2.

5 Inductance of Three Phase Lines (1/4)

• For a three phase line the current in phase conductor produces a magnetic field.
The field lines are concentric circles around the conductors.

• The flux linking with conductor A has three components.

– – the flux generated by phase A current,
– – the flux generated by phase B current,
– – the flux generated by phase C current,

• The flux linking conductor A is determined by

calculation of the flux that passes through a plane
between conductor A and an arbitrary selected
distant point F .
• These fluxes induced voltage in conductor A
and can be described by self and
mutual inductances.

30
2.5 Inductance of Three Phase Lines (2/4)

• The current in conductor A produces a flux of between A and F .

• The flux is calculated by the integration of the field generated by the current
between A and F , i.e.

• The current in conductor B produces

a flux of between A and F .

• The flux is calculated by the integration

of the field generated by the current
between A and F , i.e.

31
2.5 Inductance of Three Phase Lines (3/4)

• The current in conductor C produces a flux of between A and F .

• The flux is calculated by the integration of the field generated by the current
between A and F , i.e.

• The total flux linking conductor A is the sum of the flux

generated by the current in conductors A, B and C . The value is :

32
2.5 Inductance of Three Phase Lines (4/4)
• The second part of the above equation is zero for practical conditions :
– F is a distant point such that :
– For a balanced three phase system : 0

• Therefore, the flux linking with conductor A is :

• Similar equations can be derived for conductor B and C :

• The above three equations show that a three phase line cannot be described
by one inductance because the flux linkage depends on the phase currents.

33
2.5.1 Symmetrical Spacing

• If the line is arranged in a triangle with

• Substituting into the above equation :

and the unit length inductance of the conductor A becomes :

Comparsion of the above with the equation for the inductance of single-phase
lines shows that inductance per phase for a three-phase circuit with equilateral
spacing is the same as for one conductor of a single-phase circuit.

34
2.5.2 Transpose Line (1/2)

• Practical transmission lines cannot maintain symmetrical

spacing of conductors because of construction considerations.
• With asymmetrical spacing, even with balanced currents,
the voltage drop due to line inductance will be unbalanced.
• One way to regain symmetry in good measure is to
consider transposition. This consists of interchanging
the phase configuration every one-third the length so that
each conductor is moved to occupy the next physical position
in a regular sequence as shown in the figure below.

35
2.5.2 Transpose Line (2/2)
• Since in a transposed line each phase takes all three position, the inductance
per phase can be obtained by finding the average value of all phases, i.e.

• Noting ° °

where

• This again is of the same form as the expression for the inductance of one
phase of a single-phase line. The Geometric Mean Distance, , is the
equivalent conductor spacing.
36
2.5.3 Composite Conductors (1/4)

• In practical transmission lines, stranded conductors are used and most EHV
lines are constructed with bundled conductors for reasons of economy.
• It is useful in finding the equivalent GMR and GMD of parallel circuits to
determine the inductance of composite conductors.
• Consider a composite conductors consisted of two groups of conductors each
having m and n number of strands respectively as shown in the figure below.

37
2.5.3 Composite Conductors (2/4)

• The current I is assumed to be equally divided among the subconductors,

i.e. the current per strand is in x and in y.

• Applying the previous results, the total flux linkage of subconductor a in x is

38
2.5.3 Composite Conductors (3/4)

The inductance of subconductor a is

The inductance of other subconductors in x are similarly obtained, e.g.

• The average inductance of any one subconductor in group x is

39
2.5.3 Composite Conductors (4/4)

• As all the subconductors are electrically paralleled, the inductance of x will be

where,

and = =

• The inductance of conductor y can also be similarly obtained. The geometric

mean radius will be different from . However, the geometric
mean distance GMD is the same.

40
2.5.4 Example

Determine the inductance of a 3-phase

transposed line with conductors arranged as shown.

The conductor diameter is 0.8 cm.

Solution:

.
Self GMR of the conductor =

Mutual GMD of the conductor =

.
Inductance per km =
.

