Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering
Department of Electronics Engineering

ACTIVITY 1

Presented to:
Engr. Apryll Joy A. Hernandez
Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
ChE 437 Analytical Instrumentation
Bachelor of Science in Instrumentation and Control Engineering

By:

Varona, John Paul P.

20-03983

FEBRUARY 2023

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Activity 1
In preparation for our upcoming lectures, answer the following questions
comprehensively.
1. In a form of a diagram or a figure, illustrate the three major categories of instrumental
methods of chemical analysis together with their subcategories. At the end of the diagram
provide a description or explanation for your answer.

2. Differentiate the following concepts from each other:

a.) Atomic Spectroscopy and Molecular Spectroscopy
b.) Potentiometry, Voltammetry and Coulometry
c.) Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

➢ Instrumental Method of Analysis

The largest portion of chemical analysis is classified as instrumental analysis. Machines

are used in instrumental techniques of analysis. There are several forms of instrumental analysis.
Some are more adapted to detecting and identifying elements, while others are better suited to
detecting and identifying compounds. The analysis is carried out using an instrument other than a
balance in this manner. The analyst has access to a wide range of instruments. In certain cases,
the device is used to characterize a chemical interaction between the analyte and an extra
reagent, and in others, it is used to evaluate an analyte attribute. Instrumental analysis is split into
several kinds based on the instruments used.

The intensity and wavelength of light that is absorbed or transmitted are measured using
the spectroscopic method of analysis. This lays the groundwork for sensitive detection and
quantification procedures. Emission spectroscopy encompasses numerous approaches that
include the emission of radiation by either atoms or molecules, but differs in the manner in which
the emission is caused. This technique of analysis requires the use of equipment that might be
basic and affordable, or exceedingly complicated, with design elements that include the most
recent technological advancement.

➢ Spectral Methods

Provide effective strategies for solving partial differential equations. Unlike finite difference
techniques, spectral methods are global methods in which the calculation at any given place rely
on information from the whole domain rather than only information from surrounding points.
Because spectral approaches converged rapidly, they are more accurate than local methods.
When the answer changes significantly in time or space, when extremely high spatial resolution is
required, and when lengthy time integration is required, global methods are preferred to local
methods. Spectral methods are a collection of techniques used in applied mathematics and
scientific computing to solve certain differential equations numerically using the weighted
residuals approach. In spectral approaches, the answer is approximated as a spectrum
expansion.

➢ Absorptiometry

Absorption occurs when a photon, a quantum of electromagnetic radiation, strikes a

molecule and excites it to a high-energy state. The incident radiation's intensity (i.e., the energy in
the form of electromagnetic radiation transmitted across a unit area per unit time) is measured as
it passes through the sample. The spectral approach is a traditional method that is inspired by its
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
analytic popularity and intrinsic correctness. It operates on orthogonal curvilinear coordinate
systems and is based on the notion of orthogonal eigenfunction expansion based on the
differential operators associated with the Laplacian equation.

Each instrument requires at least three components: (1) an electromagnetic radiation

source in the appropriate energy region; (2) a cell that is transparent to the radiation and can
contain the sample; and (3) a detector that can precisely measure the intensity of the radiation
after it has passed through the cell and the sample. The amount of radiation absorbed is
proportional to the analyte concentration and the distance traveled by the radiation through the
analyte (the cell path length). When the sample absorbs radiation, the intensity of the radiative
beam decreases.

➢ Spectroscopy

The study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by materials as they
relate to the wavelength of the radiation. The concept has lately been broadened to encompass
the study of interactions between particles like as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their
interactions with other particles as a function of collision energy. The development of the most
fundamental theories in physics, such as quantum mechanics, special and general theories of
relativity, and quantum electrodynamics, has relied heavily on spectroscopic analysis.
Spectroscopy, when applied to high-energy collisions, has been an important instrument in
expanding scientific understanding of not just the electromagnetic force.

Rather than being a specialized or distinct area, spectroscopy is used across a wide range
of fields. While it provided theoretical support for early quantum research in radiation and atomic
structure, it also has a staggering number of other applied uses; MRI and X-ray machines use a
type of radio-frequency spectroscopy, we measure the unique makeup and physical properties of
distant astral bodies through their spectra and wavelength, and it's even used to test doping in
sports.

➢ Electroanalytical Methods

Analytical chemistry is the science of identifying the chemical composition of analytes. A

qualitative approach offers information about the atomic or molecular species or functional
groups that exist in the sample, whereas a determination method provides numerical information
about the relative quantity of one or more of these components. Methods that are sensitive,
accurate, and precise are sought. Titrimetry, absorption/emission spectroscopy, thermal
analysis, and electroanalytical procedures are used to determine analytes from a matrix with
extremely low detection limits.
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

➢ Amperometry

Amperometry is an electroanalytical method in which a continuous reducing or oxidizing

potential is applied to an indicator (working) electrode and the resulting steady-state current is
measured. Hence, the word 'amperometry' derives from the current measuring unit, 'ampere,' and
the measurement device,'meter,' both of which are utilized in this procedure. The magnitude of
the measured current is usually proportional to the concentration of the reduced or oxidized
material, hence this approach may be utilized for a variety of analytical purposes.

