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A Review of the State of the Art of Solar Thermal Collectors Applied in the
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Review / Revisión Bibliográfica
https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n27.2022.01
pISSN: 1390-650X / eISSN: 1390-860X

A review of the state-of-the-art of

solar thermal collectors applied in the
industry
Una revisión de los últimos avances de
los colectores solares térmicos
aplicados en la industria
Willian Carrión-Chamba1 , Wilson Murillo-Torres1 ,
Andrés Montero-Izquierdo2,∗

Received: 16-05-2021, Received after review: 28-06-2021, Accepted: 03-08-2021, Published: 01-01-2022

Abstract Resumen
The energy consumption associated with the industry El consumo energético asociado al sector de la indus-
sector represents 38% of the global energy demand, tria representa el 38 % de la demanda de energía a
being an important aspect that marks the develop- nivel global, siendo un aspecto importante que marca
ment of a country. In this sense, it is extremely im- el desarrollo de un país. En este sentido, es sumamente
portant to diversify the different energy sources and importante diversificar las distintas fuentes de energía
incorporate the use of renewable energy sources, such e incorporar el uso de fuentes renovables de energía,
as solar energy, not only with the idea of ensuring como la solar, no solamente con la idea de asegurar
energy supply, but also as elements that enable the el suministro energético, sino también considerando
reduction of energy emissions generated by the use como elementos que permitan la reducción de las emi-
of fossil fuels. This work addresses the main solar siones generadas por el uso de combustibles fósiles.
collector technologies that may be incorporated into El presente trabajo aborda las principales tecnologías
different types of industries, based on experiences and de colectores solares que pueden ser incorporadas a
research in other countries. Based on this review, it distintos tipos de industrias, basado en experiencias
has been seen that an important part of the indus- e investigaciones en otros países. Sobre la base de
tries worldwide requires temperatures up to 250 °C esta revisión, se ha visto que una buena parte de las
in their processes, which makes suitable the use of industrias a nivel mundial requieren temperaturas en
solar energy technology. Depending on each industry, sus procesos hasta los 250 °C, lo que hace idóneo el
flat plate, vacuum tube, Fresnel type or parabolic uso de esta tecnología. En función de cada industria,
trough solar collectors may be used. Finally, the sav- se podrán usar colectores solares de placa plana, de
ings associated with some facilities are detailed and tubos de vacío, del tipo Fresnel o cilindro parabólicos.
the challenges related to this sector are addressed. Por último, se detallan los ahorros asociados a algunas
instalaciones y se abordan los desafíos relacionados
con este sector.
Keywords: Solar energy, solar thermal collectors, Palabras clave: energía solar, colectores solares tér-
industrial applications. micos, aplicaciones industriales

1
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador.
2,∗
Grupo de Ingeniería de Reactores, Catálisis y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente - IRCMA, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Corresponding author ): [email protected].
Suggested citation: Carrión-Chamba, W.; Murillo-Torres, W. and Montero-Izquierdo, A. (2021). «A review of the
state-of-the-art of solar thermal collectors applied in the industry». Ingenius. N.◦ 27, (january-june). pp. 9-22. doi:
https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n27.2022.01.

