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3 Datalink Framing

The data link layer is responsible for reliable communication between two adjacent nodes on a network. It provides services like framing, error control, flow control, and access control. Framing involves breaking the data stream into discrete frames with header and trailer fields. Error control involves checking for errors using checksums and retransmitting corrupted frames. Common framing methods include fixed-size, variable-size, and byte/bit stuffing where special characters are added to frames to delimit boundaries.

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81 views25 pages

3 Datalink Framing

The data link layer is responsible for reliable communication between two adjacent nodes on a network. It provides services like framing, error control, flow control, and access control. Framing involves breaking the data stream into discrete frames with header and trailer fields. Error control involves checking for errors using checksums and retransmitting corrupted frames. Common framing methods include fixed-size, variable-size, and byte/bit stuffing where special characters are added to frames to delimit boundaries.

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Data link Layer

Framing
Data Link Layer
 Data link achieving reliable, efficient communication between two
adjacent machines.
 Machines are connected by a communication channel that acts
conceptually like wire (coaxial cable, telephone line, or point-to-
point wireless channel)
Data Link Layer – design issues
 Services Provided to the Network Layer
 Framing
 Error Control
 Flow Control
 Access Control
Data Link Layer – design issues
Services Provided to the Network Layer
(a) Virtual communication
(b) Actual communication

The actual services offered can vary from system to


system.
 Unacknowledged connectionless service.
 Acknowledged connectionless service.
 Acknowledged connection-oriented service.
Framing
 Framing is a approach to break bit stream into discrete frames and compute the
checksum for each frame.
 When a frame arrives at the destination, the checksum is recomputed.
 If the newly-computed checksum is different from the one contained in the
frame, the data link layer knows that an error has occurred and takes steps to
deal with it
 Discarding the bad frame and possibly also sending back an error report.

Fixed-Size Framing
Variable-Size Framing
Framing

A B C D

A,D Data Trailer


Framing
 Fixed –Size Framing
 Variable – Size framing
Fixed Size Framing
Physical Layer

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Problem: if data size is small then frame then we require to do padding


Variable Size Framing
Framing Methods
 Character Count
 Byte stuffing
 Bit stuffing
 Physical layer coding violations
Character/Byte Count
 Uses a Field in a header to specify the number of bytes into frame
Character/Byte Count
 Problem with byte count
Character/Byte Count
 Problem with byte count

The trouble with this method is that the count can be garbled by a transmission error.
Parts of Frame
 Frame Header − It contains the source and the destination addresses of the
frame.
 Payload field − It contains the message to be delivered.
 Trailer − It contains the error detection and error correction bits.
 Flag − It marks the beginning and end of the frame.
Byte Stuffing ( character oriented protocol)

 Insert FLAG byte before each frame staring and ending

1 2 3 4 6 7 9 3 1 2 1

Flag 9 3 1 2 1 Flag
Byte Stuffing ( character oriented protocol)
 Problem : FLAG byte is occur in data
Byte Stuffing ( character oriented protocol)
Byte Stuffing ( character oriented protocol)
Byte Stuffing ( character oriented protocol)
 Byte stuffing is the process of adding 1 extra byte whenever there is a flag or escape
character in the text.
Byte Stuffing

 Uses a special 8- bit pattern flag 01111110 as the delimiter to define the beginning of the
frame
Byte Stuffing
Bit Stuffing ( bit oriented protocol)
 Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive 1s follow a 0 in the
data, so that the receiver does not mistake the pattern 0111110 for a flag.
Bit Stuffing ( bit oriented protocol)
Bit Stuffing and unstuffing
Physical layer coding violations
 It only applicable to network in which the encoding on the physical medium contains some redundancy
 Example
 LANs encode 1 bit of data by using 2 physical bits.
 Normally ,a 1 bit is high-low pair and 0 bit is a low-high pair
 Easy for the receiver to locate the bit boundaries
 High-High and Low-Low are not used for data but are used for delimiting frames in some protocols

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