Chapter 15

How to use
regular expressions,
handle exceptions,
and validate data

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Create and use regular expressions.
2. Create and throw exceptions.
3. Catch and handle exceptions.
Knowledge
1. Describe the creation of a regular expression, and the processing
that’s done by the preg_match function.
2. Describe the use of case-insensitive, multiline, and global regular
expressions.
3. Describe the use of the preg_replace and preg_split functions that
work with regular expressions.
4. Describe how regular expressions can be used for data validation
such as validating a social security number.
5. Describe the way exceptions are created, thrown, and handled.

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 2
 Terms
regular expression:
 a coded pattern that is used to search for matching patterns in
text strings
 commonly used for data validation

pattern:
 a string contained within single quotes and forward slashes
 example:
$pattern = ˈ/NC/ˈ;

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 3
 A function for matching a regular expression
preg_match($pattern, $string);
//returns 1 if the pattern is found, 0 if not, FALSE
//if there is an error in the pattern

Create a regular expression:

$pattern = '/Harris/';

Two strings to test:

$author = 'Ray Harris';
$editor = 'Joel Murach';

How to search for the pattern

$author_match = preg_match($pattern, $author);
// $author_match is 1

$editor_match = preg_match($pattern, $editor);

// $author_match is 0

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 4
 How to test for errors in a regular expression

if ($author_match === false) {

echo 'Error testing author name.';
} else if ($author_match === 0) {
echo 'Author name does not contain Harris.';
} else {
echo 'Author name contains Harris.';
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 5
 By default a search is case-sensitive

To perform a case-insensitive search, include a lowercase

i after the closing /:

$pattern = '/murach/i';

$editor = 'Joel Murach';

$editor_match = preg_match($pattern, $editor);

// $editor_match is 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 6
 Patterns for special characters
Pattern Matches
\\ Backslash character
\/ Forward slash
\t Tab
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\f Form feed
\xhh The Latin-1 character whose value is the two
hexadecimal digits

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 7
 Matching special characters
$string =
"© 2010 Mike's Music. \ All rights reserved (5/2010).";

preg_match('/\xA9/', $string)
// Matches © and returns 1

preg_match('///', $string)
// Returns FALSE and issues a warning\

preg_match('/\//', $string)
// Matches / and returns 1

preg_match('/\\\\/', $string)
// Matches \ and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 8
 Patterns for character types
Pattern Matches
. Any single character except a new line character
(use \. to match a period)
\w Any letter, number, or the underscore
\W Any character that’s not a letter, number or the
underscore
\d Any digit
\D Any character that’s not a digit
\s Any whitespace character (space, tab, new line,
carriage return, form feed, or vertical tab)
\S Any character that’s not whitespace

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 9
 Matching character types
$string = 'The product code is MBT-3461.';

preg_match('/MB./', $string)
// Matches MBT and returns 1 because MB is followed by a
//character

preg_match('/MB\d/', $string)
// Matches nothing and returns 0 because MB is not
//followed by any digit

preg_match('/MBT-\d/', $string)
// Matches MBT-3 and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 10
 Using the character class: a list of characters to
match against a single character
$string = 'The product code is MBT-3461.';

preg_match('/MB[TF]/', $string)
// Matches MBT and returns 1

preg_match('/[.]/', $string)
// Matches . and returns 1
// Equivalent to preg_match('/\./', $string)

preg_match('/[13579]/', $string)
// Matches 3 and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 11
Metacharacters
• characters which have special meanings in patterns such as / \ . [ ] $ ^ ( ) –
• most metacharacters lose their special meanings inside a character class
• the exceptions:
• ^ (caret) negation: match any character except)
• - (dash): represents a range of characters between the ones on either side