9
10 INGENIUS N.◦ 27, january-june of 2022

1. Introduction duce the use of fossil fuels and due to the existence
of a competitive market it is considered as one of the
Energy is a key component for the well-being and eco- most economic commercial alternatives for producing
nomic development of a nation, and thus an economy heat [12]. However, the intermittency of solar energy
based on industrialization is one of the reasons of the makes necessary to have available auxiliary thermal
increasing trend in energy consumption [1]. The indus- storage systems, which results in larger investment
try sector employs 38 % of the global energy demand, costs and, in turn, lower economic viability for the
representing the economic activity with the highest execution of new projects [13]. Thermal energy may be
consumption of this resource [2]. For manufacturing in- stored in the form of latent heat or sensible heat; how-
dustries, the energy sources generally come from fossil ever, in the latent heat mechanism with phase change
fuels and natural gas. However, greenhouse gas emis- materials (PCM) it is required a smaller storage vol-
sions produced by combustion of hydrocarbons, have ume since the energy density is larger than in heat
become an environmental problem that accelerates the sensible materials [7].
effects of climate change [3]. The current challenge Solar thermal collectors are devices in charge of
faced by the industry sector is incorporating efficient transforming solar energy into thermal energy through
alternatives of sustainable energy to reduce the air different operating principles that vary according to
pollution levels [4]. In this situation, a solution is the the type of collector used [14]. The main aspects to
implementation of systems based on renewable ener- be taken into account in industrial applications for
gies and energy efficiency measures, considering that in installing a solar thermal system are the target tem-
the future fossil fuels will reach their extraction limit. perature, energy requirement, economic criteria, space
Due to its abundance and free availability, solar energy availability and degree of maturity of the technology
is one of the renewable resources with the greatest analyzed [15]. Based on temperature ranges and the
potential to reduce the levels of CO2 emissions to the use in industry, this work covers low and medium
atmosphere [5]. It is possible to take advantage of solar temperature collectors.
radiation in two ways: direct conversion in electric-
ity through photovoltaic cells and thermal conversion
2.1. Low temperature collectors
using solar collectors [6].
The use of solar thermal energy in industry has 2.1.1. Flat plate collector
been the subject of research activity from the 70s
The flat plate collector (FPC) transforms solar energy
through programs of the International Energy Agency
into thermal energy using a panel constituted by a
(IEA) such as the Solar Heating & Cooling Programme
glazed cover, which enables solar light to pass, hit and
[7]. At the end of 2019 the installed solar thermal
be absorbed by the selective surface of an absorbing
power was 700 MWt, considering at least eight hundred
plate. Figure 1 shows the cross section of an FPC
projects with a total capturing area of approximately
where its components may be seen.
one-million square meters installed worldwide [8]. Food,
textile, paper, metal, plastic and chemical industries
highlight among the main industries that use solar
thermal energy in their manufacturing processes [9].
According to the type of industrial process, solar col-
lectors may be classified in three categories based on
their temperature range: low temperature (< 150 °C),
medium temperature (150 - 400 °C) and high temper-
ature (> 400 °C) [10]. However, in commercial and
industrial companies there is a greater demand at tem-
peratures below 250 °C [11]. This paper comprises a
review of the latest advances on solar thermal collec-
tors applied to industry through the presentation of
technical, economic and environmental aspects, con-
sidering real facilities and dynamic simulations of the
systems analyzed.
Figure 1. Parts of a flat plate collector [16]
2. The use of solar thermal energy
After being intercepted by the plate, the thermal
The solar thermal energy consists of using energy from energy is transferred to the inside of the tubes through
the sun to heat a heat carrying fluid and transfer this which the heat carrying fluid circulates, to finally go to
heat to another medium within a process or system. a storage system, or be used directly [17]. The system
This type of renewable energy can substitute or re- heat loss is reduced using thermal insulation in the
 Carrión-Chamba et al / A Review of the State of the Art of Solar Thermal Collectors Applied in the
Industry 11

lower and lateral parts of the carcass; similarly, the

glass cover minimizes the convection and radiation
heat losses emitted from the absorbing plate [18]. A
particular feature of the FPCs is that they take ad-
vantage of direct and diffuse solar radiation; however,
since they are stationary, they receive less energy per
unit area of the collector [17]. These devices operate in
a low temperature interval (< 100 °C) and since they
have a simple structure compared with other collectors,
they have a low cost in the market [19].

Figure 2. Cross-section of a heat-pipe tube collector [16]

2.1.2. Vacuum tube collector

The vacuum tube collector or evacuated tube collector

(ETC) consists of a specific number of crystal tubes
each of which is constituted by two concentric tubes.
The inner tube is covered by a selective absorbing
layer, while each concentric unit is separated by the
vacuum sealing principle [18]. The objective of generat-
ing vacuum is to reduce the convection and conduction
heat losses; in addition, it is a technical advantage that
enables operating the device at temperatures higher
than FPCs.

