, Ray
How to sort numbers in ascending order

$numbers = array(520, '33', 9, '199');
sort($numbers, SORT_NUMERIC); // 9, 33, 199, 520
How to sort in descending order

$names = array('Mike', 'Anne', 'Joel', 'Ray', 'Pren');
rsort($names); // Ray, Pren, Mike, Joel, Anne
How to sort an associative array

$tax_rates = array('NC' => 7.75,
'NY' => 8.875, 'CA' => 8.25);
asort($tax_rates); // sorts by value (ascending)
ksort($tax_rates); // sorts by key (ascending)
arsort($tax_rates); // sorts by value (descending)
krsort($tax_rates); // sorts by key (descending)
Examples for study
How to shuffle and deal a deck of cards
// Create the deck of cards
$faces = array('2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
'9', 'T', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A');
$suits = array('h', 'd', 'c', 's');
$cards = array();
foreach($faces as $face) {
foreach($suits as $suit) {
$cards[] = $face . $suit;
}
}
// Shuffle the deck and deal the cards

shuffle($cards);
$hand = array();
for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
$hand[] = array_pop($cards);
}
echo implode(', ', $hand);
// 3c, Js, Qs, Jc, Qc (for example)
A simple array
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
‘Mike’ ‘Joel’ ‘Anne’ ‘Ray’ ‘Pren’
A rectangular array of arrays
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
[‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’]
‘Mike’ ‘Joel’ ‘Anne’ ‘Ray’ ‘Pren’
[‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’]
‘Murach’ ‘Murach’ ‘Boehm’ ‘Harris’ ‘Knowlton’
[‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’]
6453 5635 2663 7290 7736
A jagged array of arrays
[‘Mike’] [‘Joel’] [‘Ray’]
[0] [0] [0]
‘Robert Mager’ ‘Daniel Levitin’ ‘Isaac Asimov’
[1] [1]
‘Margaret Shertzer’ ‘Arthur C. Clarke’
[2]
‘Tom Clancy’
Code that creates an array of arrays
$times_table = array();
for ($i = 0; $i <= 12; $i++) { // add 13 elements that
$times_table[$i] = array(); // contain empty arrays
}
Code that adds values to the array of arrays

for ($i = 0; $i <= 12; $i++) {
for ($j = 0; $j <= 12; $j++) {
$times_table[$i][$j] = $i * $j;
}
}
Code that refers to elements in the array of arrays

echo $times_table[4][3]; // displays 12
echo $times_table[7][6]; // displays 42
Code that creates a cart array
$cart = array();
Adding an associative array to the cart array

$item = array(); // create an empty item array
$item['itemCode'] = 123;
$item['itemName'] = "Visual Basic 2010";
$item['itemCost'] = 52.5;
$item['itemQuantity'] = 5;
$cart[] = $item; // add item array to cart array
Adding another associative array to the cart array

$item = array(); // create an empty item array
$item["itemCode"] = 456;
$item["itemName"] = "C++ 2010";
$item["itemCost"] = 52.5;
$item["itemQuantity"] = 2;
$cart[] = $item; // add item array to cart array
Referring to the elements in the array of arrays
echo $cart[0]["itemCode"]; // displays 123
echo $cart[1]["itemName"]; // displays C++ 2010
The Task List Manager application
The index.php file
<?php
if (isset($_POST['tasklist'])) {
$task_list = $_POST['tasklist'];
} else {
$task_list = array();
}
$errors = array();
The index.php file (continued)
switch( $_POST['action'] ) {
case 'add':
$new_task = $_POST['newtask'];
if (empty($new_task)) {
$errors[] = 'The new task cannot be empty.';
} else {
$task_list[] = $new_task;
}
break;
case 'delete':
$task_index = $_POST['taskid'];
unset($task_list[$task_index]);
$task_list = array_values($task_list);
break;
}
include('task_list.php');
?>
The task_list.php file
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 ...>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Task List Manager</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="main.css"/>
</head>
<body>
<div id="page">
<div id="header">
<h1>Task List Manager</h1>
</div>
<div id="main">
The task_list.php file (continued)

<?php if (count($errors) > 0) : ?>
<h2>Errors</h2>
<ul>
<?php foreach($errors as $error) : ?>
<li><?php echo $error; ?></li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
<?php endif; ?>


<h2>Tasks</h2>
<?php if (count($task_list) == 0) : ?>
<p>There are no tasks in the task list.</p>
<?php else: ?>
<ul id="task">
<?php foreach( $task_list as $id => $task ) : ?>
<li><?php echo $id + 1 . '. ' . $task; ?></li>
</ul>
<?php endif; ?>

<h2>Add Task</h2>
<form action="." method="post" >
<?php foreach( $task_list as $task ) : ?>
<input type="hidden" name="tasklist[]"
value="<?php echo $task; ?>"/>
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="add"/>
<label>Task:</label>
<input type="text" name="newtask"
id="newtask"/><br />
<label> </label>
<input type="submit" value="Add Task"/><br />
</form>

<?php if (count($task_list) > 0) : ?>
<h2>Delete Task</h2>
<form action="." method="post" >
<?php foreach( $task_list as $task ) : ?>
<input type="hidden" name="tasklist[]"
value="<?php echo $task; ?>"/>
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="delete"/>
<label>Task:</label>
<select name="taskid">
<?php foreach( $task_list as $id => $task ) : ?>
<option value="<?php echo $id; ?>">
<?php echo $task; ?>
</option>
</select><br />
<label> </label>
<input type="submit" value="Delete Task"/>
</form>
<?php endif; ?>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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Chapter 11

The syntax for referring to an element an array

How to create an array of names

With multiple statements

With multiple statements

How to add a value to the end of an array

How to set a value at a specific index

How to get values from an array

How to delete values from an array

How to remove NULL elements and reindex

How to use variable substitution with elements

Code that stores 10 random numbers in an array

Code that displays the elements of an array

How to create an associative array of tax rates

With multiple statements

With multiple statements

An array that contains integer and string indexes

What happens when you omit the key

How to get a value at a specified key

A loop that displays the values in an array

The result displayed in a browser

The result displayed in a browser

How to use the array_fill and array_pad functions

How to use the array_merge function

How to sort numbers in ascending order

How to sort in descending order

How to sort an associative array

// Shuffle the deck and deal the cards

‘Mike’ ‘Joel’ ‘Anne’ ‘Ray’ ‘Pren’

[‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’] [‘first’]

‘Mike’ ‘Joel’ ‘Anne’ ‘Ray’ ‘Pren’

[‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’] [‘last’]

‘Murach’ ‘Murach’ ‘Boehm’ ‘Harris’ ‘Knowlton’

[‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’] [‘id’]

6453 5635 2663 7290 7736

[0] [0] [0]

‘Robert Mager’ ‘Daniel Levitin’ ‘Isaac Asimov’

‘Margaret Shertzer’ ‘Arthur C. Clarke’

Code that adds values to the array of arrays

Code that refers to elements in the array of arrays

Adding an associative array to the cart array

Adding another associative array to the cart array

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