5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link Recruit researchers Join for free Login

Article PDF Available

The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

October 2021 · Inventions 6(4):67

DOI:10.3390/inventions6040067
Authors:

Poh Kiat Ng Robert Jeyakumar Nathan Adi Saptari

Hou Yip Cheng
Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia Multimedia University President University

Show all 7 authors

References (55) Figures (22)

Abstract and Figures

Foldable furniture is a trend of the modern furniture industry. However, apart from
limitations attributed to multifunctionality and space saving characteristics, a complete Discover the world's
research
design process documentation of foldable furniture is uncommon in furniture research. This
study aims to develop a space-saving multipurpose table for improved ergonomic 20+ million
performance. Features and functions are extracted from research articles and patents for members
concept generation. The final concept is modelled using Autodesk Inventor Professional
2019. Mechanical simulations are done to confirm the structural integrity of the invention 135+ million
before prototyping and testing. The tests accounted for usage efficiency, space and publications
usability. Using Minitab 19, the experimental data are analysed with t-tests. The survey 700k+ research
Join for free
data are analysed using Spearman’s correlation test via IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. projects
Participants were able to complete tasks around 1.1–1.5 times faster with the proposed
invention than with single-function furniture items. The amount of space occupied with the
proposed invention was approximately 25–80% lesser than with the single-function
furniture items placed together. The survey analysis demonstrated that there was a strong,
positive and significant correlation between space saving effectiveness and ergonomic
performance. Further developments to transition this invention to its commercialisation
phase should be done to facilitate daily living domestic activities of society at large.

+17

Hand sketch of Hand sketch of Hand sketch of Illustration of test Overview of force
concept 1. concept 2. concept 3. scene. applied on table.

Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Content may be subject to copyright.

Public Full-text 1

Available via license: CC BY 4.0

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 1/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
Content may be subject to copyright.
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Article

The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Savin

Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
Hou Yip Cheng 1, Poh Kiat Ng 1,*, Robert Jeyakumar Nathan 2, Adi Saptari 3, Yu Jin Ng 4, Jian Ai Yeow 2
and Kim Yun Ng 5

1 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Buki
Melaka 75450, Malaysia; [email protected]
2 Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang,
Melaka 75450, Malaysia; [email protected] (R.J.N.); [email protected] (J.A.Y
3 Department of Industrial Engineering, President University, Jababeka Education Park, Jl. Ki H
Dewantara, RT.2/RW.4, Mekarmukti, North Cikarang, Bekasi, West Java 17530, Indonesia;
[email protected]
4 Department of Social Science and Humanities, Putrajaya Campus, College of Energy Economi
Sciences, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malay
[email protected]
5 King Kong Furniture, No. 22–36, Jalan RH 1, Taman Rambai Harmoni, Melaka 75250, Malaysi
[email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: Foldable furniture is a trend of the modern furniture industry. However, apa
itations attributed to multifunctionality and space saving characteristics, a complete de
documentation of foldable furniture is uncommon in furniture research. This study aim
Citation: Cheng, H.Y.; Ng, P.K.;
a space-saving multipurpose table for improved ergonomic performance. Features an
Nathan, R.J.; Saptari, A.; Ng, Y.J.;
are extracted from research articles and patents for concept gen eration. The final con
Yeow, J.A.; Ng, K.Y. The
elled using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2019. Mechanical simulations a re done to
Conceptualisation and Development of
a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for
structural integrity of the invention b efore prototyping and t esting. The tests a ccount
Enhanced Ergonomic Performance. efficiency, space and usability. Using Minitab 19, the experimental data are analysed
Inventions 2021, 6, 67. https:// The survey data are analysed using Spearman’s correlation test via IBM SPSS Statistic
doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040067 Participants were able to complete tasks around 1.1–1.5 times faster with the propose
than with single-function furniture items. The amount of space occupied with the prop
Academic Editor: Anastasios tion was approximately 25–80% lesser than with the single-function furniture items plac
Doulamis The survey analysis demonstrated that there was a strong, positive and significant co
tween space saving effectiveness and ergonomic performance. Further developments
Received: 20 September 2021 this invention to its commercialisation phase should be done to facilitate dai ly living d
Accepted: 11 October 2021
tivities of society at large.
Published: 13 October 2021

Keywords: space-saving; multipurpose; ergonomics; usability; conceptualisation; engi

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu-
design; foldable furniture
tral with regard to j urisdictional
claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

1. Introduction
In spatial design, saving space is important to optimise energy usage, the
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. fort and visual c omfort [1,2], especially for tiny homes which emphasise sma
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerlan d. for more sustainable lifestyles [3,4]. The impact of tiny homes on the env ironm
This article is an ope n access article considerably reduced with the use of flexible and efficient equipment or furnitu
distributed under the terms and
foldable, modular, space-saving and/or multifunctional [5–8].
conditions of the Creative Co mmons
Foldable furniture items are among the trends of modern-day furniture
Attribution (CC BY) license
The vast majority of people in some of the most highly populated cities live in s
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses
ings or flats mostly due to lack of space [10]. By considering foldability in th
/by/4.0/).

Inventions 2021, 6, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040067 www.mdpi.com/journ

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 2/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

furniture item would not on ly become more portable but also more conven
especially in limited spaces. The improvement of modularity and multifunc
design addresses the problem of limited spaces [11].
The furniture industry uses wood as its primary raw material and largely
natural resources from forests, generating tonnes of waste [12]. In the urban an
context, approximately nine million tonnes of furniture are discarded into lan
year [13]. While a regular single-function device (like many furniture items) is
as time goes by, a multifunctional device sustains its use for a longer time du
ditional functions it possesses, catering to a broader scope of needs [14].

1.1. The Table

The table is a furniture item with legs and a levelled top usually utilised
for office work, utility work, serving and consuming meals and for placing it
the past, tables were made out of stone. As time went on, wood was often use
proved the table’s manufacturability. After the first industrial revolution, tab
tion and availability increased significantly as the production evolved from cr
production, which relied on machines, electricity and assembly lines [15].
Tables have been designed to accommodate multiple functions such as th
of a chair, coat rack or cupboard [16]. While the table has become more portab
modular and mult ifunctional over the years [10], there are still some limitatio
improvements which allude to the problem statement of this study.