Usage: $string = 'The product code is MBT-3461.';

preg_match('/MB[^TF]/', $string)
// Matches nothing and returns 0

preg_match('/MBT[^^]/', $string)
// Matches MBT- and returns 1

preg_match('/MBT-[1-5]/', $string)
// Matches MBT-3 and returns 1

preg_match('/MBT[_*-]/', $string)
// Matches MBT- and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 12
Using bracket expressions (complete list on pp. 467)
preg_match('/MBT[[:punct:]]/', $string)
// Matches MBT- and returns 1

preg_match('/MBT[[:digit:]]/', $string)
// Matches nothing and returns 0

preg_match('/MB[[:upper:]]/', $string)
// Matches MBT and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 13
 Patterns for string positions
Pattern Matches
^ The beginning of the string (use \^ to match a caret)
$ The end of the string (use \$ to match a dollar sign)
\b The beginning or end of a word (must not be inside
brackets)
\B A position other than the beginning or end of a word

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 14
 Matching string positions
$author = 'Ray Harris';

preg_match('/^Ray/', $author)
// Returns 1: 'Ray' is the beginning of the string

preg_match('/Harris$/', $author)
// Returns 1:'Harris' is the end of the string

preg_match('/^Harris/', $author)
// Returns 0

$editor = 'Anne Boehm';

preg_match('/Ann/', $editor)
// Returns 1

preg_match('/Ann\b/', $editor)
// Returns 0

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 15
 Matching subpatterns
$name = 'Rob Robertson';

preg_match('/^(Rob)|(Bob)\b/', $name)
// Returns 1

preg_match('/^(\w\w\w) \1/', $name)

// Returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 16
 Matching repeating patterns
$phone = '559-555-6627';
preg_match('/^\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}$/', $phone)
// Returns 1

$fax = '(559) 555-6635';

preg_match('/^\(\d{3}\) ?\d{3}-\d{4}$/', $fax)
// Returns 1

$phone_pattern =
'/^(\d{3}-)|(\(\d{3}\) ?)\d{3}-\d{4}$/';
preg_match($phone_pattern, $phone)
// Returns 1

preg_match($phone_pattern, $fax)
// Returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 17
 Look-ahead assertion: a condition on the
characters that follow
(?=pattern)

Look-ahead assertions
(?=[[:digit:]])
// The next character in the pattern must be a digit

(?=.*[[:digit:]])
// The pattern must contain at least one digit (0 or more
characters (.*) must be followed by a digit)

A look-ahead assertion
$pattern = '/^(?=.*[[:digit:]])[[:alnum:]]{6}$/';

preg_match($pattern, 'Harris')
// Assertion fails and returns 0

preg_match($pattern, 'Harri5')
// Matches and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 18
 A pattern to enforce password complexity
$pw_pattern =
'/^(?=.*[[:digit:]])(?=.*[[:punct:]])[[:print:]]{6,}$/';

The parts of the pattern

^ // start of the string
(?=.*[[:digit:]]) // at least one digit
(?=.*[[:punct:]]) // at least one punctuation character
[[:print:]]{6,} // six or more printable characters
$ // nothing else

Using the pattern

$password1 = 'sup3rsecret';
$password2 = 'sup3rse(ret';

preg_match($pw_pattern, $password1)
// Assertion fails and returns 0

preg_match($pw_pattern, $password2)
// Matches and returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 19
 A global regular expression finds all matches
preg_match_all($pattern, $string, $matches);
returns the number of matches in the string and stores
all matching substrings in an array (3rd parameter)

How to work with a global regular expression

$string = 'MBT-6745 MBT-5712';
$pattern = '/MBT-[[:digit:]]{4}/';

$count = preg_match_all($pattern, $string, $matches);

// Count is 2

foreach ($matches[0] as $match) {

echo '<div>' . $match . '</div>';
// Displays MBT-6745 and MBT-5712
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 20
 How to use the preg_replace function
to replace a pattern with a string
$items = 'MBT-6745 MBS-5729';
$items = preg_replace('/MB[ST]/', 'ITEM', $items);

echo $items; // Displays ITEM-6745 ITEM-5729

Note: This is similar to str_replace, but preg_replace

allows you to replace any text that can be specified with
a regular expression.

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 21
 The preg_split function returns an array of strings
that is created by splitting the string on the
pattern. (This is similar to the explode function.)

