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Experiment-1
Aim: Implementation and Time analysis of sorting algorithms. Bubble sort,
Selection sort, and Insertion sort.
Bubble sort:

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int i,j,temp,a[5];

printf("\n enter the element of arry");

for(i=0; i<5; i++) {

scanf("%d",&a[i]);

for(i=1; i<5; i++) {

for(j=0; j<5; j++) {

if(a[j]>a[j+1]) {

temp=a[j+1];

a[j=1]=a[j];

a[j]=temp;

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for(i=0; i<5; i++)

printf("%d",a[i]);

return 0;

Output:

Time Analysis:

Time complexity for Average case = O(n2)

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Selection sort:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int arr[10]={6,12,0,18,11,99,55,45,34,2};

int n=10;

int i, j, position, swap;

for (i = 0; i < (n - 1); i++) {

position = i;

for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {

if (arr[position] > arr[j])

position = j;

if (position != i) {

swap = arr[i];

arr[i] = arr[position];

arr[position] = swap;

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printf("arry after selection sorting\n");for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("%d\t", arr[i]);

return 0;

Output:

Time Analysis:

Time complexity for Average case : O(n2)

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Insertion sort:

#include <stdio.h>

void insertionSort(int arr[], int n) {

int i, key, j;

for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {

key = arr[i];

j = i - 1;

while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {

arr[j + 1] = arr[j];

j = j - 1;

arr[j + 1] = key;

int main() {

int arr[] = { 19, 66, 55, 45, 67 };

int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

insertionSort(arr, n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf(" %d ", arr[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

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Output:

Time Analysis:

Time complexity for average case : O(n2)

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Experiment-2
Aim: Implementation and Time analysis of sorting algorithms. Merge
sort,Quick short
Merge short:

#include <stdio.h>

#define max 10

int a[11] = { 10, 14, 19, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 0 };

int b[10];

void merging(int low, int mid, int high)

int l1, l2, i;

for(l1 = low, l2 = mid + 1, i = low; l1 <= mid && l2 <= high; i++)

if(a[l1] <= a[l2])

b[i] = a[l1++];

else

b[i] = a[l2++];

while(l1 <= mid)

b[i++] = a[l1++];

while(l2 <= high)

b[i++] = a[l2++];

for(i = low; i <= high; i++)

a[i] = b[i];

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void sort(int low, int high) {

int mid;

if(low < high)

mid = (low + high) / 2;

sort(low, mid);

sort(mid+1, high);

merging(low, mid, high);

} else {

return;

int main() {

int i;

printf("List before sorting\n");

for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)

printf("%d ", a[i]);

sort(0, max);

printf("\nList after sorting\n");

for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)

printf("%d ", a[i]);

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Output:

Time Analysis:

Left half : C(n/2),right half : C(n/2),All : n

Case 1: if f(n) ∈ O(nᴱ⁻ᵉ), for e>0,n ∈ O(n¹⁻¹),n ∈ O(n⁰)

case 1 does not match

T(n) = 2*T(n/2) + n

a = 2, b = 2, f(n) =

E = log bª = log₂2 = 1

Case 2: if f(n) ∈ Θ (n¹), for e>0

n ∈ O(n)

then T(n) ∈ Θ (f(n) * logn)

T(n) ∈ Θ(n*logn)

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Quick sort:

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int* a, int* b) {

int temp = *a;

*a = *b;

*b = temp;

int partition(int arr[], int low, int high) {

int pivot = arr[high];

int i = (low - 1);

for (int j = low; j <= high - 1; j++) {

if (arr[j] < pivot) {

i++;

swap(&arr[i], &arr[j]);

swap(&arr[i + 1], &arr[high]);

return (i + 1);

void quickSort(int arr[], int low, int high)

{ if (low < high) {

int pi = partition(arr, low, high);

quickSort(arr, low, pi - 1);

quickSort(arr, pi + 1, high);

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int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

if (n <= 0) {

printf("Invalid input. Number of elements must be greater than 0.\n");

return 1;

int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

// Perform Quick Sort on the array

quickSort(arr, 0, n - 1);

// Display the sorted array

printf("Sorted array: ");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

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printf("\n");

return 0;

Output:

Time Analysis:

Left half : C(n/2),right half : C(n/2),All : n

T(n) = 2*T(n/2) + n

a = 2, b = 2, f(n) =

n E = log bª

= log₂2= 1

Case 1: if f(n) ∈ O(nᴱ⁻ᵉ), for e>0,n ∈ O(n¹⁻¹),n ∈ O(n⁰) (case 1 does not match)