The operation temperature of an ETC may reach

values up to 120 °C [20]. In addition, the high thermal
efficiency and the relatively low cost of this collector
are the main reasons of its high competitiveness in the
market [21]. There are two main types of ETCs: Figure 3. Cross-section of a direct flow vacuum tube col-
lector [9]
1. Heat-pipe ETC: This collector is based on the op-
erating principle known as evaporation-condensation
cycle. The process starts when the heat tube receives
solar radiation which makes that the highly volatile
fluid (for example, methanol or ethanol) contained in 2.1.3. Compound parabolic collector
it changes from liquid to gaseous state, causing that
The compound parabolic collector (CPC) consists of
the vapor goes to the upper part of the tube where the
two parabolic surfaces covered by reflective material
condenser is located [18]. After condensing the vapor
that share the same center. The absorbing tube is lo-
releases latent heat to the main circuit and then the
cated in the center of these parabolas, which enables
condensed liquid returns to the lower part of the tube
capturing the incident solar radiation that enters the
to complete the circulation cycle [22]. Figure 2 shows
opening area of the collector within the acceptance
the cross section of a heat-pipe vacuum tube collector.
angle [19].
2. Direct flow ETC. In this collector, the inside The construction design of these devices enables a
of the absorbing tube is vacuum insulated and has a better use of the diffuse solar radiation and reduces
U-shaped tube built-in which enables the inlet and the action of performing continuous tracking adjust-
outlet of the fluid (Figure 3). The inner tube is made ments [23]. There are various models which adapt to
up of metal and is covered with a coating of selec- achieve a higher efficiency; a very practical example
tive material to accelerate heat transfer to the fluid is to couple the CPC with vacuum tubes. In indus-
and reduce radiation losses. During the process, the trial applications, the CPCs reach temperatures < 150
cold fluid enters and absorbs heat from the U-shaped °C [24]. Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of
tubes heated by solar radiation to finally be discharged this collector where it is seen the two parabolic surfaces
through the outlet of the pipes [17]. that concentrate solar radiation in the absorbing tube.
12 INGENIUS N.◦ 27, january-june of 2022

inside of the tube through which the heat carrying

fluid circulates. This absorbing pipeline is vacuum in-
sulated with a glass tube to reduce the convection
thermal losses, although optical losses are produced
by the effect of reflection [19]. These collectors should
be coupled to a tracking system to get aligned to the
sun trajectory during the day (Figure 6).
The orientation of the collector may be config-
ured in north-south direction with east-west tracking
to capture more energy during summer; whereas, if
the objective is maximizing the energy during winter
the appropriate direction of the collector should be
east-west with north-south tracking [26]. Solar concen-
tration modules with a capturing area smaller than
250 m2 and operating at a medium temperature below
300 °C are normally used in industrial processes with
Figure 4. Compound parabolic collector [9] this type of collectors [27]].

2.2. Medium temperature collectors

2.2.1. Evacuated flat plate collector
The evacuated flat plate collector (EFPC) combines
the design of the FPC and the vacuum principle of
the ETC. Figure 5 shows that a collector of this type
consists of: a structure constituted by an aluminum
carcass and various elements such as a glass cover,
an absorbing plate, a copper coil for heat exchange
and a lower plate. The inner vacuum enables achiev-
ing a higher thermal efficiency since the conduction
and convection losses are eliminated; in addition, this
Figure 6. Scheme of a parabolic cylinder collector [16]
effect causes that the collector occupies less surface
than the ETC. Medium temperatures between 120 and
180 °C may be reached with this technology, to fulfill
requirements of industrial heat [25]. 2.2.3. Linear Fresnel collector
The linear Fresnel collector (LFC) consists of two main
parts: a stationary absorbing tube through which the
heat carrying fluid circulates and a series of reflecting
mirrors aligned horizontally that are coupled to a uni-
axial tracking system [19]. The operating principle of
the collector occurs when the solar radiation impacts
on the reflecting mirrors (either curved or flat) and is
directed to concentrate in the absorbing tube (Figure
7).
Figure 5. Structure of the evacuated flat plate collec-
To maximize the concentration of solar energy, par-
tor [25] ticular designs decide to install a CPC collector on
the upper part of the receiver or focal point with the
objective of redirecting solar radiation to the absorb-
ing tube [28]. One of the advantages that make an
2.2.2. Parabolic Cylinder collector
LFC competitive with respect to a PTC is its simple
The parabolic cylinder collector or parabolic trough construction, which implies a lower investment cost;
collector (PTC) has a parabolic-shaped sheet that re- however, optical and geometrical limitations such as
flects direct solar radiation and concentrates it in the shading and blocking between mirrors reduce the de-
receiving tube located along the focal line. In general, gree of efficiency of the collector [27]. In industrial
the metal absorbing tube is covered with a selective processes, this type of collector may reach medium
material (copper) which improves heat transfer to the temperature intervals (60 ºC < T < 250 ºC) [29].
Carrión-Chamba et al / A Review of the State of the Art of Solar Thermal Collectors Applied in the
Industry 13