How to use the preg_split function

to split a string on a pattern
$items =
'MBT-6745 MBS-5729, MBT-6824, and MBS-5214';
$pattern = '/[, ]+(and[ ]*)?/';
$items = preg_split($pattern, $items);

// $items contains:
// 'MBT-6745', 'MBS-5729', 'MBT-6824', 'MBS-5214'

foreach ($items as $item) {

echo '<li>' . $item . '</li>';
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 22
 Regular expressions for testing validity
Phone numbers as: 999-999-9999
/^[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{4}$/

Credit card numbers as: 9999-9999-9999-9999

/^[[:digit:]]{4}(-[[:digit:]]{4}){3}$/

Zip codes as either: 99999 or 99999-9999

/^[[:digit:]]{5}(-[[:digit:]]{4})?$/

Dates as: mm/dd/yyyy

/^(0?[1-9]|1[0-2])\/(0?[1-9]|[12][[:digit:]]|3[01])\/
[[:digit:]]{4}$/ // on one line with no spaces

Note: that this may still match some invalid dates such
as 02/30/2012. Additional validation is necessary.

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 23
 Testing a phone number for validity
$phone = '559-555-6624';

$phone_pattern =
'/^[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{4}$/';

$match = preg_match($phone_pattern, $phone);

// Returns 1

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 24
 Testing a date for a valid format,
but not for a valid month, day, and year
$date = '8/10/209'; // invalid date

$date_pattern = '/^(0?[1-9]|1[0-2])\/'
. '(0?[1-9]|[12][[:digit:]]|3[01])\/'
. '[[:digit:]]{4}$/';

$match = preg_match($date_pattern, $date);

// Returns 0

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 25
 Complete email address validation
function valid_email ($email) {
$parts = explode("@", $email); //split into 2 parts
if (count($parts) != 2 ) return false;
if (strlen($parts[0]) > 64) return false;
if (strlen($parts[1]) > 255) return false;

$atom = '[[:alnum:]_!#$%&\'*+\/=?^`{|}~-]+';
$dotatom = '(\.' . $atom . ')*';
$address = '(^' . $atom . $dotatom . '$)';
$char = '([^\\\\"])';
$esc = '(\\\\[\\\\"])';
$text = '(' . $char . '|' . $esc . ')+';
$quoted = '(^"' . $text . '"$)';
$local_part = '/' . $address . '|' . $quoted . '/';
$local_match = preg_match($local_part, $parts[0]);
if ($local_match === false
|| $local_match != 1) return false;

continued…

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 26
 Complete email address validation (continued)
$hostname =
'([[:alnum:]]([-[:alnum:]]{0,62}[[:alnum:]])?)';
$hostnames = '(' . $hostname .
'(\.' . $hostname . ')*)';
$top = '\.[[:alnum:]]{2,6}';
$domain_part = '/^' . $hostnames . $top . '$/';
$domain_match = preg_match($domain_part, $parts[1]);
if ($domain_match === false
|| $domain_match != 1) return false;

return true;
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 27
Exceptions: runtime errors due to unexpected
conditions
You can also throw exceptions and write code to
handle them
The syntax for creating new Exception objects
new Exception($message [, $code])

The syntax for the throw statement

throw $exception;

Methods of Exception objects

getMessage()
getCode()
getFile()
getLine()
getTrace()
getTraceAsString()

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 28
 A function that may throw an Exception
function calculate_future_value(
$investment, $interest_rate, $years) {
if ($investment <= 0 ||
$interest_rate <= 0 ||
$years <= 0 ) {
throw new Exception("Please check all entries.");
} //function ends and control is passed back

$future_value = $investment;
for ($i = 1; $i <= $years; $i++) {
$future_value =
($future_value +
($future_value * $interest_rate * .01));
}
return round($futureValue, 2);
}

A statement that causes an exception

$futureValue =
calculate_future_value(10000, 0.06, 0);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 29
 When an Exception object is thrown, the
application needs to catch it and handle it. This is
called exception handling.
A try-catch statement catches any thrown
exceptions using a try block and at least one
catch block.
The syntax for a try-catch statement
try { statements }
catch (ExceptionClass $exceptionName) { statements }
[ catch (ExceptionClass $exceptionName) { statements } ]

