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bgZosdp 0
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ONKHSHB?K
RBHDMBD
ODPRODBSHUDR NM
ATRHMDRR ?MC
F NU D P M L D M S
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cZuhc bndm
vxm fpZms
fpZgZl vhkrnm
VgZscndr onkhshb`k rbhdmbd `r ` chrbhokhmd bnmsqhatsd sn tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho

adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms; Sgd Vdkc g`r knmf addm ` rsdobghkc vhsghm sgd
chrbhokhmd vhsg l`mx edvdq oq`bshshnmdqr sg`m sgd rstcx ne Vdkcr rtbg `r unshmf
adgùhnq) onkhshb`k o`qshdr) nq kdfhrk`stqdr, ?mc xds) sgd qdk`shudkx rl`kk mtladq ne
onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr hmunkudc hm sgd Vdkc g`r fdmdq`sdc `s kd`rs entq chrshmbs cda`sdr nm
atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms,
Sgd Vqrs cda`sd hqnmhb`kkx bnmbdqmr bk`hlr sg`s sgd rstcx ne onkhshbr g`r qdk`shudkx
khsskd sn bnmsqhatsd sn tmcdqrs`mchmf atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms, Hm ` ghfgkx hmWtdmsh`k
annj otakhrgdc entq cdb`cdr `fn) sgd sgdm oqnlhmdms ?ldqhb`m onkhshb`k rbhdmshrs)
Bg`qkdr Khmcaknl) `qftdc sg`s l`qjdsr bnmrshstsdc ` oqhrnm sg`s qnaadc cdlnbq`shb
fnudqmldmsr ne d9dbshud bgnhbd &Khmcaknl 0866(, Atrhmdrr bnmsqnkkdc hmudrsldms:
`mx fnudqmldms sg`s chrokd`rdc atrhmdrr nq sg`s e`hkdc sn bqd`sd ` eùnqàkd atrhmdrr
0, cZuhc bndm& vxm fpZms & fpZgZl vhkrnm
dmuhqnmldms vntkc ad otmhrgdc `tsnl`shb`kkx ax sgd q`shnm`k qdronmrd ne atrhmdrr

dwdbtshudr: sgdx vntkc hmudrs dkrdvgdqd) hm bhshdr) rs`sdr) nq bntmsqhdr sg`s sqd`sdc
sgdl lnqd eùnqàkx, Khmcaknl `qftdc ldlnqàkx sg`s atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr chc mns
mddc sn oqdrrtqd) bndqbd) nq aqhad onkhshbh`mr sn cn sgdhq ahcchmf, Sgd dbnmnlhb vdkk¨
adhmf ne sgdhq bnmrshstdmsr–`mc onkhshbh`mr‘ bg`mbdr ne qd¨dkdbshnm–vdqd cdodmcdms
nm okd`rhmf atrhmdrr, Khmcaknl‘r `qftldms òod`qdc nm sgd dud ne sgd dq` ne
fkna`khy`shnm `mc v`r chqdbsdc lnqd sn cxm`lhbr vhsghm m`shnmr sg`m adsvddm
sgdl: sgd nauhntr òokhb`shnm ne ghr `qftldms v`r sn sgd bnmrsq`hmsr nm rs`sd `mc
knb`k fnudqmldmsr hm sgd TR, Vhsghm ` edv xd`qr) gnvdudq) onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr vdqd
lnqd oqdnbbtohdc vhsg sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k òokhb`shnm ne Khmcaknl‘r `qftldms, Sgd
md`q sns`k ànkhshnm ne s`qh9r nm l`mte`bstqdc fnncr `mc sgd vhcdroqd`c qdk`whmf ne
bnmsqnkr nm bòhs`k lnudldmsr e`bhkhs`sdc sgd d`rd ne ——dwhs‘‘ `r ` rsq`sdfx enq atrh¨
mdrrdr chrokd`rdc vhsg ` fnudqmldms‘r onkhbhdr, Hqnmhb`kkx) sgdqdenqd) onkhbx cdbhrhnmr
l`cd ax fnudqmldmsr nm sq`cd `mc bòhs`k lnudldmsr `qftàkx g`r sgd d9dbs ne
vd`jdmhmf sgd onvdq ne fnudqmldmsr, Sgd hlo`bs ne sgdrd cdbhrhnmr v`r `lokhVdc ax
sdbgmnknfhb`k bg`mfdr rtbg `r bgdò hmsdqm`shnm`k `hq sqùdk) knv¨bnrs hmsdqm`shnm`k
ognmd b`kkr) dl`hk) sgd hmsdqmds) `mc sgd cdudknoldms ne bnms`hmdqhydc rghoohmf–`kk
ne vghbg e`bhkhs`sdc sgd lnudldms ne lnmdx `mc fnncr `qntmc sgd vnqkc, Vgdm
Khmcaknl otakhrgdc Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr hs v`r ok`trhakd sn `qftd sg`s bhsx `mc rs`sd
fnudqmldmsr vdqd oqhrnmdqr ne sgd l`qjds: svn cdb`cdr k`sdq hs v`r bnllnmok`bd sn
`qftd sg`s m`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr g`c knrs `tsnmnlx `mc vdqd cnnldc sn otqrtd
onkhbhdr `r ——bnlodshshnm rs`sdr‘‘ &Bdqmx 0886(, Vd qdstqm sn sghr chrbtrrhnm k`sdq hm
sghr bgòsdq, Vd rgntkc mnsd) gnvdudq) sg`s l`mx onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr gùd chr`fqddc
vhsg ansg Khmcaknl‘r nqhfhm`k `qftldms `mc rtardptdmskx vhsg bk`hlr sg`s fkna`k¨
hy`shnm g`c cdrsqnxdc sgd onvdq `mc `tsnmnlx ne m`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr &Ngl`d
0884: Rsq`mfd 0885(, Sgtr sgd Vqrs cda`sd hm onkhshb`k rbhdmbd nm sgd qdk`shud onvdq ne
fnudqmldmsr `mc ne l`qjds enqbdr bnmshmtdr sn ad ne bdmsq`k hlonqs`mbd,
? rdbnmc cda`sd g`r enbtrdc nm vgdsgdq nq mns atrhmdrr g`r dminxdc tme`hq `cu`m¨
s`fdr hm onkhshbr, Oktq`khrsr bnmsdmcdc sg`s onvdq v`r vhcdkx chrsqhatsdc `lnmf mtldq¨
ntr bnlodshmf `mc bnmWhbshmf hmsdqdrsr–sg`s) `r L`chrnm g`c hmsdmcdc enq sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr) hmsdqdrs v`r rds `f`hmrs hmsdqdrs `mc sgd bnlodshshnm admdVsdc otakhb onkhbx, Sghr
bk`hl g`r addm bnmrhrsdmskx `mc dmdqfdshb`kkx bg`kkdmfdc ax onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr,
Rbg`ssrbgmdhcdq &085,( e`lntrkx `qftdc vgdm oktq`khrl v`r `s hsr od`j sg`s sgd sqntakd
vhsg hsr uhrhnm ne gdùdm v`r sg`s sgd bgnhq r`mf vhsg `m toodq¨bk`rr `bbdms, Hm lnqd
qdbdms shldr) bqhshbr ne oktq`khrl gùd `qftdc sg`s atrhmdrr g`r addm bnmrhrsdmskx nudq¨
qdoqdrdmsdc `mc g`r hmathks `cu`ms`fdr hm sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl, ?r Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm
&sghr unktld( mnsd) rstcx èsdq rstcx g`r bnmbktcdc sg`s sgd u`rs lìnqhsx ne knaaxhrsr hm
V`rghmfsnm `qd dloknxdc ax atrhmdrr `mc sgd lìnqhsx ne b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr
eqnl hmsdqdrs fqntor bnld eqnl atrhmdrr &Fq`x `mc Knvdqx 0886: A`tlf`qsmdq ds `k,
1,,8(, Dudm vgdm &`r vhsg Oqdrhcdms Na`l`( b`mchc`sdr drbgdv chqdbs bnmsqhatshnmr
eqnl hmsdqdrs fqntor) sgdx rshkk qdbdhud ` udqx k`qfd oqnonqshnm ne sgdhq etmcr eqnl
hmchuhct`kr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg o`qshbtk`q hmsdqdrsr hmbktchmf hm ghr b`rd Vm`mbh`k hmrshst¨
shnmr rtbg `r Fnkcl`m R`bgr, Mn fqnto hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr–bdqs`hmkx mns sgd fqntor
rtbg `r tmhnmr nq otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor–sg`s lhfgs ad dwodbsdc sn bk`rg vhsg atrhmdrr
onkhshbZk rbhdmbd 00
bnll`mcr `mxsghmf khjd dpt`k qdrntqbdr, ?mc xds vhsgnts bk`hlhmf sg`s sgd chrsqhat¨
shnm ne qdrntqbdr hr hcd`k nq `cdpt`sdkx dpt`k) ` mtladq ne onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr gùd
`qftdc sg`s sgd qdrntqbd `cu`ms`fd dminxdc ax atrhmdrr hr mns cdbhrhud &A`tlf`qsmdq
ds `k, 1,,8(, Hmcddc) hs hr vgdm ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr hr lnrs tmhsdc `mc bngdrhud sg`s hs hr
lnrs khjdkx sn knrd onkhshb`kkx &Rlhsg 1,,,(, Otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor l`x ad rgnqs ne
lnmdx ats sgdx gùd addm àkd sn ntsl`mdtudq `mc cded`s atrhmdrr nm jdx hrrtdr rtbg
`r dmuhqnmldms`k oqnsdbshnm &Unfdk 0884: Adqqx 08884 3(, Sgtr) vghkd md`qkx `kk onkhshb`k
rbhdmshrsr `fqdd sg`s atrhmdrr `r hmsdqdrs hm lnrs cdlnbq`bhdr dminxr enqlhcàkd
qdrntqbdr `cu`ms`fdr) ` uhfnqntr cda`sd odqrhrsr vhsghm onkhshb`k rbhdmbd nudq sgd cdfqdd
sn vghbg sghr qdrtksr hm chroqnonqshnm`sd hmWtdmbd enq atrhmdrr nudq fnudqmldms `mc
otakhb onkhbx &Btkodoodq 1,,8 `mc sghr unktld(,
? sghqc cda`sd vhsghm onkhshb`k rbhdmbd g`r enbtrdc nm `rodbsr ne atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr sg`s qdrtks hm rtanoshl`k otakhb onkhbx, Sghr b`m ad chrshmfthrgdc
eqnl sgd oqdbdchmf cda`sd adb`trd rtanoshl`k onkhbx b`m qdrtks eqnl cdbhrhnmr sg`s `qd
gnrshkd sn atrhmdrr `r vdkk `r eqnl atrhmdrr oqdrrtqd, Ne bntqrd udmdqàkd sq`chshnm hm
sgd chrbhokhmd g`r enbtrdc nm sgd c`mfdqr ne sgd bòstqd ne fnudqmldms `fdmbhdr ax
bnqonq`shnmr sg`s hs lhfgs ad rtoonrdc sgdx dwhrs sn bnmsqnk &Adqmrsdhm 0844: Jnkjn
0854(, Sgtr) nudq g`ke ` bdmstqx `fn onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr rtbg `r Gtmshmfsnm `mc
Adqmrsdhm `qftdc sg`s qdms¨rddjhmf bnqonq`shnmr g`c bòstqdc bnmsqnk ne qdftk`snqx
`fdmbhdr sn dmrtqd sg`s sgdx vnqjdc sn dmg`mbd l`qjds rsàhkhsx `mc oqnVsàhkhsx enq
atrhmdrr) mns sgd hmsdqdrsr ne bnmrtldqr, Rnld cdb`cdr k`sdq dbnmnlhrsr qdchrbnudqdc
sghr `qftldms &fdmdq`kkx vhsgnts `bjmnvkdcfhmf sgd d`qkhdq vnqj ne onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr(
hm chrbtrrhnmr ne gnv ——qdms rddjhmf‘‘ ax bnqonq`shnmr qdrtksdc hm sgd dwoknhs`shnm ne
fnudqmldms ax atrhmdrr sn hmbqd`rd oqnVsr `mc qdctbd bnlodshshnm &Adbjdq 0874:
?trsdm¨Rlhsg 0886: ?trsdm¨Rlhsg `mc A`mj 1,,1(, Sgd mdf`shud uhdv ne qdftk`¨
shnm–sg`s hs hr ` ld`mr ne `cu`mbhmf rdbshnm`k mns otakhb hmsdqdrsr–bnmsqhatsdc sn
sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd ——V`rghmfsnm bnmrdmrtr‘‘ oqno`f`sdc ax sgd Vnqkc A`mj hm sgd
k`sd svdmshdsg bdmstqx, Dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr v`r adrs `bghdudc sgqntfg lhmhlhyhmf
fnudqmldms rhyd `mc hmsqtrhnm hmsn sgd dbnmnlx) kdrs hs e`bhkhs`sd qdms¨rddjhmf adgùhnq:
` adkhde sg`s l`mx dbnmnlhb ghrsnqh`mr sghmj bnmWhbsr vhsg sgd o`ssdqmr ne hmctrsqh`k¨
hy`shnm hm sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx hm bntmsqhdr rtbg `r Iò`m) Rntsg Jnqd`) `mc dudm
`qftàkx sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, ?f`hm) vd rg`kk qdstqm sn sghr `qftldms k`sdq, ? bnmsq`rshmf
onrhshnm hm sghr cda`sd v`r sn `qftd sg`s atrhmdrr hr sgd uhbshl ne dwbdrrhud fnudqmldms
yd`k, ? onvdqetk `qftldms g`r addm l`cd sg`s qdftk`snqx nXbh`kr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
b`m ad rn kdf`khrshb `mc `cudqr`qh`k hm sgdhq òoqn`bg sg`s sgdx bnmsqhatsd sn `
rtars`msh`k v`rsd ne qdrntqbdr hm bnlokxhmf vhsg tmvhrd) nudqkx bnrskx) `mc tmmdbdrr`qx
qdftk`shnmr &A`qc`bg `mc J`f`m 1,,1(, NXbh`kr l`x ad lnshu`sdc ax hcdnknfx nq ax
ed`q ne dmc`mfdqhmf sgdhq inar he `mx tmkhjdkx c`mfdq `bst`kkx l`sdqh`khydr: adssdq sn rsq`x
nm sgd rhcd ne b`tshnm, Qdftk`snqr) sgdqdenqd) otrg enq sgd `cnoshnm ne bnrskx `mc
hmbnmudmhdms ld`rtqdr ax hmctrsqx sn ft`qc `f`hmrs qdlnsd qhrjr sgdqdax qdctbhmf mns
nmkx atrhmdrr oqnVsr ats rnbhds`k vdke`qd &Fqdùdr 1,,8(, Rhlhk`q ed`qr gùd addm
dwoqdrrdc hm sgd TJ `mc hm qdk`shnm sn sgd qdftk`snqx `bshuhshdr ne sgd DT,
Sgd entqsg cda`sd g`r addm `klnrs sgd lhqqnq hl`fd ne sgd Vqrs, Hmrsd`c ne `qfthmf
sg`s l`qjds enqbdr sns`kkx bnmsqnk fnudqmldms `mc onkhshbr) ——rs`shrsr‘‘ rtffdrs sg`s
01 cZuhc bndm& vxm fpZms & fpZgZl vhkrnm
fnudqmldms) nq lnqd `bbtq`sdkx) sgd rs`sd) hr sgd etmc`ldms`k cdsdqlhm`ms, Sgd rs`sd
cdsdqlhmdr sgd rsqtbstqd ne l`qjdsr `mc dudm atrhmdrrdr sgdlrdkudr, Atrhmdrr
bnqonq`shnmr sgdlrdkudr `qd oqnctbsr ne sgd rs`sd hm sg`s sgdx `qd nqf`mhydc `mc
bnmrshstsdc tmcdq onkhbhdr `mc k`vr bqd`sdc ax sgd rs`sd, Dwwnm nq Rhdldmr `qd mns
oqnctbsr ne m`stqd: sgdx `qd rnbh`k enql`shnmr l`cd onrrhakd ax bnqonq`sd k`v, ——Eqdd
l`qjdsr‘‘ `qd `krn oqnctbsr ne rs`sd `bshnm, Vhsgnts kdf`k eq`ldvnqjr enq sq`chmf `mc
dwbg`mfd) sgd ld`mr ne rdsskhmf chrotsdr `mc dmenqbhmf o`xldmsr sgqntfg sgd kdf`k
rxrsdl `mc sgd rodbhVb`shnm ne sgd qhfgsr nq ctshdr ne rsnbjgnkcdqr) l`m`fdqr)
bnmrtldqr) `mc vnqjdqr) l`qjdsr vntkc mns dwhrs, Adk`sdckx) dbnmnlhrsr qdbnfmhydc
sgd bdmsq`khsx ne fnudqm`mbd–`mc sgdqdenqd sgd rs`sd, Eqnl sgd lhc¨088,r nmv`qcr)
sgd Vnqkc A`mj rsqdrrdc sg`s `m d9dbshud `mc qd`rnmàkd rs`sd–fnnc fnudqm`mbd–
v`r ` oqdbnmchshnm enq dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms, Rs`sdr `qd mns nmkx oqnuhcdqr ne
eq`ldvnqjr enq dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx ats b`m ad otqonrhud `bsnqr hm rsddqhmf `mc
oqnlnshmf dbnmnlhb fqnvsg, Vd dwoknqd adknv vg`s enqlr rs`sd `bshuhsx b`m s`jd
hm sdqlr ne u`qh`shnm adsvddm bntmsqhdr hm qdk`shnm sn sgdrd enqlr ne rs`sd hmunkud¨
ldms `mc vgdsgdq fkna`khy`shnm g`r qdctbdc rs`sd `tsnmnlx `mc bò`bhsx,
Tmcdqkxhmf sgdrd cda`sdr `qd `m`kxrdr ne sgd hmsdqqdk`sdc lnshu`shnm `mc adgùhnq
ne Vqlr nm sgd nmd g`mc `mc) nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) sgd `m`kxrdr ne sgd bnmsdws hm vghbg
sgdx nodq`sd nm atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) fnudqmldms`k hmrshstshnmr) `mc sgd aqn`cdq
rsqtbstqdr ne sgd rs`sd hsrdke, Vd lhfgs l`jd `m `m`knfx vhsg sgd rstcx ne sgd Vql nm
sgd nmd g`mc `mc sgd rstcx ne l`qjdsr nm sgd nsgdq, Vghkd dudqxnmd jmnvr sg`s sgd
dbnmnlhb adgùhnq ne Vqlr hr qdk`sdc sn sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd l`qjdsr hm vghbg sgdx
nodq`sd) hs hr `krn sgd b`rd sg`s vd b`m `m`kxyd sgd `bshnmr ne sgd Vql `r ` otqonrhud
`bsnq, Hm oq`bshbd) onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr gùd addm lnqd enbtrdc nm tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd
hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr `mc onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldmsr hm vghbg Vqlr nodq`sd sg`m nm
tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd `bshnmr `mc rsq`sdfhdr ne Vqlr sgdlrdkudr, Sgdqd hr) gnvdudq) `
fqnvhmf khsdq`stqd sg`s òoqn`bgdr sgd snohb eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne sgd Vql `mc hs hr
gdqd sg`s vd rdd sgd fqd`sdrs noonqstmhsx enq `m`kxshb`k cdudknoldms, Hm sgd mdws
rdbshnm vd oqnonrd ` sxonknfx enq rstcxhmf sgd onkhshb`k adgùhnq ne sgd Vql adenqd
stqmhmf sn sgd lnqd e`lhkh`q khsdq`stqd nm atrhmdrr) hmsdqldch`qx nqf`mhy`shnmr) `mc
sgd rs`sd,
? OnkhshbXk Sgdnqx ne sgd Ehql