Figure 8 shows a comparison between efficiencies

for various solar thermal collectors according to Equa-
tion (1), where: Tm corresponds to the mean temper-
ature of the heat carrying fluid, Tamb is the ambient
temperature, a0 is the optical performance, a1 is the
first-order coefficient of losses, a2 is the second-order
coefficient of losses and G is the global irradiance. For
this comparison, it is assumed a global irradiance of
1000 W/m2 and an ambient temperature of 20 °C; it
is observed through equation (1) that FPC collectors
achieve a high efficiency for a low ∆T , whereas as this
variable increases its efficiency is drastically reduced.
The opposite occurs with the remaining collectors, for
which the efficiency reduces as the value of ∆T in-
Figure 7. Scheme of a linear Fresnel collector [9] creases not so drastically. It is even observed that the
The efficiency (η) equation may be employed to PTC collector maintains its efficiency almost constant
compare the performance between collectors. as the temperature differential ∆T increases.

(Tm − Tamb ) (Tm − Tamb )2

η = a0 − a1 − a2 (1)
G G

Figure 8. Comparison between solar collectors (Prepared by the authors)

3. Application of solar thermal energy A research study to evaluate the viability of in-
in industry tegrating an FPC as a heat generation system for
preheating raw material in two fish flour producing
companies was conducted in South Africa. The study
Solar thermal energy has become a key component demonstrated that the installation profitability is jus-
that will contribute to the decarbonization of the in- tified in factory A, because it is required a relatively
dustry sector. The worldwide heat consumption in constant heat monthly demand and due to the high
the industry sector is approximately 85 EJ, of which cost of fuel oil which make this system a competitive
30 % corresponds to the demand of low temperature solar technology. However, installing an FPC system
heat [30]]. A review of case studies is presented here- in factory B is not feasible due to the low cost of
after, based on computer simulation, for industrial carbon and because the seasonal demand profile is
applications.
14 INGENIUS N.◦ 27, january-june of 2022

variable [31]. A study to evaluate the performance findings show that the most attractive solution is the
of incorporating a heat storage system with phase design with ETCs coupled to a heat storage system
change materials together with FPC collectors in the with high pressure water during the winter solstice,
tropical zone of Merida-Mexico revealed that lauric since it enables replacing 35 % of the heat required
acid, due to its thermophysical characteristics, is the and recover the investment in approximately 4.5 years.
most appropriate PCM to obtain a higher thermal gain In other study, Maillot, Castaing-Lasvignottes and
throughout the year. In addition, the financial analysis Marc [34] simulated four different cases to assess the
indicated that the maximum value of 17.2 % in the direct and indirect integration of coupling ETC col-
internal rate of return is achieved if the heat storage lectors in the vapor generation system of a yogurt
system is coupled with an arrangement of five FPC producing industry. According to the technical eval-
collectors for the water heating process in a clothing uation, the highest saving of fuel is 24 %, which is
factory [32]. achieved when the collectors with a capturing area
On the other hand, Anastasovski [33] analyzed the of 555 m2 are directly integrated in the tank of the
performance of eighteen solutions for integrating so- boiler.
lar heat in an ethanol producing industry considering Table 1 shows technical aspects for industrial ap-
ETC and PTC technologies, considering solar radia- plications, existing and at a simulation level, based on
tion in typical days during the seasons of the year. The thermal systems with FPC and ETC technologies.