Case 2: if f(n) ∈ Θ (n¹), for e>0,n ∈ O(n)

then T(n) ∈ Θ (f(n) * logn)

T(n) ∈ Θ(n*logn

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Experiment-3
Aim: Implementation and Time analysis of linear and binary search , linear
search algorithm
Binary serch:

#include<stdio.h>

#define MAX_SIZE 5

void binary_search(int[],int);

int main() {

int arr_search[MAX_SIZE], i,element;

printf("Simple Binary Search Example - Array and Functions\n");

printf("\nEnter %d Elements for Searching : \n", MAX_SIZE);

for (i = 0; i < MAX_SIZE; i++)

scanf("%d", &arr_search[i]);

printf("Enter Element to Search : ");

scanf("%d", &element);

binary_search(arr_search,element);

void binary_search(int fn_arr[],int element) {

int f = 0, r = MAX_SIZE,mid;

while (f <= r) {

mid = (f+r)/2;

if (fn_arr[mid] == element) {

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printf("\nSearch Element : %d : Found : Position : %d.\n", element, mid+1);

break;

else if (fn_arr[mid] < element)

f = mid + 1;

else

r = mid - 1;

if (f > r)

printf("\nSearch Element : %d : Not Found \n", element);

Output:

Time Analysis:

Best-case time complexity: O(1)

Average-case time complexity: O(log n)

Worst-case time complexity: O(log n)

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Linear Search:

#include <stdio.h>

int linearSearch(int arr[], int n, int target) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (arr[i] == target) {

return i; // Return the index where the target element is found

return -1; // Return -1 if the target element is not found

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

if (n <= 0) {

printf("Invalid input. Number of elements must be greater than 0.\n");

return 1;

int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d integers in the array:\n", n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

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int target;

printf("Enter the element to search: ");

scanf("%d", &target);

// Perform Linear Search on the array

int result = linearSearch(arr, n, target);

if (result != -1) {

printf("Element %d found at index %d\n", target, result);

} else {

printf("Element %d not found in the array\n", target);}

return 0; }

Output:

Time Analysis:

Best-case time complexity: O(1)

Average-case time complexity: O(n)

Worst-case time complexity: O(n)

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Experiment-4
Aim: Implementation and Time analysis of Heap sort Algorithme.
Heap sort:

#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int* a, int* b)

int temp = *a;

*a = *b;

*b = temp;

void heapify(int arr[], int N, int i)

int largest = i;

int left = 2 * i + 1;

int right = 2 * i +

2;

if (left < N && arr[left] > arr[largest])

largest = left;

if (right < N && arr[right] > arr[largest])

largest = right;

if (largest != i) {

swap(&arr[i], &arr[largest]);

heapify(arr, N, largest);

}
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void heapSort(int arr[], int N)

for (int i = N / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)

for (int i = N - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

swap(&arr[0], &arr[i]);

heapify(arr, i, 0);

void printArray(int arr[], int N)

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

printf("\n");

int main()

int arr[] = { 13, 26 ,88, 65 ,98};

int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

heapSort(arr, N);

printf("Sorted array is\n");

printArray(arr, N);

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Output:

Time Analysis:

Best-case time complexity: O(1)

Average-case time complexity: O(n)

Worst-case time complexity: O(n)

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Experiment-5
Aim: Implementation and Time analysis of factorial program using iterative
and recursive method
iterative method:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n, i;

long long fact = 1;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {

fact *= i;

printf("Factorial of %d = %lld", n, fact);

return 0;

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Output:

Time Analysis:

Best-case time complexity: O(1)

Average-case time complexity: O(n)

Worst-case time complexity: O(n)

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recursive method:

#include <stdio.h>

long int multiplyNumbers(int n);

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, multiplyNumbers(n));

return 0;

long int multiplyNumbers(int n) {

if (n >= 1)

return n * multiplyNumbers(n - 1);

else

return 1;

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Output:

Time Analysis:

Best-case time complexity: O(1)

Average-case time complexity: O(n)

Worst-case time complexity: O(n)