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Hs hr ` rsqhjhmf ed`stqd ne sghr cda`sd sg`s hm e`bs khsskd qdrd`qbg dwhrsr nm vgdm) vgx) `mc
gnv hmchuhct`k atrhmdrrdr adbnld hmunkudc hm onkhshbr &ats rdd Vhkrnm 088,: Bndm
0887: Fq`ms 1,,,(, Sgdqd `qd hm e`bs rtars`msh`k ch9dqdmbdr `lnmf atrhmdrrdr–k`qfd
`r vdkk `r rl`kk–hm sdqlr ne gnv ltbg onkhshb`k `bshuhsx sgdx tmcdqs`jd `mc) he sgdx
adbnld hmunkudc) sgd bgnhbdr sgdx l`jd nm gnv sn otqrtd sgdhq naidbshudr, Vd k`bj `
lhbqn¨sgdnqx ne atrhmdrr `mc onkhshbr sg`s dwok`hmr sgd lnshu`shnmr ne hmchuhct`k
bnqonq`shnmr `mc sg`s dwok`hmr sgd bgnhbdr sgdx l`jd nm s`bshbr `mc rsq`sdfx, Vd
`ssdlos sn qdldcx sghr e`hkhmf ntqrdkudr k`sdq hm sghr bgòsdq) `r cn nsgdq bnmsqhatsnqr
sn sghr unktld) drodbh`kkx G`qs `mc Bqntbg,
Sgd lnrs rxrsdl`shb lhbqnonkhshb`k sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql gùd addm cdudknodc hm sgd
TR hmrshstshnm`k rdsshmf, Gdqd) sq`chshnm`k oqnVs l`whlhyhmf lncdkr ne sgd Vql gùd
rntfgs sn dwok`hm onkhshb`k `bshnm hm sdqlr ne qdms¨rddjhmf `bshuhsx ne atrhmdrr `mc
onvdq tshkhsx l`whlhyhmf `bshuhsx ne cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr &onkhshbh`mr `mc atqd`tbq`sr(,
Ansg sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc hmenql`shnm`k `rodbsr ne knaaxhmf ok`x `m hlonqs`ms qnkd hm
sghr ancx ne khsdq`stqd, Hm rtbg lncdkr cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr oqnuhcd onkhbx hm dwbg`mfd
enq onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr &ad sg`s lnmdx) dwodqshrd) hmenql`shnm( to sn sgd l`qfhm`k
onhms vgdm etmcr `mc hmenql`shnm mn knmfdq e`bhkhs`sd onkhshb`k qd¨dkdbshnm: fnnc
onkhbx nq `rrnbh`shnm vhsg rtbg onkhbx lnahkhydr bntmsdqu`hkhmf hmsdqdrsr `f`hmrs sgd
oqnonrdc onkhbx &rdd Aqnrbghdc 1,,5(, Eqnl sgd Vql odqrodbshud rtbg qdms¨rddjhmf
knfhb g`r nodmdc to ` gtfd enql`k `mc dlohqhb`k khsdq`stqd cda`sd hm sgd TR ànts
sgd bnrsr `mc d9dbshudmdrr ne onkhshb`k b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr &rdd Aqhdq `mc Ltmfdq
0875: Fqhdq) Ltmfdq) `mc Qnadqsr 0883: G`mrdm `mc Lhsbgdk 1,,,: Lhkxn) Oqhln) `mc
Fqnrdbknrd 1,,,: cd Ehftdhqdcn 1,,1: Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm sghr unktld(: `mc sgd qhrj
ne onkhshb`k bòstqd `mc hmdXbhdms `kknb`shnm ne onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr &rdd Rshfkhsy 0875:
Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m 0883: Ohsdkhr sghr unktld(, Sghr Vqrs ancx ne khsdq`stqd g`r
addm TR¨bdmsqhb `r b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr ok`x rtbg ` oqnlhmdms qnkd hm sgd
?ldqhb`m dkdbsnq`k rxrsdl, ?ldqhb`m otakhb chrbknrtqd k`vr dmrtqd sg`s c`s` ànts
hmsdqdrs fqnto `mc b`mchc`sd dwodmchstqdr `qd lnqd qd`chkx ù`hkàkd sg`m hm sgd DT
nq nsgdq Vdrsdqm cdlnbq`bhdr &rdd Vhkrnm `mc Fq`ms) `mc Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm sghr
unktld(,
? rdbnmc khsdq`stqd nm bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k adgùhnq g`r dldqfdc hm f`ld sgdnqx
&?trsdm¨Rlhsg `mc Vqhfgs 0881(, Sgd fdmdq`k bnmbktrhnm ne sgnrd lncdkr hr sg`s sgd
hmsdqdrs qdoqdrdms`shudr `qd hmcddc àkd sn hmWtdmbd onkhbx ax lhrqdoqdrdmshmf `mc.nq
rdkdbshudkx oqnuhchmf hmenql`shnm sn cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr: vghkd cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr lhm¨
hlhyd lhrhmenql`shnm ax b`qdetkkx rdkdbshmf sgd hmsdqdrs qdoqdrdms`shudr vgnrd hmenq¨
l`shnm sgdx s`jd hmsn `bbntms &rdd ?trsdm¨Rlhsg 0886 enq sgd TR lncdkr: `mc Onssdqr
`mc Rknne 0885: Aqnrbghdc `mc Bndm 1,,2(, Sgdrd lncdkr `rrtldc ——sg`s cdbhrhnmr sn
knaax `qd m`qqnvkx cqhudm ax sgd otqrths ne rodbhVb `mc hlldch`sd onkhbx admdVsr‘‘
&Aq`rgdq `mc Knvdqx 1,,54 1( vgdm hm qd`khsx sgd knaaxhmf mdwtr hr ` ltbg lnqd
chudqrd `mc bnlokdw knmf qtm f`ld vgdqd u`qhàkdr rtbg `r qdots`shnm `mc onkhshb`k
fnncvhkk ok`x ` qnkd, Qdk`shnmrghor adsvddm knaaxhrsr `mc onkhbx¨l`jdqr `qd fdmdq`kkx
hsdq`shud, He vd aqn`cdm ntq lhbqnädgùhnq`k lncdk ne sgd Vql sn `rrtld kd`qmhmf
nm sgd o`qs ne atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms) antmcdc q`shnm`khsx nm sgd o`qs ne ansg
ok`xdqr) `mc ` knmfdq sdql onkhshb`k gnqhynm) sgd bnmudmshnm`k lncdkr ne sgd oqnVs
l`whlhyhmf Vql adfhm sn oqdchbs kdrr ne sgd `bst`k onkhshb`k `bshuhsx ax Vqlr,
Lnqdnudq) otqdkx oqnVs l`whlhyhmf `bshuhsx bntkc hmbtq rhfmhVb`ms bnrsr) mns itrs
Vm`mbh`k bnrsr) ats `krn sgd onsdmsh`k enq qdots`shnm`k c`l`fd he sgd Vql snnj `m
tmonotk`q rs`mbd nq n9dmcdc onkhshbh`mr vgn rtardptdmskx adb`ld onvdqetk, Qdot¨
s`shnm`k c`l`fd g`r adbnld `m hmbqd`rhmfkx hlonqs`ms bnmrhcdq`shnm enq Vqlr `r
hmudrsldms hm aq`mcr g`r adbnld ` lnqd rhfmhVb`ms `rodbs ne rsq`sdfx enq l`mx ne
sgdl) o`qshbtk`qkx sgnrd l`jhmf bnmrtldq fnncr &Jkdhm 1,,,: Stbjdq 1,,7(, Nm sgd
nsgdq g`mc) sgd admdVsr ne onkhshb`k `bshuhsx l`x ad chXbtks sn hcdmshex hm sdqlr ne `
bnmsqhatshnm sn Vqlr‘ oqnVsr, Sghr hr ` oq`bshb`k `r vdkk `r ` sgdnqdshb`k oqnakdl,
Fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr nq otakhb `9`hqr chuhrhnmr hm Vqlr nesdm Vmc hs ` bg`kkdmfd sn
pt`mshex sgdhq bnmsqhatshnm sn sgd anssnl khmd `mc Vmc sgdlrdkudr tmcdq oqdrrtqd
vgdm sgdqd hr `m dbnmnlhb cnvmstqm nq ——ronmrnqr‘‘ nm sgd an`qc `qd qdok`bdc,
Sgd khsdq`stqd nm sgd adgùhnq`k sgdnqx ne sgd Vql rtffdrsr sg`s Vqlr nesdm adgùd
hm oq`bshbd q`sgdq ch9dqdmskx eqnl vg`s sgdnqhdr ne oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm vntkc
rtffdrs &Bxdqs `mc L`qbg 0881( `mc sghr bntkc `krn ad `qftdc enq sgd onkhshb`k knfhb
ne sgd Vql &A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Kddbg 0887: Knvdqx 1,,6(, K`qfd Vqlr `qd bnlokdw
nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc o`qshbtk`q bnlonmdmsr ne sgd Vql l`x otqrtd naidbshudr sg`s cn
mns mdbdrr`qhkx bnmsqhatsd sn oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm, Enq dw`lokd) sgnrd dmf`fdc hm
l`qjdshmf l`x otqrtd ` l`qjds rg`qd naidbshud vghbg hr `bst`kkx cdsqhldms`k sn
oqnVsr, Ne bntqrd) he oqnVsr adbnld snn cdoqdrrdc) sgdm sgd Vql vhkk adbnld
utkmdqàkd sn s`jdnudq nq dudm a`mjqtosbx) rn sgd oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm naidbshud
qdl`hmr ` onvdqetk bnmrsq`hms `mc rgòhmf enqbd, Gnvdudq) sgdqd hr dmntfg nqf`m¨
hy`shnm`k ——rk`bj‘‘ hm ahf Vqlr sn odqlhs `bshuhshdr vgnrd bnmsqhatshnm sn oqnVs
l`whlhy`shnm b`mmns ad qd`chkx cdlnmrsq`sdc, He sg`s v`r mns sgd b`rd) bnqonq`sd
rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx vntkc gùd mns cdudknodc sn sgd dwsdms sg`s hs hr duhcdms eqnl
lnqd sg`m nmd bgòsdq hm sghr unktld &rdd Lnnm J`mf `mc Fnmc `mc Unfdk(, Ehm`kkx)
vd ltrs `krn `rj gnv e`q ahf atrhmdrr qd`bgdr hsr knaaxhmf q`shnm`khsx sgqdrgnkc vgdm
vd bnmrhcdq sg`s enq ` fh`ms nhk Vql) sgd sns`k bnrs ne fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr `bshuhshdr
hm nmd xd`q l`x `lntms sn mn lnqd sg`m Vesddm lhmtsdr ne stqmnudq,
Nmd ne sgd jdx sgdldr ne sgd adgùhnq`k sgdnqx ne sgd Vql khsdq`stqd hr sg`s Vqlr
nodq`sd hm bnmchshnmr ne antmcdc q`shnm`khsx) sg`s hr sgdx sdmc sn sdmc sn r`shrVbd
&`bbdos ` ——fnnc dmntfg‘‘ rnktshnm( q`sgdq sg`m l`whlhyd, Rnld dbnmnlhrsr vntkc
naidbs sg`s r`shrVbhmf adgùhnq hr rshkk noshlhyhmf adgùhnq sg`s s`jdr sgd bnrsr ne
`bpthqhmf hmenql`shnm hmsn `bbntms, Lnrs Vqlr vntkc bnmrhcdq sg`s sgdx jmnv
dmntfg ànts sgdhq l`qjdsr sn nodq`sd rtbbdrretkkx hm sgdl4 hmcddc) he sgdx cn mns)
sgdx `qd khjdkx sn e`hk, Gnvdudq) hm sgd onkhshb`k rogdqd sgdx e`bd bnmchshnmr ne
hmenql`shnm `rxlldsqx, Sgdx `qd tmkhjdkx sn gùd ` fnnc tmcdqrs`mchmf ne gnv
sgd onkhshb`k oqnbdrr nodq`sdr, Rnoghrshb`sdc `mc dwodqhdmbdc atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr
nesdm l`jd rhlokd dqqnqr vgdm sgdx gùd sn nodq`sd onkhshb`kkx, Atrhmdrrdr `krn e`bd
`m hmbqd`rhmfkx bnlokdw `mc cdl`mchmf nodq`shmf dmuhqnmldms `r qdftk`shnm ad¨
bnldr sgd oqdcnlhm`ms lncd ne fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnm,
Sgdqd `qd svn onsdmsh`k bnmrdptdmbdr sn sghr `rxlldsqx, Sgd Vqrs hr sn qdctbd
hmenql`shnm ax onnkhmf hmenql`shnm vhsg nsgdq Vqlr sgqntfg ` sq`cd nq nsgdq
atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnm, Sghr qdctbdr sgd bnrsr ne nas`hmhmf qdkdu`ms hmenql`shnm)
qdctbdr tmbdqs`hmsx) `mc sn rnld dwsdms rg`qdr nts qhrjr, Sgd `rrnbh`shnm l`x mns)
gnvdudq) qd`bg ` onkhbx onrhshnm sg`s qdoqdrdmsr hmsdqdrsr ne `m hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr
`cdpt`sdkx) enqbhmf sgd Vql sn tmcdqs`jd hsr nvm onkhshb`k `bshnm, ?ksdqm`shudkx) Vqlr
b`m kd`qm sn cd`k vhsg tmbdqs`hmsx vhsg cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr uh` ` oqnbdrr ne hsdq`shud
dwbg`mfdr sg`s gdko sgd Vql hcdmshex sgd qdk`shud bnrsr ne mnm¨`bshnm) ntsqhfgs
noonrhshnm) nq bnlokh`mbd `mc sq`mro`qdmbx, Hsdq`shud dwbg`mfdr l`x bg`mfd sgd
òoqnoqh`sd rsq`sdfx enq ansg Vqlr `mc qdftk`snqr: cdbdoshnm fdmdq`kkx cndr vnqj `r
` rsq`sdfx hm hsdq`shud dwbg`mfdr, Hsdq`shnm l`x `krn bg`mfd sgd a`k`mbd ne onvdq
sgqntfg dpt`khyhmf hmenql`shnm, Hm d`qkx atrhmdrrœ`fdmbx dwbg`mfdr) Vqlr l`x gùd
`m hmenql`shnm`k `cu`ms`fd nudq qdftk`snqr sg`s l`x qdrtks hm rtanoshl`k onkhbx
ntsbnldr, Gnvdudq) `r sgd oqnbdrr dunkudr nudq shld onkhbx¨l`jdqr b`m hcdmshex
atrhmdrrdr nq fqntor sg`s gùd lhrkdc nq e`hkdc sn chrbknrd òoqnoqh`sd hmenql`shnm
`mc l`x trd sgdhq chrbqdshnm hm bnmsqnkkhmf sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr sn dwbktcd
sgdl nq sqd`s sgdhq `qftldmsr `r hmbnmrdptdmsh`k, Tmcdq rtbg bnmchshnmr vd b`m
dmuhr`fd ` rhst`shnm vgdqd qdudqrd bòstqd dldqfdr `mc Vqlr oqnuhcd `cchshnm`k
hmenql`shnm hm `m `ssdlos sn adbnld hmrhcdqr hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr &Vhkkl`m ds `k,
1,,2 enq sgd TJ: Bndm sghr unktld enq sgd DT: Knvdqx 1,,6 enq sgd TR(,
Hm sgd oqdbdchmf chrbtrrhnm) onkhbx¨l`jhmf snnj ok`bd hm ` udqx rhlokhVdc rdsshmf
hm vghbg sgdqd v`r atrhmdrr nm sgd nmd g`mc `mc ` rds ne onkhbx¨l`jdqr nm sgd nsgdq
cd`khmf vhsg ` rhmfkd hrrtd, Hm oq`bshbd) atrhmdrr hr `9dbsdc ax ` vhcd u`qhdsx ne
onkhbhdr `mc mtldqntr onkhbx¨l`jdqr, Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx) onkhshb`k `bshuhsx ax Vqlr
u`qhdr bnmrhcdqàkx eqnl nmd sn `mnsgdq, Hmcddc) vd rtffdrs sg`s `kk Vqlr b`m dunkud
sgqntfg `kk sgd b`sdfnqhdr rds nts adknv: `r sgd rhst`shnm `mc oqdedqdmbdr bg`mfd)
Vqlr l`x lnud eqnl nmd b`sdfnqx sn `mnsgdq, Vd oqnonrd Vud b`sdfnqhdr,
Cdmh`k
Gdkokdrrmdrr
Cdkdf`shnm
Hmrtq`mbd
Rnoghrshb`shnm
Cdmh`k nbbtqr vgdm ` Vql nq dmsqdoqdmdtq cdmhdr sg`s fnudqmldms g`r `mx qdkdu`mbd
sn sgd `bshuhshdr sg`s sgd atrhmdrr hr tmcdqs`jhmf, Fhudm sgd odqu`rhudmdrr ne sgd
qdftk`snqx rs`sd) mns kd`rs hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sgdqd `qd udqx edv atrhmdrr `bshuhshdr
sg`s `qd mns `9dbsdc hm rnld v`x ax fnudqmldms, Hmcddc) nmd onrrhahkhsx hr sg`s
atrhmdrrdr rddj sn du`cd fnudqmldms `ksnfdsgdq `mc nodq`sd hm sgd ak`bj dbnmnlx,
Gnvdudq) sgd chrbtrrhnm gdqd hr bnmVmdc sn kdfhshl`sd atrhmdrrdr `mc cndr mns
bnmrhcdq bqhlhm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) dudm sgntfg sgdx `qd lìnq o`qshbho`msr hm sgd
dbnmnlx,
Cdmh`k hr ` ghfg¨qhrj rsq`sdfx, Hs hr lnrs khjdkx sn vnqj hm ` rdbsnq sg`s hr mns shfgskx
qdftk`sdc `mc vgdqd dmenqbdldms ne qdftk`shnmr hr ro`rlnchb `mc rkhorgnc nq vgdqd)
dudm he sgdqd `qd odm`kshdr) sgdx `qd khfgs, Hmcddc) enq rnld atrhmdrrdr) sgd sgqd`s ne
bhuhk khshf`shnm ax btrsnldqr vgn `qd chrr`shrVdc hr oqnaàkx ` fqd`sdq qhrj, Enq rnld
atrhmdrrdr nodq`sdc `r eq`mbghrdr) d9dbshud pt`khsx bnmsqnk l`x ad dwdqbhrdc ax sgd
eq`mbghrd gnkcdq vgn b`m tkshl`sdkx vhsgcq`v sgd khbdmrd sn nodq`sd, Hm fdmdq`k)
gnvdudq) cdmh`k hr ` b`kbtk`sdc f`lakd, Hs hmunkudr ` bnmrsqtbshnm ne qd`khsx ax sgd
atrhmdrr odqrnm vghbg l`x l`jd sgdhq khed rhlokdq hm sgd rgnqs qtm ats l`x k`mc
sgdl hm sqntakd hm sgd knmfdq qtm,
Gdkokdrrmdrr hr ` lnqd sxohb`k qdronmrd) o`qshbtk`qkx `lnmf rl`kkdq atrhmdrrdr, Hm
sghr b`rd) sgdqd hr ` fqtcfhmf `bbdos`mbd sg`s fnudqmldms cndr `9dbs sgd nodq`shnm ne
sgd atrhmdrr) ats sghr hr rddm `r onrhmf ` sgqd`s q`sgdq sg`m `m noonqstmhsx, Atrhmdrrdr
l`x bk`hl sg`s sgdx `qd nudqs`wdc `mc nudq¨qdftk`sdc `mc sg`s sgd tmbdqs`hmsx ne
sgdhq nodq`shmf dmuhqnmldms hr hmbqd`rdc ax òo`qdmskx bòqhbhntr cdbhrhnmr ax
fnudqmldms &rdd Fqddmd `mc Rsnqdx sghr unktld(, Gnvdudq) sgdx l`x eddk tmàkd
sn cn `mxsghmf sn bntmsdq sgdrd enqbdr nq `s kd`rs b`kbtk`sd sg`s sgd bnrsr ne cnhmf rn
dwbddc sgd khjdkx admdVsr, Sghr hr mns ` sns`kkx tmqd`khrshb onrhshnm) `r hs hr duhcdms sg`s
sgd fqnvsg ne sgd qdftk`snqx rs`sd hr `s kd`rs hm o`qs ` qdronmrd ax onkhshbh`mr rddjhmf
dkdbsnq`k onotk`qhsx sn cdl`mcr eqnl sgd ldch` nq mnm¨fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr,
Cdkdf`shnm hr oqnaàkx sgd lnrs sxohb`k qdronmrd ne atrhmdrrdr sn sgd onkhshb`k
dmuhqnmldms, Hm sghr hmrs`mbd atrhmdrrdr `bbdos sg`s sgdx `qd `9dbsdc ax fnudqmldms
cdbhrhnmr, ?r ` rhmfkd atrhmdrr) sgdx `qd tmkhjdkx sn ad àkd sn `9dbs rtbg cdbhrhnmr,
Gnvdudq) he sgdx a`mc snfdsgdq vhsg nsgdq atrhmdrrdr) lnrs trt`kkx nm sgd a`rhr ne
oqnctbs nq hmctrsqx rdbsnq) sgdx l`x ad àkd `s kd`rs sn lnchex fnudqmldms onkhbx, He
rtXbhdms mtladqr ne sgdl inhm `m `rrnbh`shnm) sgdx vhkk ad àkd sn `9nqc sn dloknx
oqnedrrhnm`k rs`9 vhsg `m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd onkhshb`k oqnbdrr, Sgd bnrsr enq d`bg
atrhmdrr `qd mns khjdkx sn ad sg`s k`qfd hm qdk`shnm sn onsdmsh`k stqmnudq nq he sgd
mtladq ne Vqlr hr qdk`shudkx rl`kk) sgd rkhbd ne sgd bnkkdbshud fnnc sgdx nas`hm hr khjdkx
sn ad k`qfdq &——oqhuhkdfdc fqntor‘‘ hm Nkrnm‘r sdqlhmnknfx(, ?r Nkrnm ots hs) ——?
—oqhuhkdfdc‘ fqnto hr ` fqnto rtbg sg`s d`bg ne sgd ldladqr) nq rnld ne sgdl) g`r
`m hmbdmshud sn rdd sg`s sgd bnkkdbshud fnnc hr oqnuhcdc) dudm he gd g`r sn ad`q sgd etkk
atqcdm ne oqnuhchmf hs ghlrdke ‘‘ &Nkrnm 08544 38œ4,(, Gdmbd ` bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne `kk
cdudknodc dbnmnlhdr) `mc l`mx cdudknohmf nmdr) hr sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` k`qfd u`qhdsx ne
`rrnbh`shnmr qdoqdrdmshmf atrhmdrr, Nmbd Bnlltmhrs dbnmnlhdr vdqd eqddc) `rrnbh¨
`shnmr `krn cdudknodc sgdqd, Hmcddc) hm rnld b`rdr &d,f, Gtmf`qx( sghr gòodmdc hm
`mshbho`shnm ne sgd sq`mrhshnm oqnbdrr &Fq`ms 0882(,
Hmrtq`mbd hr ch9dqdmsh`sdc eqnl cdkdf`shnm hm sg`s hs qdoqdrdmsr `m hmchuhct`k
q`sgdq sg`m ` bnkkdbshud qdronmrd, Hm sghr b`rd) ` Vql fhudr ` cnm`shnm sn ` onkhshb`k
o`qsx &odqgòr lnqd sg`m nmd( nq sn kdfhrk`snqr mns hm `mshbho`shnm ne bnqqtos eùnqr
&`ksgntfg sg`s cndr gòodm( ats `r `m hmrtq`mbd onkhbx sg`s vhkk fhud `bbdrr sn
cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr he mddcdc, He ` Vql hr ` cnmnq) sgdm sgd kdfhrk`snq nq onkhshb`k o`qsx
vhkk `s kd`rs eddk nakhf`sdc sn khrsdm sn sgdhq bnmbdqmr, ?m `ksdqm`shud hmrtq`mbd onkhbx
bntkc ad k`qfd¨Vql etmchmf `mc o`qshbho`shmf hm bnkkdbshud sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr, Tmkhjd
enq rl`kk Vqlr) sgd rdkdbshud admdVsr `qd tmkhjdkx sn lnshu`sd k`qfd¨Vql `bshud
ldladqrgho, Vgdm sgdx `qd àkd sn dmf`fd) hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf hr `kv`xr `m noshnm,
Gnvdudq) k`qfd Vqlr l`x o`qshbho`sd hm bnkkdbshud `bshnm sn f`hm sgd knmf¨sdql
onrhshud dwsdqm`khsx ne ——qdots`shnm `mc fnnc vhkk‘‘ hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr sg`s b`m ad
tshkhydc nm ` oqhu`sd hrrtdr hm k`sdq onkhbx cda`sdr &Bndm 0887) 1,,6(, Rtbg ` ptdrs enq
qdots`shnm `mc fnncvhkk l`x bqd`sd ` cxm`lhb oqnbdrr `r Vqlr qdronmc sn onkhshb`k
`bshuhsx ax qhu`kr, Sg`s r`hc) `r nmd Vql adbnldr ` oqnlhmdms `mc qdrodbsdc `bsnq
nsgdq Vqlr ltrs cdudkno ` rhlhk`q ghfg oqnVkd nq knrd onkhshb`k `cu`ms`fd &Vhkrnm
088,: Aqnrbghdc `mc Bndm 1,,2(,
Rnoghrshb`sdc rsq`sdfhdr `qd lnrs sxohb`kkx entmc hm sgd k`qfdrs Vql) o`qshbtk`qkx
sgnrd nodq`shmf `s `m hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk `mc cd`khmf vhsg dmshshdr rtbg `r sgd DT, Nmd
fdmdq`k rs`sdldms b`m ad l`cd4 `r ` fdmdq`khy`shnm) sgd k`qfdq sgd Vql) sgd fqd`sdq sgd
q`mfd `mc rnoghrshb`shnm ne onkhshb`k `bshuhsx &Unfdk 0878: Vhkrnm 088,: Bndm 0886(,
Sgdqd `qd ne bntqrd dwbdoshnmr: HAL trdc sn `bs `r sgntfg hs vdqd snn fq`mc sn mddc
sn trd bnllnm rsq`sdfhdr rtbg `r gùhmf ` onkhshb`k `bshnm bnllhssdd, Mnmdsgdkdrr)
k`qfd Vqlr gùd hlonqs`ms noonqstmhshdr sg`s rl`kk Vqlr cn mns, L`m`fdldmsr ne
rl`kk Vqlr gùd sn ltksh¨s`rj `mc `qd kdrr khjdkx sn gùd qdrntqbdr ù`hkàkd enq
onkhshb`k `bshuhsx, Sgdhq `rrnbh`shud `bshuhsx hr lnqd khjdkx sn enbtr nm sgd rdkdbshud
hmbdmshudr hm sgd enql ne rtoonqs rdquhbdr sg`s `m dwsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm b`m oqnuhcd
&Nkrnm 0854: Lnd 087,: Fq`ms 1,,,: G`qs 1,,3: Inqc`m `mc G`kohm 1,,3(, Sghr cndr
mns ld`m sg`s rl`kk Vqlr b`mmns gùd pthsd ` rnoghrshb`sdc òoqdbh`shnm ne sgdhq
onkhshb`k `bshuhshdr) o`qshbtk`qkx sgnrd qtm ax xntmfdq fq`ct`sd dmsqdoqdmdtqr, Enq
dw`lokd) sgdx l`x trd ` fdmdq`k rl`kk atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnm enq qdoqdrdms`shnm `mc
rtoonqs rdquhbdr: trd ` knb`k bg`ladq ne bnlldqbd enq mdsvnqjhmf sn cdudkno atrhmdrr:
`mc inhm ` sq`cd `rrnbh`shnm sn pt`khex enq otakhb oqnbtqdldms bnmsq`bsr, Gnvdudq) sgd
qdrntqbdr sgdx b`m cdunsd sn rtbg `bshuhsx `qd khlhsdc, Sgd k`qfd Vql vhkk cdudkno hsr
nvm rodbh`khydc fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr chuhrhnm ats vhkk `krn ad `bshudkx hmunkudc hm `
q`mfd ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) hmbktchmf hm rnld b`rdr `rrnbh`shnmr ne bghde dwdbtshud
nXbdqr vhsg ldladqrgho qdrsqhbsdc sn sgnrd vgn `qd hmuhsdc, Hm rnld b`rdr hs l`x trd
onkhshb`k bnmrtks`msr nq knaaxhrsr sn tmcdqs`jd o`qshbtk`q vnqj) d,f, he sghr hr sgntfgs sn
ad ` lnqd d9dbshud v`x ne bnms`bshmf sgd kdfhrk`stqd nq nodq`shmf `s rtam`shnm`k kdudk,
Hm V`rghmfsnm `mc Aqtrrdkr) k`v Vqlr l`x ok`x ` jdx qnkd, Sgd dw`bs bnlahm`shnm ne
hmWtdmbd s`bshbr trdc vhkk cdodmc nm sgd hrrtd adhmf `ccqdrrdc) ats vhkk ad hmWtdmbdc
ax sgd nudq`kk rsq`sdfx ne sgd Vql, Hm rnld b`rdr) hs l`x `krn ad mdbdrr`qx sn otqrtd
hmsdqm`k bnnqchm`shnm ne fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr `bshuhshdr vhsghm sgd Vql `r ch9dqdms
chuhrhnmr l`x gùd chudqfdms `mc dudm bnmsq`chbsnqx bnlldqbh`k `mc onkhshb`k hmsdqdrsr
&rdd Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm) `mc Bndm sghr unktld(,
Vg`s hmWtdmbdr sgd bgnhbd ne sgdrd qdronmrdr) ò`qs eqnl rhyd ne Vql; ?fdmbx l`x
ok`x ` qnkd4 ` mdv bghde dwdbtshud l`x fhud fqd`sdq dlog`rhr sn fnudqmldms`k vnqj) hm
o`qs sn annrs ghr nvm odqrnm`k oqnVkd, Rnld drsàkhrgdc rl`kkätrhmdrr nvmdqr l`x
cdbhcd sn otqrtd ` b`qddq `r ` ——atrhmdrr onkhshbh`m4‘‘ sgdqd hr mn k`bj ne n9dqr enq
dmsqdoqdmdtqr vhkkhmf sn tmcdqs`jd otakhb qnkdr, Gnvdudq) hs hr `qftdc sg`s sgdqd `qd
tmcdqkxhmf rsqtbstq`k e`bsnqr vghbg rgòd sgd bgnhbdr ` Vql l`jdr ànts onkhshb`k
hmunkudldms, Sgdrd `qd rsq`sdfhdr `mc fn`kr: l`qjds rdsshmf: sgd btkstqd ne sgd Vql:
sgd onkhshb`k rdsshmf `mc o`qsx rxrsdlr,
RsqZsdfhdr
He Vqlr vdqd dmf`fdc nmkx hm rgnqs¨sdql oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm) vd vntkc mddc sn rodmc
khsskd shld chrbtrrhmf rsq`sdfx, Gnvdudq) qd`khsx hr lnqd bnlokdw, Rnld Vqlr l`x
otqrtd fn`kr rtbg `r rhyd nq rs`str sg`s `qd tmqdk`sdc sn rgnqs¨sdql oqnVsàhkhsx `mc
l`x ad nmkx knnrdkx khmjdc sn dudm ` knmf¨sdql oqnVs l`whlhyhmf rsq`sdfx, Hm `s kd`rs
rnld rnbhdshdr) atrhmdrr kd`cdqr l`x otqrtd rnbh`k rs`str `r vdkk `r oqnVsr, He vd stqm sn
tmcdqrs`mchmf bnqonq`sd adgùhnq a`rdc nm oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm) ` jdx ptdrshnm hr sgd
cdfqdd sn vghbg sgd Vql nodq`sdr hm `qd`r vghbg `qd cdodmcdms nm fnudqmldms
cdbhrhnmr rtbg `r dwsq`bshud hmctrsqhdr &enq dw`lokd mddchmf lhmhmf nq dwoknq`shnm
odqlhsr() fnudqmldms bnmsq`bshmf) nq sg`s `qd nsgdqvhrd ghfgkx qdftk`sdc, Enq dw`lokd)
tshkhsx Vqlr) dudm he oqhu`sdkx nvmdc) `qd bnmshmtntrkx dmf`fdc vhsg fnudqmldms
adb`trd hm oq`bshbd fnudqmldmsr rds khlhsr nm sgdhq adgùhnq hm bg`qfhmf `mc rdquhbhmf
btrsnldqr, &Rdd A`kcvhm `mc Bùd 0888: Adrkdx 1,,5: Bghbj sghr unktld(, Sgdqd `qd
sgdqdenqd hlonqs`ms ch9dqdmbdr vhsghm rodbhVb hmctrsqhdr, Enq dw`lokd) hm sgd dmsdq¨
s`hmldms hmctrsqx) f`lakhmf drsàkhrgldmsr `mc ronqsr rs`ch` `qd ghfgkx onkhshbhydc)
sgd`sdqr `mc bhmdl`r ltbg kdrr rn adb`trd ne ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd cdfqdd sn vghbg sgdx
`qd qdftk`sdc, ?kbngnk `mc sna`bbn `qd sgd s`qfdsr ne rhfmhVb`ms qdftk`snqx hmsdqudm¨
shnmr `mc `qd sgdqdenqd `lnmf sgd lnrs onkhshb`kkx `bshud Vqlr, Hm fdmdq`k) sgd lnqd
qdftk`sdc sgd hmctrsqx) sgd lnqd onkhshb`kkx `bshud `qd sgd Vqlr vhsghm hs &G`qs `mc
Bndm sghr unktld(, Sgd r`ld b`m ad r`hc ne fnudqmldms bnmsq`bshmf: sgd fqd`sdq sgd
cdodmcdmbd ne ` Vql nm fnudqmldms bnmsq`bshmf) sgd lnqd `bshud sgd Vql onkhshb`kkx,
Hs hr udqx chXbtks sn etmbshnm rtbbdrretkkx hm rtbg hmctrsqhdr vhsgnts bnmshmtntr
dmf`fdldms vhsg fnudqmldms, Vghkd vd `qftd sg`s Vqlr sg`s `qd ghfgkx cdodmcdms
nm fnudqmldms cdbhrhnmr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn `cnos ` rnoghrshb`sdc rsq`sdfx) vd vntkc
mns l`jd sghr `m hqnm k`v `r l`mx Vqlr `qd ltksh¨rdbsnq`k `mc gùd ` q`mfd ne
rtarhch`qhdr &Fqhdq) Ltmfdq) `mc Qnadqsr 0883: Aq`rgdq `mc Knvdqx 1,,5(,
Rsq`sdfhdr `mc fn`kr hmunkud bgnhbdr ax Vqlr4 sgdx b`m dwhs rnld `bshuhshdr `mc
dmsdq nsgdqr, Ne bntqrd) sgd ——rtmj bnrsr‘‘ `mc sgd qdv`qcr hmunkudc hm rnld rdbsnqr
ld`m sg`s Vqlr `qd tmkhjdkx sn kdùd sgdl) enq hmrs`mbd) nhk bnlo`mhdr `qd tmkhjdkx sn
rsno dwsq`bshmf nhk) dudm he sgdx hmudrs hm qdmdvàkd dmdqfx, ? Vql sg`s hr dladccdc hm
` o`qshbtk`q rdbsnq dmbntmsdqr ` rds ne l`qjds bnmchshnmr sg`s) hm sdqlr ne sgdhq
qdftk`snqx bnlonmdms) `qd fdmdq`kkx Vwdc hm sgd rgnqs sdql, Enq dw`lokd) sgd l`qjds
rsq`sdfhdr ne `hqkhmdr `qd rsqnmfkx hmWtdmbdc ax sgd qtkdr fnudqmhmf `bbdrr sn ——rknsr‘‘ `s
`m `hqonqs, Mdv dmsqx `hqkhmdr b`m trd ro`qd bò`bhsx `s kdrr onotk`q `hqonqsr) ats sghr
rgòdr sgd bnlldqbh`k rsq`sdfx sgdx enkknv &K`vsnm 1,,1(, Hm fdmdq`k) sgd lnqd
qdftk`sdc sgd hmctrsqx) sgd lnqd `bshud onkhshb`kkx `qd sgd Vqlr vhsghm hs,
Btkstqd
Sgd btkstqd ne sgd Vql b`m ad `m hlonqs`ms hmsdqudmhmf u`qhàkd) rnldshldr rgòdc
ax ` bghde dwdbtshud vgn g`r entmcdc sgd Vql, ? bk`rrhb dw`lokd vntkc ad sgd Hqhrg
`hqkhmd) Qx`m`hq) vghbg g`r bnmrhrsdmskx `cnosdc ` bnmeqnms`shnm`k `mc `cudqr`qh`k
rs`mbd snv`qcr sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm `mc ldladq rs`sd fnudqmldmsr) onrrhakx sn sgd
cdsqhldms ne sgd Vql‘r hmsdqdrsr, Hm sgd nhk hmctrsqx) AO `mc Rgdkk gùd sdmcdc sn rddj
o`qsmdqrgho qdk`shnmrghor vhsg fnudqmldmsr) `clhssdckx mns `kv`xr rtbbdrretkkx)
vghkd Dwwnm g`r ghrsnqhb`kkx s`jdm ` lnqd `cudqr`qh`k rs`mbd, Rnld Vqlr gùd
rsqnmfdq bnqonq`sd `mc btkstq`k hcdmshshdr sg`m nsgdqr `mc lnrs ne sgdl a`rd sgdhq
onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr `mc s`bshbr nm ` b`kbtk`shnm ne gnv sgdhq hmsdqdrsr b`m ad l`wh¨
lhydc, Mdudqsgdkdrr) rnld Vqlr `cnos ` lnqd ——bòhs`khrs `ffqdrrhud‘‘ rs`mbd sg`m
nsgdqr, Sgd hlonqs`mbd ne sgd Vql‘r qdots`shnm sn hsr bnlldqbh`k rtbbdrr l`x ad nmd
jdx e`bsnq sg`s hmWtdmbdr gnv e`q hs mddcr sn rèdft`qc sg`s qdots`shnm ax `cnoshmf `
bnnodq`shud rs`mbd,
OnkhshbZk rdsshmf
——Onkhshb`k rdsshmf‘‘ qdedqr sn sgd sxod ne rs`sd sg`s ` Vql dmbntmsdqr, Hs hr sgdrd
ch9dqdmbdr vghbg sgd ——U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl‘‘ khsdq`stqd `ssdlosr sn bòstqd &G`kk
`mc Rnrjhbd 1,,0: rdd G`mbjd- `mc Btkodoodq sghr unktld(, ?r vd chrbtrr k`sdq hm sghr
bgòsdq) rs`sdr u`qx hm sgd dwsdms sn vghbg sgdx hmsdqudmd hm sgd dbnmnlx `mc rnbhdsx
&Rbglhcs 1,,5(, Sghr hr mns ldqdkx ` l`ssdq ne vg`s odqbdms`fd ne FCO hr `bbntmsdc
enq ax fnudqmldms dwodmchstqd, Enq dw`lokd) sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `mc Iò`m chronrd ne
` qdk`shudkx knv rg`qd ne FCO hm sgd otakhb rdbsnq) hm o`qs adb`trd sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
cndr mns gùd tmhudqr`k gd`ksg b`qd `mc Iò`m g`r qdk`shudkx tmfdmdqntr rnbh`k
rdbtqhsx oqnuhrhnm, Gnvdudq) `r vd rg`kk rdd) fnudqmldms hr ` k`qfdq hmWtdmbd sg`m
sghr Vftqd rtffdrsr, Iò`m g`r addm bg`q`bsdqhydc ax vg`s hr oqnaàkx sgd bknrdrs
qdk`shnmrgho hm sgd cdudknodc vnqkc adsvddm atrhmdrr) sgd rs`sd) `mc sgd trt`k qtkhmf
o`qsx &Ingmrnm 0871: Shadqfghdm 1,,6: G`l`c` sghr unktld(, Sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
ohnmddqdc sgd qdftk`snqx rs`sd `r ` enql ne fnudqm`mbd `mc ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr hr
dwsdmrhudkx qdftk`sdc) mns itrs ax sgd edcdq`k fnudqmldms) ats `krn ax rs`sd `mc knb`k
fnudqmldmsr &Unfdk 0884(, Rhlhk`q `qftldmsr b`m ad l`cd hm Dtqnod vgdqd sgd DT hr
nesdm bg`q`bsdqhydc `r sgd qdftk`snqx rs`sd nq ` mdsvnqj ne qdftk`snqr &Lìnmd 1,,4:
Bndm `mc Sg`sbgdq 1,,7: B`ldqq`¨Qnvd `mc Df`m sghr unktld(, ?r vd chrbtrr
adknv) rs`sdr `krn ch9dq hm sgd cdfqdd sn vghbg hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm fnudqmldms
`mc atrhmdrr hr a`rdc nm hmsdq`bshnm vhsg hmchuhct`k Vqlr nq vhsg atrhmdrr
`rrnbh`shnmr,
Ehqlr `krn gùd sn `citrs sn sgd cdudknoldms ne ltksh¨kdudk rxrsdlr ne fnudqm¨
ldms, Sghr v`r `kv`xr ` bnmrhcdq`shnm hm rsqnmf edcdq`k rxrsdlr rtbg `r ?trsq`kh` `mc
B`m`c`) vghkd hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `ssdmshnm `kv`xr g`c sn ad o`hc sn sgd ——`fdmc`
rdsshmf‘‘ qnkd ne B`khenqmh` &Unfdk 0884(, Rbnsk`mc hr lnuhmf snv`qcr ` rhlhk`q qnkd hm
sgd cdunkudc fnudqmldms ne sgd Tmhsdc Jhmfcnl, Sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd DT) `mc
sgd hmbqd`rhmf hlonqs`mbd ne hmsdqm`shnm`k anchdr rtbg `r sgd Vnqkc Sq`cd Nqf`m¨
hy`shnm &VSN() ld`m sg`s Vqlr `qd hlodkkdc sn cdudkno rsq`sdfhdr sg`s b`m bnod vhsg
l`mx ch9dqdms kdudkr ne fnudqmldms `bshuhsx, Onkhshb`k rdsshmf hr nmd ne sgd rsqnmfdrs
hmWtdmbdr nm gnv Vqlr cdudkno sgdhq fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr rsq`sdfhdr `mc `bshuhshdr,
OZqsx rsqtbstqd
O`qsx rsqtbstqd qdl`hmr `m hlonqs`ms hmWtdmbd nm sgd bgnhbd ne onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx, Hm
——o`qsx rs`sdr‘‘ rtbg `r Hs`kx) Fqddbd) `mc Iò`m vgdqd atrhmdrr b`m `khfm hsrdke vhsg
e`bshnmr nq fqntohmfr vhsghm sgd qtkhmf o`qsx) hmrtq`mbd rsq`sdfhdr b`m adbnld
o`qshbtk`qkx hlonqs`ms &rdd Vhkrnm `mc Fq`ms) `mc Hudqrdm `mc Rnrjhbd sghr unktld(,
Hm rs`sdr vghbg cn mns chrok`x sgdrd o`qshbtk`q bg`q`bsdqhrshbr) ` o`qshbtk`q o`qsx l`x
ad rxlo`sgdshb sn atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) dudm he otqd ——atrhmdrr o`qshdr‘‘ `qd qdk`shudkx q`qd
adb`trd snn bknrd `m `khfmldms vhsg atrhmdrr l`x ad dkdbsnq`kkx c`l`fhmf hm `
cdlnbq`bx, Sghr bnmrhcdq`shnm g`r l`cd sgd Aqhshrg Bnmrdqu`shud O`qsx‘r qdk`shnm¨
rgho vhsg atrhmdrr lnqd oqnakdl`shb sg`m ` rtodqVbh`k `m`kxrhr lhfgs rtffdrs `mc
nesdm atrhmdrr g`r dminxdc ` bknrdq vnqjhmf qdk`shnmrgho vhsg sgd Kàntq O`qsx)
drodbh`kkx Mdv Kàntq, Rbgm`ssrbgmdhcdq) `qftdc &0845( sg`s sgd ahffdrs `cu`ms`fd
sg`s atrhmdrr b`m dminx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hr sn gùd sgd Qdotakhb`mr hm onvdq &`mc
sghr vntkc òod`q sn gùd addm sgd b`rd ctqhmf sgd Fdnqfd V, Atrg `clhmhrsq`shnm(,
Vd gùd `ssdlosdc sn cdkhmd`sd jdx cdsdqlhm`msr ne Vqlr‘ onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx,
Onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx hr) gnvdudq) cxm`lhb, ?r A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Inmdr &0882( cdrbqhad)
onkhbx hrrtdr b`m ad qdcdVmdc `mc qdcdrbqhadc) vghbg hm stqm qdrtksr hm lìnq bg`mfd
hm sgd onkhshb`k rdsshmf `mc a`k`mbd ne enqbdr hmunkudc, ?r onkhbx ptdrshnmr `qd qdVmdc
`mc lnudc sn ch9dqdms onkhbx `qdm`r) sgd òoqnoqh`sd rsq`sdfx l`x `krn bg`mfd, Sgd
Wthchsx ne onkhbx cdVmhshnm mdbdrr`qhkx qdrtksr hm Wthchsx hm rtbbdrretk onkhshb`k
rsq`sdfhdr &rdd A`tlf`qsmdq ds `k, 1,,8 enq V`rghmfsnm: `mc Bndm `mc Qhbg`qcrnm
1,,8 enq DT(, Hmbqd`rhmfkx nudq sgd k`rs Vesx xd`qr vd gùd addm àkd sn r`x vhsg
bnmVcdmbd sg`s k`qfd atrhmdrrdr `qd onkhshb`k `bsnqr, Sgd dwsdms `mc enql ne sgdhq
`bshuhsx hr hmWtdmbdc ax ` q`mfd ne u`qhàkdr) ats sgd rsqtbstqd ne onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr
hr drodbh`kkx hlonqs`ms, Sgd rstcx ne fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr sgtr adbnldr `
jdx s`rj enq rnbh`k rbhdmshrsr `r hs q`hrdr hlonqs`ms ptdrshnmr ànts sgd d9dbshudmdrr ne
fnudqmldms) ànts cdlnbq`bx) `mc ànts sgd chrsqhatshnm ne onvdq hm lncdqm
rnbhdshdr,
? Rdbnmc Kdudk ne ?mXkxrhr3 Atrhmdrr)

RsXsdr) Xmc Fnudqmldms
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Svn etmc`ldms`k bg`mfdr hm rnbh`k nqf`mhy`shnm hm sgd k`rs 4,, xd`qr gùd addm sgd
qhrd ne sgd lncdqm rs`sd &Shkkx 0863: Roqtxs 0883( `mc sgd dldqfdmbd ne k`qfd atrhmdrr
bnqonq`shnmr `r sgd cnlhm`ms enqbd hm dbnmnlhb khed &Bg`mckdq 0851(, Sgd qdk`shnm¨
rgho adsvddm sgdrd svn cdudknoldmsr hr nauhntrkx bdmsq`k sn sgd rstcx ne atrhmdrr
`mc fnudqmldms `mc g`r fdmdq`sdc ` k`qfd khsdq`stqd sn vghbg onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr gùd
addm `bshud bnmsqhatsnqr hm qdbdms cdb`cdr, Onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr gùd enbtrdc nm sgqdd
sgdldr4 sgd rsqtbstqhmf qnkd ne sgd rs`sd) sgd chqdbshud qnkd ne sgd rs`sd) `mc sgd
`tsnmnlx ne sgd rs`sd,
RsZsdr Zr rsqtbstqhmf Zfdmsr

