Govt.

Science College-Autonomous, Hassan

Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

Exercise-2:

1) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, −𝑥 .
2) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 .
3) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 .
4) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 .
5) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 .
6) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ is a linear transformation defined by
𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑏, 𝑎 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑇 3 𝑎, 𝑏 .
7) Find 𝑇 3 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, −𝑥 .
8) Find 𝑇 3 𝑥, 𝑦 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 .
9) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = −𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥 .
10) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧, −𝑥, 𝑦 .
11) Find 𝑇 2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of the transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by
𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = −𝑧, 𝑦, −𝑥 .
12) If 𝑇1 : 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 : 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by
𝑇1 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑧, 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑇1 − 2𝑇2

Sudhakar K. B. Page 1
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

Exercise-3:

1) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 such that

𝑇 1,0 = 1,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 = −1,2 .
2) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,0 = 2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 = 4,5 , determine T.
3) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ2 such that
𝑇 1,1 = 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 3,2 .
4) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ such that
𝑇 1,2 = 3,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2 .
5) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ2 ⟶ ℝ3 such that
𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 .
6) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ such that
𝑇 −1,1 = −1,0,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2,1 .
7) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ such that
𝑇 2,1 = 3,4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −3,4 = 0,5 .
8) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 such that
𝑇 1,0,0 = −1,0 , 𝑇 0,1,0 = 1,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,0,1 = 0, −1 .
9) Find the 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 where 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 such that
𝑇 1,1,3 = 3, 𝑇 0,1, −2 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,0,1 = −2 .
10) If 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,0 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1 = 0. Find
𝑇 2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 0,1 .
11) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 such that
𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,1,1 , 𝑇 1,2,3 = −1 − 2, , −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,2 = 2,2,4 .
12) Find the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 such that
𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,1,1 , 𝑇 2,2,3 = 3,3,5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,2 = 2,2,4 .
13) If 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ is a linear transformation defined by

Sudhakar K. B. Page 2
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

𝑇 1,1,1 = 1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1,0 = 2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,0,0 = 4,3 , determine T and find

𝑇 2, −3,5 .

Matrix of Linear Transformation

Exercise-4:

1) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦, 𝑥 w. r. t. the standard basis.

2) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, −𝑦 w. r. t. the standard basis.

3) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.

4) Find a matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 2𝑦, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 w. r. t. the standard basis.

5) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation

𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 3,2 .

6) Find the linear transformation and the matrix of linear transformation

𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 .

7) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 −1,1 = 2,1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 1,1 = 0,1,2 .

Sudhakar K. B. Page 3
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

8) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 −1,1 = −1,0,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2,1 = 1,2,1 w. r. t the standard basis.

9) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑥 w. r. t the basis 1,0 , 1,1 .

10) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the basis 1,2 , 2,3 .

11) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦, −3𝑥 + 3𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , −1,1 and

𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1, −1,1 , 0,0,1 .

12) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,1 , 3,1 and

𝐵2 = 1,1,1 , 1,1,0 , 1,0,0 .

13) Find the matrix of linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦 − 3𝑥, −3𝑥 + 𝑦 w. r. t the bases 𝐵1 = 1,2 , −2,1 and

𝐵2 = −1,0,2 , 1,2,3 , 1, −1, −1 .

1 3
14) Find the linear transformation of the matrix −2 1 w. r. t the standard basis.
2 0

1 3
15) Find the linear transformation of the matrix −1 1 w. r. t the standard basis.
2 0

Sudhakar K. B. Page 4
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

1 −1 2
16) Find the linear transformation of the matrix w. r. t the standard
3 1 0

basis.

2 −3
17) Find the linear transformation of the matrix relative to the basis
1 1

𝐵= 1,1 , 1, −1 .

1 2
18) Find the linear transformation of the matrix relative to the basis
3 4

1,0 , 1,1 .

1 1
19) Find the linear transformation of the matrix relative to the basis
1 1

1,1 , 1, −1 .

0 1 1
20) Find the linear transformation of the matrix 1 0 −1 relative to the
−1 −1 0

basis 𝐵 = 0,1, −1 , 1, −1,1 , −1,1,0 .

−1 0
21) Find the linear transformation of the matrix 2 0 relative to the
1 3

basis 𝐵1 = 1,0, , 2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵2 = 1,2,0, , 0, −1,0 , 1, −1,1 .

Sudhakar K. B. Page 5
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

Range Space:

Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear
transformation. Then the range space R (T) is defined as

𝑹 𝑻 = 𝑻 𝜶 |𝜶∈𝑼

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Theorem - 1: Range space is a subspace.