1.2. Problem Statement

With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, confinement has been used
public health precaution fo r prevention, and this ha s resulted in new “norma
remote working, telework and working from home (WFH) [17]. The pandem
vealed the critical importance of having a practical home ca pable of accommo
unanticipated change or problem, especially given t he severity of the viral mu
volved. There has never been a greater demand for innovations in small space
there is now, particularly in metropolitan cities [18].
On the other hand, the social structures of the twenty-first century a re un
metamorphosis under the auspices of a paradigm that values creativity, functio
efficiency. As a result, newly developing lifestyles in the wake of the pandemic
mation of societal structures are more relevant than ever, with people jugglin
family management, as well as responding to lifestyle demands [19]. In dense
cities, the fundamental challenge of sustainable housing and outfitting in mee
day demands remains significant [1 8,19]. Even consumer purchasing behavio
pectations are continually being altered in response to the pandemic [20].
The importa nt aspects deemed nece ssary for people in their remote spa
daylighting, room size, room temperature, furniture, surface finishes and exte
[17]. However, there is a misconception in people’s views on the suitability o
as evidenced by the excessive usage of dining room furniture for telewor
broadly, the use of non-specialised hou se furniture in a constrained space [1
tively, monitoring consumer purchasing behaviours in terms of preferences an
has been identified as a critical factor in the success and development of a vari
nesses, including wood furniture production [20].
Consumer behaviour is seen as critical for effective marketing, trustwort
tion ma nagement, and the success of research and development eff orts [21].
comprehending how individuals, communities and organisations se lect, acqu
and discard items, services, ideas and experiences to fulfil their desires and
primary objective of marketing is to fulfil the desires and needs of the consu
group [22]. On the other hand, some users do have t heir own preferences in te
niture materials, and furniture made of wood might be less preferred when th
of origin does not produce wood extensively [23]. Additionally, even if a furni

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 3/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Advertise
not completely functional, it can be a status symbol and regarded as a long-te
ment to many [20].
Preferences are common in the consumer market, and consumers are
forced to select between multiple choices [24]. Consumers analyse and evaluat
uct’s functional benefits during this phase, weighing alternatives against a va
teria and frequently delibe rating for an extended period before making a fin
This decision-making process is especially true for higher-priced products suc
ture, where purchasers weigh their options carefully [25]. As a result, custom
higher premium on their money, the things they purchase and the risks as so
product selection [21]. Functionality is the most important factor in the buyin
process, surpassing both quality and design [20]. Additionally, design conside
play a greater part in green supply chains in the future, as eco-labelling allows
to make sustainable purchasing choices [26].
Space-saving furniture is the way forward in addressing these issues by
the importance of ergonomics with the anthropometric principles of multipur
saving furniture configurations in various locations [18]. Space-saving furnitu
prevalent in our daily lives and businesses, taking into consideration that the a
ing space of people in the world’s major cities is shrinking. Effective space-s
not require downsizing, but rather ingenious methods of collapsing or making
piece of furniture. Foldable furniture can serve a variety of purposes. Amids
cost of living, the increase in demands for economical and transformable sp
furniture is not surprising [18].
There are indeed existing designs of foldable, modular and multifunction
the market. Each design possesses a few key functions which are unique and d
able. As the usage of such tables becomes increasingly common, problems con
design begin to surface. The general characteristics of these problems are rel
tables’ flexibility, portability, occupied space and multifunctionality.
Most of the existing designs share the same features such as foldable legs
table surface and adjustable table height. These features are considered in m
designs to accommodate the issue of insufficient space in small homes [10]. Ho
itations such as the complexity of the design create difficulties for users, espe
sembly, ease of use, and transformation to other functions.
Another limitation includes the lack of multifunctionality. While there
multifunctional table designs, the common multifunctional aspects often inclu
being folded into a chair or simply being attached with a chair. Although such
been made to have more than one function, the designs ca n hardly be c onsid
functional, much less inventive. Moreover, the complete design process of mult
furniture that entails conceptualisation, mechanical design and proof of conc
less commonly documented compared to other furniture design studies.
The above-stated limitations point out that there has yet to be a study that
the conceptual synthesis and development of a multipurpose table capable of
usage space with less comp lex design features and more functions than existi
Therefore, the following research questions can be proposed.
RQ1: How can a table be conceptualised and developed mechanically for
multifunctionality and space-saving characteristics?
RQ2: How can the proof of concept and ergonomic performance of the propose
be demonstrated?
With reference to the research questions, this study aims to conceptual
velop a space-saving multipurpose table for improved ergonomic performanc

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 4/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF2021, 6, 67

Inventions Read full-text Download citation Copy link

2. Literature Review
2.1. Scholarly Research on Furniture Designs
Considering the significa nce of space-saving attributes in modern day fu
searchers have introduced a concept known as foldabilising furniture designs [
study, researchers emphasised one instance of the problem, where folding is w
to a prescribed folding direction and allows for space-saving aspects in the desi
hinge insertion and part shrinking.
The types of space-saving mechanisms include stacking, bundling, imp
folding [28]. Among these mechanisms, folding is recognised as the most frequ
feature in modern furniture designs.
A study was conducted in 2016 that focussed on the incorporation of a
adjustable system into a table for height adjustment and tilting of the table top
is integrated with a drawer as an additional function. The pneumatic cylinder
onto the table top and the air inside the cylinder provides a lifting force to su
stabilise the table. The user is required to push a button to activate the control v
pneumatic systems to raise or lower the table height [29].
Another study investigated the development of a convertible table by com
eral desired furniture items that can be transformed into a compacted form. Th
in this design involves the linkages among the furniture units which require t
occupy a small space in the design’s compacted form but still function well in t
expanded f orm [30]. The convertible table can be transformed into a bed by
surface. An addi tional platform attached to the bed can be tilted to facilitate i
mation into a table.
A study on consumer attitudes toward furniture designs found that cons
ously value lightweight attributes in their assessment of furniture quality
weight carbon fibre has been used in the fabrication of furniture items that we
as 300 g but are still able to support the weight of a person [32].
A modular product design provides a large range of advantages in add
influence of product architecture on product lifecycle phases. For example, it r
velopment costs, promote s environmental friendliness, enables mass customi
improves work efficiency. Modular designing dictates that a product can be
into several parts to accomplish several primary functions [16]. Astonkar and K
proposed a modular capsule-shaped concept that can be broken into several p
der the functions of a table and chair. Such a design reduces storage space whil
ing space for other products or activities.
Ergonomic design has become one of the areas of focus in the design ind
entails the study of hu man-machine interactions, fatigue, and discomfort in p
sign [33]. A study on school furniture suggested that body discomforts are
around the back, neck, elbow and thigh regions [34]. In view of this predicame
ering ergonomics in furniture design is important in reducing bodily discomfo
back pain and preventing the development of musculoskeletal disorders [35].
Research on biomechanical and anthropometric parameters shows that
furniture designs for the male population should account for the averag e we
kg, height of 1749 mm and popliteal height of 433 mm. Designs for the female
should account for the average weight of 56.02 kg, height of 1618 mm and popl
of 421 mm [36].