?ksgntfg l`mx sghmj ne ——eqdd l`qjdsr‘‘ `r m`stq`kkx nbbtqqhmf ogdmnldm`) hs hr
chXbtks sn hl`fhmd sgdl nodq`shmf vhsgnts rnld enql ne rs`sd &Onk`mxh 0833(, Sgd
cdfqdd ne rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm `mc sgd kdfhshl`bx ne rtbg `bshnm gùd u`qhdc nudq shld
`mc `qd cdodmcdms nm sgd cnlhm`ms dbnmnlhb o`q`chflr, ?s sgd udqx kd`rs) rs`sdr
oqnuhcd rnld oqnsdbshnm enq oqnodqsx vhsgnts vghbg sgdes lhfgs chrok`bd sq`cd `mc
dwbg`mfd, Lnqdnudq) rs`sdr oqnuhcd mns nmkx btqqdmbhdr sg`s `qd sgd ld`mr ne
dwbg`mfd ats `krn sgd kdf`k eq`ldvnqj sg`s l`jdr dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx onrrhakd,
Vhsgnts bntqsr sn dmenqbd bnmsq`bsr) bòhs`khrl bntkc mns dwhrs tmkdrr rnld mnm¨
rs`sd `bsnq &rtbg `r sgd L`V`( snnj nudq sgd qnkd ne dmenqbhmf bnmsq`bsr `mc
`fqddldmsr) `r cndr hmcddc gòodm hm Rhbhkx &F`ladss` 0882(, Gnvdudq) lnrs
lncdqm `bshuhsx hr mns ne bntqrd bnmctbsdc adsvddm hmchuhct`kr, ? o`qshbtk`qkx
hlonqs`ms qnkd enq sgd rs`sd hr hm cdsdqlhmhmf sgd qtkdr tmcdq vghbg dbnmnlhb `bsnqr
b`m bnlahmd, Sgd kdf`k hmmnu`shnm ne sgd inhms rsnbj bnlo`mx nq bnqonq`shnm l`cd
onrrhakd lncdqm bòhs`khrl, Sgd kdf`k rsqtbstqd sg`s odqlhssdc hmchuhct`kr sn bnl¨
ahmd rnld ats mns `kk ne sgdhq `rrdsr sn bqd`sd bnqonq`shnmr vhsg cdVmdc khàhkhsx he
sgdx e`hkdc v`r ` rhfmhVb`ms cdo`qstqd eqnl oqhnq k`v, Hmcddc) dwsdmrhud kdf`k bg`mfdr
vdqd qdpthqdc sn bqd`sd lncdqm bòhs`khrl, ?r Lnqsnm Gnqvhsy &0866( g`r cdrbqhadc)
sgd bqd`shnm ne lncdqm l`qjdsr hm sgd TR qdpthqdc sgd bntqsr sn l`jd lìnq bg`mfdr
eqnl drsàkhrgdc tmcdqrs`mchmfr ne bnllnm k`v, Tmkdrr bntqsr g`c hrrtdc cdbhrhnmr
sg`s snnj `v`x bnllnm¨k`v qhfgsr rtbg `r mns gùhmf nmd‘r oqnodqsx nudqrg`cnvdc
ax ` mdhfganqhmf athkchmf nq v`sdq s`jdm torsqd`l eqnl ` qhudq sg`s Wnvr sgqntfg
nmd‘r oqnodqsx) mhmdsddmsg¨bdmstqx dmsqdoqdmdtqr vntkc gùd e`bdc rdudqd chXbtkshdr
hm athkchmf e`bsnqhdr, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) bntqsr hm ansg sgd TJ `mc TR? trdc
bnllnm k`v sn hlodcd sgd cdudknoldms ne kànq tmhnmr,
Kànq k`v snc`x hr ` qhbg `mc bnlokdw Vdkc drsàkhrghmf gnv vnqjdqr b`m ad ghqdc
nq Vqdc `mc bnudqhmf l`mx `rodbsr ne vnqjhmf bnmchshnmr, Hs hkktrsq`sdr vdkk gnv sgd
rsqtbstqhmf qnkd ne sgd rs`sd hr mns ` mdtsq`k oqnbdrr ats b`m ad trdc sn eùnq nmd
hmsdqdrs nudq `mnsgdq: sgd qtkdr ne sgd dbnmnlhb f`ld `qd cdkhadq`sdkx bg`mfdc hm
nqcdq sn `cu`mbd nq qdrsq`hm sgd onvdq ne `bsnqr, Sghr b`m ad rddm hm sdqlr ne
bg`mfhmf kànq k`vr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr vghbg annrsdc tmhnm `bshuhsx hm sgd Mdv
Cd`k `mc k`sdq qdrsq`hmdc hs sgqntfg sgd Sès G`qskdx ?bs `mc k`vr o`rrdc tmcdq sgd
Qd`f`m `clhmhrsq`shnm, ? rhlhk`q o`ssdqm b`m ad nardqudc hm sgd TJ,
Sgdqd `qd mnsàkd ch9dqdmbdr adsvddm rs`sdr hm gnv sghr rsqtbstqhmf onvdq hr trdc
`mc sgd ch9dqdmbdr adsvddm rs`sdr `qd lnqd bnlokdw sg`m b`m ad bòstqdc ax b`kkhmf
rnld oqnätrhmdrr `mc nsgdqr mns, S`jd) enq dw`lokd) sgd bnmsq`rsr adsvddm Eq`mbd `mc
sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Sgd Eqdmbg rs`sd hlonrdr qdrsqhbshnmr nm sgd àhkhsx ne dloknxdqr sn
Vqd vnqjdqr vghkd kànq l`qjds Wdwhahkhsx hr ltbg ghfgdq hm sgd TR, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc)
?ldqhb`m kdf`k oqnbdctqdr gùd knmf e`bhkhs`sdc sgd otqrths ne bk`rr `bshnm rthsr `f`hmrs
bnqonq`shnmr, Sghr l`jdr bnqonq`shnmr lnqd utkmdqàkd sn kdf`k bg`kkdmfdr eqnl
bnmrtldqr vghbg b`m kd`c sn otmhshud c`l`fdr, Sgdm `f`hm) Eqdmbg bnqonq`shnmr `qd
lnqd bnmrsq`hmdc hm sdqlr ne kànq k`v) ats `qd kdrr utkmdqàkd sn sqh`k k`vxdqr,
Cdbhchmf vghbg rs`sd hr nq lnqd nq kdrr oqnätrhmdrr hr bnlokhb`sdc,
Sgd rs`sd cndr mns ldqdkx cdVmd sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd bnqonq`shnm `mc
onsdmsh`k noonmdmsr rtbg `r tmhnmr `mc bnmrtldqr: hs rgòdr sgd udqx m`stqd ne sgd
bnqonq`shnm hsrdke, Nmd ne sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms ch9dqdmbdr vhsghm bòhs`khrl sg`s g`r
addm khmjdc sn sgd rsqtbstqhmf qnkd ne sgd rs`sd bnmbdqmr sgd cdfqdd sn vghbg sgd
l`m`fdqr ne lìnq bnqonq`shnmr `qd rtaidbs sn rgnqs¨sdql Vm`mbh`k enqbdr, Eqdptdms
qdonqshmf sn rsnbjgnkcdqr) `mc sgd cnlhm`mbd ne sgd otakhbkx sq`cdc rsnbj bnlo`mx
&q`sgdq sg`m sgd oqhu`sdkx nvmdc Vql( gùd `kkdfdckx l`cd ?ldqhb`m `mc Aqhshrg
l`m`fdqr `ssdmshud sn rgnqs¨sdql qdrtksr, Onnq qdrtksr vntkc qdrtks pthbjkx hm sgdl
adhmf Vqdc nq sgd bnlo`mx adhmf rtaidbs sn gnrshkd s`jdnudq ahcr, Hm bnmsq`rs)
Fdql`m atrhmdrrdr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn ad oqhu`sdkx nvmdc `mc ad qdronmrhud sn
knb`k rs`jdgnkcdqr rtbg `r kz̀mcdq &rs`sd( fnudqmldmsr) a`mjr) `mc vnqjdqr, Fdql`m
bnqonq`shnmr b`m `krn enbtr nm knmfdq sdql hmudrsldmsr sg`s l`x s`jd rnld xd`qr sn
fdmdq`sd oqnVsr, &Yxrl`m 0872: Onqsdq 0881: Cddf 0888: Cddf 1,,0(, Vgdsgdq sghr
qdrtksr hm bnlo`mhdr gùhmf ` adssdq knmf¨sdql rsq`sdfx hr gnskx cda`sdc, Sgdqd vntkc
ad fdmdq`k `fqddldms) gnvdudq) sg`s ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd sxodr ne bnqonq`sd k`v bqd`sdc
ax rs`sdr qdrtks hm sgd bqd`shnm ne vg`s gùd addm rddm `r etmc`ldms`kkx ch9dqdms
lncdr ne bòhs`khrl–sgd nqf`mhydc bòhs`khrlr ne Fdql`mx `mc Iò`m udqrtr sgd
khadq`k l`qjds dbnmnlhdr ne sgd TR `mc TJ &G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1,,0(,
Sgd chqdbshud qnkd ne sgd rsZsd

V`r sgdqd dudq ` shld vgdm rs`sdr vdqd mns rhfmhVb`mskx hmunkudc hm sgd oqnlnshnm ne
sgdhq dbnmnlhdr; Fdql`mx `mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr vdqd ùhc oq`bshshnmdqr ne oqnsdb¨
shnmhrl hm sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx `mc odqgòr nmkx Fqd`s Aqhs`hm sqtkx nodmdc `kk hsr
l`qjdsr sn sgd vnqkc, Rs`sdr ok`xdc ` lìnq qnkd hm enrsdqhmf cdudknoldms, Rs`sdr b`m
`krn hmWtdmbd sgd rsqtbstqd ne hmsdqdrs fqntor, Sgd bnlo`q`shud vd`jmdrr ne ?ldqh¨
b`m sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr) enq dw`lokd) g`r addm khmjdc sn sgd rsqnmf `msh¨sqtrs k`vr ne
sgd TR? sg`s qdrsqhbs bnkkànq`shnm adsvddm atrhmdrrdr &Kxmm `mc LbJdnvm 0877(, ?s
kd`rs hmchqdbskx) sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd rs`sd hr qdWdbsdc hm sgd rsqtbstqd ne hmsdqdrs
fqntor) hmbktchmf dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`shnmr, Sgd cdkhadq`sd eq`fldms`shnm ne fnu¨
dqmldms`k onvdq hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hmsn nudqkòohmf aq`mbgdr ne fnudqmldms `mc
bnlodshmf hmrshstshnmr l`jdr hs tmhl`fhmàkd sg`s sgdqd bntkc dudq ad `m d9dbshud
onkhbx ne bnlodkkhmf atrhmdrrdr sn dmqnkk hm sgd lnmnonkhrshb `mc ghdq`qbghb`k
rsqtbstqdr entmc hm mdn¨bnqonq`shrs `mc cdudknoldms`k rs`sdr, Sghr) ne bntqrd hr sn
hmuhsd ` etqsgdq ptdrshnm vghbg hr enqstm`sdkx adxnmc sgd rbnod ne sghr bgòsdq4 vg`s
cdsdqlhmdr u`qh`shnmr hm sgd m`stqd ne rs`sdr;
Vghkd odqgòr `kk rs`sdr gùd ok`xdc ` qnkd hm enrsdqhmf dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms) sgd
ld`mr sgdx gùd trdc sn cn rn gùd u`qhdc, Rs`sdr b`m ad ok`bdc hmsn nmd ne sgqdd
aqn`c fqntohmfr sg`s vd l`x `qq`x `knmf ` bnmshmttl ne hmsdqudmshnmhrl,
Sgd Vqrs bnmrhrsr ne sgnrd rs`sdr sg`s gùd khlhsdc sgdhq chqdbs hmunkudldms hm hmctrsqx
vghkd otqrthmf l`bqndbnmnlhb onkhbhdr `hldc `s l`whlhyhmf knmf¨sdql fqnvsg `mc
Vm`mbh`k rsàhkhsx, Hm sgd sghqsx xd`qr enkknvhmf sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q) sgd cnlhm`ms
onkhbx òoqn`bg v`r Jdxmdrh`m cdl`mc l`m`fdldms, Hm sgdnqx) fnudqmldmsr vntkc
rdbtqd rsàkd knmf¨sdql fqnvsg ax annrshmf cdl`mc &sgqntfg s`w btsr nq ghfgdq
rodmchmf( vgdm qdbdrrhnm sgqd`sdmdc `mc ax qdctbhmf cdl`mc &sgqntfg ghfgdq s`wdr
nq qdctbdc rodmchmf( vgdm hmW`shnm sgqd`sdmdc, Jdxmdrh`mhrl v`r oqnmntmbdc cd`c
hm sgd k`rs cdb`cdr ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx, Gnvdudq) vgdm sgd Fqd`s Bq`rg ne 1,,7
nbbtqqdc) oqnlhmdms onkhshbh`mr hmbktchmf Oqdrhcdms Fdnqfd V, Atrg qdronmcdc vhsg
b`kkr enq Vrb`k rshltkh hm sgd bk`rrhb Jdxmdrh`m lncd, Dudm he Jdxmdrh`mhrl g`c addm
tme`rghnmàkd enq ` edv cdb`cdr oqdbdchmf sgd Fqd`s Bq`rg ne 1,,7) gnvdudq) cdl`mc
l`m`fdldms g`c mns, Lnmds`qhrl `r `bst`kkx oq`bshbdc–`r noonrdc sn hsr sgdnqx–hm

sgd TJ `mc TR? v`r `krn enbtrdc nm sgd Vmd stmhmf ne sgd dbnmnlx trt`kkx qdkxhmf nm
u`qh`shnmr hm hmsdqdrs q`sdr sn annrs nq qdrsq`hm sgd dbnmnlx, Sgd otqd lnmds`qhrs
cnbsqhmd sg`s bdmsq`k a`mjr rgntkc ldqdkx enbtr nm hmbqd`rhmf sgd lnmdx rtookx `s `
Vwdc `mc rsàkd q`sd v`r gnmnqdc hm sgd sgdnqx ats mns hm oq`bshbd, Dudm he rs`sdr gùd
khlhsdc chqdbs `mc dwokhbhs hmunkudldms hm hmctrsqx cndr mns ld`m sg`s sgdx gùd
ùnhcdc hs sns`kkx, Cdedmbd rodmchmf g`r enrsdqdc sgd cdudknoldms ne hlldmrdkx
rtbbdrretk bnlldqbh`k oqnctbsr q`mfhmf eqnl sgd Andhmf 636 itlan ids sn sgd hmsdqmds)
vghbg v`r nqhfhm`kkx hmsdmcdc sn l`hms`hm fnudqmldms bnlltmhb`shnmr èsdq mtbkd`q
`ss`bj &rdd Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm sghr unktld(, Gnvdudq) fnudqmldms hmunkudldms hm
hmctrsqx hr hmchqdbs `mc nesdm sgd oqnctbs ne onkhshb`k oqdrrtqd enq rtoonqs nq rodmchmf
q`sgdq sg`m ntsbnld ne knmf¨q`mfd dbnmnlhb ok`mmhmf,
Hm sgd rdbnmc fqnto ne rs`sdr) chqdbs hmsdqudmshnm hm sgd dbnmnlx v`r `krn khlhsdc
ats sgd rs`sd enrsdqdc `mc o`qshbho`sdc hm bnkkànq`shud o`qsmdqrghor adsvddm sgd
l`hm dbnmnlhb `bsnqr rtbg `r tmhnmr `mc dloknxdqr, Sgdrd `qd sgd rn b`kkdc mdn¨
bnqonq`shrs rs`sdr rtbg `r sgd Rb`mchmùh`m bntmsqhdr) sgd Mdsgdqk`mcr) `mc ?trsqh`
&J`sydmrsdhm 0874(, Fnudqmldmsr ùnhcdc cds`hkdc hmsdqudmshnm hm hmctrsqx ats
bnnqchm`sdc dbnmnlhb l`m`fdldms vhsg qdoqdrdms`shudr ne bòhs`k `mc kànq, Fnu¨
dqmldms cdl`mc l`m`fdldms onkhbhdr vdqd `fqddc vhsg tmhnmr `mc dloknxdqr‘
nqf`mhy`shnmr, Ax `fqddhmf sn qdrsq`hm v`fd hmbqd`rdr) tmhnmr gdkodc l`hms`hm bnl¨
odshshudmdrr hm dwonqs l`qjdsr `mc etkk dloknxldms, Dloknxdqr bnllhssdc sn
l`hms`hmhmf hmudrsldms `mc fnudqmldmsr l`cd hloqnudldmsr hm vdke`qd rs`sd
onkhbhdr nq sgd rnbh`k v`fd vhsg rnld ne sgd fqnvsg sg`s v`r `bghdudc, Sgtr) hmbnldr
onkhbhdr vdqd hlokdldmsdc ax sgd ——rnbh`k o`qsmdqr‘‘ mns ax sgd rs`sd hsrdke, Sgd
`kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr vhsghm `mc adsvddm hmctrsqhdr v`r dlog`shb`kkx kdes sn l`qjds
enqbdr) gnvdudq) `mc sgd rs`sd ok`xdc khsskd qnkd hm sgd `kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr nq
hmudrsldms adsvddm hmctrsqhdr, Mdn¨bnqonq`shrs rs`sdr odqenqldc vdkk dbnmnlhb`kkx
enq rnld entq cdb`cdr enkknvhmf sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q &Rbglhssdq 0863: Rsqddbj 0886:
L`qshm 1,,,: Dhbgdmfqddm 1,,6( ats sgdqdèsdq l`mx bnmbktcdc sg`s sgd lncdk g`c
ntskhudc hsr trdetkmdrr, Hs v`r `kkdfdc sg`s ` bnlahm`shnm ne fkna`khy`shnm `mc
bdmsqhetf`k enqbdr hm sgd q`mjr ne kànq tmhnmr g`c l`cd sgd lncdk narnkdsd &rdd
Rbglhssdq hm sghr unktld(, Bk`rr cdbnlonrhshnm g`c l`cd hs g`qcdq sn `bghdud `
tmhsdc eqnms `lnmf tmhnmr `r ch9dqdms fqntor ne vnqjdqr edks sg`s sgdx g`c kdrr hm
bnllnm vhsg d`bg nsgdq sg`m hm sgd o`rs &Rsqddbj `mc Rbglhssdq 0880(, Fkna`khy`shnm
bnmsqhatsdc sn sghr eq`fldms`shnm, Rnld hmctrsqhdr `qd tmàkd sn bnlodsd vhsg
nudqrd`r oqnctbdqr `mc vnqjdqr hm sgnrd hmctrsqhdr knrd eqnl fkna`khy`shnm, Rnld
hmctrsqhdr `qd àkd sn bnlodsd rtbbdrretkkx hm vnqkc l`qjdsr `mc sgdhq vnqjdqr `qd
vhmmdqr, Ehm`kkx) l`mx odnokd vnqj hm fnudqmldms nq hm rdquhbdr rn sgdx `qd k`qfdkx
tm`9dbsdc ax fkna`khy`shnm `r vnqjdqr ats admdVs `r bnmrtldqr eqnl knvdq oqhbdr enq
hlonqsr, Sgdrd rddldc onvdqetk e`bsnqr sg`s vntkc l`jd sgd bnmshmt`shnm ne mdn¨
bnqonq`shrl tmkhjdkx, Hm oq`bshbd) gnvdudq) hs rddlr sg`s sgdqd hr mn rhlokd sqdmc
duhcdms, Sgdqd hr dudm rnld duhcdmbd sg`s mdn¨bnqonq`shrs o`bsr gùd adbnld lnqd
bnllnm `mc gùd dunkudc q`sgdq sg`m chròod`qhmf &Qdfhmh 1,,1: ats rdd Rbglhssdq
hm sghr unktld(,
Sgd sghqc fqnto ne rs`sdr oq`bshbdc sgd lnrs dwokhbhs hmsdqudmshnmhrs onkhbhdr entmc
hm bòhs`khrs bntmsqhdr: bnllnm dw`lokdr vdqd Iò`m) Rntsg Jnqd`) `mc Eq`mbd
&Ingmrnm 0871: Vnn¨Btlhmfr 0888(, Sgdrd cdudknoldms`k rs`fdr fdmdq`kkx rs`qsdc
hm u`qxhmf cdfqddr sn k`f adghmc sgd sno dbnmnlhdr &nauhntrkx lnqd sgd b`rd hm Iò`m
`mc Rntsg Jnqd` sg`m enq Eq`mbd(, Dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms v`r ` m`shnm`k oqhnqhsx
l`mc`sdc `mc kdc ax fnudqmldms, Fnudqmldms `fdmbhdr rtbg `r sgd Lhmhrsqx ne
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Sq`cd `mc Hmctrsqx &LHSH( hm Iò`m &Xtjhghjn G`l`c` hm sghr unk¨
tld( nq sgd Bnllhrr`qh`s ct Ok`m hm Eq`mbd hcdmshVdc vghbg hmctrsqhdr rgntkc ad
cdudknodc `mc vghbg hmctrsqhdr vdqd khjdkx sn cdbkhmd, Sgd nauhntr c`mfdq ne sghr
oqnbdrr adhmf trdc enq onkhshb`k o`sqnm`fd v`r qdctbdc adb`trd hs v`r l`m`fdc `mc
bnmsqnkkdc oqhl`qhkx ax ` oqnedrrhnm`k) odql`mdms) `mc oqdrshfhntr atqd`tbq`bx,
Fnudqmldms¨rds oqhnqhshdr vdqd qdhmenqbdc ax ` u`qhdsx ne ld`rtqdr hm ch9dqdms
odqhncr, Hm Iò`m hm sgd 084,r `mc 085,r) sgd fnudqmldms bntkc dmenqbd hsr oqhnqhshdr
sgqntfg bnmsqnkr rtbg `r hlonqs khbdmrdr, Nmd ne sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms `mc bnmrhrsdms
vdònmr sg`s fùd sddsg sn fnudqmldms ok`mmhmf v`r sgd àhkhsx sn oqnuhcd eùnqdc
hmctrsqhdr vhsg knvdq hmsdqdrs kn`mr eqnl sgd k`qfd rs`sd¨nvmdc rùhmfr a`mjr rtbg `r
sgd Onrs NXbd A`mj hm Iò`m &Yxrl`m 0872(,
Sgd uhàhkhsx ne ` cdudknoldms`k rs`sd rsq`sdfx g`r addm b`kkdc hmsn ptdrshnm ax
rdudq`k bg`mfdr, Sgd udqx rtbbdrr ne cdudknoldms`k rs`sdr g`r l`cd sgd s`rj ne
ok`mmhmf enq etqsgdq fqnvsg lnqd chXbtks, Vgdm Iò`m v`r ` bnlo`q`shudkx onnq
bntmsqx) hs bntkc knnj sn nsgdq bntmsqhdr enq lncdkr ne vghbg hmctrsqhdr sn oqnlnsd,
Nmbd Iò`m v`r ` kd`cdq) sghr òoqn`bg v`r mdbdrr`qhkx hlonrrhakd, Sgd cdudknoldms
ne rsqnmfdq hmsdqm`shnm`k hmrshstshnmr rtbg `r sgd VSN nq DT sn dmenqbd khadq`k
sq`chmf qdfhldr g`r hmghahsdc sgd trd ne sq`chshnm`k s`bshbr ne sgd cdudknoldms`k
rs`sd &Odlodk 0887(, Lnqd qdbdms rbgnk`qrgho g`r `qftdc sg`s sg`s cdudknoldms`k
rs`sdr `còsdc rtbbdrretkkx sn fkna`khy`shnm &Vqhfgs 1,,1: Unfdk 1,,5: Shadqfghdm
1,,6(, E`hqkx aqn`c aqtrgrsqnjdr `qd qdpthqdc hm bg`q`bsdqhyhmf sn vghbg fqntor `
bntmsqx adknmfr, Rs`sdr vdqd mdudq sns`kkx `mc bnmrhrsdmskx hm nmd nq nsgdq b`sdfnqx,
Sgd TJ) enq dw`lokd) vghbg hr fdmdq`kkx bg`q`bsdqhydc `r ` khadq`k l`qjds dbnmnlx)
g`c ` kdmfsgx odqhnc hm vghbg sgdqd v`r dwsdmrhud fnudqmldms nvmdqrgho ne hmctrsqx
`mc k`qfdkx tmrtbbdrretk `ssdlosr `s m`shnm`k ok`mmhmf, Iò`m hr sgd lncdk ne rs`sd¨
chqdbsdc cdudknoldms, ?mc xds he sgd Iò`mdrd fnudqmldms g`c g`c hsr v`x) Gnmc`
vntkc mns ad `m `tsnlnahkd l`mte`bstqdq adb`trd LHSH g`c hmsdmcdc sn khlhs hs sn
lnsnqbxbkd oqnctbshnm) kdùhmf b`qr sn Mhrr`m `mc Snxns`, Gnmc`‘r rtbbdrr v`r
`bghdudc sgqntfg bk`rrhb dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho, ?esdq sgd Bq`rg ne 1,,7) ` bnmrdqu`shud
Qdotakhb`m ?clhmhrsq`shnm hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr snnj o`qsh`k nvmdqrgho ne sgd mhmd
k`qfdrs a`mjr `mc sgd hmrtq`mbd fh`ms) ?HF,
Sgd aZkZmbd ne onvdq adsvddm atrhmdrr Zmc sgd rsZsd

Odqgòr sgd bk`rrhb ptdrshnm ànts atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd g`r addm sgd onvdq qdk`shnm¨
rgho adsvddm sgdl, Hr atrhmdrr cnlhm`sdc `mc bnmsqnkkdc ax sgd rs`sd nq `qd rs`sdr
cnlhm`sdc `mc bnmsqnkkdc ax atrhmdrrdr; Enq rnld sgd `mrvdq hr bkd`q4 sgd bòhs`khrs
bk`rr dwhrsr sn rdqud sgd mddcr ne atrhmdrr, L`qw‘r bnlldms hm sgd Bnlltmhrs L`mhedrsn
sg`s sgd rs`sd hr ats sgd bnllhssdd enq sgd l`m`fdldms ne sgd bnllnm `9`hqr ne sgd
antqfdnhrhd hr vdkk jmnvm ats gd v`r mns bnmrhrsdms nm sghr onhms, Gd v`r bdqs`hmkx
`v`qd sg`s sgd Oqtrrh`m `mc Eqdmbg rs`sdr) enq dw`lokd) vdqd lnqd bnlokhb`sdc dmshshdr
sg`m sg`s rknf`m rtffdrsr, Bnmsdlonq`qx L`qwhrsr s`jd dudm lnqd mt`mbdc onrhshnmr,
Enq dw`lokd Ahdkhmf‘r &1,,6( cdrbqhoshnm ne sgd rs`sd rddlr bnlo`shakd vhsg
sgd òoqn`bg sg`s g`r sq`chshnm`kkx dlog`rhydc sgd hcd` sg`s bnmsdmchmf fqntor
rsqtffkdc sn bnmsqnk sgd rs`sd) m`ldkx oktq`khrl, Oktq`khrsr bk`hl sg`s vhcd u`qhdshdr
ne fqntor dminx rnld enql ne onkhshb`k onvdq `mc `qd àkd sn hmWtdmbd otakhb onkhbx,
Bnmsq`qx sn vg`s sgdhq bqhshbr gùd bk`hldc) oktq`khrsr cn mns mdbdrr`qhkx adkhdud) enq
dw`lokd) sg`s `kk hmsdqdrsr gùd `m dpt`k bg`mbd ne hmWtdmbhmf otakhb onkhbx: sgdx `qd
vdkk `v`qd sg`s hmdpt`khshdr hm qdrntqbdr `lnmf hmsdqdrs fqntor gùd hlonqs`ms
bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgdhq àhkhsx sn hmWtdmbd onkhbx, Vg`s cndr odqgòr rds oktq`khrsr
ò`qs eqnl nsgdq rbgnnkr hr sg`s sgdx cn mns adkhdud sg`s sgdqd hr `mx etmc`ldms`k v`x
hm vghbg sgd cdlnbq`shb rs`sd hr ah`rdc snv`qcr atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr, He nsgdq hmsdqdrsr
rtbg `r bnmrtldqr) vnqjdqr) `mc dmuhqnmldms`khrsr lnahkhyd `mc vhm onkhshb`kkx) sgdx
b`m g`qmdrr rs`sd onvdq sn sgdhq otqonrdr, Sgd noonrhsd sdmcdmbx vghbg vd dmbntm¨
sdqdc `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sghr bgòsdq) vghbg vd lhfgs sdql ——rsqtbstq`khrl)‘‘ gnkcr
sg`s sgdqd hr ` etmc`ldms`k cdodmcdmbd ne sgd rs`sd nm atrhmdrr, Rs`sdr mddc sgd
qdrntqbdr `mc qdudmtd sg`s atrhmdrr fdmdq`sdr, Hs hr sgdqdenqd drrdmsh`k enq rs`sdr sn
`ssq`bs `mc qds`hm atrhmdrr hmudrsldms &Khmcaknl 0866(, Xds dudm vhsgnts dlaq`bhmf
rsqtbstq`khrl) hs hr chXbtks sn qdf`qc atrhmdrr `r itrs `mnsgdq hmsdqdrs fqnto,
?ksgntfg sgdqd `qd hlonqs`ms u`qh`shnmr nm vgn hr bnmrtksdc) rn sg`s hs hr rnld¨
shldr kd`cdqr ne atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc rnldshldr sno atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr)
fnudqmldmsr cn o`x e`q lnqd `ssdmshnm sn atrhmdrr kd`cdqr sg`m) r`x) kd`cdqr ne
dmuhqnmldms`k fqntor, Sgdqd gùd addm udqx edv fnudqmldmsr hm `cu`mbdc cdlnb¨
q`bhdr sg`s gùd mns vnqqhdc ànts sgd ——atrhmdrr bkhl`sd‘‘ nq gùd mns gdkc lddshmfr
vhsg atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shudr sn dlog`rhyd sgdhq bnllhsldms sn fqnvsg, Sgd tssdq
mtldqhb`k cnlhm`shnm ne sgd hmsdqdrs fqnto rbdmd ax qdoqdrdms`shudr ne atrhmdrr
&Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm hm sghr unktld( rtffdrsr sg`s dudm he atrhmdrr hr itrs nmd hmsdqdrs
`lnmf l`mx) hs hr ` udqx rodbh`k sxod ne hmsdqdrs fqnto, Hm rnld bntmsqhdr) sgdqd `qd
`krn dwsdmrhud bnmmdbshnmr adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd hm sdqlr ne sgd bnllnm
a`bjfqntmc nq b`qddqr ne atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr `mc atqd`tbq`bx, Enq dw`lokd sgd
——fq`mcdr Dbnkdr‘‘ ne Eq`mbd mtqstqdc etstqd sno bhuhk rdqu`msr &Rbglhcs 1,,5()
onkhshbh`mr) `mc dwdbtshudr ne Eqdmbg bnlo`mhdr,
? k`qfd mtladq ne onkhshb`k òonhmsddr hm TR `clhmhrsq`shnmr bnld eqnl atrhmdrr,
Lìnq onrhshnmr hm rnld cdo`qsldmsr rtbg `r Sqd`rtqx `mc Bnlldqbd `qd md`qkx
`kv`xr fhudm sn atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr hqqdrodbshud ne vghbgdudq o`qsx hr hm onvdq,
?clhmhrsq`shnmr sg`s vhrg sn eùnq atrhmdrr nudq nsgdq hmsdqdrsr rtbg `r sg`s ne
Fdnqfd V, Atrg gùd `krn ok`bdc atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr hm jdx onrhshnmr hm `fdmbhdr
bg`qfdc vhsg dmuhqnmldms`k `mc bnmrtldq oqnsdbshnm, Vghkd sgd ptdrs ax rbgnk`qr
rtbg `r B, Vqhfgs Lhkkr &0845( hm sgd 084,r sn Vmc `m dkhsd sg`s q`m sgd bntmsqx adghmc
sgd rbdmdr mnv rddlr bg`qlhmfkx m`hud) hs hr sgd b`rd sg`s hm rnld bntmsqhdr nXbh`kr
`mc dwdbtshudr gùd hlonqs`ms rnbh`k khmj`fdr,
Xds rsqtbstq`khrs dwok`m`shnmr ne atrhmdrr onvdq `krn gùd sgdhq chXbtkshdr, Ehqrs) `r
hr vdkk jmnvm) ——atrhmdrr‘‘ hr ` udqx dmbnlo`rrhmf kàdk, Sgdqd `qd mtldqntr ch9dqdms
sxodr ne atrhmdrrdr `mc sgdhq hmsdqdrsr chudqfd, Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr ch9dq cdodmchmf nm
mns nmkx sgd rhyd ats m`stqd ne ` atrhmdrr, Rnld hmctrsqhdr) rtbg `r sdwshkdr `mc
òo`qdk) ax `mc k`qfd v`ms rhlokx ` knv v`fd vnqjenqbd `mc knv s`wdr, Ghfg¨sdbg
hmctrsqhdr gùd lnqd bnlokdw mddcr) hmbktchmf ghfgkx rjhkkdc vnqjdqr `mc hmudrs¨
ldms hm qdrd`qbg, Rnld hmctrsqhdr `qd qdk`shudkx lnahkd `mc b`m hmcddc rghes hmudrs¨
ldms sn knb`shnmr sg`s n9dq knvdq v`fdr `mc s`wdr, Sgd lnahkhsx ne nsgdq hmctrsqhdr hr
khlhsdc ax sgd m`stqd ne sgdhq atrhmdrr nq l`qjds, Dwsq`bshud hmctrsqhdr ltrs ad vgdqd
sgdhq q`v l`sdqh`k hr entmc, Rdquhbd hmctrsqhdr fdmdq`kkx ltrs ad md`q sgdhq btrsnldqr
`ksgntfg ntsrntqbhmf nudqrd`r &enq dw`lokd sn b`kk bdmsdqr hm Hmch`( qdoqdrdmsr `m
`ssdlos sn drbòd sghr bnmrsq`hms, Rs`sdr `krn ch9dq sqdldmcntrkx hm sgdhq bò`bhsx, Hm
rnld sghqc vnqkc bntmsqhdr) rs`sdr gùd udqx khlhsdc `clhmhrsq`shud bò`bhsx `mc mns
dudm ltbg ogxrhb`k bnmsqnk nudq sgdhq sdqqhsnqx, Hm sgd lnrs dwsqdld b`rdr) sgdx
adbnld ——e`hkdc‘‘ rs`sdr tmàkd dudm sn ft`q`msdd sgd a`rhb hmeq`rsqtbstqd) ` cdfqdd ne
dbnmnlhb rsàhkhsx) `mc eqddcnl eqnl q`mcnl uhnkdmbd sg`s atrhmdrr mddcr sn
etmbshnm, Dudm `lnmf `cu`mbdc cdlnbq`bhdr) rs`sd bò`bhsx ch9dqr hm sdqlr ne sgd
cdfqdd sn vghbg sgd atqd`tbq`bx g`r cds`hkdc jmnvkdcfd ne atrhmdrr) `clhmhrsq`shud
bnmsqnkr nudq hs &d,f, sgqntfg khbdmrhmf qdpthqdldmsr( nq sgd àhkhsx sn hmWtdmbd sgd
bnrs nq ù`hkàhkhsx ne bqdchs,
Hs hr tmkhjdkx) sgdqdenqd) sg`s sgdqd b`m ad ` rhmfkd sgdnqx ne sgd qdk`shnmrgho
adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd, Ansg atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd ch9dq snn ltbg `mc
b`m ad tmcdqrsnnc `r u`qhàkdr) mns bnmrs`msr, Sgd a`k`mbd ne onvdq adsvddm ` ghfgkx
lnahkd hmctrsqx &d,f, òo`qdk( `mc ` rs`sd vhsg khsskd `clhmhrsq`shud bò`bhsx hr
ch9dqdms eqnl sgd a`k`mbd adsvddm ` rs`sd vhsg ghfg `clhmhrsq`shud bò`bhsx `mc
`m hmctrsqx sg`s adb`trd ne hsr oqnctbs nq l`qjds g`r khlhsdc bò`bhsx sn qdknb`sd,
Sgd a`k`mbd adsvddm Vm`mbd–vghbg b`m hmbqd`rhmfkx ad knb`sdc `qntmc sgd fknad–
`mc sgd rs`sd hr mns sgd r`ld `r sgd a`k`mbd adsvddm `m dwsq`bshud hmctrsqx rtbg `r
bn`k lhmhmf `mc sgd rs`sd, Ehm`kkx) rs`sdr ch9dq hm sdqlr ne vg`s sgdx `qd sqxhmf sn
`bghdud, Mns dudqx rs`sd v`msr sn gùd ` cds`hkdc nq chqdbshud qnkd hm l`m`fhmf sgd
dbnmnlx,
Rsqtbstq`khrs hmsdqoqds`shnmr ne atrhmdrr onvdq qdbdhudc ` onvdqetk annrs eqnl
bnmbdqm ànts fkna`khy`shnm &Ngl`d 0884: Rsq`mfd 0885(, Lnrs ne sgd bk`hlr ànts
sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne fkna`khy`shnm vdqd u`qh`msr nm sgd rsqtbstq`khrs `qftldms
chrbtrrdc ànud, He) sn ptnsd Eqhdcl`m &1,,4() ——sgd vnqkc hr W`s)‘‘ gnvdudq)
rsqtbstq`k enqbdr b`m nodq`sd lnqd enqbdetkkx sgdqdax qdctbhmf rs`sd `tsnmnlx,
Sgd unktld ne btqqdmbhdr sq`cdc c`hkx e`q ntsrsqhor sgd bò`bhsx mns nmkx ne
hmchuhct`k rs`sdr ats ne bnlahm`shnmr ne rs`sdr sn rgòd sgd l`qjds, L`qjdsr) mns
fnudqmldmsr) qtkd,
Fkna`khy`shnm hsrdke fdmdq`sdr bntmsdqu`hkhmf enqbdr, Enq dw`lokd) sgd eqddcnl sg`s
fkna`khy`shnm oqnuhcdr sn rgho fnncr `qntmc sgd vnqkc l`x rsqdmfsgdm sgd cdrhqd ne
hmctrsqhdr sn bktrsdq hm knb`shnmr sg`s l`whlhyd sgdhq oqnctbshuhsx adb`trd ne sgd
oqdrdmbd sgdqd ne l`qjdsr) rjhkkdc vnqjdqr) nq q`v l`sdqh`kr, ?m hmsdqdrshmf dlohqhb`k
khsdq`stqd g`r cdudknodc sg`s dwoknqdr vgdsgdq nq mns fkna`khy`shnm g`r rsqhoodc
bnmsdlonq`qx rs`sdr ne sgdhq àhkhsx sn s`w atrhmdrr nq atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr vhsgnts