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Experiment-6
Aim:Implementation of a knapsack problem using dynamic programming.
knapsack:

void main() {

int n, m, w[100], p[100], ratio[100], i, j, u, temp;

float xr, x[100], total_profit=0, total_weight=0;

printf("Enter the number of items(n): ");

scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter the capacity of the Knapsack(m): ");

scanf("%d", &m);

u = m;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

x[i] = 0;

printf("Enter the Weights of items: ");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Weight of item %d = ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &w[i]);

printf("Enter the Profit Values of items: ");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Profit of item %d = ", i + 1);

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scanf("%d", &p[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

ratio[i] = p[i] / w[i];

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n - 1; j++) {

if (ratio[j] < ratio[i]) {

temp = ratio[i];

ratio[i] = ratio[j];

ratio[j] = temp;

temp = w[i];

w[i] = w[j];

w[j] = temp;

temp = p[i];

p[i] = p[j];

p[j] = temp;

printf("\nThe Table After Sorting based on the Ratio:\n");

printf("Item:\t\t");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d\t", i + 1);

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printf("\nProfit:\t\t");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d\t", p[i]);

printf("\nWeights:\t");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d\t", w[i]);

printf("\nRATIO:\t\t");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d\t", ratio[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (w[i] <= u) {

x[i] = 1;

u = u - w[i];

} else if (w[i] > u) {

break;

if (i <= n) {

xr = (float)u / w[i];

x[i] = xr;

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printf("\nX = [");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%.3f, ", x[i]);

printf("]");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

total_profit += x[i] * p[i];

total_weight += x[i] * w[i];

printf("\nTotal Profit = %.2f\nTotal Weight = %.2f", total_profit, total_weight);

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Output:

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Experiment-7
Aim: Implement of chain matrix multiplication using dynamic programming.
#include<stdio.h>

#include<limits.h>

int MatrixChainMultiplication(int p[], int n)

int m[n][n];

int i, j, k, L, q;

for (i=1; i<n; i++)

m[i][i] = 0;

for (L=2; L<n; L++)

for (i=1; i<n-L+1; i++)

j = i+L-1;

m[i][j] = INT_MAX;

for (k=i; k<=j-1; k++)

q = m[i][k] + m[k+1][j] + p[i-1]*p[k]*p[j];

if (q < m[i][j])

m[i][j] = q;

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return m[1][n-1];

int main()

int n,i;

printf("Enter number of matrices\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

n++;

int arr[n];

printf("Enter dimensions \n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("Enter d%d :: ",i);

scanf("%d",&arr[i]);

int size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);

printf("Minimum number of multiplications is %d ", MatrixChainMultiplication(arr, size));

return 0;

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Output:

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Experiment-8
Aim: Implement of making achange problem using dynamic programming.
#include <stdio.h>

#include

<stdlib.h> int

main()

int m, n, i, j;

printf("Enter the amount of which you want change\n");

scanf("%d", &m);

printf("\nEnter the number of determinants\n");

scanf("%d", &n);

int c[n + 1][m + 1], dc[n + 1]; printf("\

nEnter the determinants\n"); dc[0] =

0;

for (i = 1; i < n + 1; i++)

scanf("%d", &dc[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++)

for (j = 0; j <= m; j++)

c[i][j] = 0;

for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++)

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c[i][0] = 0;

for (i = 0; i < m + 1; i++)

c[0][i] = i;

for (i = 1; i < n + 1; i++)

for (j = 1; j < m + 1; j++)

if (dc[1] > c[0][j])

c[i][j] = 0;

else if (dc[i] <= j)

if ((c[i][j - dc[i]] + 1) < c[i - 1][j])

c[i][j] = (c[i][j - dc[i]] + 1);

else

c[i][j] = c[i - 1][j];

else

c[i][j] = c[i - 1][j];

printf("\n \n");

for (i = 0; i < n + 1; i++)

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printf("%d ", dc[i]);

for (j = 0; j < m + 1; j++)

printf(" %d", c[i][j]);

printf("\n");

printf("\nThe change you get is \n");

i = n;

j = m;

while (i != 1)

if (c[i][j] == c[i - 1][j])

i = i - 1;

else

j = j - dc[i];

printf(" %d ", dc[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

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Output:

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Experiment-9
Aim: Implementation of a knapsack problem using greedy algorithm

knapsack :

#include <stdio.h>

#include

<stdlib.h> int

main()

int m, n, i, j;

printf("Enter maximum weight of knapsack ");

scanf("%d", &m);

printf("\nEnter number of objects ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int wt = 0, k = 0;

float cal[n], p[n], w[n], x[n], prof = 0;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

x[i] = 0;

printf("\nEnter weights\n");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("w[%d] = ", i);

scanf("%f", &w[i]);