41
2.5.5 GMR of Bundled Conductors

• The GMR of the equivalent single conductor is obtained by using the equation
⋯ ⋯ ⋯

• If is the self GMR of each subconductor and d is the bundle spacing :

– For the two-subconductor bundle

– For the three-subconductor bundle

– For the four-subconductor bundle

2 1.0905

42
2.6 Electric Field and Voltage:
Solid Cylindrical Conductor (1/2)

• The AC charge on each conductor produces an electric field that is radial to

the conductor. Each conductor has a charge q. The electric field inside the
conductor is zero.
• The electric field lines are radial.
The figure on the right shows the
field distribution around a conductor.

• The intensity of the field at any point is

defined as the force per unit charge and
is called as the electric field intensity, E .

• The electric field intensity E can be found from :

where D is the electric flux density,
is the permittivity of free space and is equal to

43
2.6 Electric Field and Voltage:
Solid Cylindrical Conductor (2/2)
• According to Gauss’s law, the electric flux density
per unit length of the conductor at a cylinder
of radius x is given by :

where A is the cylinder surface area.

• Therefore, the electric field density becomes :

• The potential difference or voltage difference between point and is

defined as the work done in moving a unit positive charge from to
through the electric field, i.e. the integral of the field from to :

44
2.7 Single Phase Line Capacitance (1/2)

• Capacitance between the conductors is defined as the charge on the conductors

per unit of potential difference between them.
i.e. the per unit length capacitance C of the line is :
where q is the charge on the line in C/m, and
V is the potential difference between the conductors in V.

• Conductor A has positive ,

conductor B has charges.

• The charge on each conductor generate

an electric field ( and )
• The charge on conductor A generates a
voltage between conductors A and B.

• Similarly, the charge on conductor B generates

voltage between conductors A and B.
45
2.7 Single Phase Line Capacitance (2/2)

• Conductor A generated voltage between A and B is calculated by integrating the

field generated by between r and D.

• Conductor B generated voltage between A and B is calculated by integrating the

field generated by between r and D

• The total voltage is the sum of the charges A and B generated voltages created
by the charges on conductor A and B.

• This total voltage is used to calculate the capacitance between the conductors.

46
2.8 Line-to-Ground Capacitance

• From the above, the line-to-line capacitance between the conductors is :

• If the line is supplied by a transformer

having a grounded center tap, the potential
difference between each conductor and
ground, i.e. line-to-ground voltage, is
one half of the voltage between the two
conductors. Therefore, the capacitance to
ground is twice the capacitance between
the lines.

47
2.9 Three Phase Line Capacitance (1/2)

• In analogy to those derived for the three phase line inductance, the
transposed line capacitance can be calculated by calculating the average
distance GMD and using the formula derived for single phase line.

where GMD = geometric mean distance

=
= equivalent radius
for one conductor
for the two-subconductor bundle
for the three-subconductor bundle
for the four-subconductor bundle

48
2.9 Three Phase Line Capacitance (2/2)

• The capacitive reactance is :

where f is the supply frequency.

49
2.10 Three Phase Line Parameters Summary (1/2)

1. Find the radius r, self geometric mean radius and resistance R from
the conductor tables.
2. Calculate for bundle of two, three and four conductors the equivalent radius
or geometric mean radius GMR :

One: Two:

Three: Four:

50
2.10 Three Phase Line Parameters Summary (2/2)

3. Calculate the equivalent distance GMD :

4. Calculate the (per unit length of) inductance and capacitance :

Henry/m

where Henry/m and Farad/m

51
3. Line Model

• For line performance analysis, transmission lines are represented by an

equivalent model with appropriate circuit parameters on a ‘per-phase’ basis.

• This means that the terminal voltages are expressed from one line to neutral, the
current for one phase and the three phase system is reduced to an equivalent
single-phase system.

• Depending on the length of the line, different models are used to calculate
voltages, currents and power flows.

52
3.1 Short Line Model (1/5)

• The transmission line is considered short if the lengths is less than 50 miles.

• The short line capacitance is negligible and only the resistance and reactance
are considered.
• The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energized by the line to
neutral voltage.