A statement that catches an Exception object

try {
$fv = calculate_future_value(10000, 0.06, 0);
echo 'Future value was calculated successfully.';
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'Error: ' . $e->getMessage();
}
Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 30
 A statement that re-throws an Exception object
try {
$fv = calculate_future_value(
$investment, $annual_rate, $years);
} catch (Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}

A statement that catches two types of exceptions

try {
$db =
new PDO($dsn, 'mmuser', 'pa55word', $options);
// other statements
} catch (PDOException $e) {
echo 'PDOException: ' . $e->getMessage();
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'Exception: ' . $e->getMessage();
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 31
 The user interface

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 32
 model/fields.php
<?php
class Field {
private $name;
private $message = '';
private $hasError = false;

public function __construct($name, $message = '') {

$this->name = $name;
$this->message = $message;
}
public function getName()
{ return $this->name; }
public function getMessage()
{ return $this->message; }
public function hasError()
{ return $this->hasError; }

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 33
 model/fields.php (continued)
public function setErrorMessage($message) {
$this->message = $message;
$this->hasError = true;
}
public function clearErrorMessage() {
$this->message = '';
$this->hasError = false;
}

public function getHTML() {

$message = htmlspecialchars($this->message);
if ($this->hasError()) {
return '<span class="error">' .
$message . '</span>';
} else {
return '<span>' . $message . '</span>';
}
}
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 34
 model/fields.php (continued)
class Fields {
private $fields = array();

public function addField($name, $message = '') {

$field = new Field($name, $message);
$this->fields[$field->getName()] = $field;
}

public function getField($name) {

return $this->fields[$name];
}

public function hasErrors() {

foreach ($this->fields as $field) {
if ($field->hasError()) return true;
}
return false;
}
}
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 35
 model/validate.php
<?php
class Validate {
private $fields;

public function __construct() {

$this->fields = new Fields();
}

public function getFields() {

return $this->fields;
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 36
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Validate a generic text field
public function text($name, $value, $required = true,
$min = 1, $max = 255) {
// Get Field object
$field = $this->fields->getField($name);

// If not required and empty, clear errors

if (!$required && empty($value)) {
$field->clearErrorMessage();
return;
}
// Check field and set or clear error message
if ($required && empty($value)) {
$field->setErrorMessage('Required.');
} else if (strlen($value) < $min) {
$field->setErrorMessage('Too short.');
} else if (strlen($value) > $max) {
$field->setErrorMessage('Too long.');
} else {
$field->clearErrorMessage(); }
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 37
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Validate a field with a generic pattern
public function pattern($name, $value, $pattern,
$message, $required = true) {
// Get Field object
$field = $this->fields->getField($name);

// If not required and empty, clear errors

if (!$required && empty($value)) {
$field->clearErrorMessage();
return;
}
// Check field and set or clear error message
$match = preg_match($pattern, $value);
if ($match === false) {
$field->setErrorMessage('Error testing field.');
} else if ( $match != 1 ) {
$field->setErrorMessage($message);
} else {
$field->clearErrorMessage();
}
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 38
 model/validate.php (continued)
public function phone($name, $value,
$required = false) {
$field = $this->fields->getField($name);

// Call the text method

// and exit if it yields an error
$this->text($name, $value, $required);
if ($field->hasError()) { return; }

// Call the pattern method

// to validate a phone number
$pattern =
'/^[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{4}$/';

$message = 'Invalid phone number.';

$this->pattern(
$name, $value, $pattern, $message, $required);
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 39
 model/validate.php (continued)
public function email($name, $value, $required = true) {

$field = $this->fields->getField($name);

// If not required and empty, clear errors

if (!$required && empty($value)) {
$field->clearErrorMessage();
return;
}

// Call the text method

// and exit if it yields an error
$this->text($name, $value, $required);
if ($field->hasError()) { return; }