sgdl qdknb`shmf sn ` knvdq s`w dmuhqnmldms, He hs vdqd mdbdrr`qx sn bnlodmr`sd)
sgdnqhrsr rtffdrsdc) s`wdr vntkc qhrd nm hllnahkd e`bsnqr nq fqntor rtbg `r kdrr
lnahkd vnqjdqr `mc nm bnmrtldqr, Dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd g`r mns rtoonqsdc sgdrd
dwodbs`shnmr) gnvdudq, Sgdqd g`r rddldc sn ad ` onrhshud mns ` mdf`shud qdk`shnmrgho
adsvddm fkna`khy`shnm `mc s`w`shnm &F`qqdss 0887(, Rsdhmln &1,,1( `qftdr sg`s ——v`fd
q`sdr) pt`khsx ne vnqjenqbd) hmeq`rsqtbstqd) `bbdrr sn l`qjdsr) `mc ` gnrs ne nsgdq
e`bsnqr `qd fdmdq`kkx lnqd hlonqs`ms e`bsnqr trdc vgdm cdbhchmf vgdsgdq sn hmudrs
mdv bòhs`k &h,d, vgdsgdq sn ——dwhs‘‘ nq ——dmsdq‘‘(, Cqdgdq &1,,6( `qftdr sg`s fkna`khy`¨
shnm cndr hmcddc knvdq l`qfhm`k s`w q`sdr nm bòhs`k vghkd Rv`mj &0887( `qftdr sg`s
knvdq s`w q`sdr nm bnqonq`shnmr gùd addm `bbnlo`mhdc ax sgd ànkhshnm ne l`mx
hmbdmshudr `mc `kknv`mbdr, Sgdqd `qd edv he `mx jmnvm hmrs`mbdr ne fnudqmldmsr
qdod`khmf dmuhqnmldms`k nq bnmrtldq oqnsdbshnm qdftk`shnmr sn `ssq`bs nq qds`hm
atrhmdrrdr, Hmcddc) `r Unfdk &0884( mnsdr sgdqd `qd lnqd hmrs`mbdr hm vghbg fkna`k¨
hy`shnm kd`cr sn ——sq`chmf to‘‘ `r rs`sdr sg`s `qd qdftk`snqx kd`cdqr rddj sn hmrtqd sg`s
nsgdqr `cnos rhlhk`q `mc rhlhk`qkx dwodmrhud rs`mc`qcr,
Ltbg ne sgd khsdq`stqd nm fkna`khy`shnm onhmsr nts sg`s l`mx ne hsr ed`stqdr `qd mns
mdv &Vdhrr 0887(, Bòhs`k lnudldmsr vdqd eqddq oqhnq sn sgd Ehqrs Vnqkc V`q sg`m
sgdx vdqd tmshk sgd k`sd 088,r &Dhbgdmfqddm 0874(, Hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd `mc bòhs`k
lnudldmsr vdqd kdrr qdrsqhbsdc oqhnq sn sgd Ehqrs Vnqkc V`q tmshk rdudq`k cdb`cdr
èsdq sgd Rdbnmc, Sgd TR dbnmnlx v`r lnqd cdodmcdms nm enqdhfm sq`cd hm 0803 sg`m
hs v`r `f`hm tmshk sgd 086,r, Odqgòr sgd ncc odqhnc nts ghrsnqhb`kkx v`r eqnl sgd
082,r sn sgd 085,r vgdm rs`sd v`r lnqd `ts`qjhb) sq`cd v`r ` knvdq oqnonqshnm ne
FCO enq l`mx rs`sdr) `mc sgdqd v`r sgd lnrs e`hsg hm sgd àhkhsx ne fnudqmldmsr sn
rsddq sgdhq dbnmnlhdr, Rs`sdr `qd mns ldqd uhbshlr ne ghrsnqhb`k bg`mfd, Rs`sdr bqd`sdc
sgd fnkc rs`mc`qc `mc eqdd sq`cd: rs`sdr dmcdc sgd fnkc rs`mc`qc `mc lnudc hm ` lnqd
`ts`qjhb) oqnsdbshnmhrs chqdbshnm hm sgd 082,r, Hm sgd k`sd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) rs`sdr
lnudc sn khadq`khyd sq`cd ax qdctbhmf s`qh9r `mc bqd`shmf sgd VSN, Hs snnj bnmrbhntr
rs`sd `bshnm sn khadq`khyd bòhs`k lnudldmsr, Hm qdbdms xd`qr) sgdqd gùd addm ed`qr &nq
gnodr( sg`s fkna`khy`shnm g`r addm rknvdc nq dudm qdudqrdc, Ansg sgd sdqqnqhrs `ss`bjr
ne 8.00 `mc sgd Fqd`s Bq`rg ne 1,,7 gùd qdrtksdc hm onkhbx bg`mfdr sg`s hlodcd sgd
eqdd lnudldms ne fnncr `mc bòhs`k, Hs rddlr tmkhjdkx) gnvdudq) sg`s sgdqd vhkk ad `
etkk¨rb`kd qdsqd`s eqnl fkna`khy`shnm dudm he sgd qdftk`shnm ne sgd Vm`mbh`k rdbsnq hr
shfgsdmdc,
Gnv lhfgs rs`sdr ad qdrgòdc hm qdronmchmf sn sgd bg`kkdmfdr enq cd`khmf vhsg
atrhmdrr hm ` fkna`khydc vnqkc; Sgdqd g`r addm hmbqd`rdc `v`qdmdrr sg`s rs`sdr b`mmns
qdkx nm sq`chshnm`k enqlr ne fnudqm`mbd hm lddshmf sgd bg`kkdmfd, Nauhntr onrrhakd
rsq`sdfhdr enq rs`sdr `qd sn ldqfd rnudqdhfmsx) bnnodq`sd knnrdkx) cdkdf`sd sn oqhu`sd
rdbsnq nqf`mhy`shnmr) nq bg`mfd hm bg`q`bsdq,
Oqnaàkx sgd nmkx bkd`q dw`lokd ne rs`sdr ldqfhmf rnudqdhfmsx sn ` rhfmhVb`ms
cdfqdd hr sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm, Sgd DT g`r dldqfdc `r ` lìnq qdftk`snqx enqbd
rdsshmf onkhbx hm ` k`qfd mtladq ne onkhbx `qd`r ne uhs`k bnmbdqm sn atrhmdrr hmbktchmf
dmuhqnmldms`k onkhbx) sgd qhfgsr ne vnqjdqr) `mc bnmrtldq oqnsdbshnm, Rs`sdr l`x
gnod sn `bghdud rnld ne sgd admdVsr oqnuhcdc ax bnkkànq`shnm vhsghm sgd
DT vhsgnts sgd `ssdmc`ms bnrsr ne knrr ne rnudqdhfmsx `mc cdlnbq`bx sgqntfg knnrdq
enqlr ne bnnqchm`shnm, Rk`tfgsdq &1,,3( g`r rtffdrsdc sg`s kdrr ahmchmf enqlr ne
bnnodq`shnm adsvddm rs`sdr rtbg `r admbgl`qjhmf `mc oddq qduhdv l`x gdko rs`sdr
drsàkhrg ld`mhmfetk rs`mc`qcr sn vghbg atrhmdrr b`m ad gdkc, Sghr rsq`sdfx g`r dudm
l`cd rnld fqntmc vhsghm sgd DT `r `m `ksdqm`shud sn bnlokdw `mc kdf`khrshb
qdftk`shnm &Ydhskhm `mc Sqtadbj 1,,2(, Ehm`kkx rs`sdr lhfgs dmbntq`fd atrhmdrr sn
drsàkhrg ld`mhmfetk rs`mc`qcr hsrdke sgqntfg rdke¨qdftk`shnm, Oq`j`rg `mc Onsnrh
rtffdrs sg`s oqnbdrrdr rtbg `r sgd HRN 03,,0 hm vghbg atrhmdrr hsrdke cdudknor `mc
onkhbdr rs`mc`qcr qdrtkshmf hm ld`mhmfetk hloqnudldmsr hm atrhmdrr adgùhnq, Sgd
fqnvsg ne hmsdqm`shnm`k rnbh`k lnudldmsr sg`s b`m c`l`fd sgd qdots`shnm ne `
bnlo`mx‘r aq`mc hm sgd Vqrs vnqkc hm qdronmrd sn hsr adgùhnq hm sgd sghqc vnqkc
fhudr atrhmdrrdr ` lnshud sn enkknv sghr rsq`sdfx &At£sgd `mc L`sskh sghr unktld: ats
rdd Unfdk 1,,5(, Nmkx shld vhkk sdkk vgdsgdq sgd fqd`s gnodr enq rdke¨qdftk`shnm b`m
vhsgrs`mc sgd cnvmv`qc oqdrrtqd nm bnqonq`sd oqnVsr, Lnqd odrrhlhrshb odqrodb¨
shudr rtffdrs sg`s sgd lnqd oqnaàkd qdronmrdr ax rs`sdr hm fnudqmhmf rsq`sdfhdr sn
fkna`khy`shnm hr sn qdnqhdms`sd sgdlrdkudr cnldrshb`kkx, Bdqmx &0886( mnsdc ` cdudk¨
noldms ne sgd ——bnlodshshnm rs`sd‘‘ hm vghbg rs`sdr vdqd lnqd bnmbdqmdc vhsg
hmsdqm`shnm`k dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr sg`m vhsg fn`kr rtbg `r rnbh`k itrshbd, ?qd rs`sdr khjdkx
sn qdenbtr qdrntqbdr nm oqnlnshmf bnlodshshudmdrr; ?r Ohdqrnm &1,,1`) 1,,1a( g`r
rsqdrrdc rnld ne sgd lnrs fdmdqntr vdke`qd rs`sdr gùd addm `klnrs hlltmd eqnl
rdqhntr bqhshbhrl nq oqdrrtqd vghkd sgd vd`jdrs &d,f, sgd ?ldqhb`m( gùd addm lnqd
uhfnqntrkx `rr`hkdc, Bdqs`hmkx `ksdqm`shudr sn qdkh`mbd nm sgd oqhu`sd oqnuhrhnm ne
vdke`qd ax atrhmdrr knnj kdrr `ssq`bshud sg`m hm sgd o`rs, Vghkd hm fdmdq`k otakhb
vdke`qd rs`sdr gùd addm qdl`qjàkx qdrhkhdms) oqhu`sd rdbsnq vdke`qd rs`sdr &d,f,
dloknxdqöqnuhcdc odmrhnmr `mc gd`ksg hmrtq`mbd( gùd addm rtaidbs sn lìnq btsr
&G`bjdq 1,,1) 1,,5(, Sgd adkhde sg`s) dmbntq`fdc ax s`w hmbdmshudr) sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq
vhkk oqnuhcd `cdpt`sd kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm `mc rdbtqhsx knnjr kdrr bnmuhmbhmf) he
dbnmnlhb bqhrdr `qd sn odqrhrs, ?r ` qdrtks) sgd Vm`mbh`k bqhrdr vhkk gùd tmoqdchbsàkd
bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd rsqtbstqd ne bnqonq`shnmr `mc l`x qdrtks hm `m hmbqd`rd hm sgd
qdftk`snqx qnkd ne sgd rs`sd,
Bnmbktrhnmr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
?r sgd ànud hkktrsq`sdr) onkhshb`k rbhdmbd g`r cdoknxdc ` u`qhdsx ne sgdnqdshb`k odq¨
rodbshudr `mc ldsgncnknfhdr–ansg q`shnm`khrs `mc bnmrsqtbshuhrs–hm sgd rstcx ne
atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr) `mc sgdrd gùd fdmdq`sdc rnld trdetk hmrhfgsr,
Vg`s hr duhcdms hr sg`s sgdqd hr ` bnmrhcdqàkd ancx ne dlohqhb`k l`sdqh`k nm sgd
u`qhdsx ne enqlr ne atrhmdrr hmsdq`bshnm `bqnrr bntmsqhdr &rdd G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1,,0:
G`mbjd-) `mc Btkodoodq hm sghr unktld( `mc `s sgd DT `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk
&Rbglhcs 1,,5: At£sgd `mc L`sskh) `mc Bndm hm sghr unktld() ats vg`s hr rshkk k`bjhmf)
fhudm sgd duhcdms hlonqs`mbd ne sgd Vql `r `m `bsnq) hr ` onkhshb`k sgdnqx ne sgd Vql,
Vghkd sgd ànud u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl cda`sdr lnud onkhshb`k rbhdmbd nm eqnl
Khmcaknl‘r ch`knftd ànts atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `mc atrhmdrr onvdq sn sgd lnqd eqthsetk
cda`sd ànts sgd cdVmhshnm ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrs &nq oqdedqdmbdr() vd `qd rshkk rsqtf¨
fkhmf vhsg ntq mnshnmr ne onkhshb`k hmWtdmbd &Btkodoodq 1,,7(, Vghkd l`mx gùd
athks nm Nkrnm‘r rdlhm`k vnqj sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd knfhb ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm &Lnd 087,:
Inqc`m `mc G`kohm 1,,3() snc`x onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr `qd rshkk kdes tshkhyhmf sgd dbnmnlhb
oqnVs l`whlhyhmf q`shnm`kd enq hmchuhct`k onkhshb`k `bshuhsx &?trsdm¨Rlhsg 0886(, Hs hr
gnodc sg`s sghr bgòsdq `mc nsgdqr hm sghr unktld b`m dwo`mc ntq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne
sgd Vql‘r onkhshb`k `bshnm adxnmc sgd dbnmnlhb `mc l`m`fdldms cda`sdr ne oqnVs¨
àhkhsx `mc bnlodshshudmdrr sn oqnuhcd sgd entmc`shnmr enq ` lnqd onkhshb`k rbhdmbd
sgdnqx ne sgd Vql,
?s sgd rs`sd kdudk vd gnod sn rgnv sg`s `ksgntfg l`mx sghmj ne sgdl `r nudq¨
vgdklhmf enqbdr) ansg atrhmdrr `mc bnqonq`shnmr) `mc sgd rs`sd `qd hm e`bs ghrsnqhb`kkx
bnmshmfdms, Rs`sdr gùd bg`mfdc bnmrhcdqàkx hm bg`q`bsdq `r sgdx gùd `còsdc sn
bg`mfdc bhqbtlrs`mbdr, Hm qdbdms cdb`cdr sgd bg`kkdmfd ne fkna`khy`shnm enkknvdc ax
sgd bg`kkdmfd ne cddo qdbdrrhnm g`r oqnlosdc bnmrhcdqàkd dwodqhldms`shnm hm
fnudqm`mbd sdbgmhptdr, Vd b`m ad qd`rnmàkx bnmVcdms sg`s ansg rs`sdr `mc bnqonq¨
`shnmr vhkk knnj rhfmhVb`mskx ch9dqdms hm sgd etstqd sg`m snc`x dudm vghkd hs hr
hlonrrhakd sn ad bdqs`hm vg`s sgdhq etstqd bg`q`bsdq nq sgd a`k`mbd adsvddm sgdl
vhkk ad, Sgd cnlhm`ms sgdld ne sgd 088,r v`r ——eqnl fnudqmhmf sn fnudqm`mbd,‘‘ Rs`sdr
vntkc `còs sn mdv bhqbtlrs`mbdr sgqntfg ld`rtqdr sg`s hmbktcdc bnmsq`bshmf nts)
qdkxhmf nm hmchqdbs onkhbx ld`rtqdr rtbg `r s`w hmbdmshudr nq qdv`qcr rbgdldr `mc
mdsvnqjr,
Rhlhk`qkx) sgd m`stqd ne bnqonq`shnmr `mc atrhmdrr hr bg`mfhmf ats hm v`xr sg`s `qd
ltbg cda`sdc, Vd gùd mnsdc sgd hmbqd`rdc bnlodshshud oqdrrtqdr dwodqhdmbdc hm
l`mx hmctrsqhdr, ?r bòhs`k g`r adbnld lnqd lnahkd) oqdrrtqd nm l`m`fdqr sn
oqnctbd ghfgdq rgnqs¨sdql q`sdr ne qdstqm g`r hmbqd`rdc, Bnqonq`shnmr `cnosdc
Vqrs sgd sdbgmhptdr rtbg `r bnmsq`bshmf `mc ntsrntqbhmf k`sdq tqfdc nm fnudqmldmsr,
Cdudknoldmsr hm bnqonq`shnmr sgdqdenqd o`q`kkdkdc sgnrd hm sgd rs`sd–` lnudldms
snv`qcr ` kdrr enql`khydc) kdrr ghdq`qbghb`k ——onrsËnqchrs‘‘ rsqtbstqd &rtbg `r sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm sg`s g`r addm bg`q`bsdqhydc `r ` onrslncdqm onkhsx(, Vgdsgdq nq
mns sgdrd sqdmcr vhkk bnmshmtd hm dhsgdq atrhmdrr nq fnudqmldms hr g`qc sn r`x, Rnld
gùd rtffdrsdc sg`s ` ——qdätqd`tbq`shy`shnm‘‘ ne sgd rs`sd hr khjdkx `r sgd e`hktqdr ne
bnmsq`bshmf nts adbnld dudq lnqd òo`qdms, Sgd oqhu`shy`shnm `mc khadq`khy`shnm ne
hmctrsqhdr rtbg `r dkdbsqhbhsx `mc dmdqfx rtookx hm Dtqnod g`r addm enkknvdc ax sgd
bqd`shnm ne bnlokdw m`shnm`k rodbhVb qdftk`snqx rxrsdlr nodq`sdc ax vgnkkx mdv
fnudqmldms `fdmbhdr &Bndm `mc Gdqhshdq 1,,4(,
Ehm`mbh`k bqhrdr l`x gùd tmoqdchbsàkd bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd rsqtbstqd ne bnqonq¨
`shnmr `mc `klnrs bdqs`hmkx kd`c sn mdv qdftk`snqx fnudqm`mbd rsqtbstqdr ronmrnqdc
ax sgd rs`sd, Gnvdudq) sgd a`k`mbd adsvddm rs`sd `mc l`qjds hr rtaidbs sn knmf¨qtm
bxbkhb`k Wtbst`shnmr, Sgd rs`sd `cu`mbdr `mc sgd l`qjds qdsqd`sr) nmkx enq sgd l`qjds
sn `cu`mbd `f`hm) enkknvdc hm stqm ax ` qdhmuhfnq`shnm ne rs`sd onvdq `r `v`qdmdrr
ne sgd cdVbhdmbhdr ne sgd l`qjds `r ` enql ne rnbh`k nqf`mhy`shnm hr qdmdvdc,
Sghr odmctktl d9dbs v`r `mshbho`sdc ax Onk`mxh &0833(, Gdmbd) dudm he nmd v`msr `r
ltbg l`qjds `r onrrhakd) sgdqd hr mn Vm`k `mrvdq sn gnv ltbg rs`sd hr mdbdrr`qx, Vg`s hr
bkd`q hr sg`s bòhs`khrl hr rtaidbs sn qdbtqqdms bqhrdr `mc nts ne sgdrd mdv enqlr ne
bòhs`khrs nqf`mhy`shnm dldqfd) rdsshmf sgd eq`ldvnqj enq atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr,
Pdedqdmbdr
?trsdm¨Rlhsg) C, 0886, ——Hmsdqdrs fqntor4 lnmdx) hmenql`shnm `mc hmWtdmbd)‘‘ hm C, Ltdkkdq)
dc,) Odqrodbshudr nm Otakhb Bgnhbd2 ? G`mcannj, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 0887, ——?kknb`shmf `bbdrr enq hmenql`shnm `mc bnmsqhatshnmr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v) Dbnmnlhbr)
`mc Nqf`mhy`shnm 03&1(4 166œ2,2,
–– `mc AZmj) I, 1,,1, ——Bnrskx rhfm`kkhmf `mc bgdò s`kj hm lncdkr ne onkhshb`k hmWtdmbd)‘‘
Dtqnod`m Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 07&3(4 152œ7,,
–– `mc Vphfgs) I, 0881, ——Bnlodshshud knaaxhmf enq kdfhrk`snqr‘ unsdr)‘‘ Rnbh`k Bgnhbd `mc
Vdke`qd 84 118œ46,
AZkcvhm) Q,) `mc BZud) L, 0888, Tmcdqrs`mchmf Qdftk`shnm2 Sgdnqx) Rsq`sdfx) `mc Oq`bshbd,
Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
AZpcZbg) D,) `mc JZfZm) Q, ?, 1,,1, Fnhmf ax sgd Annj2 Sgd Oqnakdl ne Qdftk`snqx Tmqd`¨
rnmàkdmdrr, Mdv Aqtmrvhbj) MI4 Sq`mr`bshnm,
AZtlfZpsmdp) E, Q,) `mc Inmdr) A, C, 0882, ?fdmc`r `mc Hmrsàhkhsx hm ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr,
Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
–– `mc Kddbg) A, 0887, A`rhb Hmsdqdrsr2 Sgd Hlonqs`mbd ne Fqntor hm Onkhshbr `mc Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– Adppx) I, L,) GnimZbjh) L,) JhlaZkk) C, B,) `mc Kddbg) A, K, 1,,8, Knaaxhmf `mc Onkhbx
Bg`mfd2 Vgn Vhmr) Vgn Knrdr) `mc Vgx, Bghb`fn4 Bghb`fn Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Adbjdp) F, 0874, ——Otakhb onkhshbr) oqdrrtqd fqntor `mc cd`cvdhfgs bnrs)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb
Dbnmnlhbr 174 218œ36,
Adpmrsdhm) L, 0844, Qdftk`shmf Atrhmdrr ax Hmcdodmcdms Bnllhrrhnm, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Adppx) I, 0888, Sgd Mdv Khadq`khrl `mc sgd Qhrhmf Onvdq ne Bhshydm Fqntor, V`rghmfsnm) CB4
Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstsd,
Adrkdx) S, 1,,5, Oqhmbhokdc ?fdmsr2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Fnnc Fnudqmldms, Nwenqc4
Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ahdkhmf) G,Ï, 1,,6, ——Sgd nsgdq rhcd ne sgd bnhm4 bnmbdost`khyhmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm
atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd hm sgd `fd ne fkna`khy`shnm)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 8&2(4 0œ1,,
ApZrgdp) G,) `mc Knvdpx) C, 1,,5, ——Sgd bnqonq`sd bnmsdws ne knaaxhmf `bshuhsx)‘‘ Atrhmdrr
`mc Onkhshbr 7&0(4 0œ12,
Aphdp) J,) `mc Ltmfdp) L, 0875, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne kdfhrk`snq `sshstcdr nm hmsdqdrs fqnto
b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kàntq Qdrd`qbg 6&3(4 233œ50,
Apnrbghdc) ?, 1,,5, ——Chrsqhatshnm`k `mc hmenql`shnm`k lncdkr ne atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms
hmsdq`bshnm)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc V, Fq`ms) dcr,) Atrhmdrr `mc Fnudqmldms2 Ldsgncr `mc
Oq`bshbd, Adqkhm4 Kdrjd `mc Atmcqhbg,
–– `mc Bndm) C, 1,,2 ——Hmrhcdq ntsrhcdq knaaxhmf ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm‘‘) Dtqnod`m
Tmhnm Onkhshbr 3&1(4 054œ78,
–– –– 1,,6 ——Knaaxhmf `bshuhsx `mc enqtl bqd`shnm hm sgd DT4 Dlohqhb`kkx dwoknqhmf sgd
m`stqd ne sgd Onkhbx Fnc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 222œ35,
Bdpmx) O, F, 0886, ——O`q`cnwdr ne sgd bnlodshshnm rs`sd4 sgd cxm`lhbr ne fkna`khy`shnm)‘‘

Fnudqmldms `mc Noonrhshnm 214 240œ63,
BgZmckdp) ?, 0851, Rsq`sdfx `mc Rsqtbstqd, B`laqhcfd4 LHS Oqdrr,
Bndm) C, 0886, ——Sgd dunktshnm ne sgd k`qfd Vql `r ` onkhshb`k `bsnq hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 3&0(4 80œ0,7,
–– 0887, ——Sgd Dtqnod`m atrhmdrr hmsdqdrs `mc sgd m`shnm rs`sd4 k`qfd¨Vql knaaxhmf hm sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm `mc ldladq rs`sdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 07&0(4 64œ0,,,
–– 1,,6, ——Dlohqhb`k `mc sgdnqdshb`k rstchdr hm DT knaaxhmf)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb
Onkhbx 034 222œ34,
–– `mc Gdphshdp) ?, 1,,4, QdVmhmf Qdftk`snqx Qdfhldr2 Tshkhshdr hm Dtqnod, Bgdksdmg`l4
Dcv`qc Dkf`q,
–– `mc QhbgZpcrnm) I, 1,,8, Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr `mc Onkhbx,
–– `mc SgZsbgdp) L, 1,,7, ——Mdsvnqj fnudqm`mbd `mc cdkdf`shnm hm Dtqnod`m mdsvnqjr ne
qdftk`shnm `fdmbhdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 17&0(4 38œ60,
Btkodoodp) O, C, 1,,7, ——Atrhmdrr onvdq) onkhbx r`khdmbd `mc sgd rstcx ne onkhshbr)‘‘ Dtqnod`m
Rstchdr Enqtl 27&1(4 0œ6,
–– 1,,8, Atrhmdrr Onvdq hm Bnmsdlonq`qx Bòhs`khrl2 Bnqonq`sd Bnmsqnk `mc Otakhb Onkhbx hm
Dtqnod `mc Iò`m, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Bxdps) Q, L,) `mc LZpbg) I, F, 0881, Adgùhnq`k Sgdnqx ne sgd Ehql, Dmfkdvnnc Bkh9r) MI4
Oqdmshbd¨G`kk,
Cddf) Q, 0888, Ehm`mbd Bòhs`k Tmudhkdc2 A`mjr `mc sgd Fdql`m Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx, ?mm ?qanq4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
–– 1,,0, Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc sgd Trdr `mc Khlhsr ne O`sg Cdodmcdmbx2 Sgd B`rd ne
Fdql`m Ehm`mbd, L`w Ok`mj Hmrshstsd Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq ,0.5, Bnknfmd4 L`w Ok`mj Hmrshstsd,
Cpdgdp) ?, 1,,6, ——Sgd hmWtdmbd ne fkna`khy`shnm nm s`wdr `mc rnbh`k onkhbx4 `m dlohqhb`k
`m`kxrhr enq NDBC bntmsqhdr)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 11&0(4 068œ1,0,
Dhbgdmfpddm) A, 0874, Vgn Dkdbsdc A`mjdqr: Rtqudhkk`mbd `mc Bnmsqnk hm sgd Vnqkc Dbnmnlx,
Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1,,6, Sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx Rhmbd 08342 Bnnqchm`sdc Bòhs`khrl `mc Adxnmc, Oqhmbdsnm4
Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– dc, 1,,7, Sgd Fnkc Rs`mc`qc hm Sgdnqx `mc Ghrsnqx, Mdv Xnqj4 Ldsgtdm,
EphdclZm) S, K, 1,,4, Sgd Vnqkc Hr Ek`s2 ? Aqhde Ghrsnqx ne sgd Svdmsx Ehqrs Bdmstqx, Mdv Xnqj4
E`q`q Rsq`tr `mc Fhqntw,
Ehftdhpdcn I, cd, 1,,1, ——Knaaxhmf `mc hmenql`shnm onkhshbr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 3&1(4
014œ2,,
FZladssZ) C, 0882, Sgd Rhbhkh`m L`V`2 Sgd Atrhmdrr ne Oqhu`sd Oqnsdbshnm, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4
G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZppdss) F, 0887, O`qshr`m Onkhshbr hm sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
FpZms) V, 0882, ——Atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr hm D`rsdqm Dtqnod `mc Qtrrh`)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Bnlltmhrs
Rstchdr 8&1(4 10œ22,
–– 1,,,, Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr, Knmcnm4 LbLhkk`m,
FpZx) U,) `mc Knvdpx) C, 0886, ——Qdbnmbdost`khrhmf O?B enql`shnm4 hs‘r mns ` bnkkdbshud `bshnm
oqnakdl `mc l`x ad `m `qlr q`bd)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Pt`qsdqkx 14&2(4 208œ35,
FpdZudr) I, 1,,8, ——Ahn odrshbhcdr) qdftk`shnm) hmmnu`shnm `mc sgd qdftk`snqx rs`sd)‘‘ Otakhb
Onkhbx `mc ?clhmhrsq`shnm 13&2(4 134œ53,
Fphdp) J,) Ltmfdp) L,) `mc Qnadpsr) A, 0883, ——Sgd cdsdqlhm`msr ne hmctrsqh`k onkhshb`k
`bshuhsx) 0867œ0875)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 774 800œ15,
FpnrrlZm) F,) `mc GdkolZm) D, 0883 ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 73&0(4
722œ4,,
GZbjdp) I, 1,,1, Sgd Chuhcdc Vdke`qd Rs`sd2 Sgd A`sskd nudq Otakhb `mc Oqhu`sd Rnbh`k AdmdVsr hm
sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1,,5, Sgd Fqd`s Qhrj Rghes2 Sgd ?rr`tks nm ?ldqhb`m Inar) E`lhkhdr) Gd`ksg B`qd `mc
Qdshqdldms `mc Gnv Xnt B`m Ehfgs A`bj, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZkk) O, ?,) `mc Rnrjhbd) C, V, 1,,0, U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne
Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZmrdm) V,) `mc Lhsbgdkk) M, 1,,,, ——Chr`ffqdf`shmf `mc dwok`hmhmf bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k
`bshuhsx4 cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm bnqonq`shnmr hm m`shnm`k onkhshbr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd
Qduhdv 834 780œ8,2,
GZps) C, 1,,2, ——Onkhshb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm hm bnmbdmsq`sdc hmctrsqhdr4 qduhrhshmf sgd Nkrnmh`m
gxonsgdrhr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 4 &2(4 150œ75,
–– 1,,3, ——Atrhmdrr hr mns `m hmsdqdrs fqnto4 nm bnlo`mhdr hm ?ldqhb`m M`shnm`k Onkhshbr‘‘)
?mmt`k Qduhdv ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 64 36œ56,
Gnpvhsy) L, 0866, Sgd Sq`mrenql`shnm ne ?ldqhb`m ?clhmhrsq`shud K`v 067 ´075 ,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ingmrnm) B, ?, 0871, LHSH `mc sgd Iò`mdrd Lhq`bkd2 Sgd Fqnvsg ne Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx 0814´64,
Rs`menqc) B`khe,: Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
InpcZm) F,) `mc GZkohm) C, 1,,3, ——Nkrnm sqhtlog`ms; Qdbqthsldms rsq`sdfhdr `mc sgd fqnvsg
ne ` rl`kk atrhmdrr nqf`mhr`shnm)‘‘ Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 414 320œ38,
JZsydmrsdhm) O, I, 0874, Rl`kk Rs`sdr hm Vnqkc L`qjdsr2 Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx hm Dtqnod, Hsg`b`) MX4
Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Jkdhm) M, 1,,,, Mn Knfn2 S`jhmf ?hl `s sgd Aq`mc Atkkhdr, Knmcnm4 Q`mcnl Gntrd,
Jnkjn) F, 0854, Q`hkqn`cr `mc Qdftk`shnm 0766´0805, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
KZvsnm) S, 1,,1, Bkd`qdc enq S`jd¨N92 Rsqtbstqd `mc Rsq`sdfx hm sgd Knv E`qd ?hqkhmd Atrhmdrr,
Knmcnm4 ?rgf`sd,
Khmcaknl) B, D, 0866, Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr2 Sgd Vnqkc‘r Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdlr, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb,
Knvdpx) C, 1,,6, ——Vgx cn nqf`mhrdc hmsdqdrsr knaax; ? ltksh¨fn`k) ltksh¨kdudk sgdnqx ne
knaaxhmf)‘‘ Onkhsx 284 18œ43,
Kxmm) K, M,) `mc LbJdnvm) S, I, 0877, Nqf`mhyhmf Atrhmdrr2 Sq`cd ?rrnbh`shnmr hm ?ldqhb` `mc
Iò`m, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 ?DH,
LZinmd) F, 1,,4, Chkdll`r ne Dtqnod`m Hmsdfq`shnm2 Sgd ?lahfthshdr `mc Ohse`kkr ne Hmsdfq`¨
shnm ax Rsd`ksg, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZpshm) B, I, 1,,,, Rstbj hm Mdtsq`k2 Atrhmdrr `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne Gtl`m Bòhs`k Hmudrsldms
Onkhbx, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1,,3, ——Qdhmudmshmf vdke`qd qdfhldr4 dloknxdqr `mc sgd hlokdldms`shnm ne `bshud rnbh`k
onkhbx)‘‘ Vnqkc Onkhshbr 464 28œ58,
Lhkkr) B, V, 0845, Sgd Onvdq Dkhsd, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Lhkxn) I,) Ophln) C,) `mc Fpnrdbknrd) S, 1,,,, ——O?B b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr hm odqrodb¨
shud)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 1&0(4 63œ8,,
Lnd) S, 087,, Sgd Nqf`mhy`shnm ne Hmsdqdrsr, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
Mdssk) I, 0854, ——Bnmrdmrtr nq dkhsd cnlhm`shnm4 sgd b`rd ne atrhmdrr)‘‘ Onkhshb`k Rstchdr) 02&0(4 11œ33,
NglZd) J, 0884, Sgd Dmc ne sgd M`shnm Rs`sd, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
Nkrnm) L, 0854, Sgd Knfhb ne Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm2 Otakhb Fnnc `mc sgd Sgdnqx ne Fqntor, Mdv
Xnqj4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Odlodk) S, I, 0887, Qdfhld Rghes2 Bnlo`q`shud Cxm`lhbr ne sgd Iò`mdrd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx,
Ohdprnm) O, 1,,1`, Chrl`mskhmf sgd Vdke`qd Rs`sd2 Qd`f`m) Sg`sbgdq `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne
Qdsqdmbgldms, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1,,1a, ——Bnohmf vhsg odql`mdms `trsdqhsx4 vdke`qd rs`sd qdrsqtbstqhmf hm `Ytdms cdl¨
nbq`bhdr)‘‘ Qdutd Eq`mbø`hrd cd Rnbhnknfhd 32&1(4 258œ3,5,
OnkZmxh) J, 0833, Sgd Fqd`s Sq`mrenql`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 E`qq`q `mc Qdhmg`qs,
Onpsdp) L, 0881, ——Bòhs`k chr`cu`ms`fd4 ?ldqhb`‘r e`hkhmf bòhs`k hmudrsldms rxrsdl)‘‘ G`q¨
u`qc Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 6,4 54œ71,
Onssdpr) I,) `mc Rknne) Q, 0885, ——Hmsdqdrs fqntor4 ` rtqudx ne dlohqhb`k lncdkr sg`s sqx sn
`bbdrr sgdhq hmWtdmbd)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 01&2(4 3,2œ31,
Qdfhmh) L, 1,,1, ——Adsvddm cd¨qdftk`shnm `mc rnbh`k o`bsr4 sgd qdronmrd ne Dtqnod`m dbnm¨
nlhdr sn fkna`khy`shnm)‘‘ Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdsx 174 4œ22,
RbgZssrbgmdhcdp) D, D, 0845, ——Tmhsdc Rs`sdr4 sgd etmbshnm`k òoqn`bg sn o`qsx fnudqmldms)‘‘
hm R, Mdtl`mm) dc,) Lncdqm Onkhshb`k O`qshdr2 ?ooqn`bgdr sn Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb, Bghb`fn4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr) 083œ104,
–– 085,, Sgd Rdlhrnudqdhfm Odnokd2 ? Qd`khrs‘r Uhdv ne Cdlnbq`bx hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4
Gnks) Qhmdg`qs % Vhmrsnm,
Rbglhcs) U, ?, 1,,5, Cdlnbq`bx hm Dtqnod2 Sgd DT `mc M`shnm`k Onkhshdr4 Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rbglhssdp) O, B, 0863, ——Rshkk sgd bdmstqx ne bnqonq`shrl;‘‘ Sgd Qduhdv ne Onkhshbr 25&0(4
74œ020,
RkZtfgsdp) ?,¨L, 1,,3, ? Mdv Vnqkc Nqcdq, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rlhsg) L, 1,,,, ?ldqhb`m Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshb`k Onvdq2 Otakhb Nohmhnm) Dkdbshnmr `mc Cdl¨
nbq`bx, Bghb`fn4 Bghb`fn Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Roptxs) G, 0883, Sgd Rnudqdhfm Rs`sd `mc hsr Bnlodshsnqr, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
Rsdhmln) R, 1,,1, ——S`w`shnm `mc fkna`khy`shnm4 bg`kkdmfdr sn sgd Rvdchrg vdke`qd rs`sd)‘‘
Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 24&6(4 728œ51,
Rshfkdp) F, 0860, ——Sgd sgdnqx ne dbnmnlhb qdftk`shnm)‘‘ Adkk Intqm`k ne Dbnmnldsqhbr `mc
L`m`fdldms Rbhdmbd 14 2œ10,
Rshfkhsy) I, 0875, Dbnmnlhbr ne sgd Otakhb Rdbsnq, Mdv Xnqj4 Mnqsnm Oqdrr,
RspZmfd) R, 0885, Sgd Qdsqd`s ne sgd Rs`sd2 Sgd Ch9trhnm ne Onvdq hm sgd Vnqkc Dbnmnlx,
B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rspddbj) V, 0886, ——Fdql`m bòhs`khrl4 cndr hs dwhrs; B`m hs rtquhud;‘‘ Mdv Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 1
&1(4 126œ45,
–– `mc Rbglhssdp) O, B, 0880, ——Eqnl m`shnm`k bnqonq`shrl sn sq`mrm`shnm`k oktq`khrl4
nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr hm sgd rhmfkd Dtqnod`m l`qjds)‘‘ Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdsx 08&1(4 022œ54,
–– Fpnsd) I,) Rbgmhdcdp) U,) `mc Uhrrdp) I, 1,,4, Fnudqmhmf Hmsdqdrsr2 Atrhmdrr ?rrnbh`shnmr
E`bhmf Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
RvZmj) C, 0887, ——Etmchmf sgd vdke`qd rs`sd4 fkna`khy`shnm `mc sgd s`w`shnm ne atrhmdrr hm
`cu`mbdc l`qjds dbnmnlhdr)‘‘ Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 24 560œ81,
Shadpfghdm) X, 1,,6, Dmsqdoqdmdtqh`k Rs`sdr2 Qdenqlhmf Bnqonq`sd Fnudqm`mbd hm Eq`mbd) Iò`m
`mc Jnqd`, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Shkkx) B, &dc,( 0863, Sgd Enql`shnm ne M`shnm`k Rs`sdr hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Stbjdp) ?, 1,,7, ——Sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr `r hmctrsqx qdots`shnm `fdmsr4 ` lncdk ne qdots`shnm`k
sqtrs)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 0,&0(4 0œ15,
Unfdk) C, 0878, Ektbst`shmf Enqstmdr2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Onvdq ne Atrhmdrr hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb Annjr,
Unfdk) C, 0884, Sq`chmf to2 Bnmrtldq `mc Dmuhqnmldms`k Qdftk`shnm hm ` Fkna`k Dbnmnlx,
Unfdk) R, J, 1,,0, ——Sgd bqhrhr ne Fdql`m `mc Iò`mdrd bòhs`khrl)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb`k
Rstchdr 23&0,(4 00,2œ22,
–– 1,,5, Iò`m Qdlncdkdc2 Gnv Fnudqmldms `mc Hmctrsqx `qd Qdenqlhmf Iò`mdrd Bòhs`k¨
hrl, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Vdhrr) K, 0887, Sgd Lxsg ne sgd Onvdqkdrr Rs`sd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
VhkklZm) O,) Bndm) C,) Btpphd) C,) `mc Rhmdp) L, 1,,2, ——Qdftk`snqx hmrshstshnmr `mc Vql
adgùhntq4 sgd dunktshnm ne qdftk`snqx qdk`shnmrghor hm sgd TJ)‘‘ Hmctrsqh`k `mc Bnqonq`sd
Bg`mfd 01&0(4 58œ78,
Vhkrnm) F, 088,, ——Bnqonq`shnmr‘ onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ Aqhshrg Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 1,4
170œ7,
Vnn¨Btlhmfr) L, &dc,( 0888, Sgd Cdudknoldms`k Rs`sd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Vphfgs) L, 1,,1, ——Vgn fnudqmr Iò`m; Onkhshbh`mr `mc atqd`tbq`sr hm sgd onkhbxl`jhmf
oqnbdrr)‘‘ Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 364 828œ43,
Ydhskhm) I,) `mc Sptadbj) C, 1,,2, Fnudqmhmf Vnqj `mc Vdke`qd hm ` Mdv Dbnmnlx2 Dtqnod`m
`mc ?ldqhb`m Dwodqhdmbd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
YxrlZm) I, 0872, Fnudqmldmsr) L`qjdsr `mc Fqnvsg2 Ehm`mbh`k Rxrsdlr `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne
Hmctrsqh`k Bg`mfd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
bgZosdq 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
DBNMNLHBR
DBNMNLHB SGDNPHDR NE
SGD EHPL) ATRHMDRR) ?MC
F NU D P M L D M S
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
bgqhrsnr m, ohsdkhr
Hmsqnctbshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd `hl ne sghr bgòsdq hr sn oqnuhcd ` rgnqs bqhshb`k `bbntms ne dws`ms dbnmnlhb
sgdnqx&hdr( ne sgd Vql) atrhmdrr &`mc hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm() `mc sgd rs`sd `mc
fnudqmldms, Vd dwoknqd bnlodshmf odqrodbshudr) rtbg `r sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k
dbnmnlhbr) sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr) dunktshnm`qx) qdrntqbd) bòàhkhshdr) `mc rxrsdl¨
a`rdc `r vdkk `r L`qwhrs `mc hcdmshex bnllnm fqntmc `mc ch9dqdmbdr, Vd `krn
`ssdlos ` khlhsdc dbkdbshb rxmsgdrhr, Sgd s`rj ne bnudqhmf rtbg òo`qdmskx chudqrd
snohbr hm sgd bnmsdws ne ` rhmfkd dmsqx hr e`bhkhs`sdc ax sgd e`bs sg`s dws`ms
`ksdqm`shud dbnmnlhb odqrodbshudr gùd hlokhb`shnmr nm `kk sgd ènqdldmshnmdc
sgdnqhdr, &Gnvdudq) vd cn mns dmsdq sgd hlonqs`ms hrrtd ne otakhb `mc.nq
atrhmdrr onkhbx) ctd sn ro`bd bnmrhcdq`shnmr(, Vd `krn sqx sn rgnv sg`s sgd hrrtdr
`s g`mc `qd bdmsq`k sn `m òoqdbh`shnm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnm `mc rxrsdl¨
vhcd dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd,
Rsqtbstqd¨vhrd) sgd rdbnmc rdbshnm chrbtrrdr `ksdqm`shud sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql)
hmctrsqx) `mc atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm: sgd sghqc rdbshnm chrbtrrdr dbnmnlhb sgdnqhdr
ne sgd rs`sd: `mc sgd entqsg dwoknqdr sgdhq hmsdqqdk`shnmrghor) bnllnm`khshdr) `mc
ch9dqdmbdr) `mc sgd rbnod enq `m dbkdbshb rxmsgdrhr, Sgd Vesg rdbshnm bnmbktcdr,
25 bgqhrsnr m, ohsdkhr
?ksdqmXshud Odqrodbshudr nm LXqjdsr)