➢ Potentiometry

Amperometry is an electroanalytical technique that includes applying a continuous

reducing or oxidizing potential to an indicator (working) electrode and measuring the resulting
steady-state current. Hence, the name 'amperometry' is formed from the current measuring unit,
'ampere,' and the measurement device meter utilized in this procedure. Because the amplitude of
the observed current is usually dependent on the concentration of the reduced or oxidized
material, this approach can be employed for a variety of analytical purposes.

➢ Conductometry

Conductometry is a technique for analyzing ionic species and monitoring chemical

reactions by measuring the electrolytic conductivity of the reacting species or the products. It is
widely used in analytical chemistry. Conductivity can be measured directly with a conductivity
meter or indirectly via conductometric titration. Electrolyte conductometric analysis has long been
used. Conductometric techniques were used to analyze mineral waters and salt solutions by
Henry Cavendish and Andreas Baumgartner.

➢ Coulometry and Electrogravimetry

Based on an analysis performed by sending an electric current through the sample for a
sufficient amount of time to allow full oxidation or reduction of the analyte to a single product of
known composition Moderately sensitive, more accurate, no preparatory calibration against
standards, i.e. Absolute analysis is achieved by depositing the required metallic element onto a
previously weighed cathode, followed by reweighing the electrode plus deposit to determine the
amount of metal by difference.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

➢ Voltammetry

Voltammetry is the study of a chemical's current response to an applied potential

difference. Voltammetry comprises a variety of approaches, each of which can provide
information on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron addition (reduction) and electron loss
(oxidation). Is a class of electroanalytical procedures that are utilized in analytical chemistry and a
variety of industrial processes. Voltammetry obtains information about an analyte by measuring
the current when the potential is altered. A voltammogram, which displays the current produced
by the analyte vs the voltage of the working electrode, contains the analytical data for a
voltametric experiment.

➢ Separative Methods

Separation methods employ physical or chemical features of mixture components to

separate them. Upon separation, each component can be examined subjectively or quantitatively
individually. Occasionally, the separating device does both the separation and the test at the
same time. Separation is sometimes conducted prior to analysis using a separate approach.
Although these and other features can be used to identify a specific drug, we will be concerned
with the separation of a mixture into its components rather than the identification of the
substances in this experiment. Separation techniques rely on variations in the physical
characteristics of the components.

➢ Chromatography

Chromatography is the most generally used separation technique in chemical labs, where
it is employed in analysis, isolation, and purification, and it is widely utilized as a component of
small and large-scale manufacturing in the chemical process sector. On one end of the spectrum,
minute amounts of less than a nanogram are separated and recognized during analysis, while on
the other, hundreds of kg of material each hour are processed into refined goods. The
adaptability of chromatography in its numerous varieties is responsible for its pervasiveness in
separation science, along with ease of approach and a rather well-developed framework within
which the many chromatographic procedures function.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

➢ Electrophoresis

The movement and separation of charged particles (ions) under the influence of an electric
field is referred to as electrophoresis. An electrophoretic system is made up of two electrodes
with opposing charges (anode and cathode) that are joined by a conducting substance known as
an electrolyte. The separation effect on ionic particles is caused by differences in their velocity
(v), which is the product of the particle's mobility (m) and the field strength (E). Determining the
molecular weight of RNA species is just as important as determining the molecular weight of any
other macromolecule separated by electrophoresis.

➢ Mass Spectrometry

MS works by ionizing and fragmenting sample molecules in the gas phase. Because each
molecule fragments differently, the resultant ion fragmentation pattern may be exploited to gain
structural information for a specific molecule. MS has become the technique of choice in forensic
science for the conclusive identification of a wide range of evidence, including prohibited
chemicals and fire debris. In these instances, the mass spectrometer is often used in conjunction
with either a gas chromatography.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

2. Differentiate the following concepts from each other:

a.) Atomic Spectroscopy and Molecular Spectroscopy
b.) Potentiometry, Voltammetry and Coulometry
c.) Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

The primary distinction between atomic and molecular spectroscopy is that atomic spectroscopy is
concerned with how atoms absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation, whereas molecular spectroscopy is
concerned with how molecules absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

References:

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Classical methods. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 17,
2023, from https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-analysis/Classical-methods

Spectral method. Spectral Method - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17,
2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/spectral-method

Kang, S., & Suh, Y. K. (1970, January 1). Spectral methods. SpringerLink. Retrieved February 17, 2023,
from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-48998-8_1442

Atascientific. (2020, January 17). Understanding spectrometry and Spectroscopy. ATA Scientific.
Retrieved February 17, 2023, from https://www.atascientific.com.au/spectrometry/

Electroanalytical method. Electroanalytical Method - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved

February 17, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/electroanalytical-
method

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alanginan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives