Information and knowledge(unit

III)
 What is data,information and
knowledge,wisdom
• Data... data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond
its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or
not. It does not have meaning of itself. A spreadsheet generally
starts out by holding data.

• Information... information is data that has been given meaning by

way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful. a
relational database makes information from the data stored
within it.

• Knowledge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of

information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a
deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information ,
then they have memorize knowledge.
 What is data,information and
knowledge,wisdom
• Understanding It is the process by which I can take knowledge
and synthesize new knowledge from the previously held
knowledge. The difference between understanding and
knowledge is the difference between "learning" and
"memorizing". People who have understanding can undertake
useful actions because they can synthesize new knowledge

• Wisdom wisdom is an extrapolative and non-deterministic,

non-probabilistic process. It gives us understanding about which
there has previously been no understanding. Unlike the previous
four levels, it asks questions to which there is no answer, and in
some cases, to which there can be no humanly-known answer .
Wisdom is therefore, the process by which we also judge,
between right and wrong, good and bad.
Dikw pyramid
 Important dimensions of
knowledge
• Knowledge is a firm asset- intangible,Creation of
knowledge from data, information, requires organizational
resources
• Knowledge has different forms
• May be explicit (documented) or tacit (residing in minds)
• skill
• How to follow procedure
• Knowing why things happen (causality)
• Knowledge has a location
• social and individual
• Knowledge is situational
• Conditional: Knowing when to apply procedure
• Contextual: Knowing circumstances to use certain tool
 Knowledge management
• Knowledge management: Set of business processes
developed in an organization to create, store, transfer, and
apply knowledge

• Knowledge management value chain

• Knowledge acquisition
• Knowledge storage
• Knowledge dissemination
• Knowledge application
 Knowledge management value
chain
Knowledge acquisition
• Documenting tacit and explicit knowledge
• Storing documents, reports, presentations, best practices
• Unstructured documents (e.g., e-mails)
• Developing online expert networks

Creating knowledge

Knowledge storage
• Databases
• Document management systems
 Contd..Knowledge management
value chain
Knowledge dissemination
• Portals
• Push e-mail reports
• Search engines
• Collaboration tools

Knowledge application
• To provide return on investment
• New business practices
• New products and services
• New markets
The Knowledge Management Value Chain
Three major types of knowledge
management systems:
• Enterprise-wide knowledge management systems
• Knowledge work systems (KWS)
• Intelligent techniques
 Enterprise-wide content
management systems
• Help capture, store, retrieve, distribute, preserve
• Documents, reports, best practices
• Semistructured knowledge (e-mails)

• Bring in external sources

• News feeds, research

• Tools for communication and collaboration

Enterprise content management
systems
Enterprise content management
systems-Knowledge network
systems
• Provide online directory of corporate experts in well-defined
knowledge domains
• Use communication technologies to make it easy for employees to
find appropriate expert in a company
• May systematize solutions developed by experts and store them in
knowledge database
• Best-practices
• Frequently asked questions (FAQ) repository
 Enterprise content management
systems-Knowledge network systems
systems-Learning management
systems
• Provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of
various types of employee learning and training
• Support multiple modes of learning
• CD-ROM, Web-based classes, online forums, live instruction, etc.

• Assembles and delivers learning content

• Measures learning effectivenes
 Knowledge work systems(KWS)
• Knowledge work systems
• Systems for knowledge workers to help create new knowledge and
ensure that knowledge is properly integrated into business

• Knowledge workers
• Researchers, designers, architects, scientists, and engineers who
create knowledge and information for the organization

Examples of knowledge work systems

• CAD (computer-aided design): Automates creation and revision of
engineering or architectural designs
• Virtual reality systems: Software and special hardware to simulate
real-life environments
• E.g. 3-D medical modeling for surgeons
 Intelligent techniques
• Intelligent techniques: Used to capture individual and
collective knowledge and to extend knowledge base
• To capture tacit knowledge: Expert systems, case-based
reasoning, fuzzy logic
• Knowledge discovery: Neural networks and data mining
• Generating solutions to complex problems: Genetic
algorithms
• Automating tasks: Intelligent agents
• Artificial intelligence (AI) technology:
• Computer-based systems that emulate human behavior
 Contd..Intelligent techniques
• Expert systems:
• Capture tacit knowledge in very specific and
limited domain of human expertise
• Capture knowledge of skilled employees as set of
rules in software system that can be used by
others in organization
 Intelligent techniques
• How expert systems work
• Knowledge base: Set of hundreds or thousands of
rules
• Inference engine: Strategy used to search
knowledge base
• Forward chaining: Inference engine begins with information
entered by user and searches knowledge base to arrive at
conclusion
• Backward chaining: Begins with hypothesis and asks user
questions until hypothesis is confirmed or disproved
 Intelligent techniques
• Case-based reasoning (CBR)
• Descriptions of past experiences of human specialists, represented as
cases, stored in knowledge base
• System searches for stored cases with problem characteristics similar
to new one, finds closest fit, and applies solutions of old case to new
case
• Successful and unsuccessful applications are grouped with case
• Stores organizational intelligence: Knowledge base is continuously
expanded and refined by users
Case based reasoning
Intelligent techniques-Fuzzy logic systems
• Rule-based technology that represents imprecision used in linguistic
categories (e.g., “cold,” “cool”) that represent range of values
• Describe a particular phenomenon or process linguistically and then
represent that description in a small number of flexible rules
• Provides solutions to problems requiring expertise that is difficult to
represent with IF-THEN rules
• Autofocus in cameras
• Detecting possible medical fraud
 Intelligent techniques-Neural
networks
• Find patterns and relationships in massive amounts of data that are
too complicated for human to analyze
• “Learn” patterns by searching for relationships, building models, and
correcting over and over again model’s own mistakes
• Humans “train” network by feeding it data inputs for which outputs
are known, to help neural network learn solution by example
• Used in medicine, science, and business for problems in pattern
classification, prediction, financial analysis, and control and
optimization
• Machine learning: Related AI technology allowing computers to learn
by extracting information using computation and statistical methods
Neural network
 Intelligent techniques-Genetic
algorithms
• Useful for finding optimal solution for specific problem by examining
very large number of possible solutions for that problem