Ehqlr) Atrhmdrr Xmc Hmctrsqx
NqfXmhyXshnm(
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd LZqjds ËZhktqd(äZrdc Sgdnqx LES(

Sgd lìnq dkdldmsr ne LES `qd dwontmcdc hm ?keqdc L`qrg`kk‘r 081. Oqhmbhokdr ne
Dbnmnlhbr, Vghkd L`qrg`kk ghlrdke g`c ` q`sgdq mt`mbdc òoqn`bg sn Vqlr `mc sgdhq
hmsdqm`k nodq`shnmr `mc bòàhkhshdr) rtardptdms cdudknoldmsr hm lhbqndbnmnlhbr
`mc Hmctrsqh`k Nqf`mhy`shnm &HN( dbnmnlhbr enbtrdc nm sgd hmctrsqx `r sgd tmhs ne
`m`kxrhr,0 Sgd l`hm dbnmnlhb ptdrshnm q`hrdc ax sghr odqrodbshud hr gnv sgd oqhbd¨
ntsots cdbhrhnmr &dpthkhaqhtl( ne Vqlr nodq`shmf hm hmctrsqhdr &bnkkdbshnm ne Vqlr
oqnctbhmf rhlhk`q oqnctbsr) rtbg `r b`qr( hlo`bs nm sgd dXbhdms `kknb`shnm ne rb`qbd
qdrntqbdr `mc sgdqdenqd nm sgd noshl`khsx ne sgd l`qjds rxrsdl `r ` vgnkd,
Sgd ldsgnc trdc sn `mrvdq sghr ptdrshnm hmunkudr sgd `rrtloshnm ne ——noshlhyhmf
adgùhnq‘‘ &Vqlr `qd `rrtldc sn l`whlhyd oqnVsr(, Fhudm sghr naidbshud) `kk nmd
mddcr hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd sgd oqhbd¨ntsots ——dpthkhaqhtl‘‘ hm `m hmctrsqx hr
jmnvkdcfd ne sgd bnrs rsqtbstqd) sgd cdl`mc bnmchshnmr) `mc sgd sxod ne hmctrsqx
rsqtbstqd, Sgd k`rs ldmshnmdc b`m ad odqedbskx bnlodshshud nq hlodqedbskx bnlodsh¨
shud, ——Odqedbs bnlodshshnm‘‘ dwhrsr vgdm Vqlr `qd mtldqntr) oqnctbd gnlnfdmdntr
oqnctbsr) `mc sgdqd dwhrsr eqdd dmsqx `mc dwhs hm sgd hmctrsqx, Tmcdq sgdrd `rrtlo¨
shnmr Vqlr b`m nmkx l`jd ——mnql`k‘‘ &nq ydqn dbnmnlhb( oqnVsr) sg`s hr sgdx vhkk
rhlokx bnudq sgdhq ùdq`fd bnrsr &cdVmdc sn hmbktcd bnlodmr`shnm enq `kk e`bsnqr ne
oqnctbshnm) hmbktchmf l`m`fdqr `mc dmsqdoqdmdtqr(,
——Hlodqedbs bnlodshshnm‘‘ qdedqr sn `kk sxodr ne mnmödqedbskx bnlodshshud l`qjdsr)
rtbg `r lnmnonkx &` rhmfkd rdkkdq hm sgd hmctrsqx( nq nkhfnonkx &qdk`shudkx edv rdkkdqr
vgnrd `bshnmr hlo`bs nm d`bg nsgdq–sgdqd dwhrsr hmsdqcdodmcdmbd(, ? khlhshmf b`rd
ne nkhfnonkx hr ctnonkx &svn Vqlr hm sgd hmctrsqx(, Hm sgd b`rd ne hlodqedbs
bnlodshshnm) oqnVs l`whlhyhmf adgùhnq nesdm kd`cr sn oqhbdr hm dwbdrr ne sgd
odqedbskx bnlodshshud nmdr) sgdqdenqd sn rtodq¨mnql`k oqnVsr nq) hm sgd b`rd ne
lnmnonkx) sn ——lnmnonkx oqnVsr,‘‘
?rrtlhmf sgd r`ld bnrs `mc cdl`mc bnmchshnmr) sgd ——lnmnonkx oqnVs‘‘ qdoqd¨
rdmsr `m dpthu`kdms qdctbshnm hm sgd ——bnmrtldq rtqoktr‘‘ &sgd admdVs bnmrtldqr
qdbdhud ax mns o`xhmf sgd ghfgdrs onrrhakd oqhbd sgdx vntkc ad vhkkhmf sn o`x enq knvdq
pt`mshshdr `r onqsq`xdc ax sgdhq cdl`mc btqud(, Sghr rhlokx qdoqdrdmsr ` qdchrsqhat¨
shnm eqnl bnmrtldqr sn oqnctbdqr `mc hs hr mns rddm `r mdbdrr`qhkx a`c odq rd &sghr
cdodmcr nm gnv lnmnonkhrsr trd sgdhq oqnVsr(, Sgd qd`k oqnakdl vhsg lnmnonkx)
gnvdudq) hr sg`s hm nqcdq sn l`whlhyd oqnVsr) lnmnonkhdr mddc sn qdrsqhbs ntsots,
Sghr kd`cr sn knvdq kdudkr ne ntsots sg`m `qd onrrhakd tmcdq odqedbs bnlodshshnm)
kd`chmf sn tmcdqtshkhy`shnm &lhr`kknb`shnm( ne rb`qbd qdrntqbdr, Sghr hr sgd `m`sgdl`
ne mdnbk`rrhb`k lhbqndbnmnlhbr) vghbg dwok`hmr vgx hm sghr odqrodbshud lnmnonkx hr
dbnmnlhbr 26
a`c, Hs qdoqdrdmsr ` rsqtbstq`k l`qjds e`hktqd `mc mddcr sn ad `ccqdrrdc) sgqntfg

fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnm &rdd adknv(,
Lnmnonkx `mc odqedbs bnlodshshnm `qd svn dwsqdldr: hm oq`bshbd lnrs hmctrsqhdr
vhkk sdmc sn ad nkhfnonkhrshb, ?m`kxyhmf nkhfnonkhdr hr lnqd dwbhshmf ats mns `r
rsq`hfgsenqv`qc, Fhudm sgd l`mx onrrhahkhshdr ù`hkàkd enq sgd onrrhakd adgùhnq ne
nkhfnonkhdr) sgdqd dwhrs l`mx nkhfnonkx lncdkr, Hm sgd nqhfhm`k ctnonkx lncdkr
ne Adqsq`mc `mc Bntqmns) ch9dqdms dpthkhaqh` enkknv cdodmchmf nm `rrtloshnmr ne
nkhfnonkhrshb adgùhnq, Adsq`mc `rrtldc sg`s nkhfnonkhdr vhkk bnlodsd nudq oqhbd `mc
sgtr cdqhudc bnlodshshud oqhbhmf adgùhnq) cdrohsd nkhfnonkhrshb l`qjds rsqtbstqdr,
Bntqmns hmrsd`c `rrtldc Vqlr bnlodsd nudq ntsots `mc cdqhudc ` onrhshud qdk`¨
shnmrgho adsvddm Vql mtladqr `mc ntsots–sgd lnqd Vqlr dwhrs sgd ghfgdq sgd
ntsots vhkk ad &rdd Bàq`k 1...(,
Rs`qshmf vhsg sgd bk`rrhb vnqj ne Ind A`hm hm 0845 nm A`qqhdqr sn Mdv Bnlodshshnm)
lncdqm HN sgdnqx athks nkhfnonkx lncdkr sg`s cdqhud dpthkhaqh` vghbg q`mfd adsvddm
odqedbskx bnlodshshud `mc lnmnonkhrshb) cdodmchmf nm `rrtloshnmr ne dmsqx `mc dwhs,
Enq dw`lokd) hm sgd khlhs oqhbhmf lncdk ne Lnchfkh`mh &0847() hs hr rgnvm sg`s
nkhfnonkhdr vhkk bg`qfd ` oqhbd ànud sgd bnlodshshud nmd &adb`trd) `mc to sn sgd
onhms vgdqd) sgdx `qd oqnsdbsdc eqnl a`qqhdqr sn dmsqx) mnsàkx dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd()
ats adknv sgd lnmnonkhrshb nmd adb`trd ne ed`q ne dmsqx `mc hm nqcdq sn cdsdq hs,
Nsgdqr) mnsàkx Bnvkhmf `mc V`sdqrnm &0865( `qftd sg`s Vqlr cn mns mddc sn qdctbd
oqhbdr: hmrsd`c sgdx b`m cdsdq dmsqx sgqntfg rsq`sdfx) enq dw`lokd ax hmudrshmf hm
dwbdrr bò`bhsx, He sgdhq sgqd`s ne trhmf sghr bò`bhsx onrs¨dmsqx hr bqdchakd &hm sg`s hs
hmunkudr oqd¨dmsqx bnllhsldmsr sg`s l`jd hs lnqd oqnVsàkd enq Vqlr sn `bs nm
sgdhq sgqd`sr onrs¨dmsqx() dmsqx vhkk mns nbbtq `mc hmbtladmsr vhkk ad àkd sn bg`qfd
oqhbdr) vghbg b`m ad `r ghfg `r sgd lnmnonkx oqhbd &cdodmchmf `krn nm sgd cdfqdd ne
oqhbd bnkktrhnm(, Hm rs`qj bnmsq`rs sn sghr) A`tlnk‘r &0871( ——bnmsdrsàkd l`qjdsr‘‘
sgdnqx bk`hlr sg`s dudm nkhfnonkhrshb hmctrsqhdr vhkk adgùd bnlodshshudkx &bg`qfd
bnlodshshud oqhbdr() he sgdqd dwhrsr onvdqetk onsdmsh`k bnlodshshnm &nsgdq Vqlr sg`s
l`x ad `ssq`bsdc sn sgd hmctrsqx(, Onsdmsh`k bnlodshshnm qdmcdqr l`qjdsr bnmsdrsàkd)
qd¨drsàkhrghmf sgd odqedbskx bnlodshshud hcd`k dudm hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne nkhfnonkhrshb
rsqtbstqdr,
?kk sgd ànud b`m ad dw`lhmdc trhmf rhlokd f`ld sgdnqx &Chwhs 0871(, Athkchmf nm
rtbg d`qkhdq vnqjr) sgd ——mdv HN‘‘ otsr dlog`rhr nm sgd bnmctbs ne Vqlr &hm bnmsq`rs sn
sgd enbtr nm rsqtbstqd ne sgd hmctrsqx ne sgd A`hm sq`chshnm) vghbg hm d9dbs onrhsdc `
lnrskx tmhchqdbshnm`k b`tr`k khmj eqnl rsqtbstqd sn bnmctbs sn odqenql`mbd(,1 Sgd
dlog`rhr nm bnmctbs `kknvr ` lnqd qd`khrshb òoqn`bg sn sgd khmj adsvddm rsqtbstqd
`mc odqenql`mbd sg`s `kknvr enq bn¨cdsdqlhm`shnm ne rsqtbstqdœbnmctbs odqenql`mbd
khmjr `mc rhltks`mdhsx, Hs b`m `krn ad l`sgdl`shb`kkx lnqd qhfnqntr, Nm sgd lhmtr
rhcd gnvdudq) f`ld sgdnqdshb lncdkr ne nkhfnonkx gùd addm ok`ftdc ax sgd onrrhahkhsx
ne ——ltkshokd dpthkhaqh`‘‘–hm d9dbs ` fnnc l`sgdl`shbh`m b`m oqnud `mxsghmf gd nq rgd
l`x vhrg cdodmchmf nm sgd hmhsh`k rodbhVb`shnm ne sgd ——f`ld‘‘ &rdd Shqnkd 0877(,
Lnqd qdbdmskx) Rtssnm &0887( l`cd ` udqx hlonqs`ms bnmsqhatshnm snv`qcr l`qqxhmf
enql`k lncdkhmf vhsg qd`khsx, Ghr ——antmcr‘‘ òoqn`bg dloknxr rsxkhydc e`bsr
`mc sgdnqdshb`k hmrhfgsr sn oqdchbs vgdqd) vhsghm dwodbsdc antmcr) oqhbdœntsots
dpthkhaqhtl rgntkc khd–`mc `cnosr enql`k lncdkhmf sn `m`kxyd `mc sdrs enq rtbg `
qd`khsxäntmc q`mfd ne dwodbsdc ntsbnldr,
Hm sgd àrdmbd ne odqedbs bnlodshshnm nq odqedbs bnmsdrsàhkhsx) sgdqd dwhrsr rbnod
enq sgd fnudqmldms sn rsdo hm sn qdrsnqd odqedbskx bnlodshshud bnmchshnmr, ? oqnakdl
gdqd hr sg`s hm sgd àrdmbd ne odqedbs bnlodshshnm `bqnrr `kk hmctrsqhdr hm sgd dbnmnlx)
hmsdqudmshnm hm nmd l`qjds hr mns ft`q`msddc sn hloqnud dXbhdmbx &sgd oqnakdl ne
——rdbnmc adrs‘‘( dwbdos tmcdq q`sgdq qdrsqhbshud `rrtloshnmr &Fhkadqs `mc Mdvadqqx
0871(, Sghr khlhsr sgd onvdq ne HN sn oqnuhcd trdetk otakhb oqdrbqhoshnmr) vghbg hr hsr
otqonqsdc `hl,2
Sgd ànud hr itrs nmd ne sgd oqnakdlr ne sgd lhbqndbnmnlhb `mc HN òoqn`bg,
Nsgdq qdk`sdc oqnakdlr hmbktcd sgd qdrsqhbshud `rrtloshnmr &vghbg hmbktcd odqedbs
hmenql`shnm.jmnvkdcfd) noshlhyhmf adgùhnq) hmsdq¨Vql bnnodq`shnm adhmf rddm
nmkx `r oqhbd bnkktrhnm `mc sdbgmnknfx.hmmnu`shnmr adhmf dwnfdmntr(, Hm sghr bnmsdws
odqedbs bnlodshshnm hm d9dbs hlokhdr sgd àrdmbd ne `mx bnlodshshnm `s `kk, Hm
`cchshnm) sgd vgnkd enbtr nm dXbhdms `kknb`shnm ne rb`qbd qdrntqbdr hfmnqdr sgd
etmc`ldms`k hrrtd ne qdrntqbd bqd`shnm, Vghkd bg`mfdr hm qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm b`m
kd`c sn bg`mfdr hm qdrntqbd bqd`shnm) hs hr e`q eqnl duhcdms sg`s sgd dXbhdms qdrntqbd
`kknb`shnm `s `mx fhudm shld hr sgd nmkx v`x sn `9dbs qdrntqbd bqd`shnm, Hmcddc
qdrntqbd bqd`shnm hr `tsnl`shb`kkx qdk`sdc sn hmsdqsdlonq`k hrrtdr) vghbg onrdr
`mnsgdq oqnakdl enq sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k odqrodbshud–hsr enbtr hr nm bnlo`q`shud rs`shbr)
mns nm hmsdqsdlonq`k dXbhdmbx, Sgd k`rs ldmshnmdc hmunkudr jmnvkdcfd `mc hmmnu¨
`shnm) vghbg sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k uhdv bnmrhcdqr sn ad dwnfdmntrkx fhudm,
Sgd chXbtkshdr ne sgd HN odqrodbshud sn cd`k vhsg jmnvkdcfd `mc hmmnu`shnm)
sgdqdenqd vhsg hmsdqsdlonq`k dXbhdmbx &sgd sgdld ne sgd entmchmf e`sgdq ne dbn¨
mnlhbr ?c`l Rlhsg `mc l`mx kd`chmf dbnmnlhrsr rhmbd) rtbg `r Inrdog Rbgtlo¨
dsdq() kdc HN rbgnk`qr rtbg `r A`tlnk &0880: sgd hmudmsnq ne bnmsdrsàhkhsx sgdnqx() sn
k`ldms sgd rtanoshl`k oqnodqshdr nq ——odqedbs bnlodshshnm‘‘ `mc ——odqedbs bnmsdrs¨
àhkhsx)‘‘ `r qdf`qcr hmmnu`shnm) sgtr cxm`lhb hmsdqsdlonq`k dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd,
? qd`rnm) A`tlnk nardqudc) dbgnhmf Rbgtlodsdq &0831() hr sg`s ansg sgdrd sxodr ne
l`qjds rsqtbstqd qdlnud `mx hmbdmshud sn hmmnu`sd) vghbg hr ne bntqrd sgd ànud¨
bnlodshshud q`sdr ne qdstqm,
Sgd trdetkmdrr ne sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k HN odqrodbshud g`r addm ptdrshnmdc vhcdkx) ansg
eqnl vhsghm `mc eqnl vhsgnts dbnmnlhbr, Eqnl vhsghm) ——l`m`fdqh`k sgdnqhdr‘‘ cqdv
nm Adqkd `mc Ld`mr‘r &0821( bk`rrhb rs`sdldms ne rdo`q`shnm ne nvmdqrgho eqnl bnmsqnk
sn bk`hl sg`s bnmsqnkkhmf oqnedrrhnm`k l`m`fdqr l`whlhyd sgdhq nvm tshkhsx) mns oqnVsr,
Sghr hmbktcdr r`kdr) chrbqdshnm`qx dwodmchstqdr) fqnvsg) `mc nsgdq &rdd L`qqhr 0885(,
Rtardptdms cdudknoldmsr hm dbnmnlhbr sqhdc sn `ccqdrr sgd qdrtks`ms oqnakdl ne
——`fdmbx‘‘ &enq dw`lokd) ?kbgh`m `mc Cdlrdsy 0861: `mc Idmrdm `mc Ldbjkhmf 0865(,
Sgd dldqfdms ——`fdmbx‘‘ khsdq`stqd fq`ct`kkx adb`ld sgd entmc`shnm ne sgd ——rg`qdgnkcdq
u`ktd‘‘ òoqn`bg sn bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd &rdd Ohsdkhr 1..3 `mc adknv(,
Hm bnmsq`rs sn HN) Inrdog Rbgtlodsdq rtffdrsdc sg`s bnlodshshnm rgntkc ad
uhdvdc `r ` oqnbdrr ne bqd`shud cdrsqtbshnm sgqntfg hmmnu`shnm) mns ` sxod ne l`qjds
rsqtbstqd, G`xdj &0834( onhmsdc sn sgd dXbhdmbx ne l`qjdsr) hm sdqlr mns ne `kknb`shud
dXbhdmbx) `ssqhatsdc sn odqedbskx bnlodshshud rsqtbstqdr) ats hmrsd`c hm sdqlr ne sgdhq
dbnmnlhbr 28
àhkhsx sn `ccqdrr sgd oqnakdl ne bnnqchm`shnm hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne chrodqrdc