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 40
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Split email address on @ sign and check parts
$parts = explode('@', $value);
if (count($parts) < 2) {
$field->setErrorMessage('At sign required.');
return;
}
if (count($parts) > 2) {
$field->setErrorMessage(
'Only one at sign allowed.');
return;
}
$local = $parts[0];
$domain = $parts[1];

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 41
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Check lengths of local and domain parts
if (strlen($local) > 64) {
$field->setErrorMessage('Username too long.');
return;
}
if (strlen($domain) > 255) {
$field->setErrorMessage(
'Domain name part too long.');
return;
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 42
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Patterns for address formatted local part
$atom = '[[:alnum:]_!#$%&\'*+\/=?^`{|}~-]+';
$dotatom = '(\.' . $atom . ')*';
$address = '(^' . $atom . $dotatom . '$)';

// Patterns for quoted text formatted local part

$char = '([^\\\\"])';
$esc = '(\\\\[\\\\"])';
$text = '(' . $char . '|' . $esc . ')+';
$quoted = '(^"' . $text . '"$)';

// Combined pattern for testing local part

$localPattern =
'/' . $address . '|' . $quoted . '/';

// Call the pattern method and exit if error

$this->pattern($name, $local, $localPattern,
'Invalid username part.');
if ($field->hasError()) { return; }

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 43
 model/validate.php (continued)
// Patterns for domain part
$hostname =
'([[:alnum:]]([-[:alnum:]]{0,62}[[:alnum:]])?)';
$hostnames =
'(' . $hostname . '(\.' . $hostname . ')*)';
$top = '\.[[:alnum:]]{2,6}';
$domainPattern = '/^' . $hostnames . $top . '$/';

// Call the pattern method

$this->pattern($name, $domain, $domainPattern,
'Invalid domain name part.');
}
}
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 44
 The controller (index.php)
<?php
require_once('model/fields.php');
require_once('model/validate.php');

// Add fields with optional initial message

$validate = new Validate();
$fields = $validate->getFields();
$fields->addField('first_name');
$fields->addField('last_name');
$fields->addField('phone', 'Use 888-555-1234 format.');
$fields->addField('email', 'Must be a valid email
address.');

if (isset($_POST['action'])) {
$action = $_POST['action'];
} else {
$action = 'reset';
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 45
 The controller (index.php) (continued)
$action = strtolower($action);
switch ($action) {
case 'reset':
include 'view/register.php';
break;

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 46
 The controller (index.php) (continued)
case 'register':
// Copy form values to local variables
$first_name = trim($_POST['first_name']);
$last_name = trim($_POST['last_name']);
$phone = trim($_POST['phone']);
$email = trim($_POST['email']);

// Validate form data

$validate->text('first_name', $first_name);
$validate->text('last_name', $last_name);
$validate->phone('phone', $phone);
$validate->email('email', $email);

// Load appropriate view based on hasErrors

if ($fields->hasErrors()) {
include 'view/register.php';
} else {
include 'view/success.php'; }
break;
}
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 47
 The view (view/register.php)
<?php include 'header.php'; ?>
<div id="content">
<form action="." method="post">
<fieldset>
<legend>User Information</legend>
<label>First Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="first_name"
value=
"<?php echo htmlspecialchars($first_name);?>"/>
<?php echo
$fields->getField('first_name')->getHTML(); ?>
<br />
<label>Last Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="last_name"
value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($last_name);?>"/>
<?php echo
$fields->getField('last_name')->getHTML(); ?>
<br />

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 48
 The view (view/register.php) (continued)
<label>Phone:</label>
<input type="text" name="phone"
value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($phone);?>"/>
<?php echo $fields->getField('phone')->getHTML(); ?>
<br />
<label>E-Mail:</label>
<input type="text" name="email"
value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($email);?>"/>
<?php echo $fields->getField('email')->getHTML(); ?>
<br />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Submit Registration</legend>
<label>&nbsp;</label>
<input type="submit" name="action" value="Register"/>
<input type="submit" name="action" value="Reset" />
<br />
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
<?php include 'footer.php'; ?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 49
 A long version of the Registration application

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C15 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 50