• Conceptually based on process of evolution

• Search among solution variables by changing and reorganizing
component parts using processes such as inheritance, mutation,
and selection

• Able to evaluate many solution alternatives quickly

Intelligent techniques-AI systems and intelligent
agents
• Hybrid AI systems

Genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and expert systems

integrated into single application to take advantage of best features of each

• Intelligent agents
• Work in background to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable
tasks for user, process, or software application
• Use limited built-in or learned knowledge base to accomplish tasks or
make decisions on user’s behalf
• Deleting junk e-mail
• Finding cheapest airfare
 Types of knowledge
• Explicit Knowledge
• This type of knowledge is formalized and codified

• It is therefore fairly easy to identify, store, and retrieve .

This is the type of knowledge most easily handled by KMS,
which are very effective at facilitating the storage, retrieval,
and modification of documents and text

Explicit knowledge is found in: databases, memos, notes,

documents
 Tacit Knowledge and embedded
knowledge
• Tactic knowledge refers to intuitive, hard to define knowledge
that is largely experience based. Because of this, tacit knowledge is
often context dependent and personal in nature.
• Tacit knowledge is found in: the minds of human stakeholders. It
includes cultural beliefs, values, attitudes etc. as well as skills,
capabilities and expertise

• Embedded knowledge refers to the knowledge that is locked in

processes, products, culture, routines, artifacts, or structures .
• Embedded knowledge is found in: rules, processes, manuals,
organizational culture, codes of conduct, ethics, products, etc.
The SECI Model
 The SECI Model
• Nonaka and Takeuchi introduced the SECI model (Nonaka &
Takeuchi 1996) which has become the cornerstone
of knowledge creation and transfer theory.
• They proposed four ways that knowledge types can be
combined and converted, showing how knowledge is shared
and created in the organization.
• The model is based on the two types of knowledge: tacit ,
explicit
 The SECI model

• There are four basic patterns for creating

knowledge in any organization:
1. Socialization: From tacit to tacit
2. Externalization: From tacit to explicit
3. Combination: from explicit to explicit
4. Internalization: from explicit to tacit
 The SECI model-knowledge creation
• Socialization: Tacit to tacit
Knowledge is passed on through practice, guidance, imitation, and
observation.
• Externalization: Tacit to explicit
Tacit knowledge is codified into documents, manuals, etc. so that it can
spread more easily through the organization.

• Combination: Explicit to explicit

This is the simplest form. Codified knowledge sources (e.g. documents)
are combined to create new knowledge. –it does not extend the
company’s knowledge base
• Internalization: Explicit to tacit
• As explicit sources are used and learned, modifying the user's existing
tacit knowledge.
 Tools of knowledge conversion
When tacit knowledge is made explicit, knowledge is crystallized, which allows it to be
shared by others, and it becomes the basis of new knowledge. The tools of this
conversion use different metaphors, analogues, concepts, hypotheses and models.
Because Tacit Knowledge is bound to the senses, personal experiences and bodily
movement, it cannot easily be passed on to others.
Metaphor and analogy are used to communicate the findings and
observations to each other.
• Metaphor
• Is not just a grammatical structure but a method to understand through imagination,
symbols
• It is crucial in knowlege production as it allows us to make concrete connections
betwen abstract concepts and everyday experiences.
• Metaphors can be studied in KM texts and visuals, they can be used to analyse the
stories in knowledge intensive organizations, they can be used to develop new
conceptualizations of knowledge that may lead to new ways to manage knowledge,
and they can be powerful rhetoric devises in KM debates.
• Analogies
• Intermediate step between pure imagination and logical thinking
• Analogies are used to make comparisons. If you can liken something new to
something the learner already knows and understands it will increase their
comfort and rate of uptake. In short, the learner gets a head start if they can
connect the new information to something familiar.
• Analogy makes ideas more explicit
• At its most basic, an analogy is a comparison of two things to show their
similarities. Sometimes the things being compared are quite similar, but other
times they could be very different. Nevertheless, an analogy explains one thing in
terms of another to highlight the ways in which they are alike

• Examples:
• Metaphor: Time is a thief.
• Analogy: Time is like a thief in that thieves steal physical objects and time steals
moments of our lives.

metaphors are figures of speech, while an analogy is a type of argument.

 knowledge creation
• Knowledge Creation Spiral- Bread making Machine Project
• Software developers learned kneading secret (tacit) from
head baker
• Tacit knowledge was translated to specifications (explicit)
• Pieces of knowledge were captured in a workbook (explicit)
• Knowledge was enriched when developing the project
• This knowledge of knowledge creation process was
transferred to other
• parts of the organization in order to “create” new products
 questions
• 1)explain the dikw pyramid?(3)
• 2)what is the difference between data,information and
knowledge?(3)
• 3)explain the types of KM systems?(5)
• 4)explain the seci model with a diagram?(5)
• 5)what are neural networks.explain with a example(3)
• 6)how is knowledge different from wisdom?(2)
• 7)what is CBR?explain in brief.(2)
• 8)What are the different knowledge conversion tools?(2)