2.2. Patent Research

Portable Self-Storing Folding Table: This invention includes a folding tab
prises a removable top and a hinge frame assembly. This ta ble utilises the s
Stitch Chair and folds by squeezing the frame inwards to save storage space [3
Folding Table with Extendable Legs: This invention shows a folding tabl
table top combined with extendable legs to adjust for a desired height. T

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 5/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

functions in a way where the table is originally folded in a compacted form. Th
can be tilted upwards to make way for the adjustment o f the legs so that the t
used at a diff erent angle. Finally, the table heig ht can be adjusted with the aid
able legs [38].
Foldable Table: This invention is a simple system where the hinge is assem
middle of the table top so that the whole design can be folded symmetrically.
designed in a way that it can rest on its leg supports after folding [39].
Foldable Table (Domestic Purposes): This invention includes a table top w
legged folding mechanism. Each of the legs can be folded individually inward
the direction of the table surface). The legs can also be placed in an extended
increase the stability of the table [40].
Vertically Elevated Foldable Frame Table: This invention includes a verti
ble frame table that comprises a base, a two-fixing point, a sliding frame and
face. A sliding frame is adapted to slide up and down two guide rails for the ta
to rotate around a joint bet ween the sliding frame and table surface. This mec
lows the table surface to expand horizontally and fold inwards vertically [41].
Shelf Mountable Ta ble: This invention includes the use of an expandable
a slidable frame. This particular frame is adapted to slide outwards to create an
for the table surface. In addition, there are also adjustable legs used to control
of the table [42].
Collapsible Table (Table and Bench Configuration): This invention includ
ible table with a bench configuration. It is adapted to transform interchangeab
a table and a bench. The transformation involves a unique method of moving
and frames through an expanded and collapsed configuration [43].
Expandable Table: This invention includes an expandable table comprisin
faces, with two surfaces attached together on the top and a third surface locate
two sur faces. The two surfaces can b e split apart in the opposite direction fo
surface to emerge in between, thus widening the table surface. The third su
tached with a pole that can be mounted with a parasol [44].
Folding Table Umbrella Wagon: This invention includes a portable fo
comprising a wagon. The wheels of the wag on are connected to the lower hal
sign. The structure is made up of multiple connectors and hinges that enable
sion and compaction of the folding table [45].
Foldable Table with Chair: This invention includes a folding chair with an
tray. The invention can be folded into a compacted form for improved space-s
acteristics. The tray also serves as a possible substitute for the table function [4
Foldable Ba nquet Table and Bench Set: This invention includes a foldab
table with space-saving attributes. The table legs are made to be foldable for e
age. The table comes with a bench set, wherein the ta ble and bench are adapt
lock with each other via an attachment frame to retain a distance and support t
of the structure in an unfolded state [47].
Foldable Desk with Foldable Chair: This invention includes a foldable
nected with a foldable chair for improved space-saving and multifunctional
The desk board is adapted to be movable in front and back directions in ord
user’s body shape. The cha ir and a desk are completely foldable and overlap
for space utilisation [48].
Pet Kennel Furniture: This invention includes a table combined with a m
furniture that stores items. The top surface of the furniture can be used as a tab
the bottom half of the furniture can act as a storage [49].

2.3. Classification of Features, Functions and Usage

Various features and functions are extracted from the research literature
review and tabulated in Table 1. These features and functions are classif

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 6/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF collection of sources.

Read full-text In addition,
Download citation the sources are
Copysepa
link rated into several types
namely domestic, study and general use.

Table 1. Extracted features and functions from various sources.

Usage Features and Functions Sources

Space-saving attribute [30,38,39,41,42,4
Domestic; Study;
Modular design [10]
General
Foldable body [39,43,45,46,48
Height-adjustable attribute [29,38,42]
Domestic; Study
Table and chair functions [46,48]
Stitch folding attribute [27,37]
Domestic Multi-space attribute [29,49]
Foldable legs [40]
Study Slidable attribute [42]
Expandable attribute [44]
General Table and bench functions [43,47]
Wheel attachments [45]

3. Methodology
This section clarifies the design process of the space-saving multipurpos
methodology accounts for conceptual and user-centred design, mechanical
proof of concep t. Figure 1 indicates the flow of the entire design process enta
the methodol ogy, analysis, and results and discussion. Under conceptual an
tred design, aspects such as functionality, concept generation, usability test plan
ysis plan are accounted for.

Figure 1. Design process for the space-saving multipurpose table.

Functionality not only explores available features and functions in the m

scholarly literature, but also self-proposed features and functions from the au
spective. Concept generation involves the proposal and selection of concept
criteria such as multifunctionality, ease of transforming, ease of fabrication
saving. A usability test plan is then proposed to evaluate the usability of the
perimentally (time usage and space availability) a nd qualitatively (usability s
feedback). An analysis plan is proposed to support the usability test plan.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Under mechanical design, the dimensions, material and components of th

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 7/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
cept are then established. CAD simulations and mechanical analysis are perfor
Download full-text PDF ify whether the design
Read full-text is able
Download to support a certain
citation Copyamount
link of load without failu
the the proof of the concept stage accounts for the presentation of the final pro
results, general discussion and cost analysis.

3.1. Functionality
Key Features and Functions
All the important features and functions are tabulated in Table 2. Apart fr
products and patents, functions that are self-proposed are included. The fe
functions are further summarised in Table 3 by omitting similar features a n
from the previous list. These features and functions (labelled from A to M) ar
into foldable and multifunctional categories. This updated list is used as a refe
proposal of several concepts, with each concept comprising one foldable at
several attributes related to multifunctionality.

Table 2. List of features and functions from different sources.

Sources Type of Design Features and Functions

Foldabilising furniture Stitch folding attribute
Scholarly Adjustable table with drawer Multi-space and height-adjustable attri
Papers Convertible furniture Space-saving attribute
Capsule-shaped table and chair Modular design
Portable self-storing folding table Stitch folding attribute
Folding table with extendable legs Collapsible, space-saving and height-adjustab
Foldable table Foldable and space-saving attribut
Foldable table (for domestic purposes) Foldable legs
Vertically-elevated foldable frame table Space-saving attribute
Shelf mountable table Sliding and space-saving attribute
Collapsible table (table and bench configuration) Functions as a table and bench; folda
Patents
Expandable table Able to increase table surface
Folding table umbrella wagon Foldable with additional wheel
Functions as a table and chair; space-saving a
Foldable table with chair
attributes
Foldable banquet table and bench set Functions as a table and bench; folda
Functions as a desk and chair; foldable and sp
Foldable desk with foldable chair
attributes
Pet kennel furniture Multi-space attribute
Self-proposed idea Functions as a ladder
Ideas Self-proposed idea Functions as stairs
Self-proposed idea Functions as a rack

Table 3. Key features and functions by category.

