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Input and Output Devices

This document summarizes key concepts related to data transmission and network hardware. It discusses USB and barcode standards for connecting devices and representing data. It describes serial and parallel transmission as different methods for sending data, along with simplex and duplex transmission directions. The document also outlines the basic components of a computer network, including network interface cards, MAC addresses, IP addresses, routers, packets, protocols, and error checking methods.

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Muhammad Muhammad
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17 views

Input and Output Devices

This document summarizes key concepts related to data transmission and network hardware. It discusses USB and barcode standards for connecting devices and representing data. It describes serial and parallel transmission as different methods for sending data, along with simplex and duplex transmission directions. The document also outlines the basic components of a computer network, including network interface cards, MAC addresses, IP addresses, routers, packets, protocols, and error checking methods.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Input & Output devices

3.2 Data transmission: This section explains the types and methods of data
transmission, such as serial and parallel, simplex and duplex, and USB. It also covers
the concepts of packets, protocols, and error checking.
Sure, let’s break down each concept:

• USB: USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It’s a standard that was developed
to connect devices like keyboards, mice, digital cameras, printers, personal
media players, flash drives, and external hard drives to a computer. It’s used for
both power supply and data transfer.
• Barcode: A barcode is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-
readable form. It’s a series of black and white bars of varying widths. Barcodes
are scanned by a barcode reader, and the data is then processed by a computer.
• Serial and Parallel Transmission: These are two different methods of
transmitting data between devices. In serial transmission, bits are sent one after
another along a single path. It’s slower but requires fewer wires, making it ideal
for long-distance communication. In parallel transmission, multiple bits are
sent at the same time along multiple paths. It’s faster but requires more wires,
making it ideal for short-distance communication.
• Simplex and Duplex: These terms refer to the direction of data transmission
between two devices. In simplex transmission, data can only be sent in one
direction - from the sender to the receiver. An example of this is a keyboard
sending keystrokes to a computer. In duplex transmission, data can be sent in
both directions simultaneously. An example of this is a telephone conversation.

3.3 Network hardware: This section introduces the hardware components of a


network, such as network interface card (NIC), MAC address, IP address, and router.
It also describes how these components work together to enable data communication
across networks.

• Network Interface Card (NIC): A NIC is a hardware component that allows a


computer to connect to a network. It provides a physical connection to the
network, translates the computer’s data into a format that can be transmitted
over the network, and sends and receives data.
• MAC Address: A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier
assigned to a NIC. It’s used to ensure that data is sent to the correct device on a
network.
• IP Address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a
device on a network. It’s used to route data across the network to the correct
device.
• Router: A router is a device that connects multiple networks and routes data
from one network to another. It reads the IP address of data packets to
determine their destination and sends them along the most efficient path.
• Packets: In data transmission, data is broken down into small chunks called
packets. Each packet contains a portion of the data as well as information about
the data’s origin, destination, and sequence. This allows data to be sent more
efficiently over a network.
• Protocols: Protocols are sets of rules that govern how data is transmitted over a
network. They define things like how data is formatted, how errors are detected
and corrected, and how data is compressed for transmission.
• Error Checking: Error checking is a method used to ensure that data is
transmitted accurately over a network. It involves adding extra bits to the data
that can be used to detect and correct errors.

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