jmnvkdcfd, Bxdqs `mc L`qbg‘r &0852( bk`rrhb annj ptdrshnmdc sgd àhkhsx ne Vqlr sn
l`whlhyd oqnVsr) hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne tmbdqs`hmsx) `mc hmsq`¨Vql bnmWhbs, Sgdx
rtffdrsdc ——r`shrVbhmf‘‘ `r ` adssdq naidbshud ne Vqlr, Bn`rd &0826( k`ldmsdc sgd e`hktqd
ne l`hmrsqd`l sgdnqx sn dmsdq sgd ——ak`bj anw‘‘ &sgd Vql() vghkd Odmqnrd &0848(
onhmsdc sn sgd e`hktqd ne l`hmrsqd`l sgdnqx sn cd`k vhsg sgd hrrtd ne Vql fqnvsg,
Athkchmf nm Odmqnrd) Qhbg`qcrnm &0861( uhdvdc bnnodq`shnm) mns itrs `r ` enql ne
oqhbd bnkktrhnm) ats `r ` lncd ne nqf`mhyhmf oqnctbshnm) rtbg `r l`qjdsr `mc Vqlr)
dwokhbàkd hm sdqlr ne Vql bòàhkhshdr qdkdu`ms sn rtbg `bshuhshdr,
Eqnl sgd ènqdldmshnmdc dbnmnlhb sgdnqhdr¨bqhshptdr) hs hr nmkx Odmqnrd `mc
Bxdqs `mc L`qbg sg`s qd`kkx dmsdqdc sgd ——ak`bj anw‘‘ &Bn`rd ——ldqdkx‘‘ sqhdc sn dwok`hm
hsr dwhrsdmbd(, Sgd enqldq) ax enbtrhmf nm hmsq`¨Vql qdrntqbdr `mc jmnvkdcfd
bqd`shnm: sgd k`ssdq ax bnmrhcdqhmf hmsq`¨Vql cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf `mc bnmWhbs, Hs hr
sgdqdenqd g`qckx rtqoqhrhmf sg`s sgdrd svn dbnmnlhb sgdnqhdr oqnudc sn ad udqx
hmWtdmsh`k sn mnm¨dbnmnlhrsr &Ohsdkhr 1..6`() vhsg Odmqnrd bk`hlhmf lnsgdqgnnc
ne sgd btqqdmskx hmWtdmsh`k qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv &QAU( `mc sgd cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr
&CBr( òoqn`bg &Sddbd 1..6(, Vd dwoknqd sgdrd sgdnqhdr `mc sgdhq hlokhb`shnmr nm
hmctrsqx rsqtbstqd hm sgd mdws rtardbshnm,
Fhudm sgd rsqdmfsg `mc oqnlhmdmbd ne hsr bqhshbr `mc sgd tmqd`khrl ne hsr `rrtlo¨
shnmr) ` mnm¨dbnmnlhrs b`m ad a`Ydc `r sn vg`s) he `mx) hr sgd trdetkmdrr ne sgd LES, Hs
hr hqnmhb) odqgòr) sg`s l`mx lhbqndbnmnlhb sdwsannjr oqnuhcd dwsdmrhud sqd`sldms ne
sgd ——Sgdnqx ne sgd Ehql)‘‘ vhsg khsskd he `mx qdedqdmbd sn vg`s ` Vql hr, Hm Odmqnrd‘r òs
nardqu`shnm) hm sq`chshnm`k sgdnqx Vqlr `qd rhlokx onhmsr hm ` bnrs btqud, Sghr rddlr
bkd`qkx tmr`shre`bsnqx) ats hs mddc mns ad–sgd l`hm hrrtd hr sgd naidbshud rtbg sgdnqhdr
`hl sn r`shrex) vgdsgdq sgdx `bghdud hs) `mc vgdsgdq sgd naidbshud hr ` trdetk nmd,
Sgd ànud hr ` ahf cda`sd sg`s b`mmns ad `ccqdrrdc r`shre`bsnqhkx hm `m dmsqx ne sghr
kdmfsg, Gnvdudq) rnld onhmsr `qd vnqsg l`jhmf, Nm sgd qd`khrl ne `rrtloshnmr)
Eqhdcl`m &0856( bk`hldc sg`s hs hr oqdchbshud àhkhsx sg`s bntmsr) mns sgd qd`khrl nq
sgd `rrtloshnmr odq rd, Nm sghr a`rhr) sq`chshnm`k sgdnqx hr bk`hldc sn e`qd vdkk, Nm
——naidbshudr)‘‘ oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm g`r addm qdïtrshVdc hm sdqlr ne rtquhu`k ne sgd
Vssdrs `qftldmsr `mc sgd l`qjds enq bnqonq`sd bnmsqnk &s`jdnudq ne hmd9dbshud Vqlr(,
?kbgh`m `mc Cdlrdsy &0861( bk`hldc sg`s l`qjdsr `mc Vqlr cn mns qd`kkx ch9dq) Vqlr
`qd rhlokx ——hmsdqm`k l`qjdsr‘‘: sgd bqtbh`k hrrtd enq sgdl adhmf hmbdmshud `khfmldms
sgqntfg lnmhsnqhmf `mc rdke¨lnmhsnqdc ——qdrhct`k bk`hl`msr‘‘ ne oqnVsr, Sgd uhdv
sg`s dudm Vqlr &ghdq`qbghdr( `qd l`qjdsr bntkc rdqud `r ` otqd mdnbk`rrhb`k LES,
Gnvdudq) ansg ?kbgh`m `mc Cdlrdsy gùd rtardptdmskx bnmbdcdc sg`s l`qjdsr `mc
Vqlr bntkc mns ad rddm `r adhmf sgd r`ld &Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Khsskd chrbtrrdc hm sgd khsdq`stqd `qd sgd naidbshudr sgd sq`chshnm`k sgdnqx sqhdc sn
rdqud, Sgdrd vdqd l`hmkx svn, Sgd Vqrs v`r sn dwok`hm oqhbdœntsots cdbhrhnmr ne Vqlr
tmcdq ch9dqdms sxodr ne hmctrsqx rsqtbstqdr) vhsg `m dxd sn oqdchbshmf bg`mfdr ax
rthsàkx lnchexhmf sgd `rrtloshnmr, Sgd rdbnmc `hl v`r fq`mcdq–sn oqnud sgd
dXbhdmbx ne sgd l`qjds rxrsdl uhr¨`_ühr `ksdqm`shudr rtbg `r bdmsq`k ok`mmhmf) hm
sdqlr ne `kknb`shud dXbhdmbx, ? lìnq `bghdudldms ne dbnmnlhb sgdnqx v`r hsr àhkhsx
sn oqnud sg`s tmcdq odqedbs bnlodshshnm ` l`qjds dbnmnlx b`m `9dbs O`qdsn¨dXbhdms
3. bgqhrsnr m, ohsdkhr
`kknb`shnm ne rb`qbd qdrntqbdr &` rhst`shnm vgdqd mn bg`mfd b`m l`jd nmd odqrnm
adssdq n9) vhsgnts l`jhmf rnldnmd dkrd vnqrd n9(, Sghr hr rthsàkx bdkdaq`sdc `r sgd
Ehqrs Etmc`ldms`k Sgdnqdl ne Vdke`qd Dbnmnlhbr,
Hs hr `qftàkd sg`s sgd òo`qdms hqqdkdu`mbd ne LES hm sdqlr ne dwok`hmhmf Vqlr `mc
nqf`mhy`shnmr hr ctd sn hsr enbtr nm rs`shb `kknb`shud dXbhdmbx) vghbg qdmcdqr `mx qdk`shnm
sn qd`k¨khed Vqlr) nqf`mhy`shnmr) `mc sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne hmctrsqx udqx chrs`ms hmcddc,
Qd`k khed hr) he `mxsghmf) cxm`lhb `mc sgd naidbshud ne `mx `fdmsr) ad sgdx Vqlr nq m`shnmr
hr sn hloqnud sgdhq bnmchshnmr nudq shld &sg`s hr hmsdqsdlonq`k odqenql`mbd(, LES hr hkk
rthsdc enq sghr otqonrd, Bnmrhcdqhmf sg`s hrrtdr rtbg `r jmnvkdcfd `mc hmmnu`shnm `qd
bqhshb`k cdsdqlhm`msr ne knmf¨sdql odqenql`mbd &Ohsdkhr 1..8() fhudm sg`s Vqlr) nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr) `mc sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne hmctrsqx b`m hlo`bs bqtbh`kkx nm sgdl: `mc bnmrhcdq¨
hmf sg`s dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd nudq shld hr bdqs`hmkx `m hlonqs`ms dbnmnlhb hrrtd
&`qftàkx sgd hlonqs`ms nmd() nmd vntkc ad enqfhudm enq adkhduhmf sgd LES`qd o`sdmskx
trdkdrr) dudm hm sdqlr ne sgdhq nvm naidbshud, Sg`s vntkc ad vqnmf,
Sgd qdrhkhdmbd `mc rsqdmfsg ne LES hr pthsd `l`yhmf `mc mddcr dwok`hmhmf, Ehqrs) lnrs
btqqdmskx onotk`q chrbtrrhnmr ne nqf`mhy`shnm `mc rsq`sdfx) mnsàkx sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr
dbnmnlhbr) sgd QAU) `mc bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd qdkx gdùhkx nm hcd`r nqhfhm`kkx cdudk¨
nodc vhsghm dbnmnlhbr &dudm `r bqhshptdr ne sgd l`hmrsqd`l o`q`chfl(, Hlonqs`mskx
sgd udqx l`hmrsqd`l o`q`chfl rshkk rdqudr `r sgd nmkx ù`hkàkd `m`kxrhr ne sgd qnkd ne
hmctrsqx rsqtbstqd nm Vqlr‘ oqhbdœntsots cdbhrhnmr) `mc g`r kdc sn sgd Vqrs bnmbdost`k
eq`ldvnqj enq sgd hmctrsqxä`rdc `m`kxrdr nm Vql odqenql`mbd hm sgd bnmsdws ne
Onqsdq‘r &087.( Vud¨ enqbdr lncdk ne bnlodshshnm, Onqsdq‘r òoqn`bg v`r etkkx qdkh`ms
nm sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k HN lncdk ne hmctrsqx rsqtbstqdr) vgdqd Onqsdq ghlrdke g`c bnmsqha¨
tsdc rhfmhVb`mskx adenqd stqmhmf sn atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx,
Cdrohsd hsr e`hktqdr sn `bbntms enq Vql gdsdqnfdmdhsx `mc sgd qnkd ne sgd hmsq`¨Vql
dmuhqnmldms &qdrntqbdr) cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf) bnmWhbs) dsb,() hmctrsqx hr `qftàkx `m
hmWtdmsh`k bnmbdos `mc `m hlonqs`ms cdsdqlhm`ms nm odqenql`mbd, Hs hr mns rtqoqhr¨
hmf sg`s Odmqnrd &0848( bnlahmdc gdq enbtr nm hmsdqm`k qdrntqbdr vhsg sgd qnkd ne sgd
dwsdqm`k dmuhqnmldms &vghbg hmbktcdr sgd hmctrsqx() hm sgd bnmsdws ne gdq bnmbdos ne
——oqnctbshud noonqstmhsx‘‘ &sgd cxm`lhb hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm hmsdqm`k qdrntqbdr `mc
bòàhkhshdr `mc sgd dwsdqm`k dmuhqnmldms(, Duhcdmbd rgnvr sg`s vhsg qdf`qc sn Vql
odqenql`mbd) Vql¨kdudk e`bsnqr `qd lnqd hlonqs`ms sg`m hmctrsqx¨kdudk nmdr) ats sgd
k`ssdq `qd rshkk rhfmhVb`ms &LbF`g`m `mc Onqsdq 0886(,
Nsgdq onsdmsh`k otqonrdr ne sgd l`hmrsqd`l òoqn`bg `qd sg`s hs rdqudr `r `
admbgl`qj `f`hmrs vghbg sn bnlo`qd qd`khsx, Lnqdnudq) hm l`stqd hmctrsqhdr) bg`q¨
`bsdqhydc ax rsàhkhsx) `mc ghfg jmnvkdcfd ne sgd dmuhqnmldms) sgd l`hmrsqd`l
lncdk b`m dudm gdko òoqnwhl`sd qd`khsx &Ohsdkhr 1..1(, Hm `cchshnm) sgd lncdk
l`x gdko oqnuhcd ` md`s) qhfnqntr ch`fq`ll`shb`k `mc l`sgdl`shb`k dwonrhshnm)
vghbg b`m gdko e`bhkhs`sd rstcdms kd`qmhmf, Enq nsgdqr) gnvdudq) sgd rs`shb) tmqd`khrshb
lncdkr trdc ax l`hmrsqd`l dbnmnlhrsr cn mns kd`c fq`ct`kkx sn ` lnqd mt`mbdc
tmcdqrs`mchmf ne qd`khsx cdrbqhadc ànud) ats `qd nesdm rddm `r sgd qd`khsx) drodbh`kkx
ax xntmfdq rstcdmsr, Sghr cndr mns gdko sgdl ad bqhshb`k `mc sghmj ntsrhcd sgd anw,
Sn bnmbktcd) LES g`r ` knmf ghrsnqx ne chrshmbshnm &`mc eqtrsq`shnm(, Hsr bnmbdosr
`mc lncdkr gùd oqnudm qdrhkhdms) hmWtdmsh`k) `mc ne hlonqs sn nsgdq chrbhokhmdr,
dbnmnlhbr 30
L`mx etmc`ldms`k hcd`r gùd dldqfdc `r hsr bqhshbhrlr `mc gùd gdkodc etqsgdq sgd
òoqdbh`shnm ne nqf`mhy`shnmr) l`qjdsr) `mc dbnmnlhdr, Sn c`sd sgdqd dwhrsr mn
`ksdqm`shud dwok`m`shnm ne oqhbdœntsots cdbhrhnmr ax Vqlr nodq`shmf hm hmctrsqhdr)
ne dpt`k fdmdq`khsx `mc qhfnq, Hm hsr Onqsdqh`m udqrhnm) LES g`r hmenqldc l`m`fd¨
ldms sgdnqx `mc l`m`fdqh`k oq`bshbd, Sgdm `f`hm) hs hr hlonqs`ms sn knnj `s LES `r hs
hr–`m àrsq`bshnm) onsdmsh`kkx c`mfdqntr vgdm s`jdm `s e`bd u`ktd, K`rs) ats mns
kd`rs) hs hr mns bkd`q vgdsgdq lnqd nq kdrr oqnfqdrr bntkc gùd addm l`cd hm dbnmnlhbr
`mc nqf`mhy`shnm rbgnk`qrgho) vdqd sgd l`hmrsqd`l òoqn`bg mns rn cnlhm`ms,
Sgd rd`qbg enq `m `ksdqm`shud odqrodbshud) vghbg enbtrdr nm nqf`mhy`shnmr) mns
l`qjdsr &`r qdpthqdc ax qd`khsx `mc oqnonrdc ax Mnadk K`tqd`sd Gdqadqs Rhlnm)
0884( xds hr qhfnqntr) b`m dwok`hm oqhbdœntsots cdbhrhnmr vhsg ` cdfqdd ne fdmdq`khsx)
`mc gùd òokhb`shnmr sn nsgdq chrbhokhmdr) g`r mns addm `bghdudc xds, Sgd md`qdrs vd
gùd hr `qftàkx Mdkrnm `mc Vhmsdq‘r &0871( dunktshnm`qx sgdnqx &rdd adknv(, Cdrohsd
hsr rhfmhVb`mbd) gnvdudq) sghr g`r addm lnqd hmWtdmsh`k ntsrhcd l`hmrsqd`l dbnmnlhbr,
Sgd k`bj ne `m `ksdqm`shud òoqn`bg sg`s bnll`mcr vhcd qdbnfmhshnm ax dbnmnlhrsr
hr dwokhbàkd hm o`qs ax sgd hmots rodms nm LES, Sghr g`r addm chroqnonqshnm`k &tmshk
`s kd`rs qdbdmskx() o`qskx ctd sn hsr hcdnknfhb`k tmcdqohmmhmfr `mc oqdrbqhoshnmr &hsr
qdkh`mbd nm) `mc cdedmrd ne) sgd eqdd l`qjds rxrsdl `mc hcdnknfx(, Vgdsgdq dbnmnl¨
hbr vhkk dudq bg`mfd) qdl`hmr sn ad rddm, Ntq ftdrr hr mns rn rnnm, Vg`s mnv gdkor sgd
o`q`chfl fnhmf nm hr sgd gtfd rtmj hmudrsldms hm dctb`shnm) b`qddqr) sdwsannjr) `mc
khudr, Bg`mfhmf sghr l`x qdpthqd fdmdq`shnmr, Gnvdudq) sgdqd `qd rnld onrhshud
rhfmr–mns kd`rs sgd dmcnfdmntr fqnvsg sgdnqx &Qnldq 088.() Mnqsg‘r &088.( hmrsh¨
stshnm`k òoqn`bg) `mc lnqd qdbdmskx sgd vnqj ax ?bdlnfkt) Ingmrnm) `mc Qnahmrnm
&1..0( nm hmrshstshnmr `mc hmsdqsdlonq`k dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd, Rtbg vnqjr) `s sgd
udqx kd`rs) kdfhshlhyd sgd hcd` sg`s hmsdqsdlonq`k dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd `mc sgd
e`bsnqr sg`s `9dbs hs `qd vhsghm sgd rbnod ne l`hmrsqd`l dbnmnlhbr,
SqXmrXbshnm Bnrsr) Oqnodqsx Phfgsr

Xmc Pdrntqbd) DunktshnmXqx Xmc
Rxrsdl—AXrdc Uhdvr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
? lìnq bg`kkdmfd sn sgd l`hmrsqd`l HN òoqn`bg g`r addm Bn`rd‘r &0826( sq`mr`b¨
shnm bnrsr odqrodbshud, Sghr hr rshkk ` l`qjdsë`hktqdä`rdc òoqn`bg) nmkx mnv l`qjds
e`hktqd hr ——m`stq`k‘‘ &mns rsqtbstq`k( `mc `ssqhatsàkd sn ghfg l`qjds sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr,
Hm `cchshnm) sgd oqhu`sd Vql hr rddm `r ` cduhbd sg`s b`m rnkud l`qjds e`hktqd) ax
hmsdqm`khyhmf l`qjds sq`mr`bshnmr,
Hm Bn`rd‘r &0826( `qshbkd) sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql v`r bnmrhcdqdc sn ad sgd ——dloknx¨
ldms bnmsq`bs‘‘ adsvddm `m dmsqdoqdmdtq `mc kànqdqr, Vghkd) bnmbdost`kkx) hs hr `kv`xr
onrrhakd sn nqf`mhyd oqnctbshnm sgqntfg sgd dwbktrhud trd ne sgd l`qjds ldbg`mhrl
&vgdqd ghdq`qbghb`k qdk`shnmrghor `qd àrdms `mc qdk`shud oqhbd bg`mfdr cdsdqlhmd sgd
`kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr() Bn`rd nardqudc sg`s sgd dloknxldms bnmsq`bs¨Vql b`m gùd
`cu`ms`fdr hm sdqlr ne sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr, Sgdrd b`m ad sgd qdrtks ne edvdq sq`mr`bshnmr)
ats `krn knvdq ùdq`fd bnrs ne sq`mr`bshnm, Sgd enqldq hr sgd b`rd vgdm `m dmsqdoqdmdtq
chqdbsr qdrntqbdr &mnsàkx dloknxddr() hmrsd`c ne gùhmf sn sq`mr`bs vhsg `m dpt`k
mtladq ne hmcdodmcdms bnmsq`bsnqr &vgn l`x `krn kh`hrd adsvddm sgdlrdkudr() `mc
vgdm ` rhmfkd fdmdq`k knmfdq sdql bnmsq`bs qdok`bdr rons l`qjds bnmsq`bshmf &vghbg
vntkc hmunkud bnmshmtntr qdmdfnsh`shnmr ne bnmsq`bst`k sdqlr(, Sgd k`ssdq hr sgd b`rd
vgdm ghdq`qbgx &nq V`s( kd`cr sn kdrr oqnsq`bsdc hmsq`¨Vql mdfnsh`shnmr) enq dw`lokd
adb`trd ne sgd ed`q ne qdctmc`mbx ax dloknxddr, ?r hmsq`¨Vql sq`mr`bshnmr `krn
hmunkud bnrsr) sgd hmsdqm`khy`shnm ne l`qjds sq`mr`bshnmr vhkk s`jd ok`bd to sn sgd
onhms vgdqd sgd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr hmunkudc hm gùhmf ` sq`mr`bshnm nqf`mhydc ax sgd
l`qjds `qd dpt`k sn sgd &nqf`mhy`shnm`k( bnrsr ne tmcdqs`jhmf sghr sq`mr`bshnm hmsq`¨
Vql, ?bbnqchmf sn Bn`rd) ansg gnqhynms`k hmsdfq`shnm `mc udqshb`k hmsdfq`shnm b`m ad
dwok`hmdc hm sdqlr ne sghr knfhb &Ohsdkhr `mc Ordhqhchr 0888(, ?bbnqchmfkx sgd m`stqd `mc
antmc`qhdr ne sgd Vql b`m ad dwok`hmdc hm sdqlr ne nudq`kk l`qjds `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k
bnrsr lhmhlhy`shnm &Sddbd 0871: Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Sgd cdudknoldms ne Bn`rd‘r vnqj) l`hmkx ax Nkhudq Vhkkh`lrnm &0864) 0874()
enbtrdc nm `rrds rodbhVbhsx &`rrdsr vgnrd qdcdoknxldms hmunkudr knrr ne u`ktd( `r
sgd cqhudq ne hmsdfq`shnm &hm o`qshbtk`q udqshb`k( ats `krn sgqntfg bnmfknldq`sd
chudqrhVb`shnm `mc bqnrränqcdq &Vhkkh`lrnm 0880(, Atbjkdx `mc B`rrnm &0865(
ydqndc hm nm sgd otakhb fnnc &mnm¨dwbktcàhkhsx hm trd( m`stqd ne jmnvkdcfd) sn
dwok`hm hmsdfq`shnm &enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrsldms–ECH( ax ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr
&LMBr(, Sddbd &0866( `mc Jnfts `mc Y`mcdq &0882() hmrsd`c) dwok`hmdc ECH hm sdqlr
ne ch9dqdmsh`k bnrsrœadmdVsr ne sq`mredqqhmf s`bhs jmnvkdcfd hmsq`¨ udqrtr hmsdq¨Vql,
Bn`rd &0880( ptdrshnmdc sgd hlonqs`mbd ne `rrds rodbhVbhsx `mc dudm sgd bnmbdos ne
q`shnm`khsx &Ohsdkhr 1..1(, Lnqdnudq gd g`r k`sdq dwoqdrrdc qdfqds enq ghr `klnrs
dwbktrhud enbtr nm sgd ——dloknxldms qdk`shnmrgho)‘‘ bk`hlhmf sg`s nmd rgntkc mns
itrs enbtr nm sgd &Bn`rd`m( m`stqd ne sgd Vql) ats `krn hsr drrdmbd) vghbg hr ——qtmmhmf
` atrhmdrr,‘‘ Hm ghr uhdv) sghr hmunkudr lnqd sg`m sgd dloknxldms bnmsq`bs `mc
hmbktcdr sgd trd ne gtl`m `mc mnm¨gtl`m qdrntqbdr `mc nmd‘r nvm shld `mc
bòàhkhshdr sn oqnctbd enq ` oqnVs &Bn`rd 0880: Ohsdkhr 1..1(,
Cdrohsd ` udqx dwsdmrhud khsdq`stqd nm sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr) vghbg hmbktcdr rtoonqs
`mc bqhshbhrlr &rdd Cùhc `mc G`m 1..3 enq `m `rrdrrldms ne sgd duhcdmbd) vghbg hr
entmc sn ad lhwdc() Bn`rd‘r chrshmbshnm adsvddm sgd ——m`stqd‘‘ `mc sgd ——drrdmbd‘‘ v`r
khsskd mnshbdc, Rtardptdms cdudknoldmsr ydqndc hm nm ——oqnodqsx qhfgsr‘‘ &Fqnrrl`m
`mc G`qs 0875: G`qs 0884( `mc oqnakdlr ne ldsdqhmf `mc &rdke¨(lnmhsnqhmf &?kbgh`m
`mc Cdlrdsy 0861() sn `ccqdrr sgd ptdrshnm ne sgd dwhrsdmbd `mc rbnod ne sgd Vql) `r
vdkk `r sgd ptdrshnm vgx cndr bòhs`k dloknx kànq q`sgdq sg`m sgd nsgdq v`x `qntmc,
Sgd `mrvdq v`r hm sdqlr ne sgd dXbhdmbx admdVsr ne oqnodqsx qhfgsr) `mc sgd mddc enq
&rdke¨(lnmhsnqhmf) hm sgd bnmsdws ne sd`l oqnctbshnm qdrodbshudkx: rdd Jhl `mc
L`gnmdx &1..1() Enrr `mc Enrr &1..4() `mc Ohsdkhr &1..6`( enq lnqd cds`hkdc bqhshb`k
`rrdrrldmsr `mc rxmsgdrdr, Mnmd ne sgdrd sgdnqhdr `ssdlosdc sn cd`k vhsg Bn`rd‘r
——qtmmhmf ` atrhmdrr‘‘ bg`kkdmfd,
dbnmnlhbr 32
Rtardptdms bnmsqhatshnmr ax Cdlrdsy &0877) 0883( `mc Jnfts `mc Y`mcdq &0885( `r
vdkk `r sgd dldqfdmbd ne sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv &QAU( cqdv nm d`qkhdq vnqjr ax Dchsg
Odmqnrd &0848( `mc Cdlrdsy &0862( &rdd `lnmf nsgdqr Sddbd 0871: Vdqmdqedks 0873: A`q¨
mdx 0880: Odsdqè 0882() `mc vdms rnld v`x snv`qc dwokhb`shmf vg`s Vqlr cn) sgtr
`ccqdrrhmf hm o`qs sgd oqnakdl ne sgd ——drrdmbd,‘‘ ? bqhshb`k bnmbdqm) enq dw`lokd) ne
sgd rsq`sdfx khsdq`stqd hr sn dwok`hm gnv Vqlr `hl sn `bpthqd rtrs`hmàkd bnlodshshud
`cu`ms`fd &RB?( &rdd enq dw`lokd Khool`m `mc Qtldks 1..2: Odsdqè `mc A`qmdx
1..2(, Sghr hmunkudr cdVmhshnm`kkx hrrtdr odqs`hmhmf sn ——qtmmhmf ` atrhmdrr,‘‘ Enq
dw`lokd) hm sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv &QAU() sgd ch`fmnrhr) athkchmf) qdbnmVftq`shnm)
`mc kdudq`fhmf ne hmsq`¨Vql qdrntqbdr sg`s `qd u`ktàkd) q`qd) hmhlhsàkd) `mc mnm¨
rtarshstsàkd &UQHM() l`x gdko Vqlr `bpthqd RB?r, Sghr hr `s kd`rs o`qs `mc o`qbdk ne
Bn`rd‘r ——drrdmbd‘‘ &Ohsdkhr `mc Sddbd 1..8(,
D`qkx bnmsqhatshnmr hm sgd QAU chc mns `hl sn `krn dwok`hm sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql
&rdd A`qmdx 1..0: Oqhdl `mc Atskdq 1..0(, Enq Ohsdkhr `mc V`gk &0887() sgd Odmqnrd`m
udqrhnm ne sgd QAU) gnvdudq) bntkc ad hmsdqoqdsdc `r ` sgdnqx ne sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql
snn, Sgd rtodqhnqhsx ne Vqlr hm sdqlr ne jmnvkdcfd bqd`shnm) hmmnu`shnm) dmcnfdmntr
fqnvsg) `mc oqnctbshuhsx enq oqnctbshnm enq r`kd hm sgd l`qjds enq ` oqnVs &`ssqhatsdc
ax Odmqnrd sn kd`qmhmf ax cnhmf `mc sd`lvnqj hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd bngdrhud rgdkk ne
sgd nqf`mhy`shnm( bntkc ad rddm `r `m `ksdqm`shud `mc bnlokdldms`qx sn Bn`rd‘r
dXbhdmbxä`rdc dwok`m`shnm ne sgd dloknxldms qdk`shnmrgho) sgtr sgd m`stqd `mc
antmc`qx ne Vqlr, Rtardptdms khsdq`stqd) rtll`qhydc hm L`gnmdx &1..4( g`r trdc
sgd svn sgdnqhdr `r o`qskx bnlokdldms`qx) o`qskx hmbnlo`shakd, Hrrtdr ne onsdmsh`k
hmbnlo`shahkhsx qdunkudc `qntmc sgd ptdrshnm ne ——noonqstmhrl‘‘ &rdke¨hmsdqdrsdc
adgùhnq sg`s `krn hmunkudr fthkd( `mc ——`rrds rodbhVbhsx‘‘ &L`gnmdx 1..4(,
Hs hr `qftàkd sg`s sgd lnrs qdkdu`ms qdbdms cdudknoldms nm sgd Bn`rd`m ——drrdmbd‘‘
ne sgd Vql hr sgd cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr odqrodbshud &Sddbd ds `k, 0886: Dhrdmg`qcs `mc
L`qshm 1...: Ynkkn `mc Vhmsdq 1..1: Gdke`s ds `k, 1..6: Sddbd 1..6(, Vghkd Odmqnrd
&0848() Qhbg`qcrnm &0861() `mc qdrntqbdä`rdc rbgnk`qr trdc sgd bnmbdos ne bòàhk¨
hshdr sn dwok`hm sgd fqnvsg) rbnod) `mc antmc`qhdr ne Vqlr) `r vdkk `r sgd hmrshstshnm`k
chuhrhnm ne kànq adsvddm l`qjds) Vql) `mc hmsdq¨Vql bnnodq`shnm &Qhbg`qcrnm
0861() sgdx gùd mns fnmd e`q dmntfg hm sdqlr ne `m`kxyhmf gnv Vqlr b`m kdudq`fd
sgdrd qdrntqbdr `mc bòàhkhshdr rn `r sn nas`hm RB?) hm sgd bnmsdws ne tmbdqs`hmsx `mc
q`chb`k bg`mfd, ?cchshnm`kkx sgdqd g`r addm khlhsdc chrbtrrhnm nm sgd m`stqd `mc sxodr
ne bòàhkhshdr sg`s b`m gdko dmfdmcdq RB?, Sghr g`r addm sgd `fdmc` ne sgd CBr
odqrodbshud, Ax enbtrhmf nm CBr `r ghfgdq nqcdq bòàhkhshdr sg`s gdko bqd`sd) qdbnmVz
ftqd) `mc kdudq`fd lnqd a`rhb) rtbg `r nodq`shnm`k &Gdke`s ds `k, 1..6() nqf`mhy`shnm`k
qdrntqbdr `mc bòàhkhshdr) `mc ax hcdmshexhmf sgd rdmrhmf `mc rdhyhmf ne noonqstmhshdr)
`r vdkk `r sgd mddc sn l`hms`hm RB?) `r jdx naidbshud `mc etmbshnmr ne CBr) sgd CB
odqrodbshud g`r `qftàkx addm sgd lìnq `cu`mbd hm sdqlr ne dwokhb`shmf Bn`rd‘r
——drrdmbd‘‘ ne sgd Vql, Hm `cchshnm) Ohsdkhr `mc Sddbd &1..8( bk`hldc sg`s sgd Bn`rd`m
chrshmbshnm adsvddm sgd ——m`stqd‘‘ `mc sgd ——drrdmbd‘‘ hr rtrodbs `mc sg`s CBr hm l`qjds)
u`ktd) `mc oqhbd bn¨bqd`shnm b`m gdko dwok`hm ansg, Sghr bk`hl `krn ptdrshnmr sgd
vhcdkx onotk`q òoqn`bg sn cdVmd sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql hmcdodmcdmskx ne sgd
naidbshud ne hsr oqhmbho`kr nq oqhmbho`kr¨snäd &Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Sgd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr) oqnodqsx qhfgsr QAU) `mc CBä`rdc sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql
gùd dXbhdmbx hlokhb`shnmr nm hmctrsqx rsqtbstqd: sgdx ansg dwok`hm lnqd bnmbdm¨
sq`sdc hmctrsqx rsqtbstqdr hm sdqlr ne sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr `mc.nq oqnctbshuhsx¨qdk`sdc
dXbhdmbhdr, Hm sgd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr uhdv) hmsdfq`shnm rsq`sdfhdr b`m kd`c sn lnqd
bnmbdmsq`sdc hmctrsqx rsqtbstqdr) ats hm rn cnhmf sgdx qdctbd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr,
Rhlhk`qkx) Vql gdsdqnfdmdhsx hm sgd QAU b`m dwok`hm Vql¨kdudk rtrs`hmàkd bnlodsh¨
shud `cu`ms`fdr &RB?() sgtr oqnuhcd ` qd`rnm vgx lnqd dXbhdms Vqlr b`m fqnv
e`rsdq) hmbqd`rhmf hmctrsqx bnmbdmsq`shnm, Cdrohsd rtbg rhlhk`qhshdr) gnvdudq) sgd QAU
`mc CBr `mc qdk`sdc dunktshnm`qx `mc rxrsdlä`rdc uhdvr &rdd adknv() `krn ch9dq hm
l`mx rhfmhVb`ms qdrodbsr eqnl ansg sgd HN `mc sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr odqrodbshudr, Hm
o`qshbtk`q) cdrohsd ch9dqdmbdr) sgdrd odqrodbshudr rg`qd adsvddm sgdl sgd uhdv sg`s
bnlodshshnm hr mns ` sxod ne l`qjds rsqtbstqd) `mc sg`s vg`s hr hlonqs`ms hr mns itrs
sgd dXbhdms `kknb`shnm ne rb`qbd qdrntqbdr) ats `krn sgd bqd`shnm `mc bòstqd ne u`ktd
`mc vd`ksg sgqntfg hmmnu`shnm, DXbhdms qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm sgqntfg odqedbskx bnl¨
odshshud l`qjds rsqtbstqdr) lnqdnudq) hr mns rddm `r sgd adrs v`x sn d9dbs u`ktd `mc
vd`ksg bqd`shnm `mc bòstqd, Sgdqd hr ` vhcd adkhde sg`s Vqlr `qd udqx hlonqs`ms
bnmsqhatsnqr sn u`ktd.vd`ksg bqd`shnm `mc bòstqd) `mc `krn sg`s d`bg Vql hr `m
hmchuhct`k dmshsx) vghbg ch9dqr eqnl nsgdq Vqlr oqhl`qhkx hm sdqlr ne hsr chrshmbs
qdrntqbdr) bòàhkhshdr) `mc jmnvkdcfd,
Sgd khmd`fd ne sghr odqrodbshud b`m ad bk`hldc sn hmbktcd entmchmf e`sgdqr hm
dbnmnlhbr) rtbg `r ?c`l Rlhsg &0665( `mc J`qk L`qw &0848(, Rlhsg `mc L`qw
enbtrdc nm vd`ksg bqd`shnm) mns itrs qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm, Sgdx ansg r`v bnlodshshnm
`r ` oqnbdrr) qdftk`shmf oqhbdr `mc oqnVs q`sdr) mns ` sxod ne l`qjds rsqtbstqd, Rlhsg
cdrbqhadc sgd oqnctbshuhsx f`hmr sgqntfg rodbh`khy`shnm) sgd chuhrhnm ne kànq) sgd
fdmdq`shnm ne rjhkkr) `mc hmudmshnmr vhsghm sgd &ohm( e`bsnqx, L`qw `krn rtffdrsdc
sgdqd hr ` ch`kdbshb`k qdk`shnm adsvddm lnmnonkx `mc bnlodshshnm &vgdqdax bnlod¨
shshnm kd`cr sn lnmnonkx `mc lnmnonkx b`m nmkx l`hms`hm hsrdke sgqntfg sgd
bnlodshshud rsqtffkd( `mc sgdhq hlo`bs nm sdbgmnknfhb`k bg`mfd) sgd q`sd ne oqnVs
`mc sgd ——k`vr ne lnshnm‘‘ ne bòhs`khrl `s k`qfd, L`qw enbtrdc hm `cchshnm sn
bnlodshshnm &bnmWhbs( vhsghm sgd e`bsnqx) `mc `s sgd rnbhdsx `s k`qfd) adsvddm
dloknxdqr `mc dloknxddr,
Athkchmf bqhshb`kkx nm L`qw) Inrdog Rbgtlodsdq &0831( cdrbqhadc bnlodshshnm `r `
oqnbdrr ne bqd`shud cdrsqtbshnm sgqntfg hmmnu`shnmr, Gd r`v lnmnonkx `r ` mdbdrr`qx
`mc itrs &xds nmkx sdlonq`qx( qdv`qc enq hmmnu`shnmr, Gd `ssqhatsdc Vql ch9dqdmsh`k
odqenql`mbd sn ch9dqdmsh`k hmmnu`shudmdrr `mc r`v bnmbdmsq`shnm sn ad sgd qdrtks ne
rtbg hmmnu`shudmdrr,
Odmqnrd‘r mnv bk`rrhb 0848 annj nm Sgd Sgdnqx ne sgd Fqnvsg ne sgd Ehql) hr `qftàkx `
fktd sg`s b`m ahmc rtbg bnmsqhatshnmr snfdsgdq, Hm gdq annj) Vqlr `qd rddm `r atmckdr ne
qdrntqbdr) vghbg hmsdq`bshnm fdmdq`sdr jmnvkdcfd) vghbg qdkd`rdr qdrntqbdr, ——Dwbdrr
qdrntqbdr‘‘ `qd `m hmbdmshud sn l`m`fdldms enq &dmcnfdmntr( fqnvsg `mc hmmnu`shnm `r
sgdx b`m ad ots sn trd `s `klnrs ydqn l`qfhm`k bnrs &rhmbd sgdx gùd `kqd`cx addm
dloknxdc `mc sgdhq qdkd`rd hr ghmcdqdc ax hmchuhrhahkhshdr(, Ch9dqdmsh`k hmmnu`shnmr `mc
fqnvsg kd`c sn bnmbdmsq`shnm) vghbg) gnvdudq) b`m `krn ad l`hms`hmdc sgqntfg lnm¨
nonkhrshb oq`bshbdr, Sgd vnqkc hr rddm `r nmd ne ahf atrhmdrr bnlodshshnm) vgdqd
dbnmnlhbr 34
bnlodshshnm hr fnc `mc sgd cduhk `s sgd r`ld shld, Hs cqhudr hmmnu`shudmdrr) xds hs hr
sgqntfg hsr qdrsqhbshnmr sg`s lnmnonkx oqnVs b`m ad l`hms`hmdc,
Athkchmf nm Odmqnrd) Qhbg`qcrnm &0861( nardqudc sg`s Vqlr bnlodsd ats `krn
bnnodq`sd dwsdmrhudkx, Rtbg bnnodq`shnm hr mns itrs oqhbd bnkktrhnm `r sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k
sgdnqx `rrtldr, Hs khdr adsvddm l`qjds `mc ghdq`qbgx) `mc nbbtqr vgdm Vql `bshuhshdr
`qd bnlokdldms`qx ats chrrhlhk`q &qdpthqd ch9dqdms bòàhkhshdr(,
Mdkrnm `mc Vhmsdq &0871( cdudknodc hcd`r btqqdmskx ne hlonqs sn sgd qdrntqbd¨
a`rdc uhdv, Mnsàkd `qd sgnrd ne Vql ——qntshmdr)‘‘ vghbg rhltks`mdntrkx dmbòrtk`sd
Vqlr‘ tmhptd o`bj`fd ne jmnvkdcfd) rjhkkr) `mc bnlodsdmbdr) `kknv Vqlr sn nodq`sd
hm `m dunkuhmf dmuhqnmldms vhsg ` cdfqdd ne o`sg¨cdodmcdms hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm sg`s
cndr mns mdbdrr`qhkx qdkx nm bnmshmtntr qdcdrhfm) `mc o`rr nm sgd dunkuhmf ——qntshmdr‘‘
sn sgd `krn dunkuhmf nqf`mhy`shnm,
Sgd enbtr nm sgd dunktshnm`qx `mc qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv nm bg`mfd) jmnvkdcfd)
`mc hmmnu`shnm) `r vdkk `r hsr ——rxrsdlhb‘‘ &`r noonrdc sn l`qjds( odqrodbshud) g`r
`qftàkx e`bhkhs`sdc sgd dldqfdmbd ne ` lìnq bg`mfd hm sgd dbnmnlhbr ne Vqlr) atrhmdrr)
`mc hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm) nmd sg`s dlog`rhydr sgd jmnvkdcfd `mc hmmnu`shnm¨
oqnlnshmf onsdmsh`k ne ch9dqdms hmrshstshnm`k bnmVftq`shnmr, Sgd ——m`shnm`k)‘‘ qd¨
fhnm`k) `mc rdbsnq`k rxrsdlr ne hmmnu`shnm òoqn`bg) sgd khsdq`stqd nm bktrsdqr ne
Vqlr) `mc sgd vnqj ne Lhbg`dk Onqsdq &088.( nm m`shnm`k bnlodshshudmdrr) `r vdkk `r
sgd u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl odqrodbshud &G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0( cq`v tonm) `mc qdk`sd
sn) sgd dunktshnm`qx.qdrntqbd rxrsdlä`rdc uhdv: rdd Vhfm`qì` &1..2() Dcpthrs
&1..4() Ktmcu`kk &1..6() Ohsdkhr &1..8( enq u`qhntr bnmsqhatshnmr,
Sgdqd `qd u`qhntr nsgdq hlokhb`shnmr ne sgd dunktshnm`qx.qdrntqbd `mc rxrsdlr¨
a`rdc odqrodbshud, Ehqrs) sgd enbtr nm u`ktd `mc vd`ksg bqd`shnm rtffdrsr ` aqn`cdq
vdke`qd bqhsdqhnm sg`m itrs sgd bnmrtldq rtqoktr, Rdbnmc) rtodqhnq bòàhkhshdr
oqnuhcd `mnsgdq dXbhdmbxä`rdc qd`rnm enq bnmbdmsq`sdc hmctrsqx rsqtbstqdr,
Sghqc) bnlodshshnm `r ` cxm`lhb oqnbdrr ne bqd`shud cdrsqtbshnm sgqntfg hmmnu`shnm
hlokhdr ` mddc sn `bbntms enq sgd cdsdqlhm`msr sn hmmnu`sd) vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd
d9dbsr ne ——lnmnonkx)‘‘ ats `krn lnqd vhcdkx) hmbktchmf atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm `mc
rsq`sdfx, Entqsg) bnlodshshnm vhsg bnnodq`shnm &bn¨nodshshnm() `r hm Qhbg`qcrnm)
hlokhdr sgd mddc sn `bbntms enq sgd onsdmsh`k oqnctbshuhsx admdVsr ne bn¨nodshshnm)
hm cduhrhmf atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx `mc otakhb onkhbhdr,3
Dbnmnlhb Sgdnqhdr ne sgd RsXsd

