Physics Laboratory Manual Fields II Krea University 2023-24Contents 1. Verification of Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law 2. Faraday effect 3. Study of magnetic field along the axis of a circular loopExperiment 1 Verification of Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law Aim To measure the induced voltage impulse (U,.,) and the magnetic flux by 1) varying the velocity of the falling magnet and 2) varying the coil. Apparatus Inductor coil (2), velocity tracker, a bar magnet, oscilloscope, and glass tube for guiding the fall of the magnet, Procedure Apparatus description: Fig. | shows the experimental setup consisting of a coil mounted on a stand, A bar magnet is dropped inside the glass tube and its velocity can be measured using a velocity tracker. An oscilloscope or computer with appropriate software can be used to observe the induced voltage, 1, Arrange the setup as shown in Fig. a | Solenoid coll Velocity tracker Bar magnet Fig. 1. The experimental set up2. Switch ON the digital timer and set MODE>SPEED>SELECT MASK>PRESS START/STOPKEY. Set the length via the UP arrow key and press START/STOP KEY to record the speed of the falling object directly. 3. Introduce the tip of the magnet in the glass tube, let it fall. Catch it with one hand under the coil 4, Read the velocity of the falling magnet in the timer 5. Observe the output signal of emf in the Oscilloscope. For this set the Oscilloscope time axis at 50 ms and the volt axis at 1-5 V range. 6. Measure the total amplitude Up-p (peak to peak) of the induction voltage (Fig. 2). In this case Up-p= Vmax + Vin Area = FL+F2 7. The area of the V-t graph represents the work done per unit-induced current in the circuit 8, Calculate the positive (F1) and the negative (F2) parts of the curve separately (Fig. 2) 9. Vary the velocity of the falling magnet by varying the height at which the magnet is dropped — take three velocities. 10, Reverse the magnet's direction and repeat steps 1-9. 11. Replace the coil with a second one and repeat steps 1-9. Fig. 2. Sample graphResults Length of the Magnet = coil | velocity Voltage [tl [2 [Areal | Area2 [Total | Flux Area Peak | Trough 2. V-t graph (take pictures using your camera and paste them) Discussion Conclusion Questions 1. Explain Faraday’s and Lenz’s law. 2. What other experimental arrangement can be used to demonstrate these laws?Experiment 2 Faraday effect Aim To demonstrate the Faraday effect and determine the Verdet constant. ‘Apparatus Electromagnet, magnet power supply, gaussmeter, Tungsten Filament Lamp, colour filters, volt-ammeter (DC), Nicol prisms (2), flint glass, sample holder, lens (2), output power supply, Multimeter, photodiode detector Formula Where 6 =angle of rotation L= Length of the erystal B = Magnetic field Intensity Procedure ‘An experimental setup and schematic for observing the Faraday effect are shown in Fig 1 The experimental setup can be arranged by following the steps below. 1. Arrange the diode laser (or source) on the optical bench according to Fig. 1b. Position a polarizer close to the laser on the optical bench as shown, ‘Mount the Flint Glass Holder into the central slot of the "t 2. 3 — core (inset of Fig 1a). 4, Insert two coils of $00 tum in both arms of the 'U' -core, 5. Place the pole piece on the U core in such a manner that the flint glass rod can be placed on the holder as depicted. 6. Mount the Flint Glass into the upper platform of the Flint Glass Holder. 7. Push the pole piece up to the flint glass square without damaging it 8. Use the clamps and pins to fix the bored pole piece on the U-core, 9. Position the analyser close to the U-core on the Optical bench. Position the screen opposite to the analyser.® ELECTROMAGNET LENS LicHt SOURCE FILTER —_POLARISER eden, Fig. | a) Experimental setup for Faraday's effect. The 'U'-core of the electromagnet is shown in the inset.) The schematic of the arrangement of components in the optical bench. To observe the Faraday effect, follow the steps below. 1. Adjust the polarizer and analyzer in a straight line with the aid of laser light on the optical rail, 2. Calibrate the magnetic field ‘© Remove the flint glass if it’s placed on the holder. © Connect the digital Gauss meter to the main switch, ‘© Place the hall probe between the pole piece. Use the stand material to hold the ‘magnetic probe between the bored pole pieces.9, 10. Result © Record the magnetic field B as a function of the current I through the coils. Place the flint glass square on the holder between two bored pole pieces. Adjust the pointer of the polarizer at 0 deg and keep the pointer of the analyzer in the position of the dark intensity of light that appears on the screen or photodetector. Now raise the current (IA to 6 A) in the Electro magnet unit and observe the moderate intensity of light on the screen Now adjust the position of the pointer in the polarizer to make the intensity of light zero or minimum and note the angular change 6. Vary the current (1-6 A) and obtain different values of (6) for different values of the Magnetic field. Make the data in tabular form, ‘The magnetic field for different values of current can be found from the calibration data/graph for the magnetic field. Plot the rotation (9) as a function of the magnetic field and find the slope. Determine the Verdet's ‘onstant (V) from the slope, by using the equation Wavelength used = » 2 Calibration of magnetic field (1-6 A) Current B Bus¢ Current B Polarizer [Analyser | position | position Plot vs BDiscussion Conclusions Precautions 1, Ensure that the source light passes through the central portion of all the optical components. Switch on the laser and make the necessary adjustments to all the optical components. 