Foldable Multifunctional
(A) Foldable legs (two legs) (E) Adjustable height
(B) Foldable legs (four legs) (F) Convertible
(C) Collapsible (G) Modular
(D) Stitch folding (H) Multi-space
(I) Expandable
(J) Functions as a bench
(K) Functions as a chair
(L) Functions as a ladder
(M) Functions as stairs
(N) Functions as a rack

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

3.2. Concept Generation

3.2.1. Concept 1
Combination: B + H + K. This concept presents a box-shaped ta ble desig

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 8/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

prises two slots labelled A and B (See Figure 2). While primarily used as a tabl
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download
cept can be transformed citation
into a chair by flippingCopy
the link
top section of the table sur
it functions as a back rest. Slot A includes another f oldable table that ca n be t
be used individually, while slot B acts as a storage compartment.

Figure 2. Hand sketch of concept 1.

3.2.2. Concept 2
Combination: B + L. This concept presents a table design incorporated wi
tion of a ladd er (See Figure 3). While it is primarily us ed as a table with folda
ease of storage, it can also be used as a ladder. The ladder design can be obser
other side of the table surface. To use the ladder, the table legs need to be fold
and the table surface needs to be folded in the middle for the ladder to stand on

Figure 3. Hand sketch of concept 2.

3.2.3. Concept 3
Combination: A + F + K+ M + N. This concept comprises a table design tha
the functions of a chair, stairs a nd rack (See Figure 4). This concept is primaril
table. The section labelled with A can be used as a rack to store stationery and
flipping one side of the table surface towards the direction of the rack and fold
of the flipped surface inwards, this concept can be transformed into a chair. B

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

the back rest and seat (which were both originally the table surface) in the sam
the chair can be transformed into a stepladder.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enha… 9/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Figure 4. Hand sketch of concept 3.

3.2.4. Concept Scoring

A concept scoring process is conducted to identify the final concept. Suita
are given to conduct the scoring process. The scoring criteria for the concepts a
as such:
 Multifunctionality: Since this study aims to develop a multifunctional ta
functionality is an important criterion. According to Yudina [50], multifu
is one of the future trends when i t comes to the development of furniture
it is important for this criterion to bear the highest weight in the scoring p
 Ease of transforming: Since this study aims to develop a foldable table, the
device’s transformation is a relevant and important criterion as well. A
Yudina [50], modern furniture designs are developed out of detailed wo
taining the flexibility of space. The foldable aspect of the device would he
this flexibility of space, and therefore needs to be executed effectively and
Thus, the criterion regarding the flexibility, smoothness or ease of desig
mation is important in th is scoring process, and is a lso allocated with
weight of importance.
 Ease of f abrication: This criterion is concerned with the complexity of the
the fabrication process. According to Donatello, et al. [51], there is a clear
market that favours low-cost furniture which is mass produced. Since the
of furniture design affects the cost and efficiency of production, it is impor
the design simple to ensure that the fabrication process is also simple. Th
ease of fabrication is considered as a selection criterion for the scoring pro
 Space-saving: The prototype needs to be designed in such a way that it ca
easily. Accordi ng to Tan [ 52], space availability can b e a major c onsidera
design of furniture.
Table 4 shows that concept 3 attained the highest rank in the concept scor
based on its dominance ove r the other concepts in criteria such as ease of tra
and multifunctionality. Therefore, concept 3 was selected as the final conc
study.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Table 4. Concept scoring.

Concepts
Selection Criteria Weight (%) 1 2
R WS R WS R
Ease of Transforming 30 4 1.2 4 1.2 5
Multifunctionality 30 4 1.2 3 0.9 5
Ease of Fabrication 20 5 1.0 4 0.8 4

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 10/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
Space Sa ing 20 4 08 3 06 4
Download full-text PDF Read full-text TotalDownload
Score citation 4.2Copy link 3.5
Rank 2 3
Notes: R—Rating; WS—weighted score; Rating scale (1—worst; 2—poor; 3—neutral; 4
excellent).

3.3. Usability Test Plan

3.3.1. Test 1 Plan: Time Usage
For test 1 on time usage or efficiency, there are four scenarios crea ted to
vention. Each scenario is tested in two cases.
 Case A (control group): Test with 4 single-function furniture which includ
chair, a rack and a stepladder.
 Case B (test group): Test with the space-saving multipurpose table.
The time taken to complete the tasks in the scenarios using the single-fun
ture (control group) is recorded and compared with the time taken to comple
using the proposed invention (test group).
Figure 5 shows the illustration of the test scene. The test room contains
function pieces of furniture, namely the table and the rack. Room t wo is an
room next to the test room where single-function furniture such as the step
additional chair are placed. For all scenarios involving the control group, th
invention is al so used as a single-function tab le with the condition that the pr
vention remains only in its table-transformed state.

Figure 5. Illustration of test scene.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Scenario 1
This scenario tests the combination of the table, rack and chair. The scena
with the control group first. The following steps are adhered to in this scenario
Control Group:
1. The experimenter places a pen and paper on the single-function table in the
2. The participant assumes a seated posture at the table and gets ready to e
writing activity using the pen and paper placed on the single-function tab
3. The timer starts the moment the participant commences writing a given m

h f 5
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 11/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
the paper for 5 s.
Download full-text PDF 4. After completing
Read full-text the writing task, the participant
Download is required to walk towa
gle-function rack in thecitation Copy
test room and place the link
paper in the rack.
5. A guest is then invited by the participant to proceed with some discussio
to reduce bias, the same person is used as the guest for all scenarios wher
cable.
6. The participant needs to retrieve an additional single-function chair for the
Room two and place it on point X (see Figure 5).
7. The timer stops after the guest has sat on the single-function chair for 3 s.
Test Group:
1. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated with the sa me participant using the space-saving
pose table (test group).
2. For the test group, instead of retrieving an additional chair for the guest in
participant converts the proposed invention from its table- transformed
chair.
3. The timer for the test group stops when the guest sits on the chair for 3 s.