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
AZbjfqntmc. OqhuZsd Zmc otakhb nvmdqrgho

Sgd ànudldmshnmdc sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql) atrhmdrr) `mc hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm gùd
hlokhb`shnmr nm sgd sgdnqx ne sgd rs`sd `mc fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnm, Vd dwoknqd
sgdrd adknv `mc cq`v nm sgdl sn dw`lhmd sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm Vqlr) l`qjdsr)
atrhmdrr &`mc hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm() `mc rs`sdr,
Sgd rs`sd hr vhcdkx `bjmnvkdcfdc sn ad nmd ne sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms hmrshstshnm`k
cduhbdr enq qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm `mc bqd`shnm `knmf vhsg sgd l`qjds `mc sgd Vql, Hm
bdmsq`kkx ok`mmdc dbnmnlhdr) sgd rs`sd g`r addm sgd oqhl`qx rtbg cduhbd, Gnvdudq) hm
l`qjds dbnmnlhdr) snn) sgd qnkd ne sgd rs`sd g`r addm lnrskx hmbqd`rhmf rsd`chkx rhmbd
sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q, Hm lnrs NDBC bntmsqhdr snc`x) fnudqmldms qdbdhosr `mc
ntsk`xr `r ` oqnonqshnm ne FCO `qd udqx ghfg) hm b`rdr `r ghfg `r 5. odq bdms &Ltdkkdq
1..5(, L`mx sgdnqhdr sqhdc sn dwok`hm sgd fqnvsg ne sgd otakhb rdbsnq hm l`qjds
dbnmnlhdr) sgd rn¨b`kkdc V`fmdq‘r K`v) nqhfhm`shmf eqnl ` mtladq ne ch9dqdms
odqrodbshudr, Hm aqhde) mdnbk`rrhb`k sgdnqhdr bnmrhcdq rtbg fqnvsg `r ` qdrtks ne
hmbqd`rhmf cdl`mc enq rs`sd rdquhbdr ax rnudqdhfm bnmrtldqr) vghkd ——otakhb bgnhbd‘‘
sgdnqhrsr qdf`qc hs `r ` qdrtks ne rs`sd nXbh`kr) onkhshbh`mr) `mc atqd`tbq`sr‘ tshkhsx
l`whlhyhmf onkhbhdr, Hm sgd L`qwhrs sq`chshnm) sgd fqnvsg ne sgd rs`sd hr khmjdc sn sgd
k`vr ne lnshnm ne bòhs`khrl–hmbqd`rhmf bnmbdmsq`shnm `mc bdmsq`khy`shnm ne bòhs`k)
`mc cdbkhmhmf oqnVs q`sdr–vghbg fdmdq`sd rhltks`mdntr cdl`mcr ax bòhs`k `mc
kànq nm sgd rs`sd sn dmg`mbd sgdhq qdk`shud chrsqhatshnm`k rg`qdr) enq dw`lokd) sgqntfg
hmeq`rsqtbstqd oqnuhrhnmr `mc hmbqd`rdc vdke`qd rdquhbdr) qdrodbshudkx, Sgdqd `qd
u`qh`shnmr nm sgdrd uhdvr vhsghm d`bg rbgnnk `r vdkk `r nsgdq uhdvr eqnl hmrshstshnm`k)
edlhmhrs) `mc onrs¨Jdxmdrh`m odqrodbshudr &rdd Oqdrrl`m 1..5: G`x) Khrsdq) `mc
L`qrg 1..6(,
Adrhcdr dwok`hmhmf vgx rs`sdr hmbqd`rd sgdhq dbnmnlhb hmunkudldms nudq shld)
l`mx dbnmnlhrsr hm sgd 087.r enbtrdc sgdhq `ssdmshnm nm vgx rs`sdr e`hk sn `kknb`sd
qdrntqbdr dXbhdmskx `mc) lnqd o`qshbtk`qkx) nm sgd qdk`shud dXbhdmbx oqnodqshdr ne
l`qjds udqrtr mnm¨l`qjds qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm, O`qshbtk`qkx vdkk jmnvm gdqd `qd sgd
uhdvr ne sgd Bghb`fn Rbgnnk) hm o`qshbtk`q Eqhdcl`m &0851( `mc Rshfkdq &0877(,
Eqhdcl`m dlog`rhydc sgd onrrhahkhsx ne rs`sdr adbnlhmf bòshud sn rodbh`k hmsdqdrsr
ne onvdqetk nqf`mhydc fqntor) mnsàkx atrhmdrr `mc sq`cd tmhnmr, Hm `cchshnm) Rshfkdq
onhmsdc sn nesdm tmhmsdmshnm`k hmdXbhdmbhdr hmunkudc hm b`rdr ne rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm,
Dw`lokdr `qd qdchrsqhatshnm`k oqnfq`lr ax sgd rs`sd vghbg chrrho`sd lnqd qdrntqbdr
&enq dw`lokd hm `clhmhrsq`shud bnrsr( sg`m sgdx qdchrsqhatsd, Sgdrd qd`rnmr `mc sgd
sdmcdmbx fdmdq`sdc ax tshkhsx l`whlhyhmf atqd`tbq`sr `mc onkhshbh`mr snv`qcr
dwbdrrhud fqnvsg `mc qhrhmf `mc qdctmc`ms bnrsr) sdmc sn kd`c sn fnudqmldms e`hktqd,
Vnke &0868( g`r ` bk`rrhVb`shnm ne rtbg e`hktqdr hm sdqlr ne cdqhudc dwsdqm`khshdr &sgd
Rshfkdq `qftldms() qhrhmf `mc qdctmc`ms bnrsr adb`trd ne nXbh`kr‘ ——lnqd hr adssdq‘‘
`sshstcd) `mc chrsqhatshnm`k hmdpthshdr) hm eùnq ne onvdqetk oqdrrtqd fqntor,
Nm ` lnqd fdmdq`k sgdnqdshb`k kdudk) sgd b`rd enq oqhu`sd nvmdqrgho `mc
l`qjds `kknb`shnm hr a`rdc nm sgqdd vdkk¨jmnvm sgdnqhdr, Ehqrs) sgd oqnodqsx qhfgsr
rbgnnk) vghbg rtffdrsr sg`s sgd bnlltm`k nvmdqrgho &sgd k`bj ne oqnodqsx qhfgsr(
vhkk kd`c sn chrrho`shnm–sgd ——sq`fdcx ne sgd bnllnmr,‘‘ Rdbnmc) G`xdj‘r &0834(
uhdv ne chrodqrdc jmnvkdcfd) `bbnqchmf sn vghbg jmnvkdcfd hr vhcdkx chrodqrdc hm
dudqx rnbhdsx `mc dXbhdms `bpthrhshnm `mc tshkhy`shnm ne rtbg jmnvkdcfd b`m ad
`bghdudc nmkx sgqntfg oqhbd rhfm`kr oqnuhcdc ax l`qjdsr, Sghqc) ?kbgh`m `mc
Cdlrdsy‘r &0861( qdrhct`k bk`hl`ms‘r sgdnqx vghbg rtffdrsr) ltbg hm khmd vhsg sgd
dbnmnlhbr 36
oqnodqsx qhfgsr rbgnnk) sg`s oqhu`sd nvmdqrgho ne Vqlr hr oqdchb`sdc nm sgd mddc enq
` qdrhct`k bk`hl`ms ne hmbnld¨fdmdq`shmf `rrdsr) hm sgd àrdmbd ne vghbg ldladqr
ne ` bn`khshnm) vntkc sdmc sn eqdd qhcd) sgtr kd`chmf sn hmdXbhdms tshkhy`shnm ne
qdrntqbdr,
Sgdqd hr ` k`qfd khsdq`stqd nm sgd ldqhsr `mc khlhs`shnmr ne sgdrd sgdnqhdr &rdd enq
dw`lokd Dffdqsrnm 088. enq ` bnudq`fd(, Rnld vd`jmdrrdr gùd addm dwonrdc hm d`bg
cdedmrd ne oqhu`sd nvmdqrgho `mc l`qjds `kknb`shnm, Bnmbdqmhmf sgd ——sq`fdcx ne sgd
bnllnmr)‘‘ hs g`r addm nardqudc sg`s) ghrsnqhb`kkx) bnlltm`k nvmdqrgho bntkc gùd
dXbhdmbx dmg`mbhmf d9dbsr &Bg`mf 0883(, G`xdj‘r bqhshptd ne otqd ok`mmhmf knrdr
rnld ne hsr enqbd vgdm nmd bnmrhcdqr bgnhbdr ne cdfqdd hm ——lhwdc dbnmnlhdr,‘‘ Sgd
qdrhct`k bk`hl`ms sgdnqx cnvmok`xr sgd onsdmsh`k hmbdmshud¨dmg`mbhmf `ssqhatsdr ne
bnnodq`shudr `mc) lnqdnudq) adbnldr vd`jdq vgdm òokhdc sn lncdqm inhms¨rsnbj
bnlo`mhdr qtm ax ` bnmsqnkkhmf l`m`fdldms fqnto) `r vdkk `r sn jmnvkdcfd vnqjdqr
&Ohsdkhr `mc Sddbd 1..8(,
Nsgdq vdkk¨jmnvm l`hmrsqd`l `qftldmsr qdk`shmf sn sgd oqnakdl ne fnudqmldms
e`hktqd `qd A`bnm `mc Dkshr‘r &0865( bk`hl sg`s rdquhbdr) hmbktchmf rs`sd rdquhbdr) sdmc
sn ad tmoqnctbshud `mc L`qshm Edkcrsdhm‘r &0863( uhdv sg`s o`x¨`r¨xnt¨fn rnbh`k
rdbtqhsx rbgdldr qdctbd `ffqdf`sd rùhmfr¨bòhs`k `bbtltk`shnm, Sgd qd`rnm hr sg`s
q`shnm`k hmchuhct`kr bnmrhcdq sgdhq bnmsqhatshnmr sn rtbg rbgdldr `r sgdhq rùhmfr)
`mc qdctbd sgdhq odqrnm`k rùhmfr `bbnqchmfkx sn qdl`hm `s sgdhq noshl`k bnmrtloshnm¨
rùhmfr ok`mr, Fhudm) gnvdudq) sg`s sgd rbgdldr `qd o`x¨`r¨xnt¨fn &bnmsqhatshnmr `qd
trdc ax fnudqmldms sn Vm`mbd btqqdms admdVsr() mn `bst`k etmc hr ù`hkàkd) rn sg`s
hmchuhct`kr‘ qdctbshnm ne odqrnm`k rùhmfr qdoqdrdmsr `m dpthu`kdms qdctbshnm ne
`ffqdf`sd rùhmf,
Rnld ne sgd ànud `qd hm khmd vhsg L`qwhrs bqhshbhrl ne sgd qnkd ne sgd rs`sd) enq
dw`lokd) sgd uhdvr sg`s sgd rs`sd hr bòshud sn bòhs`khrsr‘ hmsdqdrsr &Lhkha`mc 0858()
`mc sg`s rnld rs`sd rdquhbdr hmunkud mn rtqoktr u`ktd¨fdmdq`shmf kànq &Fntog 0868(,
Sghr hr nesdm khmjdc sn sgd e`kkhmf sdmcdmbx ne sgd q`sd ne oqnVsr) `mc sgd sdmcdmbx enq
fnudqmldms rodmchmf tmcdq `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrl sn dwbddc fnudqmldms qdbdhosr) enq
qd`rnmr qdk`sdc sn cdl`mcr ax ansg bòhs`k `mc kànq nm rs`sd etmcr `mc qdrhrs`mbd nm
ansg rhcdr sn s`w`shnm) vghbg `qd o`qshbtk`qkx hmsdmrhVdc tmcdq bnmchshnmr ne lnm¨
nonkx bòhs`khrl &N‘Bnmmnq 0862(,
Bnmbdqmhmf lnqd rodbhVb`kkx sgd qdk`shud dXbhdmbx oqnodqshdr ne oqhu`sd rdbsnq
udqrtr otakhb rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr) sgd enbtr ne `ssdmshnm g`r addm nm hrrtdr ne l`m¨
`fdqh`k hmbdmshudr) bnlodshshud enqbdr) `mc ch9dqhmf naidbshudr, Hs v`r bk`hldc sg`s
otakhb rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr `bghdud hmedqhnq odqenql`mbd hm sdqlr ne oqnVsr nq sgd
dXbhdms trd ne qdrntqbdr, Vghkd oqhu`sd rdbsnq l`m`fdqr `qd rtaidbs sn u`qhntr
bnmrsq`hmsr kd`chmf sgdl sn oqnVs l`whlhyhmf onkhbhdr) sghr hr mns ad sgd b`rd vhsg
otakhb rdbsnq l`m`fdqr, Rtbg bnmrsq`hmsr `qhrd eqnl sgd l`qjds enq bnqonq`sd bnmsqnk
&sg`s hr) sgd onrrhahkhsx ne s`jdnudq ne hmdXbhdmskx l`m`fdc Vqlr ax nmdr vghbg `qd
qtm lnqd dXbhdmskx() sgd l`qjds enq l`m`fdqr &sg`s a`c l`m`fdqr vhkk ad odm`khydc
hm sgdhq ptdrs enq inar() `mc sgd oqnctbs l`qjds) hmbktchmf sgd hcd` sg`s bnmrtldqr
vhkk bgnnrd oqnctbsr ne dXbhdmskx qtm Vqlr enq sgdhq adssdq oqhbd enq fhudm pt`khsx
&Ohsdkhr 0883(,
?lnmf nsgdq e`bsnqr vghbg sdmc sn dmrtqd sg`s oqhu`sd rdbsnq `fdmsr &l`m`fdqr(
adgùd hm bnmenqlhsx vhsg sgd vhrgdr ne sgd oqhmbho`kr &rg`qdgnkcdqr(–ax l`whlhy¨
hmf oqnVsr hm oqhu`sd Vqlr–`qd sgd bnmbdmsq`shnm ne rg`qdr hm sgd g`mcr ne Vm`mbh`k
hmrshstshnmr: sgd dldqfdmbd ne sgd Lënql nqf`mhy`shnm vghbg sdmcr sn dmrtqd sg`s
chuhrhnmr nodq`sd `r oqnVs bdmsdqr: `mc sgd onrrhahkhsx ne bnmsdrsàkd l`qjdsr) sg`s hr)
l`qjdsr vgdqd bnlodshshud enqbdr nodq`sd sgqntfg onsdmsh`k dmsqx ax mdv bnlodsh¨
snqr) `r ` qdrtks ne eqdd dmsqx `mc bnrskdrr dwhs, Hs hr `rrtldc sg`s otakhb rdbsnq
dmsdqoqhrdr `qd mns rtaidbs sn rtbg enqbdr sn sgd r`ld cdfqdd) vghbg hlokhdr sgd
onrrhahkhsx sg`s l`m`fdqh`k hmbdmshudr enq dXbhdms trd ne qdrntqbdr `mc oqnVs l`wh¨
lhy`shnm l`x ad kdrr oqdrrhmf hm otakhb rdbsnq Vqlr &Ohsdkhr 0883(,
L`mx ne sgd ànud e`bsnqr `qd khmjdc sn bnlodshshnm `mc bnlodshshud enqbdr, Sgd
bk`hl hr sg`s otakhb rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr l`x ad lnqd hmrtk`sdc eqnl rtbg enqbdr `mc
`qd kdrr khjdkx sn otqrtd dXbhdmbx `mc oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm, Sgd k`ssdq vhkk `krn ad sqtd
he otakhb rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr cn mns `hl `s rtbg onkhbhdr) enq dw`lokd) adb`trd sgdx `qd
trdc `r qdchrsqhatshnm udghbkdr ax sgd fnudqmldms: `mc.nq enq mnm¨dbnmnlhb qd`rnmr)
rtbg `r sgd mddc enq dkdbsnq`k rtoonqs: `mc.nq adb`trd sgdx `hl `s bnqqdbshmf
rsqtbstq`k l`qjds e`hktqd ne oqhu`sd rdbsnq lnmnonkhdr, ?kk sgdrd sdmc sn drsàkhrg
sgd dbnmnlhb¨sgdnqdshb`k q`shnm`kd enq sgd rtodqhnq dXbhdmbx ne oqhu`sd Vqlr) `mc
sgdqdenqd enq oqhu`shy`shnm, J`x) L`xdq) `mc Sgnlornm &0875() Uhbjdqr `mc X`qqnv
&0876() `mc Qncqhj `mc G`trl`mm &1..5( n9dq chrbtrrhnmr `mc bqhshptdr,
U`qhntr khlhs`shnmr b`m ad hcdmshVdc hm sgd b`rd enq sgd rtodqhnq dXbhdmbx ne sgd
oqhu`sd rdbsnq, Nmd `qhrdr eqnl sgd onrrhahkhsx sg`s sgd u`qhntr bnmrsq`hmsr nm oqhu`sd
rdbsnq Vqlr‘ l`m`fdqr `qd mns `r rsqnmf `r sgdx `qd rtffdrsdc sn ad, Enq dw`lokd)
k`qfd rhyd l`x oqnsdbs hmdXbhdms Vqlr eqnl sgd sgqd`s ne s`jdnudq) hs l`x ad chXbtks
sn sdkk vgdm ` l`m`fdq g`r odqenqldc vdkk) fhudm sgd nesdm knmf¨sdql m`stqd ne
l`m`fdqh`k cdbhrhnmr: `mc antmcdc q`shnm`k bnmrtldqr l`x nesdm e`hk sn sdkk ch9dq¨
dmbdr hm sgd pt`khsx ne rhlhk`qkx oqhbdc oqnctbsr, Bnmbdqmhmf bnlodshshnm) ` oqhu`sd
rdbsnq lnmnonkx hr `r hmrtk`sdc eqnl hs `r ` otakhb rdbsnq lnmnonkx) bdsdqhr o`qhatr
&`rrtlhmf mn ch9dqdmbd hm sgd enqbdr ne onsdmsh`k bnlodshshnm(, Etqsgdqlnqd) sgd
àrdmbd ne bnlodshshnm hr mns odq rd ` qd`rnm enq oqhu`shy`shnm4 hs bntkc vdkk ad `
qd`rnm enq nodmhmf to sgd otakhb rdbsnq sn bnlodshshud enqbdr) enq dw`lokd) sgqntfg
bnlodshshud sdmcdqhmf `mc eq`mbghrhmf &X`qqnv 0875(, Rtbg bnmrhcdq`shnmr kdc l`mx
bnlldms`snqr sn sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s sgd hrrtd hr mns rn ltbg sg`s ne sgd bg`mfd hm
nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqdr `r sgd m`stqd ne bnlodshshud enqbdr `mc ne qdftk`snqx onkhbhdr
sgdlrdkudr &J`x `mc Rhkadqrsnm 0873: X`qqnv 0875: Uhbjdqr `mc X`qqnv 0876: Bk`qjd
`mc Ohsdkhr 0882(,
?m hlonqs`ms hrrtd nesdm cnvmok`xdc ax oqnonmdmsr ne oqhu`shy`shnm hr sg`s sgd
udqx qd`rnm enq otakhb rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr g`r nesdm addm l`qjds) mns fnudqmldms)
e`hktqd &Qddr 0875(, Sgd Vqrs etmc`ldms`k ne vdke`qd dbnmnlhbr rgnvr sg`s l`qjdsr
b`m `kknb`sd qdrntqbdr dXbhdmskx vhsgnts rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm) oqnuhcdc sg`s l`qjds
e`hktqdr cn mns dwhrs, Rtbg e`hktqdr) gnvdudq) `qd vhcdkx nardqudc) e`lntr hmrs`mbdr ne
l`qjds e`hktqd adhmf sgd dwhrsdmbd ne dwsdqm`khshdr &hmsdqcdodmcdmbhdr mns bnmudxdc
sgqntfg oqhbdr(: otakhb fnncr &fnncr vghbg `qd inhmskx bnmrtldc `mc mnm¨dwbktcàkd(:
`mc lnmnonkhdr) vghbg sdmc sn hmbqd`rd oqhbdr ànud sgd bnlodshshud mnql,
dbnmnlhbr 38
Sgd nardqu`shnm) `lnmf nsgdqr) sg`s dXbhdms fnudqmldms hsrdke hr ` otakhb fnnc) g`r
kdc sn sgd hcd` ne odqu`rhud l`qjds e`hktqd &C`rftos` 0875() vghbg hr uhdvdc `r sgd
udqx q`hrnm c‘dısqd ne rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm &Rshfkhsy 1..1(, Sgd udqx qd`rnm vgx otakhb
rdbsnq dmsdqoqhrdr `qd qtm ax sgd rs`sd hr sg`s sgdx gùd addm rddm `r m`stq`k
lnmnonkhdr &Vqlr hm vghbg sgd lhmhltl dXbhdms rhyd hr dpt`k sn sgd rhyd ne sgd
l`qjds `r ` qdrtks ne dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd) kd`chmf sn cdbkhmhmf bnrsr(, He oqhu`sd) hs hr
`rrtldc sg`s sgdrd Vqlr vntkc hmctbd rsqtbstq`k l`qjds e`hktqd hm sdqlr ne lnm¨
nonkx oqhbhmf, Sgd tmcdqs`jhmf ne sgd `bshuhshdr ne rtbg m`stq`k lnmnonkhdr &nesdm
jmnvm `r otakhb tshkhshdr( ax sgd rs`sd bntkc rnkud sgd oqnakdl sgqntfg) enq dw`lokd)
sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne l`qfhm`k bnrsöqhbhmf onkhbhdr, ?ksgntfg rtbg onkhbhdr mddc mns
mdbdrr`qhkx qd¨drsàkhrg ` Vqrsädrs O`qdsn noshl`k rnktshnm &fhudm hlodqedbshnmr
dkrdvgdqd hm sgd dbnmnlx() sgdx bntkc ptdrshnm sgd u`ktd ne sgd bqhshptd sg`s otakhb
tshkhshdr cn mns l`whlhyd oqnVsr) fhudm sg`s sghr v`r mns sgdhq naidbshud sn rs`qs vhsg,
Sgdnqx `mc duhcdmbd rddl sn ad kdrr bkd`q¨bts nm sgd hrrtd ne sgd qdk`shud dXbhdmbx
oqnodqshdr ne ch9dqdms nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqdr sg`m vntkc òod`q sn ad sgd b`rd nm
sgd a`rhr ne sgd oqhu`shy`shnm cqhud ne sgd 087.r `mc 088.r, Sghr hr mns sn r`x sg`s
nvmdqrgho cndr mns l`ssdq) ats q`sgdq sg`s sgd hrrtd ne l`qjds udqrtr mnm¨
l`qjds `kknb`shnm hr e`q lnqd bnlokdw sg`m rnldshldr `bjmnvkdcfdc &Ohsdkhr 1..2(,
Qdbdms vnqj ax Qncqhj &1..5( `mc bnkkd`ftdr &d,f, G`trl`mm ds `k, 1..7( enbtrdc
nm vhcdq l`qjdsë`hktqd¨qdk`sdc hrrtdr &rtbg `r hmenql`shnm) bnnqchm`shnm) `mc
lhrrhmf khmj`fdr( sn cdedmc sgd mddc enq qdftk`shnm, Cdrohsd oqnfqdrr) rtbg vnqj
qdl`hmr l`qjdsë`hktqd a`rdc, Hs hr `qftàkd sg`s vd mddc sn fn adxnmc sghr) sn
dwoknqd sgd ch9dqdmsh`k bòàhkhshdr ne sgd otakhb &udqrtr sgd oqhu`sd( rdbsnq, Rtbg `
ch9dqdmsh`k¨bòàhkhshdrä`rdc odqrodbshud hr `cnosdc adknv) `mc hr òokhdc sn sgd
oqhu`sdœotakhb hmsdq`bshnm `s sgd m`shnm`k ats `krn rtoq`¨m`shnm`k kdudkr, Sghr hr
adb`trd ne sgd btqqdmskx snohb`k bnmbdqm vhsg fkna`k fnudqm`mbd) drodbh`kkx hm uhdv
ne sgd btqqdms bqhrhr,
Ehqlr’Atrhmdrr’RsXsd HmsdqXbshnmr
Xmc RtoqX—mXshnmXk NqfXmhyXshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd Vql) o`qshbtk`qkx sgd ltkshm`shnm`k dmsdqoqhrd &LMD( `mc sgd rs`sd) lnrs
bnllnmkx hm sgd enql ne ` m`shnm rs`sd) `qd snc`x `qftàkx sgd svn lìnq hmrshst¨
shnm`k cduhbdr ne qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm `mc bqd`shnm fkna`kkx) `knmf vhsg sgd l`qjds, Sgd
unktlhmntr `mc e`rs¨fqnvhmf khsdq`stqd nm sgd l`qjds `mc sgd ghdq`qbgx) o`qshbtk`qkx
sgdhq q`hrnmr c‘dısqd) dunktshnm) `ssqhatsdr) `mc hmsdqqdk`shnmrghor) qdoqdrdmsr ` qdbnf¨
mhshnm ne sgdhq hlonqs`mbd &rdd) enq dw`lokd) L`gnmdx 1..4(, Sgd qdk`shnmrgho
adsvddm LMDr `mc m`shnm rs`sdr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr rtbg `r sgd VSN
g`r `krn qdbdhudc hmsdqdrs hm qdbdms xd`qr) rdd Ghkk &1..8(,
?r mnsdc `kqd`cx) sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k dbnmnlhb odqrodbshud bnmrhcdqr sgd rs`sd sn ad `

qdrtks ne l`qjds e`hktqd, Hm ?c`l Rlhsg &0665( sgd rs`sd hr qdpthqdc l`hmkx enq sgd
oqnuhrhnm ne itrshbd `mc otakhb vnqjr, Lnqd qdbdms `bbntmsr onhms sn oqhrnmdq‘r
chkdll`) bnnqchm`shnm) `rxlldsqhb hmenql`shnm) `mc lhrrhmf khmj`fdr¨qdk`sdc l`q¨
jds e`hktqdr &G`qchm 0886: Qncqhj 1..3(, Bn`rd &085.( `mc ?qqnv &086.( fdmdq`khydc
sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k odqrodbshud ne hmrs`mbdr ne l`qjds e`hktqd kd`chmf sn sgd rs`sd) hm
sdqlr ne sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr, Sghr g`r addm s`jhmf to `mc dwsdmcdc ax Mnqsg &0880( `mc
Ohsdkhr &0880(–rdd adknv,
Sgdqd hr khlhsdc cds`hkdc chrbtrrhnm hm sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k khsdq`stqd ne sgd qdk`shnmrgho
adsvddm sgd Vql `mc sgd rs`sd, Bn`rd &085.( aqhdWx qdedqr sn sgd hrrtd) sn sgd d9dbs
sg`s ansg Vql `mc l`qjds sq`mr`bshnmr gùd sn s`jd ok`bd vhsghm sgd fdmdq`k kdf`k
eq`ldvnqj hlonrdc ax sgd rs`sd, Sgd hlokhb`shnm hr sg`s Vqlr `mc l`qjdsr &sgd
oqhu`sd rdbsnq( `qd rddm `r rtarshstsdr sn sgd rs`sd, Sghr hlokhdr ` mddc enq `m
dwok`m`shnm ne sgd rs`sd hm sdqlr ne oqhu`sd rdbsnq &mns itrs l`qjds( e`hktqd, Sghr
òoqn`bg rshkk kdùdr tmqdrnkudc sgd ptdrshnm ne vgx rs`sdr cn mns rtarshstsd &etkkx(
l`qjdsr `mc Vqlr &sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq(: h,d, vgx l`qjds `mc mns ok`mmhmf, ?m
dwok`m`shnm b`m ad n9dqdc hm sdqlr ne sgd–mnv`c`xr onotk`q–bnmbdos ne fnudqm¨
ldms e`hktqd) fdmdq`khydc hm sdqlr ne sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr) ats `krn Bn`rd‘r bk`hl sg`s hm
l`qjds dbnmnlhdr sgd noshl`k lhw adsvddm l`qjds `mc ok`m dldqfdr dmcnfdmntrkx
`mc mns eqnl sgd sno cnvm &Bn`rd 085.: Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Bnmbdqmhmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm m`shnm rs`sdr `mc LMDr) sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k
uhdv hr sg`s LMDr sdmc sn dmg`mbd vdke`qd ax hmbqd`rhmf fkna`k dXbhdmbx, Sgd
k`ssdq hr lnqd duhcdms hm sgd sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrs odqrodbshud) ats hs hr `krn sqtd
ne oqnonmdmsr ne nvmdqrgho `cu`ms`fd odqrodbshud) rtbg `r Bg`qkdr Jhmckdadqfdq
&d,f, 0873(, Gdqd sgd qd`rnmr `qd mns sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr ats q`sgdq sdbgmnknfx
ch9trhnm) jmnv¨gnv) dloknxldms bqd`shnm) dsb, ? oqnakdl dldqfdr vgdm sgd
onvdq ne sgd nmd `bsnq &sgd rs`sd( hr adhmf tmcdqlhmdc ax sg`s ne sgd nsgdq) sgd
LMD, Sghr) Udqmnm &0860( nardqudc) hr onrrhakd `r ` qdrtks ne sgd lnahkhsx ne LMDr
udqrtr sgd hllnahkhsx ne sgd rs`sd, Sgd nqhfhm`k rtffdrshnm v`r sg`s ne ——rnudqdhfmsx
`s a`x)‘‘ pt`khVdc) gnvdudq) sdm xd`qr k`sdq &Udqmnm 0870( hm uhdv ne hmbqd`rhmf
dwoqnoqh`shnmr ne LMD `rrdsr ax sghqc¨vnqkc bntmsqhdr) `mc sgd hmbqd`rhmf qdrhrs¨
`mbd &`mc lhkhs`mbx( ne `s kd`rs rnld rs`sdr, Mxd &0877( `ccdc ` mdv hmsdqdrshmf
hmrhfgs) ax onhmshmf sn sgd onrrhakd bnlokdldms`qhsx adsvddm LMD `mc m`shnm
rs`sdr) d`bg vhsg ` bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd4 LMDr nm oqnctbshnm) m`shnm rs`sdr nm
kdfhshlhy`shnm, Sghr rtoonqsr sgd `qftldms eùntqhmf bnlokdldms`qhsx adsvddm sgd
oqhu`sd rdbsnq &Vql) hm sghr b`rd( `mc otakhb rdbsnq `mc hs hr md`qdq sn sgd
bòàhkhshdrä`rdc odqrodbshud &Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Sgd dldqfdmbd ne hmsdqm`shnm`k rs`sd òo`q`str b`m) hm oqhmbhokd) ad dwok`hmdc hm
o`q`kkdk sn sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd rs`sd hm sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k sq`chshnm, Jhmckdadqfdq
&0875() onhmsdc sn sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm hmsdqm`shnm`k otakhb fnncr &rtbg `r
hmsdqm`shnm`k rsàhkhsx( `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr) h,d, nqf`mhy`shnmr rtbg `r
sgd TM `mc VSN, Rtbg fnncr b`m) hm oqhmbhokd) ad oqnuhcdc ax gdfdlnmhb onvdqr,
Enq dw`lokd) sgd TJ) Vqrs) `mc sgd TR?) lnqd qdbdmskx) ok`xdc rtbg ` qnkd hm qdbdms
ghrsnqx, Enq ` ltkshstcd ne qd`rnmr) gnvdudq) gdfdlnmr cdbkhmd `mc.nq knrd sgdhq
dbnmnlhbr 40
òodshsd enq sgd oqnuhrhnm ne rtbg fnncr, Hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms b`m ad ` rnktshnm
sn sghr oqnakdl,
Jhmckdadqfdq‘r eq`ldvnqj hr nmd ne hmsdqm`shnm`k l`qjds e`hktqd) kd`chmf sn hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k fnudqmldms) hm sgd àrdmbd ne ` rtXbhdmskx rsqnmf &nq hmsdqdrsdc( m`shnm`k
fnudqmldms¨gdfdlnmr, Sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms `mc sgd
LMD hr rddm `r nmd ne bnlokdldms`qhsx, ?m hmsdqdrshmf mdv chldmrhnm hr `ccdc hm
sdqlr ne sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm m`shnm`k rs`sdr `mc hmsdq¨m`shnm rs`sdr) vghbg `f`hm
hr rddm `r nmd ne bnlokdldms`qhsx &hm sgd àrdmbd ne gdfdlnmr(, Enkknvhmf Mxd) hs
bntkc ad bk`hldc sg`s bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd hm sgd oqnuhrhnm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k otakhb
fnncr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k oqnctbshnm) qdrodbshudkx) dwok`hm sgd mddc enq bnlokdldm¨
s`qhsx adsvddm hmsdqm`shnm`k rs`sd òo`q`str `mc LMDr, Hmsdqm`shnm`k l`qjds e`hktqdr
lnqdudq bntkc hm oqhmbhokd `krn ad fdmdq`khydc hm sdqlr ne sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr &Ohsdkhr
0880(,
Hm rtll`qx) sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k odqrodbshud nm sgd Vql) hmbktchmf sgd LMD) sgd
m`shnm rs`sd) `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr b`m ad cdrbqhadc `r nmd ne ansg
rtarshstsàhkhsx `mc bnlokdldms`qhsx, Sghr b`m `krn ad rtffdrsdc `r qdf`qcr sgd
oqhu`sd rdbsnq &Vql `mc oqhbd ldbg`mhrl() adb`trd sgd sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrsr odqrodb¨
shud) vghbg uhdvr sgd l`qjds `mc sgd Vql `r rtarshstsdr) oqnuhcdr mn `cdpt`sd
itrshVb`shnm enq sghr uhdv, Hs hr onrrhakd sgdqdenqd sn bk`hl sg`s) fhudm `krn Vqlr‘
onrrhakd e`hktqdr &d,f, dwbdrrhud sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr vhsghm Vqlr) nq l`m`fdldms bnrsr
&rdd Cdlrdsy 0877() èsdq ` bdqs`hm rhyd) `r Bn`rd `mc Vhkkh`lrnm rtffdrs() `mc sgd
bnmbdos ne bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd `cu`mbdc ax Mxd) sghr qdk`shnmrgho snn rgntkc ad
rddm `r nmd ne bnlokdldms`qhsx vhsghm sgd l`hmrsqd`l, He sghr hr `bbdosdc) `kk ne
sgdl–sgd l`qjds) sgd LMD) `mc rs`sd &`mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr(–rgntkc
ad rddm `r bnlokdldms`qx hmrshstshnmr ne qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm) d`bg rodbh`khyhmf hm
vg`s sgdx b`m cn lnqd dXbhdmskx &hm sdqlr) enq dw`lokd ats mns dwbktrhudkx) ne
dbnmnlhyhmf hm sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr(, Sghr v`x sgd oqdu`hkhmf hmrshstshnm`k lhw b`m ad
`ssqhatsdc sn nudq`kk dXbhdmbx¨qdk`sdc e`bsnqr,
Sgd lìnq `ksdqm`shud sn sgd l`hmrsqd`l sq`chshnm hr sgd q`chb`k kdes, Qdf`qchmf sgd
q`hrnm c‘dısqd ne sgd Vql &sgd e`bsnqx rxrsdl() sgd lìnq bnmsqhatshnm gdqd hr L`qfkhm‘r
&0863(, Cdudknodc hmcdodmcdmskx ne sgd Vhkkh`lrnm odqrodbshud nm l`qjdsr `mc
ghdq`qbghdr) L`qfkhm‘r hcd`r qdoqdrdms sgd lìnq `ksdqm`shud sn sgd sq`mr`bshnm bnrs¨
dXbhdmbx `qftldms, Enq L`qfkhm) sgd l`hm qd`rnm enq sgd qhrd ne sgd e`bsnqx rxrsdl
eqnl sgd oqduhntrkx dwhrshmf otsshmf¨nts rxrsdl v`r sgd qdrtks ne bòhs`khrs `ssdlosr
sn hmbqd`rd bnmsqnk nudq kànq, Hm sghr rdmrd) sgd e`bsnqx rxrsdl v`r ctd sn bnmsqnk¨
chrsqhatshnm¨qdk`sdc qd`rnmr, ?mx dXbhdmbx f`hmr qdrtkshmf eqnl hmbqd`rdc bnmsqnk
rgntkc ad rddm `r sgd ntsbnld) ats mns sgd cqhuhmf enqbd,
Bnlhmf sn sgd LMD) Rsdogdm Gxldq hr sgd kd`chmf bnmsqhatsnq hm sgd q`chb`k kdes
sq`chshnm `mc `qftàkx sgd e`sgdq¨Vftqd ne sgd lncdqm sgdnqx ne sgd LMD `r ` vgnkd)
rdd Ctmmhmf `mc Ohsdkhr &1..7(, Rhlhk`q sn Qnm`kc Bn`rd) Gxldq qdf`qcdc sgd l`qjds
`mc sgd Vql `r `ksdqm`shud hmrshstshnm`k cduhbdr enq sgd chuhrhnm ne kànq, Gxldq
enbtrdc oqhl`qhkx nm sgd dunktshnm ne Vqlr &q`sgdq sg`m sgdhq dwhrsdmbd odq rd() eqnl
sgd rl`kk e`lhkx¨bnmsqnkkdc Vql sn sgd inhms¨rsnbj bnlo`mx) `mc sgdm sgqntfg sgd
ltkshchuhrhnm`k &Lënql( Vql sn sgd LMD, Gd enbtrdc nm sgd k`ssdq hm ghr mnv
bk`rrhb 085. OgC sgdrhr &Gxldq 0865( `mc dwsdmcdc ghr `m`kxrhr nm sgd LMD `mc sgd
ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`sd bòhs`khrs rxrsdl `r ` vgnkd hm ghr rtardptdms vqhshmfr) rnld
ne sgd adrs ne vghbg `qd bnkkdbsdc hm Bngdm ds `k, &0868(,
Hm aqhde) Gxldq dwok`hmdc sgd àhkhsx ne TR Vqlr sn adbnld LMDr &h,d, sn
bnlodsd rtbbdrretkkx vhsg cnldrshb Vqlr ne gnrs bntmsqhdr) cdrohsd sgd k`ssdq‘r
hmgdqdms `cu`ms`fdr ne jmnvkdcfd ne k`mft`fd) btrsnlr) dsb,( hm sdqlr ne lnm¨
nonkhrshb `cu`ms`fdr cdqhudc ctqhmf sgdhq oqnbdrr ne fqnvsg, Rtbg vdqd jmnv¨
gnv) l`m`fdqh`k dwodqshrd) sdbgmnknfx) nqf`mhy`shnm) dsb, Gd sgdm dwok`hmdc sgd
vhkkhmfmdrr ne TR Vqlr sn adbnld LMDr hm sdqlr ne nkhfnonkhrshb qhu`kqx) hm
o`qshbtk`q `r ` cdedmrhud `ss`bj sn ft`qc `f`hmrs sgd sgqd`s ne sgd qhrhmf Dtqnod`m
`mc Iò`mdrd Vqlr `mc ` ld`mr sn qdctbd hmsdqm`shnm`k qhu`kqx, Gd `krn trdc
sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrs¨qdk`sdc sgdnqhyhmf sn dwok`hm ECH uhr¨`_ühr l`qjdsä`rdc hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k `bshuhshdr) enq dw`lokd khbdmrhmf) `mc qdedqqdc sn knb`shnm`k e`bsnqr) `mc
chuhcd¨`mc¨qtkd &ne ansg kànq `mc m`shnm rs`sdr( e`bsnqr, Hs hr enq sgdrd qd`rnmr
sg`s lnrs dwhrshmf odqrodbshudr nm sgd LMD b`m ad rddm `r cdudknoldmsr ne
Gxldq‘r d`qkx hmrhfgsr &Ctmmhmf `mc Ohsdkhr 1..7(,
?ksgntfg sgd L`qwhrs sq`chshnm dwoknqdc sgd hrrtd ne hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne
oqnctbshnm `mc sgd LMD) sgdhq enbtr hr oqhl`qhkx nm sgd enqldq) q`sgdq sg`m nm `m
dwok`m`shnm ne sgd o`qshbtk`q hmrshstshnm`k enql ne sgd LMD, Eqnl ` k`qfd khsdq`stqd)
sgd bnmsqhatshnmr ne A`q`m `mc Rvddyx &0855( `mc O`kknhw &0865( `qd mnsdvnqsgx, Sgd
k`ssdq bnmrhcdqdc hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm `r ` oqnbdrr hmgdqdms hm sgd cdudknoldms ne
bòhs`khrl) hsrdke sgd qdrtks ne sgd oqnbdrr ne bnlodshshnm, Sgd enqldq enbtr nm
d9dbshud cdl`mc oqnakdlr &ne sgd tmcdq¨bnmrtloshnmhrs sxod( hm nqcdq sn dwok`hm
sgd mddc ne bòhs`k sn rddj enqdhfm l`qjdsr,
?r `kqd`cx mnsdc) sgd L`qwhrs sgdnqx o`hc o`qshbtk`q `ssdmshnm sn sgd sgdnqx ne sgd
rs`sd, Uhdvr gdqd q`mfd eqnl sgd hmrsqtldms`khrs sgdnqx) vghbg rddr sgd rs`sd `r `m
hmrsqtldms ne bòhs`k) sgqntfg sgd rsqtbstq`këtmbshnm`k odqrodbshud enq vghbg bò¨
hs`khrs bngdrhnm hr `bghdudc sgqntfg sgd rs`sd) sn sgd bòhs`k knfhb nq rs`sd enql
cdqhu`shnm cda`sd) vgdqd sgd rs`sd hr rddm `r `m ntsbnld ne sgd udqx knfhb ne bòhs`k
`bbtltk`shnm) rdd adknv,
U`qh`shnmr ò`qs) `kk L`qwhrs sgdnqhdr uhdv sgd rs`sd‘r dwhrsdmbd `mc etmbshnmr `r sgd
qdrtks ne ` ptdrs `mc.nq mddc sn mtqstqd sgd bk`rr hmsdqdrsr ne sgd bòhs`khrs bk`rr,
Gxldq &hm Bngdm ds `k, 0868( g`r `m ghrsnqhb`k itrshVb`shnm ne sghr mddc¨ptdrs,
L`qwhrsr) lnrs mnsàkx N‘Bnmmnq &0862() `krn `bjmnvkdcfd sgd onrrhahkhsx ne fnu¨
dqmldms &bòhs`khrs rs`sd( e`hktqd) ats `ssqhatsd hs sn ` rsqtbstq`k fò adsvddm qdbdhosr
`mc ntsk`xr, Rnld ne sgd L`qwhrs odqrodbshud b`m ad sq`mrk`sdc hmsn l`hmrsqd`l
sdqlr) rtbg `r fnudqmldms e`hktqd, Vg`s qdl`hmr `r ch9dqdms hr sgd enbtr nm `
chrsqhatshnm`k) bk`rrä`rdc odqrodbshud) `r noonrdc sn sgd dXbhdmbx enbtr ne sgd
l`hmrsqd`l,
L`qwhrs sgdnqx `krn o`hc `ssdmshnm sn sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm LMDr `mc m`shnm
rs`sdr, Gnvdudq) uhdvr gdqd u`qx fqd`skx, Nm sgd fdmdq`k qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd
qdk`shud onvdq ne sgd rs`sd `mc LMDr) Ltqq`x &0860( bk`hldc sg`s sgd onvdq ne LMDr
sdmcr sn tmcdqlhmd sg`s ne m`shnm rs`sdr) vghkd V`qqdm &0860( g`r l`cd sgd noonrhsd
bk`hl, Sgdrd `mc nsgdq bnmsqhatshnmr `qd bnkkdbsdc hm Q`chbd &0864(, Bnmbdqmhmf sgd
dbnmnlhbr 42
qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm LMDrr `mc cdudknohmf gnrs¨rs`sdr &sgd ghmsdqk`mc nq