2, The light should be sharply focused on the screen, The maximum coil current under permanent use is 6 Amp. However, the current can be increased up to 8A for a few minutes without risk of damage to the coils by overheating, Questions 1. Can you explain the difference between optical rotation and the Faraday effect?” 2. The Faraday effect has several practical applications, what are some of them? 3. Does the wavelength of the light affect this phenomenon?Experiment 3 Study of the magnetic field along the axis of a circular loop Aim 1. To study the axial variation of the magnetic field due to a single coil, calculate the radius of the coil and observe the superposition of the field when the distance between two coils is equal to their radius. 2. To study the axial variation of the magnetic field due to both the coils when the distance between them is (i) less than the radius of the coils (ii) equal to it (ii) more than it. 3. To study the variation of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil with the number of turns in the coil ‘Apparatus Current source for coils, Digital Gaussmeter, coils (2) Formula palo 2al worl tesla 4n 4x10" nlx 104 2 Where, po is the permeability of the free space is the current flowing through the coil nis the number of tums and a is the radius of the coil Procedure Apparatus Description: The experimental setup consists of two coils mounted on a rail (Fig. 1). One coil is fixed, while the other coil and the magnetic field sensor can be moved independently along their axes, The positions of the coil and magnetic field sensor could be read on the scale.Aim 1 Fig. 1. The schematic of the experimental set up. Connect the Sensor Cable (3-pin) to the sensor socket and the Coil Cable (4-pin) to the coil socket ‘Switch ‘ON’ the main's power. Tum the current adjusting knob anti-clockwise to the minimum position; so that the current is reduced to 0, Keep the sensor pointer at -80 mm (ie, sensor pointer position = sensor stand position - length of the sensor) and adjust the zero of the Gaussmeter with the 'ZERO ADJ.’ knob. Put the ‘COIL’ knob to Position 1 so that the COIL 1 is connected to the current source. Adjust the current to say 500 mA. ‘Note down the magnetic field from -80 mm to +280 mm at an interval of 5 mm along the axis of the coils by shifting the position of the sensor. Fix the position of COIL 2 at a distance of 112 mm from COIL 1 ie. equal to the radius of the coils. Put the coil knob to Position 2, so that COIL 2 is connected to the current source. Keep the current the same and note down the magnetic field from -80 to +280 mm again at an interval of 5 mm.9. Put the coil knob to Position 3, ie. ‘BOTH’, COIL 1 & COIL 2 will be connected to the source, Now again, note down the readings from 45 mm to +175 mm at an interval of 5 mm. 10. Draw the graphs between sensor position and magnetic field due to COIL 1, COIL 2 and BOTH along the axis of coils. Aim 2 1. Fix the distance between the coils and put the coil knob to Position 3. Take the readings of the magnetic field at intervals of 5 mm in Aim 1 2. Change the distance between the coils and repeat the observations. 3. Typical variation of the magnetic field for the distance between the coils equal to 0.75a, and 1.25a where a is the radius of the coil, 4, Plot the magnetic field versus sensor distance, Aim 3 In Eq, 1, the number of tums in the coil and the current in the coil appears in the combination nl which is the effective current. The variation of the magnetic field with the number of turns in the coil can therefore be studied by studying the variation of the magnetic field with the current in the coil. 1. In this experiment only one coil (Coil 1) is used. Put the sensor at the centre of the coil 2. Change the current from zero to 500 mA in steps of 50 mA and measure the magnetic field at each value of the current. 3. Plot magnetic field versus current. Results 1. Aim 1 Position of coil = Position of coil 2= Length of sensor rod = Number of turns =500 ‘SLNo [Sensor stand position [Sensor position | Magnetic Field Coil! | Coil2 [both2. Aim2 Position of coil |= Position of coil 2 = Radius a of the coil = Calculate the radius of the coil using the given formula ‘SLN_ | Sensor stand position Sensor position Magnetic Field 0.758 Ya 1.258 3. Aim 3 SI.No Coil current Magnetic field Precautions 1. While doing the experiment, make sure there are no stray magnetic fields or ferromagnetic materials near the setup, such as keys, screwdrivers, etc. 2. The radius of the coil is calculated from the centre of windings and not from the inside edge of the coil bobbin. 3. The zero of the Gaussmeter should be adjusted each time before beginning the experiment and verified after the completion of the experiment by reducing the current in both the COILS to zero. 4, To avoid the interference of earth's magnetic field, the axis of coils should be arranged East-West. Questions 1. Can you use this experimental setup to demonstrate Faraday’s law? 2. The intensity of the magnetic field based on Biot Savart's law at a point ‘P’, lying on the axis of a circular coil ‘4B" of radius ‘a" having ‘n’ turns at a distance ‘x’ from the centre of the coil in S.1. units, is given byHo __2anla? cen Use this formula to generate a theoretical plot for the case of a single coil. Do the Tesla results differ from those of the experiments? What is a Helmholtz coil and Maxwell coil? What is the difference between a solenoid and inductor?