(OR)

If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

then R(T) is a subspace of V.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proof: Given,

𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.

Also, 𝑹 𝑻 = 𝑻 𝜶 | 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 .

T. P. T. 𝑹 𝑻 is a subspace of V

We have, ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝑈 ⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 ∈ 𝑉.

⟹ 𝑅 𝑇 ⊂ 𝑉.

⟹ 𝑅 𝑇 is a non-empty subset of V.

Let 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇).

⟹ 𝑣1 = 𝑇 𝛼 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 ∈ 𝑈

& 𝑣2 = 𝑇 𝛽 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 ∈ 𝑈
1) Now,
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝑇 𝛽 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 & 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑈
∴ 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 , ∀ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇).
Sudhakar K. B. Page 6
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

2) Let 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹.
Now,
𝑐𝑣1 = 𝑐 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 & 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑈
∴ 𝑐𝑣1 ∈ 𝑅 𝑇 , ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝐹, ∀ 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇)
∴ 𝑅 𝑇 is a subspace of V.

Null Space (or) Kernel of a linear transformation:

Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear
transformation. Then the null space or kernel of T is defined as

𝑵 𝑻 = 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 | 𝑻 𝜶 = 𝟎′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Theorem - 2: Null space is a subspace.

(OR)

If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into a vector space V

then N(T) is a subspace of U.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proof: Given,

𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.

Also,
𝑵 𝑻 = 𝜶 ∈ 𝑼 | 𝑻 𝜶 = 𝟎′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 .

T. P. T. 𝑵 𝑻 is a subspace of U

Since , 𝑇 0 = 0′ , 0 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).

⟹ 𝑁 𝑇 ≠ ∅.

⟹ 𝑁 𝑇 is a non-empty subset of U.

Sudhakar K. B. Page 7
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

Let 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).

⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 0′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′
1) Now,
𝑇 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑇 𝛼 + 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′ + 0′ = 0′ ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
⟹ 𝛼 + 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , ∀ 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).
2) Let 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹.
Now,
𝑇 𝑐𝛼 = 𝑐 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑐 0′ = 0′ ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
∴ 𝑐𝛼 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝐹 , ∀ 𝛼 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)
∴ 𝑁 𝑇 is a subspace of V.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Theorem - 3: If 𝑻: 𝑼 ⟶ 𝑽 is a linear transformation from a vector space U into
a vector space V then T is one-one if and only if N(T) = {0}, where 0 is the zero
vector of U.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proof: Given,

𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.

Suppose, T is one-one.

T. P. T. 𝑵 𝑻 = 𝟎

Let 𝛼 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇).

⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 0′

⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇(0)

⟹ 𝛼 = 0 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟

∵𝑁 𝑇 = 0

Conversely, suppose 𝑁 𝑇 = 0
Sudhakar K. B. Page 8
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

T. P. T. T is one-one

Consider,

𝑇 𝛼 = 𝑇(𝛽)

⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 − 𝑇 𝛽 = 0′

⟹ 𝑇 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0′

⟹ 𝛼 − 𝛽 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)

⟹ 𝛼−𝛽 = 0 ∵ 𝑁 𝑇 = 0

⟹ 𝛼=𝛽

∴ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rank:
The dimension of the range space is called the rank of T and is denoted by
𝜌 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 dim 𝑅(𝑇).

Nullity:
The dimension of the null space is called the nullity of T and is denoted by
𝜈 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 dim 𝑁(𝑇).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rank – Nullity Theorem

Statement: If U is a finite dimensional vector space and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear

transformation, then

dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U

(or) 𝝆 𝑻 + 𝝂 𝑻 = 𝐝𝐢𝐦 𝑼
Sudhakar K. B. Page 9
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

(or) Rank + Nullity = dim (domain)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proof: Given, U is a finite dimensional vector space

and 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is a linear transformation.

Let dim U = m and dim N(T) = n. Since N(T) is a subspace of U, 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚.

Let 𝐵1 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 be a basis of N(T). Since 𝐵1 is linearly independent in N(T), so

is in U. We shall extend this set 𝐵1 to a basis of U.

Let 𝐵2 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 , 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝛽𝑟 be a basis of U.

Clearly, 𝑛 + 𝑟 = 𝑚 --------------- (1)

Now,

𝑇 𝛼1 , 𝑇 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 , 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 ∈ 𝑅(𝑇)

Since, 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝑇 , 𝑇 𝛼1 = 𝑇 𝛼2 = ⋯ = 𝑇 𝛼1 = 0.