Scenario 2
This scenario tests the combination of the cha ir, rack and stepladder. The
tested with the control group first. The following steps are adhered in this scen
Control Group:
1. The timer starts the moment the participant retrieves a book from the sing
rack in the test room.
2. The participant moves to the single-function chair situated at point X in the
and sits on it to read the book for 5 s.
3. The participant moves to Room two to retrieve a single-function stepladde
it on point Y.
4. The participant moves up the single-function stepladder to retrieve some
a high place.
5. The timer stops after the participant successfully comes down from the ste
Test Group:
1. The proposed invention is in its chair-transformed state at point X. A boo
at the bottom rack of the chair.
2. The ti mer starts the moment the same participant f rom the control grou
retrieve a book from the bottom rack of the proposed invention which is
transformed state.
3. The participant immediately sits on the proposed invention and reads the
s.
4. Then, the participant moves the invention from point X to Y, and transfo
vention into a stepladder.
5. The participant ascends the stepladder to retrieve something from a high
6. The timer stops after the participant successfully comes down from the ste

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Scenario 3
This scenario tests the combination of the table, rack and stepladder. The
tested with the control group first. The following steps are adhered in this scen
Control Group:
1. Steps 1 to 4 from scenario 1 are repeated.
2. Steps 3 to 5 from scenario 2 are repeated.
Test Group:
1. Step 1 from in scenario 3 is repeated with the same participant using the
invention.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 12/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
2. Steps 9 to 11 from scenario 2 is repeated.
Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scenario 4 Download citation Copy link

This scenario tests the combination of the table, chair, rack and stepladd
nario is tested with the control group first. The following steps are adhered
nario.
Control Group:
1. Steps 1 to 7 from scenario 1 are repeated (without the timer stopping at ste
2. Steps 1 to 5 from scenario 2 are repeated (without the timer starting at step
Test Group:
1. Steps 8 to 10 from scenario 1 are repeated (without the timer stopping at s
2. Steps 6 to 11 from scenario 2 are repeated (without the timer starting at ste

3.3.2. Test 2 Plan: Space Availability

This test is done to compare the space occupied by the four single-functio
pieces and the space-saving multipurpose table . All the single-function furn
are arranged together in one space before the researcher proceeds with the
measurement of the occupied space. The proposed invention is placed at ano
and the researchers measure the dimensions of the occupied space. The data a
orded for comparison purposes.

3.3.3. Test 3 Plan: Usability Survey and Feedback

The participants involved in the usability experiments (test 1) also have
questionnaire consisting of variables such as ergonomic performance and sp
effectiveness. The questionnaire items ar e adapted from Davis [53],while th
space-saving effectiveness a re adapted from Husein [54]. A seven-point Liker
administered for this study as it is more accurate, reliable, easier to use, and gi
reflection of the respondent’s true evaluation in contrast to other Likert sca
searchers also collected unstructured feedback from the participants about thei
to the survey.
All participants gave their written informed consent prior to the exper
procedures and protocols have been approved by the Research Ethics Comm
from the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) of Multimedia University. The rese
approval for the project has b een granted with the approval number EA0 0420
approval letter has been endorsed by the TTO Director cum REC Secretariat
versity.

3.4. Analysis Plan

The data in test 1 are analysed using Minitab version 19. The analyses inc
analysis and paired-sample t-test. Test 2 data are analysed by compa ring the s
pied using the single-function furniture with the space occupied using the

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

invention. Test 3 data are analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. The a
clude descriptive, reliability, normality and Spearman’s correlation analyses.
In test 1, all analyses done with the single-function furniture (c ontrol gro
egorised as Case A, while all analyses done with the proposed invention are c
as Case B. Null and alternative hypotheses are proposed for each scenario comp
cases A and B. I f the p-value is found to be less than 0.05 (p < α), the null hy
rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted. This outcome indicates th
taken to complete the test for Case B is significantly shorter than Case A, wh
that it is more efficient a nd time-saving t o use the proposed invention as co
using the single-function furniture. If the p-value is greater than 0.05 (p > α), t
pothesis is accepted and the alternate hypothesis is reje cted. This outcome i n
there is no significant difference between the time taken to complete the test
and Case B.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 13/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF 3.4.1. Test 1—Scenario

Read full-text 1 Hypotheses
Download citation Copy link
With the significance value, α, set at 0.05, the hypotheses for test 1—sce
formulated as such:
 Null hypothesis, H 01. 1 —There is no significant difference in the time to co
tasks between Case A1 and Case B1.
 Alternative hypothesis, Ha1. 1—There is a significant difference in the time
the tasks between Case A1 and Case B1.

3.4.2. Test 1—Scenario 2 Hypotheses

With the significance value, α, set at 0.05, the hypotheses for test 1—sce
formulated as such:
 Null hypothesis, H 01. 2 —There is no significant difference in the time to co
tasks between Case A2 and Case B2.
 Alternative hypothesis, Ha1. 2—There is a significant difference in the time
the tasks between Case A2 and Case B2.

3.4.3. Test 1—Scenario 3 Hypotheses

With the significance value, α, set at 0.05, the hypotheses for test 1—sce
formulated as such:
 Null hypothesis, H 01. 3 —There is no significant difference in the time to co
tasks between Case A3 and Case B3.
 Alternative hypothesis, Ha1. 3—There is a significant difference in the time
the tasks between Case A3 and Case B3.

3.4.4. Test 1—Scenario 4 Hypotheses

With the significance value, α, set at 0.05, the hypotheses for test 1—sce
formulated as such:
 Null hypothesis, H 01. 4 —There is no significant difference in the time to co
tasks between Case A4 and Case B4.
 Alternative hypothesis, Ha1. 4—There is a significant difference in the time
the tasks between Case A4 and Case B4.

4. Analysis
4.1. Table Dimensions
For this study, it is important that the table is designed with a low heig
complements the chair design. Therefore, the dimensions of a common chai
enced as well.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Table 5 shows the dimensions of a commonly-used table and chair in the m

ranges for table dime nsions include 100 to 107 cm in length, 60 to 76 cm in w
to 80 cm in height [55,56]. The ranges for chair dimensions include 46 to 52 cm
42 to 51 cm in width and 80 to 84 cm in height [57,58]. The researcher decid
final dimensions of the fold able and multifunctional table should be set at 84
× 44 cm (length × width × height). The height is taken as 44 cm because whe
function is referenced, the seat height ranges from 44 cm t o 47 cm. The dimen
actual prototype may differ slightly (by 1 to 2 cm) due to the application of hin

Table 5. Dimensions of existing tables and chairs in the market.