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printf("\nEnter profits\n");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("p[%d] = ", i);

scanf("%f", &p[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

cal[i] = p[i] / w[i];

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++)

if (cal[i] < cal[j])

int t1, t2, t3;

t1 = cal[i];

cal[i] = cal[j];

cal[j] = t1;

t2 = w[i];

w[i] = w[j];

w[j] = t2;

t3 = p[i];

p[i] = p[j];

p[j] = t3;

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printf("\n\n p[i]\t\t w[i]\t\t cal[i]\n");

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("%f\t %f\t %f\t\n", p[i], w[i], cal[i]);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

if ((wt + w[i]) <= m)

k++;

x[i] = 1;

wt += w[i];

prof += p[i];

else

k++;

x[i] = (m - wt) / w[i];

w[i] = m - wt;

wt = m;

prof += (x[i] * p[i]);

p[i] = (x[i] * p[i]);

break;

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printf("\nThe selected weights are \n\ni\t w[i]\t\t p[i]\n");

for (i = 0; i < k; i++)

printf("%d\t%f\t%f\n", i + 1, w[i], p[i]);

printf("\n\nThe total profit is %f\n\n", prof);

return 0;

Output:

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Experiment-10
Aim:Implementation of Graph and Searching (DFS and BFS).

#include <stdio.h>

int a[20][20], reach[20], n;

void dfs(int v)

int i;

reach[v] = 1;

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)

if (a[v][i] && !reach[i])

printf("\n %d->%d", v, i);

dfs(i);

void main()

int i, j, count = 0;

printf("\n Enter number of vertices");

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scanf("%d", &n);

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)

reach[i] = 0;

for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)

a[i][j] = 0;

printf("\nEnter adjacency matrix:\n");

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)

for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)

scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);

dfs(1);

printf("\n");

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)

if (reach[i])

count++;

if (count == n)

printf("\n Graph is connected");

else

printf("\n Graph is not connected");

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Output:

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Experiment-11
Aim: Implement prim’s algorithm.
prim’s algorithm:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdbool.h>

#define INF 9999999

#define V 5

int G[V][V] = {

{0, 9, 75, 0, 0},

{9, 0, 95, 19, 42},

{75, 95, 0, 51, 66},

{0, 19, 51, 0, 31},

{0, 42, 66, 31, 0}};

int main() {

int no_edge;

int selected[V];

memset(selected, false, sizeof(selected));

no_edge = 0;

selected[0] = true;

int x;

int y;

printf("Edge : Weight\n");

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while (no_edge < V - 1) {

int min = INF;

x = 0;

y = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {

if (selected[i]) {

for (int j = 0; j < V; j++) {

if (!selected[j] && G[i][j]) {

if (min > G[i][j]) {

min = G[i][j];

x = i;

y = j;

printf("%d - %d : %d\n", x, y, G[x][y]);

selected[y] = true;

no_edge++;

return 0;

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Output:

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Experiment-12
Aim: Implement kruskal’s algorithm.
kruskal’s algorithm:

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX 30

typedef struct edge {

int u, v, w;

} edge;

typedef struct edge_list {

edge data[MAX];

int n;

} edge_list;

edge_list elist;

int Graph[MAX][MAX], n;

edge_list spanlist;

void kruskalAlgo();

int find(int belongs[], int vertexno);

void applyUnion(int belongs[], int c1, int c2);

void sort();

void print();

void kruskalAlgo() {

int belongs[MAX], i, j, cno1, cno2;

elist.n = 0;

for (i = 1; i < n; i++)

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for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {

if (Graph[i][j] != 0) {

elist.data[elist.n].u = i;

elist.data[elist.n].v = j;

elist.data[elist.n].w = Graph[i][j];

elist.n++;

sort();

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

belongs[i] = i;

spanlist.n = 0;

for (i = 0; i < elist.n; i++) {

cno1 = find(belongs, elist.data[i].u);

cno2 = find(belongs, elist.data[i].v);

if (cno1 != cno2) {

spanlist.data[spanlist.n] = elist.data[i];

spanlist.n = spanlist.n + 1;

applyUnion(belongs, cno1, cno2);

int find(int belongs[], int vertexno) {

return (belongs[vertexno]);