Table 1. Technical, economic and environmental aspects of the application and simulation of solar collectors with FPC
and ETC technologies for industrial processes in different countries of the world

Temperature Capturing Solar

industrial area fraction
Location Industry Savings Source
process collector (%)
(°C) (m2 )
Production of 32 061 liters
South Africa fish flour 70 384-FPC 81 of fuel oil [31]
preheating
Production of ethanol
water heating approx. 57 %
Macedonia preparation of 95 n/a-ETC n/a of fuel oil [33]
saline solutions
and molasses
Yogurt-vapor
generation from 24 % of
Reunion the direct integration of 160-170 555-ETC n/a fuel [34]
Island the solar collector in
the tank of the boler
Milk-water heating
drying and cleaning of 77,23
Marocco fruits, colling and 60-90 400-ETC 41 tCO2 e/year [35]
pasteurization
Clothes-water 252,2
Ethiopia 50-90 472-ETC 56,3 [36]
heating dyeing tCO2 e/year

In the case of CPC collectors, Milczarek et al. [37] that oscillate between 100 y 150 °C since the leveled
experimented with the drying of tomato and plum energy cost is between 2.5 and 16.9 euros per kWh/m2 .
marcs with a solar drum dryer, for which they used Similarly, the ranges associated to the reduction of
26 external CPC with a capturing area of 98.3 m2 greenhouse gas emissions by substituting electricity
that enabled heating the drum surface to a minimum and natural gas by this solar system are between 179
temperature of 92°C. The final result demonstrated and 348 kgCO2 /m2 ·year and between 113 and 220
the effectiveness of solar thermal energy to achieve kgCO2 /m2 ·year, respectively.
stability in the storage of these fruits and vegetables. Table 2 shows cases about applications and simu-
In Argentina, the CPCs have shown to be an economic lations with PTC and LFC capturing technologies.
and environmentally viable alternative at temperatures
Carrión-Chamba et al / A Review of the State of the Art of Solar Thermal Collectors Applied in the
Industry 15

Table 2. Technical, economic and environmental aspects of the application and simulation of solar collectors with PTC
and LFC technologies for industrial processes in different countries of the world

Temperature Capturing Solar

industrial area fraction
Location Industry Savings Source
process collector (%)
(°C) (m2 )
Italy Pasta-water 4,7
(Molina di heating-drying 135 840-PTC 23 tCO2 /week [11]
Fiemme) of pasta
Drinks-vapor
Cyprus generation-cleaning, 40
188 288-PTC n/a [38]
(Limasol) pasteurization and €/t of vapor
sterilization
Switzerland LMilk-water 69
117 627-PTC 12 [39]
(Saignelégier) heating-cleaning tCO2 /yerar
Production of agglomerated
Portugal of expanded cork 76,5 tep and
170 1328-PTC 36,9 [40]
(Santarém) preheating of bolier 201,8 tCO2 e/GJ
feeding water
Morocco Asphalt-bitumen 0,75-1,5
160 n/a-PTC 40 [41]
(Rabat) heating tCO2 /year/kW
Niquel mining vapor generation 45 000
Indonesia 135-145 n/a-LFC n/a [42]
for sulfur heating USD/year
Italy Wheat pasta
(Sicily) overhead water 120-140 6602-LFC 40 n/a [43]
pasta drying

The study by means of dynamic modeling of a solar factory. However, the low cost of fossil fuels and the in-
field with PTCs, for water heating in the process of dry- ability of solar systems to fulfill the total heat demand
ing Italian pasta in an Italian factory, evidenced that in manufacturing processes, make these investments
the design of this system has the capability of guaran- unsecure.
teeing 23 % of the weekly thermal energy demand used May Tzuc et al. [46] performed an optimization
in this process [11]. In the work by Ghazouani, Bouya model with PTCs to be integrated in the milk in-
and Benaissa [15], the design and operating parame- dustry considering four different types of climates in
ters of a small PTC were analyzed with the purpose Mexico. The research states that these collectors may
of maximizing the thermal and economic efficiency fulfill a demand ranging between 40 and 80 % of the
and the energy performance under the meteorologic heat used in pasteurization. Similarly, the annual sav-
conditions of the city of Rabat; with the improvement ing in emissions for the four climatic regions with the
of the technical features of the collector they were able application of this technology oscillates between 39.5
to supply more than 12.84 MWh/year at a competitive and 95.3 tCO2 .
smaller cost of 0.022 USD/kWh with each device. Cortés et al. [47] indicated that the integration
In the case of milk industry, Biencinto et al. [44] pro- of PTCs in the food industry in Chile results techni-
posed an innovative thermal storage system supplied cally and economically feasible, because this technology
by a field of PTCs to contribute to the heat demand would be competitive with fossil fuels if in most of the
at three different temperature levels in the pasteuriza- regions of the country the installation cost of the solar
tion process. According to the simulation results, the field is under 250 USD/m2 .
use of thermal storage based on pentaglycerine (PCM) Ktistis, Agathokleous and Kalogirou [38] demon-
covering a range of three hours may fulfill 20-27 % and strated that PTCs coupled with a concrete storage
40-52 % of the annual energy demand in the cities of system is a viable alternative to be used in the drinks
Graz-Austria and Almería-Spain, respectively. industry in Cyprus, since the vapor production cost for
In their study conducted for the implementation cleaning, pasteurization and sterilization processes of
of solar thermal energy in the milk industry in India, the factory with this solar system is 10 €/t, as opposed
Sharma et al. [45] determined that through the instal- to 50 €/t which is the cost of vapor generation when a
lation of PTCs it is possible to reach a solar fraction conventional boiler is employed with fuel price of 700
between 16 and 33 % according to the location of each euros per ton.
16 INGENIUS N.◦ 27, january-june of 2022