• The short line model is obtained by multiplying the series impedance per unit
length by the line length :
(1)

where r and L are the per-phase resistance and inductance per unit length,
respectively, and l is the line length.

53
3.1 Short Line Model (2/5)

• The equivalent circuit is :

where and are the phase voltage and current at the sending end, and
and are the phase voltage and current at the receiving end of the line.

• If is the apparent power of a three-phase load connected at the

receiving end of the transmission line, then the receiving end current
∗

54
3.1 Short Line Model (3/5)
• The phase voltage and current at the sending end of the line are :

(2)
(3)

• The transmission line may be represented by two-port network as shown below.

Eq (2) and (3) can be expressed in terms of the generalised circuit constants
commonly known as the ABCD constants.

(4)
(5)

55
3.1 Short Line Model (4/5)
Or in matrix form :

(6)

According to eqn (2) and (3), for short line model

• Voltage regulation VR of the line is defined as the percentage change in

voltage at the receiving end of the line, expressed as percent of full-load
voltage, in going from no-load to full-load.

100%

where and are the receiving end voltage at no-load and

full-load , respectively.
• Voltage regulation is a measure of line voltage drop and depends on the load
power factor.
56
3.1 Short Line Model (5/5)

• The total line loss is given by

and the transmission line efficiency is given by

where and are the sending and receiving end apparent power,
respectively. and are the total real power at the sending and
receiving end of the line, respectively.

57
3.2 Medium Line Model (1/3)

• The medium line length is between 50-150 miles (80-250 km).

• As the length of line increases, the line charging current becomes appreciable
and the shunt capacitance must be considered.
• The medium line is represented by a nominal π circuit with half of the shunt
capacitance lumped at each end of the line.

• The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energised by the line to
neutral voltage.

58
3.2 Medium Line Model (2/3)

• The equivalent circuit is :

• is the total series impedance of the line given by eq (1) and

Y is the total shunt admittance of the line given by
(7)
• The phase voltage and current at the sending end of the line are :

(8)

(9)

59
3.2 Medium Line Model (3/3)

• Comparing (8) and (9) with (6), the A,B,C,D constants for the nominal π model
are given by

• Since the π model is a passive symmetrical two-port network, the following two
conditions are held :
A=D
AD-BC=1

• With the about condition, the receiving end quantities can be found by :

(10)

60
3.3 Long Line Model

• The long line lengths is more than 150 miles (250 km).

• The long line is represented by a circuit with distributed parameters.

• The line constants R, L, C are not lumped, but rather are uniformly distributed
along the length of the line.

• The voltage and current is described by a distance and time functions.

• These functions are calculated by solving the line partial differential equations.

61
3.4 Example (1/3)

A 220 kV transmission line serves 500 MVA, pf = 0.9 lagging load.

The load voltage is maintained at 220 kV. Line length is 85 miles.

The line is built with two conductor bundles. The distance between the conductors
in the bundle is . The type of the conductor is CARDINAL. The conductors are
arranged horizontally. The distance between the adjacent phases is 26 ft, the
ground clearance is 50 ft.

• Draw the line arrangement.

• Calculate the line parameters.
• Calculate the required supply voltage, input apparent power, regulation and
efficiency.

62
3.4 Example (2/3)
Solution:
• Steps of solution
1. Draw the line arrangement.
2. Calculate line parameters :
(a) Find conductor: radius r, and resistance R from the table
(b) Line resistance
(c) GMR of the bundle conductors
(d) Equivalent phase distance of GMD
(e) Line inductance
(f) Line capacitance

• The line arrangement

A 220 kV transmission is built with
two CARDINAL conductors, H = 50 ft,
D = 26 ft, the bundle distance is .
63
3.4 Example (3/3)
• The line parameters are :
The CARDINAL Conductor data from the ACSR table is :
– GMR = 0.0404 ft
– R = 0.1191 Ω/mile at 75° C
– Conductor diameter = 1.196
• The supply voltage, input apparent power calculation.
Order of calculation is :
– Load current
– Capacitive current
– Line current
– Source voltage
– Capacitive current
– Source current
– Input apparent power
64
Thank you

65