Type Dimension (L × W × H) cm
100 × 60 × 75
Table 107 × 76 × 78
105 × 74 × 80
52 × 51 × 84
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 14/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Chair
Download citation
46 × 42 × 83
Copy link 51 × 48 × 80
Notes: L—Length; W—Width; H—Height.

4.2. Component Selection: Hinge

There are several types of hinges used in the industry. Some po tential hi
for foldable and/or multifunctional furniture include the butt, side and corner
butt hinge is n ormally use d for door frames that have a wide opening rang
hinge is normally used for boxes. The corner hinge is used on entry and inte
cabinets and furniture [59].
Table 6 shows the scoring results for the hinge choices according to crite
opening range, durability, stability, cost and load capacity. The butt hinge score
est among the other hinges and is selected for this study. The scoring criteria for
are described as such:
 Open range: This criterion indicates the usability of the hinge, which incl
mining the opening width of the hinge.
 Durability: This criterion checks the robust ness of the hinge through its c
tics.
 Stability: This criterion indicates the steadiness of the connection when the
operation.
 Cost: This criterion focusses on the extent of cost for mass production.
 Load capacity: This criteri on looks into the weight that the hinge can w
maintain its durability.

Table 6. Scoring of hinges.

Hinge
Selection Criteria Weight (%) Butt Hinge Side Hinge Corn
R WS R WS R
Open range 15 5 0.75 4 0.60 4
Durability 25 5 1.25 4 1.00 5
Stability 20 5 1.00 3 0.60 4
Cost 15 4 0.60 5 0.75 3
Load capacity 25 5 1.25 3 0.75 4
Total score 4.85 3.70
Rank 1 3
Note: R—rating; WS—weighted score; Scale of rating (1—worst; 2—poor; 3—neutral; 4
excellent).

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

4.3. Material Selection

Table 7 shows the types of wood selected for comparison and scoring. The
shown in the table includes oak, maple, nyatoh, walnut and a sh wood. Each t
ultimate tensile strength that can potentially withstand a certain level of force
pendicularly to the grain of the wood [60].

Table 7. Ultimate tensile strength of each type of wood.

Type Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

Oak 5.50
Maple 4.00
Nyatoh 5.10
Walnut 4.80
Ash 4.27

Table 8 shows the wood scoring results according to the criteria of weight
moisture resistance, cost, ease of fabrication, comfortability and availability.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 15/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
show that oak wood scored the highest with a score of 3.65, followed by ny
Download full-text PDF with the second highest
Read full-text score
Download of 3.55. However,
citation duelink
Copy to the unavailability of o
the supplier’s end during the point of t ime in the project, the researcher decid
nyatoh wood as the alternative material for the structure since nyatoh wood
mate tensile strength that is comparable to the tensile strength of oak wood.

Table 8. Scoring of wood.

Weight W d
Selection Criteria Oak Maple Nyatoh Walnut
(%)
R WS R WS R WS R WS
Weight 10 1 0.10 3 0.30 2 0.20 5 0.50
Durability 20 5 1.00 3 0.60 4 0.80 2 0.40
Moisture Resistance 25 5 1.25 1 0.25 4 1.00 3 0.75
Cost 15 2 0.30 4 0.60 3 0.45 1 0.30
Ease of fabrication 10 3 0.30 4 0.40 2 0.20 5 0.50
Comfortability 10 5 0.50 1 0.10 4 0.40 2 0.20
Availability 10 2 0.20 1 0.10 5 0.50 4 0.40
Total score 3.65 2.35 3.55 3.05
Rank 1 5 2 3
Note: R—rating; WS—weighted score; Scale of rating (1—worst; 2—poor; 3—neutral; 4
excellent).

4.4. Simulations and Analysis

Simulations and analyses are performed on the proposed invention i
formed states (table, chair and stepladder modes). The simulation is done usin
Inventor Professional 2019. The results from the simulation are compared with
from the mechanical analysis.
According to Tunay and Melemez [36], males have an average weight of 6
females have a n average weight of 56.02 k g. One way of conducting the simu
assume an average applied load of 70 kg acting on the device to be consiste
above-mentioned requirement. However, a simulation that is solely based
weight may not be sufficient bec ause furniture should be designed to withst
force or maximum weight. A common chair can usua lly withstand a weight
Thus, the weight of 120 kg is also used in this simulation as the maximum wei

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

4.4.1. CAD Simulation Results

Technically, there is no significance in applying the lo ads of 70 kg and 12
invention in its table-transformed state because in reality, the possibility of
being applied on the table might be low. However, in order to simulate for the
scenario, the analyses on the table using 70 kg and 120 kg of weights are still c
The worst-case scenario could assume that users may place very heavy items o
surface while using the table to support their upper limb, thus applying the
their upper extremity on the table as well. Figure 6 shows the overview of th
plied on the table, specifically in the middle of the table surface.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 16/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Figure 6. Overview of force applied on table.

The simulation results for the von Mises stress and displacement of th
shown in Figure 7. The maximum stress occurs at the table edge and top sur
table leg. The stress ranges from 0.21 65 to 0.4331 MPa for a simulation with
0.3712 to 0.7424 MPa for a simulation with 120 kg. These findings indicate that
do not exceed the ultimate tensile strength of the material, which is 5.1 MPa. Fo
ment results, a maximum deformation of 0.02419 mm is found for the 70- kg
A deformation of 0.04146 mm is f ound for the 120-kg simulation. These resu
that the displacements can be neglected since the maximum deformations a
comparison to the size of the prototype.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

(a) Von Mises stress simulation for 70 kg (b) Von Mises stress simulation fo

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 17/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

(c) Displacement simulation for 70 kg (d) Displacement simulation for

Figure 7. Von Mises stress and displacement simulation results for invention in table-
state when applying weights of 70 kg and 120 kg.

Figure 8 shows the overview of the force applied on the chair, specifically
dle of the chair seat.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 18/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Figure 8. Overview of force applied on chair.

The simulation results for the von Mises stress and displacement of th
shown in Figure 9. The maximum stress occurs at the joint where the c hair sea
at a 90-degree angle to be transformed from a table to a chair. The stress ranges
MPa to 0.1507 MPa for the 70-kg simulation, and 0.2067 MPa to 0.2584 MPa for
simulation. These stresses do not exceed the ultimate tensile strength of th
which is 5.1 MPa. There is a maximum deformation of 0.006027 mm with the 7
lation and a deformation of 0.01033 mm with the 120-kg simulation. These resu
ligible since the maximum deformations are small in comparison with the size
totype.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

(a) Von Mises stress simulation for 70 kg (b) Von Mises stress simulation fo

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 19/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

(d) Displacement simulation for
(c) Displacement simulation for 70 kg
Figure 9. Von Mi ses stress and displacement simulation results for invention in chair-
state when applying weights of 70 kg and 120 kg.