Regarding LFCs, Laadel et al. [48] argued that W/m2 ; in addition, the pressure drop of the fluid is
this solar collector coupled to a heat system is techni- reduced with the spiral design of the tube and it is
cally suitable for integration in Moroccan industries, possible to save 30 % of the total of manufacturing
since they may reach solar fraction values up to 40 % materials [51].
without including thermal storage. Buscemi et al. [43] An experiment conducted in Las Vegas-USA about
examined the possibility of generating heat from a the design of a support structure for a PTC using
solar field with LFCs for pasta drying in an Italian wood, demonstrated that the collector may have an
factory. The simulation result of this solar system with appropriate performance for thirty years with a con-
concrete storage generates a solar fraction of 40 % and tinuous monitoring and maintenance of the wood. The
an investment recovery time of eight years. economic analysis determined that the estimated in-
There are research works about the application stallation cost of this design was 56.14 USD/m2 , which
of solar heat which are exploring other sectors and significantly reduces the leveled cost of heat for gener-
operations, such as for example the asphalt industry ation of vapor in the industrial process [52].
for heating bitumen [41]; in management processes of
industrial and residual waters [49] and in vapor gener-
ation for the pharmaceutical industry using LFCs [50]. 4. Suppliers of solar thermal collectors
In this context, the contribution of new research
works about adjusting the design of solar collectors According to the Solar Payback program, 251 MWt
has enabled searching for alternatives to improve per- related to solar thermal systems were installed during
formance and reduce the leveled cost of heat for these 2019, intended to industry worldwide, a value signifi-
thermal systems. For example, the innovative design of cantly larger than the 39 MWt installed in 2018 [53].
an FPC with only one collector tube with spiral shape This program counts around 76 worldwide suppliers of
compared with a conventional FPC with the same area solar capturing technologies, most of which produce
and tubes of the same diameter and length, achieves their own systems. Table 3 presents the suppliers that
an improvement of 21.45 % in thermal efficiency when had installed more than ten projects by the end of
operating with a mass flow of 0.026 kg/s and 1011 2019, under the modality of «turnkey»

Table 3. Suppliers of «turnkey» solar collectors [53]

Collector Supplier/Country Projects Area (m2 )

Modulo Solar/Mexico 89 15 616
FPC
Inter Solar Systems/India 22 10 400
Sunrain Solar Energy /China 72 52 970
Linuo Paradigma/China 47 90 470
ETC Ritter Energie-und Umwelttechnik/Germany 29 5165
Sunda Solar Energy/ China 16 9432
Himin/China 15 29 627
Inventive Power/Mexico 66 10 570
PTC Vicot Solar Technology/China 24 22 560
Soliterm/Germany 20 37 069
Paraboloid
Megawatt Solutions/India 32 16 545
dish
Heat supply Millennium Energy Industries (MEI)/Jordan 22 3611
contract Solid Energy Systems/Austria 15 11 779
n/a Casolar/Mexico 14 n/a