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void applyUnion(int belongs[], int c1, int c2) {

int i;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

if (belongs[i] == c2)

belongs[i] = c1;

void sort() {

int i, j;

edge temp;

for (i = 1; i < elist.n; i++)

for (j = 0; j < elist.n - 1; j++)

if (elist.data[j].w > elist.data[j + 1].w) {

temp = elist.data[j];

elist.data[j] = elist.data[j + 1];

elist.data[j + 1] = temp;

void print() {

int i, cost = 0;

for (i = 0; i < spanlist.n; i++) {

printf("\n%d - %d : %d", spanlist.data[i].u, spanlist.data[i].v, spanlist.data[i].w);

cost = cost + spanlist.data[i].w;

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printf("\nSpanning tree cost: %d", cost);

int main() {

int i, j, total_cost;

n = 6;

Graph[0][0] = 0;

Graph[0][1] = 4;

Graph[0][2] = 4;

Graph[0][3] = 0;

Graph[0][4] = 0;

Graph[0][5] = 0;

Graph[0][6] = 0;

Graph[1][0] = 4;

Graph[1][1] = 0;

Graph[1][2] = 2;

Graph[1][3] = 0;

Graph[1][4] = 0;

Graph[1][5] = 0;

Graph[1][6] = 0;

Graph[2][0] = 4;

Graph[2][1] = 2;

Graph[2][2] = 0;

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Graph[2][3] = 3;

Graph[2][4] = 4;

Graph[2][5] = 0;

Graph[2][6] = 0;

Graph[3][0] = 0;

Graph[3][1] = 0;

Graph[3][2] = 3;

Graph[3][3] = 0;

Graph[3][4] = 3;

Graph[3][5] = 0;

Graph[3][6] = 0;

Graph[4][0] = 0;

Graph[4][1] = 0;

Graph[4][2] = 4;

Graph[4][3] = 3;

Graph[4][4] = 0;

Graph[4][5] = 0;

Graph[4][6] = 0;

Graph[5][0] = 0;

Graph[5][1] = 0;

Graph[5][2] = 2;

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Graph[5][3] = 0;

Graph[5][4] = 3;

Graph[5][5] = 0;

Graph[5][6] = 0;

printf("Name: YASHRAJSINH GOHIL\n");

printf("Enrollment Number: 211290116009\n");

kruskalAlgo();

print();

Output:

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Experiment-13
Aim: Implement LCS problem.
LCS:

#include <stdio.h>

void lcs(int arr[][10], char ar[], int, int);

int l, k;

void main()

char s1[10], s2[10];

int i, j;

printf("\nEnter the strings\nX = ");

s1[0] = 0;

char ch = getchar();

while (ch != '\n')

s1[++l] = ch;

ch = getchar();

printf("Y = ");

s2[0] = 0;

char c1 = getchar();

while (c1 != '\n')

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s2[++k] = c1;

c1 = getchar();

int c[l + 1][k + 1], b[l + 1][k + 1];

for (i = 0; i < l + 1; i++)

for (j = 0; j < k + 1; j++)

b[i][j] = 0;

c[i][j] = 0;

// 1=diagonal 2=up 3=left

for (i = 1; i < l + 1; i++)

for (j = 1; j < k + 1; j++)

if (s1[i] == s2[j])

c[i][j] = c[i - 1][j - 1] + 1;

b[i][j] = 1; // diagonal

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else if (c[i - 1][j] >= c[i][j - 1])

c[i][j] = c[i - 1][j];

b[i][j] = 2; // up

else

c[i][j] = c[i][j - 1];

b[i][j] = 3; // left

printf("\n\n\t");

for (i = 1; i < k + 1; i++)

printf("\t %c", s2[i]);

printf("\n");

for (i = 0; i < l + 1; i++)

printf("%c\t", s1[i]);

for (j = 0; j < k + 1; j++)

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printf("%d(%d)\t", c[i][j], b[i][j]);

printf("\n");

printf("\n\n");

printf("Longest common substring of X and Y is ");

lcs(b, s1, l, k);

printf("\n\n");

void lcs(int arr[l + 1][k + 1], char ar[l + 1], int a, int p)

if (a == 0 || p == 0)

return;

if (arr[a][p] == 1)

lcs(arr, ar, a - 1, p - 1);

printf("%c ", ar[a]);

else if (arr[a][p] == 2)

lcs(arr, ar, a - 1, p);

else if (arr[a][p] == 3)

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lcs(arr, ar, a, p - 1);

Output:

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