Let 𝑆 = 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 .

T. P. T. S is a basis of R(T)

First we shall P. T. S spans R(T)

Since 𝐵2 is a basis of U, it spans U.

Hence, 𝑇 𝛼1 , 𝑇 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 , 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 spans R(T).

But 𝑇 𝛼1 = 𝑇 𝛼2 = ⋯ = 𝑇 𝛼𝑛 = 0.

∴ 𝑆 = 𝑇 𝛽1 , 𝑇 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 spans R(T).

T. P. T. S is linearly independent

Consider,

𝑐1 𝑇 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝑇 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝑇 𝛽𝑟 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , ⋯ , 𝑐𝑟 ∈ 𝐹

Sudhakar K. B. Page 10
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

⟹ 𝑇 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 = 0 ∵ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟

⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 ∈ 𝑁(𝑇)

⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 = 𝑑1 𝛼1 + 𝑑2 𝛼2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑛 𝛼𝑛 ∵ 𝐵1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁(𝑇)

⟹ 𝑐1 𝛽1 + 𝑐2 𝛽2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝛽𝑟 − 𝑑1 𝛼1 − 𝑑2 𝛼2 − ⋯ − 𝑑𝑛 𝛼𝑛 = 0

Since, 𝐵2 = 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛 , 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 , ⋯ , 𝛽𝑟 is a basis,

𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = ⋯ = 𝑑𝑟 = 0

∴ 𝑐1 𝑇(𝛽1 ) + 𝑐2 𝑇(𝛽2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝑇(𝛽𝑟 ) = 0

⟹ 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑟 = 0

∴ 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡

Hence, S is a basis of R(T).

∵ 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑅 𝑇 = 𝑟

∵ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑛+𝑟 =𝑚

i.e., dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U

Exercise-5:

Find the range space, null space or kernel, rank and nullity of the following. Also
verify rank-nullity theorem.

1) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 .

2) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑥 + 𝑧 .

3) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 .

Sudhakar K. B. Page 11
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

4) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 .

5) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑧 .

6) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧 .

7) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑥 + 2𝑧 .

8) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥, 3𝑦, 3𝑧 .

9) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ2 defined by 𝑇 𝑒1 = 2, 1 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 1, 1 .

10) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by

𝑇 𝑒1 = 1, 1, 2 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 1, −1, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 0, 0, 1 .

11) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ3 defined by

𝑇 𝑒1 = 1, 1, 0 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0,1, 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 1, 2, 1 .

12) 𝑇: ℝ3 ⟶ ℝ4 defined by

𝑇 𝑒1 = 0, 1, 0, 2 , 𝑇 𝑒2 = 0, 1, 1, 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑒3 = 0,1, −1, 4 .

Sudhakar K. B. Page 12
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

Isomorphism:

Let U and V be any two vector spaces over the same field F. A linear transformation
𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑉 is said to be an isomorphism of U onto V if it is one-one & onto (or bijective).

We say that U and V are isomorphic and it is written as 𝑈 ≃ 𝑉.

Automorphism:

Let U be a vector space over the same field F. A linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑈 ⟶ 𝑈 is said to
be an automorphism if it is an isomorphism.

(or) An isomorphism T from a vector space U onto itself is called an automorphism.

Exercise-6:

1) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ −𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

2) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, −𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

3) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑦, −𝑥, 𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

4) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ −𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

5) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ⟶ 𝑥, 𝑦, −𝑧 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

Sudhakar K. B. Page 13
 Govt. Science College-Autonomous, Hassan
Department of Mathematics
VI Sem B.Sc.

6) S. T. the correspondence 𝑥, 𝑦 ⟶ −𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦 is an automorphism of

𝑉3 ℝ . Find its order.

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Let 𝑇: 𝑉 ⟶ 𝑉 be a linear operator on a vector space V over the field F. A scalar 𝜆 ∈ 𝐹 is

called an Eigen value of T if there exists a non-zero vector 𝛼 ∈ 𝑉 such that 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝜆𝛼.

Any vector satisfying this relation is said to be an Eigen vector of T corresponding to the
Eigen value 𝜆.

The set 𝐸𝜆 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝜆 of all Eigen vectors associated with the Eigen value 𝜆 is called Eigen space
of 𝜆.

Exercise-7:

Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following linear transformation.

1) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑦, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 .

2) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦, 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 .

3) 𝑇: 𝑉2 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉2 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 .

4) 𝑇: 𝑉3 ℝ ⟶ 𝑉3 ℝ defined by 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑦 + 3𝑧

Sudhakar K. B. Page 14