5. Costs of the technologies with the use of soil, the time variability of produc-
tion and the price of fuels [54]. It is also necessary
In order to integrate a solar heat system in an industry, to know that the cost of collectors generally repre-
it is necessary to consider the operating temperature sents between 50 and 70 % of the solar thermal system
of the solar collector, its cost, the operating and main- investment [55]. Table 4 details the areal cost of the dif-
tenance requirements, as well as other factors related ferent solar capturing technologies, however, it should
Carrión-Chamba et al / A Review of the State of the Art of Solar Thermal Collectors Applied in the
Industry 17

be taken into account that the information provided Kylili et al. [63] analyzed the emissions reducing poten-
about the economic values of the devices is based on tial associated with the installation of low temperature
referential amounts from simulations and scientific solar thermal systems for heating water in industries.
studies. In their study, they evaluated the pollution degree
based on the phases of the life cycle of the system,
6. Saving in greenhouse gases emissions and concluded that it is possible to save between 35
and 75 GJ of energy, and between 2 and 5 tCO2 /kWt
In 2018, direct emissions of CO2 coming from the in- depending on the geographic zone.
dustry sector reached a value of 8.5 GtCO2 , which
represents 24 % of global emissions. The Sustainable 7. Research challenges and opportuni-
Development Scenario proposed by IEA mentions that ties
to reach zero net emissions in 2070, industry emissions
must be reduced 1.2 % annually to reach 7.4 GtCO2 According to the literature reviewed, there is a pro-
in 2030 [56]. The different solar capturing technologies gressive trend in the use of solar thermal energy in
are an alternative to contribute to achieve this environ- various industrial processes, but the real installed ca-
mental goal. A study conducted in China determined pacity is still small. Hereafter, some topics that may
that the ten industrial sectors that integrate solar cap- be addressed are presented, in order to promote the
turing technologies in their productive processes may extensive use of solar thermal energy in industry.
reduce approximately 98.22 million tCO2 in 2020 [55].
• Development of new thermal collectors and stor-
Table 4. Costs of the different solar capturing technologies age technologies: research on new materials that
improve the thermal generation efficiency and
Cost reduce the weight of collectors. In storage sys-
Collector Country Source
(USD/m2 ) tems it is essential to search for alternatives with
higher thermodynamic efficiency to reduce the
Mexico 287 * [57]
impact of solar intermittency [64].
FPC Chile 330-687 [54]
Zimbabwe 220-347 [58] • Adaptability to industrial processes: the industry
Mexico 472 * [57] sector requires an innovative integration between
ETC Chile 460-817 [54] solar collectors and process technologies that are
Zimbabwe 157-433 [58] adapted to different sectors and location of in-
dustries [64].
Spain 268-387 * [59]
CPC
Italy 131 * [11] • Investment in R+D: The current crisis related to
Mexico 402 * [57] COVID-19 will reduce the R+D investment in
Spain 393-666 * [59] the private sector, and thus the Governments of
PTC the most important economies will be in charge
Chile 379-1263 [54]
Italy 262 * [11] of promoting policies and economic support that
motivate the R+D in this area [65].
Spain 309-506 * [59]
LFC
Italy 199 * [11]
8. Conclusions
*Monetary units adjusted from euros to USD, con-
sidering an exchange rate of 1.19 USD per euro, Until 2019, the solar thermal energy incorporated in
according to the average price of the currency in industrial processes represented an installed power of
the period July 2020-July 2021 [60]. 700 MWt , being a continuously growing alternative
within this economic sector.
On the other hand, McMillan et al. [61] demon- In the industrial sector, solar thermal collectors
strated that in USA the PTCs combined with a sensible are mainly used for water heating and vapor genera-
heat storage system using water or synthetic oil, are tion. Food industries are the ones that have mostly
the technology that may be employed to fulfill the heat integrated these technologies, since most of their pro-
demand in industrial processes in most of the country; cesses require low temperature heat. However, various
and its installation might represent an annual saving studies have evaluated that solar thermal energy may
of 137 million of metric tons of CO2 . be implemented in mining, textile and pharmaceutical
Another research evidenced that the installation industries, among others.
of solar thermal systems in various processes of the In order to integrate solar thermal technologies in
cotton textile industry in India might reduce between industry, it should be mainly considered the thermal
2.46 and 7.67 million tCO2 annually [62]. In Europe, energy demand of the process, the production profile,
18 INGENIUS N.◦ 27, january-june of 2022

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