Figure 10 shows the overview of the force applied on the stepladder, sp

the middle of the stepped areas.

Figure 10. Overview of force applied on stepladder.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

The simulation results for the von Mises stress and displacement of th
shown in Figure 11. The maximum stress occurs towards the side of the step
surface. The stress ranges from 0.03434 MPa to 0.06868 MPa for the 70-kg simu
0.0589 MPa to 0.1177 MPa for the 120-kg simulation. These stresses do not exc
timate tensile strength of the material, which is 5.1 MPa. The displacement res
maximum deformation of 0.001307 mm for the 70-kg simulation and a defo
0.00224 mm for a 120-kg simulation. These displacements are neglected becau
imum deformation is small in comparison with the size of the prototype.

(a) Von Mises stress simulation for 70 kg (b) Von Mises stress simulation fo

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 20/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

(c) Displacement simulation for 70 kg (d) Displacement simulation for

Figure 11. Von Mises stress and displacement simulation results for invention in stepl
formed state when applying weights of 70 kg and 120 kg.

4.4.2. Mechanical Analysis

Figure 12 shows the free body diagrams of the table surface, chair and
Figure 13 shows the diagram of the moment of inertia. The load is assumed to
uted uniformly on the table, chair and stepladder. A maximum load of 120 kg
for all the analyses. Similar to the previous reas oning for the simulation, ther
cally no significance in applying the load of 120 kg on the table because in
possibility of such a load being applied on the table might be low. However,
simulate for the worst-case scenario, the analysis on the table using 120 kg o
still carried out. The worst-case scenario could assume that users may place
items on the table surface while using the table to support their upper limb, thu
the weight of their upper extremity on the table as well. By using Equations
the maximum deformation for the table, chair and stepladder are obtained
Equations (3) and (4), the moment of inertia and distributed load are obtained
culation of the maximum deformation.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67


Maximum deformation (table), δ = 

 
Maximum deformation (chair and stepladder), δ  =



Moment of inertia, I = bh



Distributed load, q =


(a) Table (b) Chair and stepladder

Figure 12. Free body diagrams of the invention.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 21/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Figure 13. DiagramDownload
of momentcitation
of inertia. Copy link

Table 9 shows the measurement parameters of the table, chair and step
results of the maximum def ormations are tabulated in Table 10 . While the ma
formations are higher than the ones produced from the simulations, the deform
still small in comparison to the size of the prototype. Thus, the deformations
glected.

Table 9. Parameter values.

Modulus of elasticity of nyatoh wood, E = 12200 MPa

Height, h = 30 mm
Table L = b = 840 mm
Chair L = b = 400 mm
Stepladder L = b = 230 mm

Table 10. Results of maximum deformations.

Table 0.0788 mm
Chair 0.0893 mm
Stepladder 0.295

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Final Prototype
The final prototype is designed with the functions of a table, chair, rack a
der. Figures 14–16 show all three transformations of the final prototype with th
tion embedded in each function.

Figure 14. Final prototype—table mode.

In order to transform into a chair, the prototype’s ta ble surface at one s

and fastened with a locking hinge mechanism to be transformed into a backres
legs at the lifted surface are folded and locked with magnets at the side (see Fi

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 22/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Figure 15. Final prototype—chair mode.

In order for the prototype to transform into a stepladder, the locking me

the lower half of the c hair’s legs is re leased so that the entire chair seat and b
be flipped to form a stepladder design (see Figure 16).

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

Figure 16. Final prototype—stepladder mode.

Figure 17 visualises the step-by-step operation for the space-saving multi

ble. The following descriptions highlight the steps of the operation.
1. The user performs a writing task on the device in its table mode.
2. The written material is kept in the rack located below the surface of the ta
3. The table is transformed into a chair through the use of a butt hinge in the
the table which allows o ne side of the table top to be flipped. The tab le
flipped surface are folded through the use of butt hinges too, and locked
with magnets. The flipped surface is fastened with stainless steel clips on
4. The user sits on the device in its chair mode.
5. The stainless-steel clips at the lower half of the chair l egs are unfastened
switch the chair into its stepladder mode.
6. The lower half of the chair legs is unlocked and flipped to the user’s right
7. The chair’s backrest faces downwards and acts as a support for the stepl
the rack is divided into two smaller compartments at the top and bottom
ladder.

h d h l dd
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 23/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
8. The user can now ascend the stepladder.
Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5.2. Results for TestDownload citation
1: Time Usage Copy link

A total of six users participated in this test. Test 1 compares the time tak
plete certain tasks using sin gle-function furniture and the proposed invention
repeated the experiment of every scenario a total of five times.
The Ryan-Joiner test of normality is used to inspect the normality of the d
of normality confirmed that the distribution of the da ta does not significantly
being symmetric (p > 0.05). Hence, the dataset is appropriate for further param

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

1 2

4 3

5 6

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 24/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Figure 17. Step-by-step operation for the space-saving multipurpose table.

Inventions 2021, 6, 67

5.2.2. Power Analysis and Sample Size Estimation

A power analysis for the paired sample t-test is done for all the cases with
power set at 80% to predict the actual sample size needed for the experime
proceeding with the power analysis, the mean, standa rd deviation, mean diff
pooled standard deviation are calculated as shown in Equations (5) to (8) . The
parameters are used to compute Cohen’s d.
∑ x 
Mean, M =
n

∑ |x  − M|
Standard deviation, σ = 
n

Mean difference = M2 − M1

σ   + σ 
Pooled standard deviation, S = 
2

Note: x —
i total time taken to complete the test for case A or B in each scen

n—number of samples
M1—mean value of time taken for case A in each scenario
M2—mean value of time taken for case B in each scenario
σ —standard deviation of time taken for case A in each scenario
σ —standard deviation of time taken for case B in each scenario
Cohen’s d is an effect size used to indicate the standardised diff erence b
means. Equation (9) is used to compute Cohen’s d.
M2 − M1
Cohen s d =
S
Using the power and sample size estimator in Minitab version 19, the pre
ple sizes for all the case s are computed. Table 11 shows the parameter calcula
used to compute Cohen’s d. Ta ble 12 shows the results of predicted sample s
the cases. Based on the actual statistical power and adherence of the normali
tion, t he current sample size of six participants used to produce the datasets
scenarios is found to be sufficient and well above 80%. Thus, the study proc
the paired sample t-test.

