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Lecture 8

This document discusses problem solving and decision making skills. It covers various data collection techniques used in research, including primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through surveys, interviews or experiments, while secondary data involves using existing data collected by others. The document also distinguishes between quantitative data, which can be expressed numerically, and qualitative data involving descriptions. Finally, it outlines the objectives of data collection in research to systematically obtain accurate evidence to answer research questions.

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Abdelrahman Omara
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37 views

Lecture 8

This document discusses problem solving and decision making skills. It covers various data collection techniques used in research, including primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through surveys, interviews or experiments, while secondary data involves using existing data collected by others. The document also distinguishes between quantitative data, which can be expressed numerically, and qualitative data involving descriptions. Finally, it outlines the objectives of data collection in research to systematically obtain accurate evidence to answer research questions.

Uploaded by

Abdelrahman Omara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEM SOLVING&

DECISION MAKING
SKILLS

BY DR
Lecture: 8
Instructor at the Egyptian Academy of
Engineering and Technology
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Types of Data
There are two types of data:
-Primary Data
-Secondary Data
Primary Data
Primary Data
The data gathered by researcher
first-hand is primary data.

The researcher collects such data


on purpose, because no previous
records of the data exist to be
accessed by public.
Primary Data
Primary data can be collected using a
range of methods like surveys,
interviews, focus groups, etc. Such
data is considered to be highly reliable
Secondary Data

6
Secondary Data
-The data that have been collected
and compiled by someone, and are
accessible to the public, are known as
secondary data.

-It is the data used by the


investigator from previous studies
and other sources.
7
Secondary Data
-The primary data collected for one
research study, becomes secondary
data when it is further used for
another research. Generally,
secondary data includes government
reports, census data, departmental
records, etc. Using such data is less
expensive and faster in comparison
to primary data. 8
9
Quantitative and Qualitative Data

• The data collection methods can also


be classified on the basis of the
methods used. There are two
categories of data collection methods:

Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
10
Quantitative Data
The data that can be quantified and expressed as a
number is quantitative data.
For example, height of students of a class, marks
obtained in a test, number of news stories published
ona topic, number of times a particular word has been
used in publications, etc.
It is feasible to represent such data through ordinal
andratio scales, and are capable of being statistically
evaluated.

11
Qualitative Data
The data that cannot be expressed in the form of a
numberis qualitative dataSuch data can only be
expressed through nominal scales, for example,
religion, gender, etc.
It can also be “descriptions of situations, events,
people, interactions and observed behaviors;
direct quotations frompeople ... and excerpts or
entire passages from documents, correspondence,
records and case studies”.
Qualitative data can be best conveyed in the form
of words
12
Data Collection Objectives

13
It is the process of collecting and measuring
information about target variables in an existing
system, which then enables the individual to answer
relevant questions and evaluate the results. Data
collection is a component of research in all fields of
study including the physical and social sciences, the
humanities, and business. While methods vary by
discipline, the focus on ensuring accurate and honest
compilation remains the same. The goal of data
collection is to obtain quality evidence that allows
the analysis to lead to the formulation of credible and
convincing answers to the questions that were asked.
14
Data Collection Objectives
•Data-collection techniques allow us to
systematicallycollect information about
our objects of study (people, objects,
phenomena) and about the settings in
whichthey occur.

•In the collection of data we have to be


systematic. Ifdata are collected randomly,

15
Data collection methods

16
• Observation,
• interview,
• questionnaire,
• tests, sources
17
DR

Instructor at the Egyptian Academy of Engineering and


Technology 18

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