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Chapter Sequences, Series and
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Convergence REVISION
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Objectives
Write the terms of a sequence.
Find the limit of a sequence
Determine whether a sequence converges or
diverges.
Understand the definition of a convergent infinite
series.
Use properties of infinite geometric series.
Use properties of p-series and harmonic series 2
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Objectives
Use the nth-Term Test for Divergence of an
infinite series.
Use the Limit Comparison Test to determine
whether a series converges or diverges
Use the Ratio Test to determine whether a
series converges or diverges.
Use the Root Test to determine whether a series
converges or diverges.
Sequences
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Sequences
A sequence is defined as a function whose domain is the
set of positive integers. Although a sequence is a function,
it is common to represent sequences by subscript notation
rather than by the standard function notation.
For instance, in the sequence
1 is mapped onto a1, 2 is mapped onto a2, and so on. The
numbers a1, a2, a3, . . ., an, . . . are the terms of the
sequence. The number an is the nth term of the sequence,
and the entire sequence is denoted by {an}. 5
Sequences
a. The terms of the sequence {an} = {3 + (–1)n} are
3 + (–1)1, 3 + (–1)2, 3 + (–1)3, 3 + (–1)4, . . .
2, 4, 2, 4, ....
b. The terms of the sequence {bn} are
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Sequences
c. The terms of the sequence {cn} are
d. The terms of the recursively defined sequence {dn},
where d1 = 25 and dn + 1 = dn – 5, are
25, 25 – 5 = 20, 20 – 5 = 15, 15 – 5 = 10,. . . . .
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Limit of a Sequence
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Limit of a Sequence
The primary focus of this chapter concerns sequences
whose terms approach limiting values. Such sequences are
said to converge. For instance, the sequence {1/2n}
converges to 0, as indicated in the following definition.
Limit of a Sequence
2𝑛 2𝑛 1
𝑎𝑛 converges Claim: lim
4𝑛 1 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 1 2
2𝑛 1
∀𝜀 0, ∃𝑀 0 such that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 𝑀 ⇒ 𝜀
4𝑛 1 2
Let ∀𝜀 0, be arbitrary, Choose 𝑀 ______ 0
1 1
Suppose 𝑛 𝑀 ⇒
𝑛 𝑀
1 1
2𝑛 1 2𝑛 4𝑛 1 2𝑛 2𝑛 1
⇒ 2 2
4𝑛 1 2 4𝑛 1 4𝑛 1 |2 4𝑛 1 |
1 1
𝜀 2 2𝑀 𝑀 0⇒𝑀 1, 2, ⋯
|8𝑛 2| |8𝑀 2|
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Limit of a Sequence
1 1 1 1 1 1
∙
|8𝑛 2| |8𝑀 2| |8𝑀 2𝑀| 6𝑀 6 𝑀
1 1 1
∙ ∙ 6𝜀 𝜀
6 1 6
6𝜀
1
Then Choose 𝑀 0
6𝜀
2𝑛 1
⇒ 𝜀
4𝑛 1 2
2𝑛
Thus 𝑎𝑛 converges
4𝑛 1
2𝑛 1
lim
𝑛→∞ 4𝑛 1 2 11
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Factorial
The symbol n! (read “n factorial”) is used to simplify some
of these formulas. Let n be a positive integer; then
n factorial is defined as
n! = 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 . . . (n – 1) • n.
As a special case, zero factorial is defined as 0! = 1.
From this definition, you can see that 1! = 1, 2! = 1 • 2 = 2,
3! = 1 • 2 • 3 = 6, and so on.
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Sequences (Convergent/Divergent)
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Squeeze Theorem
Another useful limit theorem that can be rewritten for
sequences is the Squeeze Theorem.
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Squeeze Theorem
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Squeeze Theorem
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Infinite Series
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Infinite Series
An infinite series (or simply a series) is:
The numbers a1, a2, a3, and so on are the terms of the
series.
For some series it is convenient to begin the index at n = 0
(or some other integer). As a typesetting convention, it is
common to represent an infinite series as,
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Infinite Series
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Series
a. The series
has the following partial sums.
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Series cont’d
Because
it follows that the series converges and its sum is 1.
b. The nth partial sum of the series
is
Because the limit of Sn is 1, the series converges and its
sum is 1. 28
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Series cont’d
c. The series
diverges because Sn = n and the sequence of partial
sums diverges.
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Geometric Series
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Geometric Series
The series is a geometric
series. In general, the series
is a geometric series with ratio r, r ≠ 0.
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Geometric Series
a. The geometric series
has a ratio of with a = 3.
Because |r| < 1, the series converges and its sum is
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Geometric Series
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Example – Convergent and Divergent Geometric Series
cont’d
b. The geometric series
has a ratio of
Because |r| ≥ 1, the series diverges.
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p-Series and Harmonic Series
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p-Series and Harmonic Series
A second type of series has a simple arithmetic test for
convergence or divergence. A series of the form
is a p-series, where p is a positive constant. For p = 1,
the series
is the harmonic series.
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p-Series and Harmonic Series
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Example – Convergent and Divergent p-Series
Discuss the convergence or divergence of (a) the harmonic
series and (b) the p-series with p = 2.
Solution:
a. From Theorem 9.11, it follows that the harmonic series
diverges.
b. From Theorem 9.11, it follows that the p-series
converges. 38
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Limit Comparison Test
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Limit Comparison Test
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Example – Using the Limit Comparison Test
Show that the general harmonic series below diverges.
Solution:
By comparison with
you have
Because this limit is greater than 0, you can conclude from
the Limit Comparison Test that the given series diverges. 41
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Limit Comparison Test
The Limit Comparison Test works well for comparing a
“messy” algebraic series with a p-series. In choosing an
appropriate p-series, you must choose one with an nth term
of the same magnitude as the nth term of the given series.
In other words, when choosing a series for comparison,
you can disregard all but the highest powers of n in both
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the numerator and the denominator.
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Alternating Series
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Alternating Series
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Example – Using the Alternating Series Test
Determine the convergence or divergence of
Solution:
Note that
So, the first condition of Theorem 9.14 is satisfied.
Also note that the second condition of Theorem 9.14 is
satisfied because
for all n.
So, applying the Alternating Series Test, you can conclude 45
that the series converges.
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nth-Term Test for Divergence
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nth-Term Test for Divergence
The contrapositive of Theorem 9.8 provides a useful test for
divergence. This nth-Term Test for Divergence states that
if the limit of the nth term of a series does not converge to
0, then the series must diverge.
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Example – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
a. For the series you have
So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges.
b. For the series you have
So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges. 48
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Example – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
cont’d
c. For the series you have
Because the limit of the nth term is 0, the nth-Term Test
for Divergence does not apply.
If the limit of nth term is ZERO, you can
not decide about convergence or
divergence.
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The Ratio Test
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The Ratio Test
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Example – Using the Ratio Test
Determine the convergence or divergence of
Solution:
Because an = 2n/n!, you can write the following.
This series converges because the limit of |an + 1/an| is less
than 1.
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The Root Test
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The Root Test
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Example – Using the Root Test
Determine the convergence or divergence of
Solution:
You can apply the Root Test as follows.
Because this limit is less than 1, you can conclude that the
series converges absolutely (and therefore converges). 55
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End of REVISION
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