T bl 11 U d d df C h ’ d
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 25/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
Table 11. Updated parameters used for Cohen’s d.
Download full-text PDF Scenario
Read full-text Case M
Download citation σ link
Copy M2—M1
A 25.9957 2.1948
1 7.3340
B 18.6617 1.1909
A 26.8890 1.5653
2 6.9043
B 19.9847 2.1407
A 27.8913 1.8810
3 3.4150

A 45.2093 0.9760
4 14.3913
B 30.8180 1.3160

Table 12. Updated results of power and sample size estimation.

Scenario Difference Sample Size Actual P

Scenario 1 7.334 3 0.9238
Scenario 2 6.9043 3 0.8691
Scenario 3 3.4150 6 0.8970
Scenario 4 14.3913 2 0.8319
Note: Target power = 80%.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 26/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 27/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link

Citations (0) References (55)

Working from Home: Is Our Housing Ready?

Article Full-text available
Jul 2021 · Int J Environ Res Publ Health
Teresa Cuerdo · Miguel Ángel Navas-Martin · Ignacio Oteiza

View Show abstract

Monitoring Consumer Purchasing Behavior for Wood Furniture before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Article Full-text available
Jul 2021
Andreja Pirc Barčić · Manja Kitek Kuzman · Tihana Vergot · Petra Grošelj

View Show abstract

The Design and Development of a Foldable Wheelchair Stretcher

Article Full-text available
May 2021
Shao Hng Lim · Poh Kiat Ng

View Show abstract

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 28/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Multifunctional Furniture as a Smart Solution for Small Spaces for the Case of Zaniary Towers Apartments in Erbil
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link
City
Article Full-text available
Oct 2020
Husein Ali Husein

View Show abstract

Sustainable Practices in Furniture Design: A Literature Study on Customization, Biomimicry, Competitiveness, and
Product Communication
Article Full-text available
Nov 2020
Matthew S. Bumgardner · David L. Nicholls

View Show abstract

Preferences of Different Target Groups of Consumers in Case of Furniture PurchaseSklonosti kupaca pri donošenju
odluke o kupnji namještaja
Article Full-text available
Mar 2020
Leon Oblak · Branko D. Glavonjic · Andreja Pirc Barčić · Petra Grošelj

View Show abstract

Effects of Architectural Space Layouts on Energy Performance: A Review

Article Full-text available
Feb 2020
Tiantian du · S.C. Jansen · Michela Turrin · Andy van den Dobbelsteen

View Show abstract

Opportunities for Cleaner Production (CP) Using Process Flow Analysis: Case Study of a Furniture Manufacturer in
the City of Palhoça (SC, Brazil)
Article Full-text available
Jan 2020
Lins · Cunha · Kiperstok · César

View Show abstract

Aerochair Integrative design methodologies for lightweight carbon fiber furniture design
Conference Paper Full-text available
Sep 2019
Rebeca Duque Estrada · Maria Wyller · Hanaa Dahy

View Show abstract

Synthesisation of design features for multifunctional stretcher concepts

Article
Feb 2021 · J Med Eng Tech
Shao Hng Lim · Poh Kiat Ng

View Show abstract

Show more

Recommendations Discover more

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 29/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance

Project
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link
Optimizing Assembly Line Production Through Line Balancing: A Case Study

Adi Saptari

View project

Project

Supply Chain Manufacturing

Al Amin bin Mohamed Sultan · Kamaruzaman Jusoff · Zana Jano · [...] · Mohd Nizam Ab Rahman

View project

Project

Reactive Scheduling of a Decentralized Multi-Objective Material Transportation Tasks in a Dynamic Job Shop Manufacturing System

Muhammad Hafidz Fazli Bin Md Fauadi · Adi Saptari · Wan-Ling Li

View project

Project

A Survey on Working Postures among Malaysian Industrial Workers

Seri Rahayu Kamat · Isa Halim · Adi Saptari · [...] ·

View project

Conference Paper Full-text available

DESIGN OF OFFICE FURNITURE ACCORDING TO A HUMAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

August 2016

Innocent Nnanna · Nwoye Chukwunonso · Geoffrey Okafor · J.B. Otuu

This paper presents a study on the ergonomic application of anthropometric data in designing of office furniture. This study was
carried out to obtain anthropometric data of Staff in higher institutions of learning in Nigeria for the design of ergonomics chairs and
tables for use by Staff in those institutions. One thousand five hundred (1500) Staff in three selected institutions participated in ...
[Show full abstract]

View full-text

Article

CONSIDERATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRICS IN THE DESIGN OF LECTURE HALL FURNITURE

August 2019 · International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH

Johnson Igbokwe · Godson Osueke · U V Opara · [...] · K.U Ezeakaibeya

An anthropometric survey of Federal University of Technology Owerri students was carried out in order to determine the
anthropometric data needed for proper design of seats used in the classroom. A total of four hundred students, of different gender and
level were involved in the survey and their anthropometric measurement were taken and recorded with the help of anthropometric
tools. The ... [Show full abstract]

Read more

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 30/31
5/25/2022 (PDF) The Conceptualisation and Development of a Space-Saving Multipurpose Table for Enhanced Ergonomic Performance
Conference Paper Full-text available
Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link
MOBİLYA TASARIMI VE ERGONOMİ İLİŞKİSİ (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FURNITURE DESIGN AND ERGONOMICS)

May 2021

Ayşin Aşkın · Erol Imren · Rıfat Kurt

Ergonomics and design are interrelated concepts. The realization of ergonomics is through design. Today, when it comes to furniture
design, not only visuality, but also ergonomics, aesthetics, functionality, comfort, health and safety issues are considered. Furniture,
which is an indispensable part of our daily life, takes place in all areas of human life and adds aesthetics, beauty and ... [Show full
abstract]

View full-text

Conference Paper Full-text available

Design and Development of an Automated Shoe Rack

November 2015

Poh Kiat Ng · Kian Siong Jee · Nicholas Ming Shen Ng · [...] · Kai Loon Toh

Background: Due to usability issues in existing shoe rack designs, many designers have looked into the development of ergonomic
shoe racks. However, there appear to be a number of possible flaws that still exist in these ergonomic shoe rack designs. Objective:
This paper aims to design and develop an automated shoe rack for improved usability. Results: After conducting market research on
... [Show full abstract]

View full-text

Last Updated: 25 Dec 2021

Company Support Business solutions

About us Help Center Advertising

News Recruiting
Careers

© 2008-2022 ResearchGate GmbH. All rights reserved. Terms · Privacy · Copyright · Imprint

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355226230_The_Conceptualisation_and_Development_of_a_Space-Saving_Multipurpose_Table_for_Enh… 31/31