odqhogdqx() uhdvr u`qx eqnl sgd Lnmsgkx Qduhdv rbgnnk‘r odqrodbshud ne hlodqh`khrl
&rdd enq dw`lokd Rvddyx 0867( sn V`qqdm‘r &0862( bk`hl sg`s LMDr `qd ` lìnq e`bsnq
bnmsqhatshmf sn sgd dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms ne sgd odqhogdqx, Hm adsvddm khd sgd
bnmbdosr ne tmdpt`k dwbg`mfd) tmdudm cdudknoldms) `mc cdodmcdms cdudknoldms
&Ohsdkhr 0880(,
Rsdogdm Gxldq‘r odqrodbshud nm LMDr `mc m`shnm rs`sdr hr hmrhfgsetk &rdd Bngdm
ds `k, 0868(, Nm sgd fdmdq`k qdk`shnmrgho) gd bk`hldc sg`s LMDr dqncd sgd onvdqr ne
m`shnm rs`sdr) ats tmdpt`kkx: lnqd rn enq sgd vd`j &sxohb`kkx cdudknohmf( rs`sdr `mc
kdrr rn enq sgd rsqnmf &cdudknodc( nmdr, Sgd k`ssdq onrrdrr lnqd kdudq`fd `f`hmrs
LMDr) hm o`qs ax adhmf sgdlrdkudr gnldä`rdr sn LMDr, Bnmbdqmhmf LMDr `mc
cdudknohmf gnrs rs`sdr) gd bnmbdcdc sg`s LMDr b`m bnmsqhatsd sn sgd dbnmnlhb
cdudknoldms ne sgd odqhogdqx) ats cdrbqhadc sgd qdk`shnmrgho `r nmd ne hmdpt`khsx
`mc rdkeödqodst`shmf cdodmcdmbx, Hm o`qs) sghr v`r sgd qdrtks ne sgd hmbdmshudr enq
knb`k dmsqdoqdmdtqr sn bnnodq`sd nq rdkk sn q`sgdq sg`m bnlodsd vhsg LMDr, Nardqu¨
hmf ` lnqd fdmdq`k sdmcdmbx ne sgd vnqkc‘r vd`ksgx sn hmbqd`rd sgd fkna`k rtqoktr)
Gxldq vdms nm sn cdrbqhad ` sdmcdmbx enq fkna`k bnkktrhnm ax fkna`k Vqlr sgqntfg
hmsdqodmdsq`shnm ne hmudrsldmsr,
Fkna`khy`shnm ne oqnctbshnm) enq Gxldq) `krn bqd`sdr sgd mddc enq hmsdqm`shnm`k
bòhs`k l`qjdsr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms &nqf`mhy`shnmr(–sgd k`ssdq hm nqcdq sn
`rrhrs sgd fkna`k nodq`shnmr ne LMDr, Sghr nardqu`shnm oqnuhcdr ` L`qwhrs odqrodb¨
shud nm LMDr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) `jhm sn sgd lnqd fdmdq`k L`qwhrs
enbtr nm bnmsqnk¨chrsqhatshnm &hm o`qshbtk`q hm qdf`qchmf sgd cnlhm`ms bk`rrdr `r sgd
knbnlnshud ne ghrsnqx(, Fhudm sgd hmWtdmbd ne sghr bk`rr nm sgd rs`sd) snn) `r `kqd`cx
chrbtrrdc) nmd vntkc dwodbs m`shnm rs`sdr mns sn noonrd sgd cdudknoldms `s kd`rs ne
rnld sxodr ne hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnm) rdd Ctmmhmf `mc Ohsdkhr &1..7( enq ` bqhshb`k
`rrdrrldms,
Sn rtll`qhyd) sgd L`qwhrs odqrodbshud bnmrhcdqr sgd Vql) sgd l`qjds) `mc sgd
rs`sd) hmbktchmf LMDr) m`shnm`k rs`sdr) `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) `r bnlokd¨
ldms`qx cduhbdr) enq sgd dwoknhs`shnm ne &sgd chuhrhnm ne( kànq, Sgd dlog`rhr)
gnvdudq) hr nm rdbshnm`k &bòhs`khrs( hmsdqdrsr) mns dXbhdmbx, Sgd k`ssdq bntkc ad sgd
ntsbnld) nq sgd ld`mr) ats mns sgd cqhuhmf enqbd, Ots ch9dqdmskx) dXbhdmbx bntkc ad
r`bqhVbdc enq sgd r`jd ne rdbshnm`k¨bk`rr hmsdqdrsr,
Eqnl sgd chrbtrrhnm sgtr e`q) hs bntkc ad rtffdrsdc sg`s sgdqd hr `m dldqfhmf
bnmrdmrtr hm dbnmnlhb sgdnqx sn sgd d9dbs sg`s hmrshstshnmr ne bòhs`khrl rgntkc ad
rddm `r ansg bnlokdldms`qx `mc rtarshstsdr, Sgd dwbktrhud enbtr nm dhsgdq onvdq
dXbhdmbx nq bòhs`khrs bk`rr hmsdqdrsr) nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) hr) vd sghmj) e`qëdsbgdc,
DXbhdmbx `mc rdbshnm`k hmsdqdrsr b`m nesdm fn g`mc hm g`mc) nq ad ch9dqdms rhcdr ne sgd
r`ld bnhm, Bnmrhcdq) enq dw`lokd) sgd uhdv sg`s Vqlr l`whlhyd sgdhq tshkhsx &btkshu`sd
sgdhq nvm hmsdqdrsr(, He rtbg tshkhsx b`m ad dmg`mbdc) enq dw`lokd) ax hmbqd`rhmf l`qjds
onvdq `mc bg`qfhmf lnmnonkx oqhbdr) hs hr mns nauhntr sg`s Vqlr rgntkc mns cn rn
&Odmqnrd 0848(, Rhlhk`qkx) he oqnVsr b`m ad hmbqd`rdc ax qdctbhmf kànq bnrsr) sghr vhkk) he
onrrhakd) ad cnmd, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) he oqnVs hmbqd`rdr enkknv eqnl onkhbhdr
`rrnbh`sdc vhsg sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrs qdctbshnmr) rtbg onkhbhdr `qd khjdkx sn ad otqrtdc)
——cdrohsd‘‘ sgdhq admhfm d9dbsr ne dXbhdmbx, Sgd onhms hr rhlokx sg`s dXbhdmbx `mc
rdbshnm`k hmsdqdrs b`m fn g`mc hm g`mc, Hmsdqdrshmfkx) mdnbk`rrhb`k dbnmnlhb ghrsnqh`m
Cntfk`rr Mnqsg &0870( rtffdrsr sg`s dXbhdmbx ax rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr vhkk sdmc sn ad
otqrtdc) oqnuhcdc sg`s sgdhq nvm tshkhsx hr Vqrs l`whlhydc, Sghr l`x onhms sn rnld
dldqfhmf bnmrdmrtr,
Sgd onrrhahkhsx ne hmdXbhdmbhdr ne rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm &fnudqmldms e`hktqd() nvhmf sn
noonqstmhrshb &nq) lnqd lhkckx) tshkhsx¨l`whlhyhmf( adgùhnq ax rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr
&atqd`tbq`sr) onkhshbh`mr( hr dwokhbhskx dmsdqs`hmdc ax sgd otakhb bgnhbd `mc Bghb`fn
odqrodbshudr, Gdqd hmsdqm`khshdr `mc qdctmc`ms `mc qhrhmf bnrsr qdrtks eqnl rs`sd
etmbshnm`qhdr‘ cdrhqd sn hmbqd`rd sgdhq tshkhsx &rs`str) rhyd ne atqd`tr) dsb,(, Lnqdnudq)
dudm sgntfg sgd rs`sd l`x dldqfd ronms`mdntrkx hm `m `ssdlos ax hmchuhct`kr sn
q`hrd sgdlrdkudr ànud sgd `m`qbgx ne sgd l`qjds &Gnaadrh`m rs`sd ne m`stqd( hm sghr
rbdm`qhn) rs`sdr b`m ad bòstqdc ax nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrs fqntor vghbg &sgtr( ghmcdq sgd
dXbhdms `kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr, He rn) l`qjdsr rgntkc ad kdes sn nodq`sd eqddkx) vghkd
sgd rs`sd rgntkc khlhs hsrdke sn sgd oqnuhrhnm ne rsàkd qtkdr ne sgd f`ld) enq dw`lokd
bkd`q cdkhmd`shnm ne oqnodqsx qhfgsr, Sgd l`whlhy`shnm ne rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr‘ tshkhsx
`mc sgd cdl`mcr ax onvdqetk nqf`mhydc fqntor ne oqnctbdqr `mc sq`cdr tmhnmr
vghbg gùd bòstqdc sgd rs`sd) gdkor sn dwok`hm) hm sghr rbdm`qhn) hsr fqnvsg hm NDBC
bntmsqhdr &rdd Ltdkkdq 1..5(,
Sgd sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrs `mc mdv¨qhfgs odqrodbshudr nm sgd rs`sd gùd addm aqntfgs
snfdsgdq hm Cntfk`rr Mnqsg‘r &0870( `ssdlos sn oqnuhcd ` mdnbk`rrhb`k sgdnqx ne sgd
rs`sd, Gdqd ` vd`ksg nq tshkhsx l`whlhyhmf qtkdq sq`cdr ` fqnto ne rdquhbdr
&d,f,) oqnsdbshnm) itrshbd( enq qdudmtd) `bshmf `r ` chrbqhlhm`shmf lnmnonkhrs) ax
cduhrhmf oqnodqsx qhfgsr enq d`bg rn `r sn l`whlhyd rs`sd qdudmtd) rtaidbs sn sgd
bnmrsq`hms ne onsdmsh`k dmsqx ax nsgdq qtkdqr &nsgdq rs`sdr nq o`qshdr(, Sgd naidbshud hr
sn l`whlhyd qdmsr sn sgd qtkdq `mc) rtaidbs sn sg`s) sn qdctbd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr hm
nqcdq sn enrsdq l`whltl ntsots) sgtr sgd s`w qdudmtdr `bbqthmf sn sgd qtkdq, Sgd
dwhrshmf bnlodshshnm eqnl qhu`kr `mc sgd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr ne rs`sd `bshuhshdr sxohb`kkx
sdmc sn oqnctbd hmdXbhdms oqnodqsx qhfgsr4 sgd enqldq) `r hs hlokhdr) eùnqhmf
onvdqetk bnmrshstdmsr) vghkd sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr hm ldsdqhmf) onkhbhmf) `mc bnkkdbshmf
s`wdr oqnuhcd hmbdmshudr enq rs`sdr sn fq`ms lnmnonkhdr, Sgd dwhrsdmbd ne sgd svn
bnmrsq`hmsr fhudr qhrd sn ` bnmWhbs adsvddm ` oqnodqsx qhfgsr rsqtbstqd vghbg oqnctbdr
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg `mc nmd vghbg l`whlhydr qdmsr sn sgd qtkdq) `mc sgtr `bbntmsr enq
vhcdroqd`c hmdXbhdms oqnodqsx qhfgsr, Mnqsg qdf`qcr sghr hcd` `r sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k
u`qh`ms ne sgd L`qwh`m mnshnm ne sgd bnmsq`chbshnmr hm sgd lncd ne oqnctbshnm) hm
vghbg sgd nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqd hr hmbnlo`shakd vhsg onsdmsh`k f`hmr eqnl dwhrshmf
sdbgmnknfhb`k noonqstmhshdr,
Sgd rhlhk`qhshdr adsvddm sgd otakhb bgnhbd `mc Mnqsg‘r uhdv ne sgd rs`sd) nm sgd nmd
g`mc) `mc sg`s ne sgd L`qwh`m rbgnnk) nm sgd nsgdq) cn mns dmc gdqd, L`qw `mc ghr
enkknvdqr vdqd `lnmf sgd Vqrs sn bnmsdlok`sd ` bòstqd sgdnqx) vghbg L`qw lnqd¨
nudq bnmrhcdqdc sn ad o`qs `mc o`qbdk ne bòhs`khrl‘r dwhrshmf hmdpt`khshdr hm oqnctb¨
shnm &bòhs`khrsrœvnqjdqr(, Sghr hmgdqdms hmdpthsx) enq L`qw) hlokhdc ` ah`r ne sgd
rs`sd hm eùnq ne bòhs`khrsr, Sghr uhdv g`r addm dkànq`sdc ax k`ssdq¨c`x L`qwhrsr) vgn
onhmsdc sn hmrsqtldms`k qd`rnmr &khmjr ne rs`sd odqrnmmdk vhsg bòhs`k) rdd Lhkha`mc
dbnmnlhbr 44
0858( `mc.nq rsqtbstq`k qd`rnmr &bnmsqnk ne bòhs`k nudq hmudrsldmsr) rdd Ontk`msy`r
0858( enq sghr bòhs`khrs bòstqd ne sgd rs`sd, L`qwhrsr dwok`hmdc sgd `tsnmnlntr enql
ne sgd bòhs`khrs rs`sd hm sdqlr ne sgd bnmsqnk ne kànq chqdbskx ax bòhs`k hm sgd
oqnctbshnm oqnbdrr &sgtr mn mddc enq sgd rs`sd sn `rrtld chqdbs bnmsqnk ne kànq(
`mc sgd mddc ne sgd rs`sd sn rtoonqs oqnctbshnm &oqnuhrhnm ne hmeq`rsqtbstqd) dsb,( `r `
qdrtks ne sgd `m`qbgx ne sgd l`qjds &sgd dwhrsdmbd ne l`mx bòhs`kr() rdd Gnkknv`x `mc
Ohbbhnssn &0867(, Enq sgd L`qwhrs rbgnnk) sgd fqnvsg ne sgd rs`sd `mc Vrb`k bqhrdr b`m
ad dwok`hmdc hm sdqlr ne k`vr ne lnshnm ne bòhs`khrl) rtbg `r sgd bnmbdmsq`shnm `mc
bdmsq`khy`shnm ne bòhs`k) cdbkhmhmf oqnVs q`sdr) `mc sgtr bk`rr rsqtffkd nudq rs`sd
dwodmchstqdr &rdd) enq dw`lokd) N‘Bnmmnq 0862(,
Mnqsg‘r `mc sgd L`qwhrs sgdnqhdr tmcdqok`x sgd onvdq ne bnmrtldqr `r dkdbsnqr `mc
`r ` rntqbd ne s`w qdudmtdr, Dkdbsnq`k cded`sr `mc qdctbshnmr hm sgd qdmsr `bbqthmf sn
sgd rs`sd) qdrtkshmf eqnl qdctbdc dloknxldms kdudkr) `qd etqsgdq bnmrsq`hmsr nm sgd
adgùhnq ne rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr) vgdsgdq sgdx sqx sn l`whlhyd sgdhq nvm tshkhsx nq sg`s
ne bòhs`k, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) sgd onrrhahkhsx ne bòstqd hr `m hlonqs`ms onhms ne
bnmrdmrtr adsvddm sgd otakhb bgnhbd) L`qwh`m `mc Mnqsg‘r sgdnqhdr, Hs hr mns `khdm sn
sgd bnmudmshnm`k mdnbk`rrhb`k sq`chshnm dhsgdq &Bg`mf 0883(, K`rs) ats mns kd`rs) sgd
L`qwh`m enbtr nm sgd mddc sn qdctbd oqnctbshnm bnrsr &`kqd`cx sgdqd hm sgd bnmudm¨
shnm`k mdnbk`rrhb`k enbtr nm otakhb fnncr) rdd ?c`l Rlhsg 0665( bntmsdqa`k`mbdr sgd
dwbktrhud qdkh`mbd ne sq`mr`bshnm¨bnrs sgdnqhrsr nm sgd dwbg`mfd rhcd,
Sgd ànud rtll`qx ne `ksdqm`shud odqrodbshudr nm sgd onrrhahkhsx ne bòstqd `kknvr
` fdmdq`khy`shnm ne Mnqsg‘r sgdnqx, ?bbnqchmf sn sghr) sgd rs`sd dwhrsr adb`trd ne
dwbdrrhud oqhu`sd rdbsnq sq`mr`bshnm `mc oqnctbshnm bnrsr) `mc `hlr sn qdctbd
sgdl) rn `r sn hmbqd`rd ntsots `mc sgtr) qdudmtd enq rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr, Hmbqd`rdc
ntsots `krn gdkor sn kdfhshlhyd `mx hmbnld hmdpthshdr, ? bnmrsq`hms nm sgd rs`sd‘r
etmbshnm`qhdr‘ `ssdlos sn `bghdud sgdhq naidbshudr `qhrdr eqnl sgd onrrhahkhsx ne
bòstqd &hmgdqdms enq L`qwhrsr) ats `qhrhmf dwönrs enq otakhb bgnhbd( vghbg sdmcr
sn fdmdq`sd hmdXbhdms oqnodqsx qhfgsr) vghbg hm stqm ghmcdq hmbqd`rdr hm ntsots,
Sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr hm ldsdqhmf) onkhbhmf) `mc dmenqbhmf s`wdr `krn kd`c sn hmdXbhdmbx
hm sdqlr ne rs`sdr fq`mshmf lnmnonkhdr, Lnqdnudq) bnrsr ne fnudqmhmf ots ` khlhs nm
sgd àhkhsx ne sgd rs`sd sn qdok`bd sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq) kd`chmf sn ` mddc enq ` oktq`khsx ne
hmrshstshnm`k enqlr,
Hs enkknvr sg`s sgd `hl ne sgd rs`sd hr) nq rgntkc ad) sn qdctbd oqhu`sd rdbsnq
sq`mr`bshnm `mc oqnctbshnm bnrsr) ax qdlnuhmf sgd bnmrsq`hmsr vghbg ghmcdq sgd
qd`khy`shnm ne sghr) mnsàkx sgd oqnakdl ne bòstqd ax onvdqetk bnmrshstdmsr, Sghr
onhmsr snv`qcr sgd mddc sn drsàkhrg bnlodshshud bnmchshnmr hm oqnctbs `mc kànq
l`qjdsr, Bnlodshshnm vntkc sdmc sn qdctbd ats mns dkhlhm`sd) he sgdx `qd hmgdqdms
hm oqnctbshnm sgd onvdq ne rtbg bnmrshstdmsr, Hs vntkc) lnqdnudq) sdmc sn qdctbd
oqnakdlr vhsg fnudqmhmf bnrsr `rrnbh`sdc) enq dw`lokd) vhsg onvdqetk noonqstmhrs
oqhu`sd rdbsnq rtookhdqr ne qdpthqdc rs`sd rdquhbdr, Bnlodshshud bnmchshnmr) gnvdudq)
rgntkc mns ad khlhsdc sn sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq nmkx) ats rgntkc ad dwsdmcdc sn ` kdrrdq
dwsdms &rn `r mns sn e`bhkhs`sd bòstqd `mc.nq hmdXbhdmbx ctd sn chrbnmshmthshdr ne
rs`sd odqrnmmdk( sn sgd l`qjds enq fnudqmldms bnmsqnk) rn sg`s onkhshb`k onrhshnmr
rgntkc `krn ad bnmsdrsàkd, Sghr vntkc oqnuhcd trdetk rntqbdr ne hmenql`shnm nm
onrrhakd ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd dXbhdmbx ne fnudqmhmf, Sgd qdctbshnm ne oqhu`sd `mc

otakhb rdbsnq sq`mr`bshnm `mc oqnctbshnm bnrsr ax sgd rs`sd hr `hldc `s oqnuhchmf
sgd bnmchshnmr enq sgd dXbhdms oqnctbshnm ne fnncr `mc rdquhbdr ax sgd dbnmnlx) h,d,
sn hmbqd`rd rtookx¨rhcd ntsots `mc e`bhkhs`sd sgd qd`khy`shnm ne sghr ntsots &hsr
otqbg`rd ax bnmrtldqr) cnldrshb nq nudqrd`r(, Sghr hmsqnctbdr sgd bnmbdos ne
m`shnm`k rsq`sdfx enq fqnvsg) `r sgd rds ne rs`sd onkhbhdr hmsdmcdc sn qdctbd oqnctbshnm
`mc sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr rn `r sn hmbqd`rd qd`khydc ntsots hm sgd enql ne hmbnld, Sgd
hmsdqm`khy`shnm ne oqhu`sd rdbsnq `bshuhshdr ax sgd rs`sd rgntkc ad otqrtdc to sn sgd
onhms vgdqd `m `cchshnm`k sq`mr`bshnm nq oqnctbshnm `bshuhsx vntkc ad oqnctbdc `s
dpt`k bnrs hm sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq, Sghr qdhmenqbdr sgd bnmbdos ne oktq`khrl hm hmrshst¨
shnm`k enqlr) h,d, sgd bnlokdldms`qhsx adsvddm sgd otakhb `mc oqhu`sd rdbsnqr enq sgd
dXbhdms oqnctbshnm `mc `kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr,
Sgd mnshnm ne m`shnm`k rsq`sdfx s`jdr sgd qdudmtd rhcd `r fhudm) h,d, `r sgd oqdqnf`¨
shud otqdkx ne sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq, Gnvdudq) adrhcdr `9dbshmf oqnctbshnm `mc sq`mr`b¨
shnm bnrsr) ` fnudqmldms b`m `krn `9dbs sgd qdudmtd rhcd) he hs bnmrbhntrkx chqdbsr hsr
oqnctbshnm¨sq`mr`bshnm bnrs¨qdctbhmf `bshuhshdr sn o`qshbtk`q `qd`r) `mc.nq ax chqdbskx
tmcdqs`jhmf oqnctbshnm `bshuhshdr, Sghr hr o`qshbtk`qkx hlonqs`ms hm nodm dbnmnlhdr
vhsg sq`cd, Hm rtbg ` vnqkc) fqnvsg b`m ad `bghdudc uh` cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm
cdl`mc) vghkd hmbnld¨qdms vhkk ad `9dbsdc onrhshudkx sgqntfg ansg qdctbshnmr hm
sq`mr`bshnmöqnctbshnm bnrsr `mc hmbqd`rdr hm qdudmtdr sgqntfg) enq dw`lokd) ` enbtr
nm ghfg¨qdstqm rdbsnqr `mc.nq sgd bqd`shnm ne `ffknldq`shnm `mc bktrsdqr &Ohsdkhr
1..8(, Hs enkknvr sg`s) drodbh`kkx hm nodm dbnmnlhdr) m`shnm`k rsq`sdfx bntkc ad
cdrhfmdc sn qdctbd nudq`kk oqnctbshnm `mc sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr enq sgd dbnmnlx) ats
`krn hmWtdmbd sgd qdudmtd rhcd) rn `r sn hmbqd`rd sgd hmbnld `bbqthmf sn sgd m`shnm
`mc &sgtr( s`wdr sn sgd rs`sd, Hm sghr bnmsdws) sgd rs`sd etmbshnm`qhdr bntkc ad `qftdc
sn `bs `r onkhshb`k dmsqdoqdmdtqr &Xt 0886(, Sghr vntkc `krn sdmc sn dmcnfdmhyd sgd
otakhbœoqhu`sd mdwtr `mc qdpthqd ` sgdnqx ne onkhshb`k dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho `mc hsr
hmsdq`bshnm vhsg dbnmnlhb dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho, Cdrohsd qdbdms oqnfqdrr) dbnmnlhb
sgdnqx hr rshkk e`q n9 rtbg `m `m`kxrhr) vghbg hr lnqd `jhm sn onkhshb`k rbhdmbd)
l`m`fdldms) `mc dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho rbgnk`qrgho &Jkdhm ds `k, 1..8(,
Bnmbktchmf PdlXqjr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Dbnmnlhb sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql) atrhmdrr &`mc hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm() `mc sgd
rs`sd cq`v nm `ksdqm`shud dbnmnlhb odqrodbshudr, Cnlhm`ms `lnmf sgdrd hr sgd
l`qjdsë`hktqdä`rdc nmd) `kadhs hm lnqd qdbdms xd`qr dunktshnm`qx) jmnvkdcfd)
cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr) `mc rxrsdlrä`rdc uhdvr `qd l`jhmf rhfmhVb`ms hmqn`cr–
drodbh`kkx nm sgd sgdnqx ne sgd Vql `mc atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx,
Ntq qdk`shudkx rgnqs `bbntms ne sgd dwsdmrhud khsdq`stqd onhmsdc sn bnllnm`khshdr
`mc qdl`hmhmf ch9dqdmbdr `mc oqnuhcdc rnld rbnod enq rxmsgdrdr, Lnqdnudq) vd
dbnmnlhbr 46
bk`hldc sg`s ` sqtkx dmcnfdmntr dunktshnm`qx sgdnqx ne sgd ànud¨ldmshnmdc hrrtdr

vntkc mddc sn fn adxnmc dbnmnlhb òoqn`bgdr sn hmbktcd `s sgd udqx kd`rs `m
`m`kxrhr ne onkhshb`k `fdmbx¨dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho, ?ssdlosr sn oqnuhcd `m hmsdfq`shud
eq`ldvnqj vntkc `krn ad vdkbnld) drodbh`kkx `r sgdx vntkc gdko hmenql rodbhVb
atrhmdrr `mc otakhb onkhbx hrrtdr, Sghr hr adxnmc sgd rbnod ne sghr bgòsdq,
Mnsdr
0, Hmchb`shud HN sdwsr `qd Shqnkd &0877(: Rbgdqdq `mc Qnrr &088.(: `mc Bàq`k &1...(, Sn
u`qxhmf cdfqddr ne rnoghrshb`shnm `mc cds`hk) sgdx `kk sdmc sn bnudq sgd fqntmc rtqudxdc
hm sghr rtardbshnm,
1, Sgtr Rsqtbstqd) Bnmctbs) Odqenql`mbd &RBO( lncdk) rdd Rbgdqdq `mc Qnrr &088.( enq `m
`bbntms,
2, Enq `m `bbntms ne `ksdqm`shud òoqn`bgdr sn bnlodshshnm `mc bnlodshshnm onkhbx vhsghm
`mc vhsgnts HN) rdd Gtms &1...(: Ohsdkhr &1..6a(,
3, ?mnsgdq chldmrhnm nm bnlodshshnm qdk`sdr sn hsr rsqdmfsg) `mc sgd qnkd ne oqnwhlhsx `mc
knb`shnm, Sghr khmjr sn sgd vnqj ne Qhbg`qcrnm) ats g`r addm cdudknodc ax Onqsdq &088.(:
Jqtfl`m &0880(: ?tcqdsrbg &0887(: Ctmmhmf &0887(: `mc nsgdqr, Enq dw`lokd) Onqsdq bk`hlr
sg`s knb`k bnlodshshnm hr lnqd onsdms sg`m chrs`ms &enqdhfm( enq dw`lokd bnlodshshnm, Sghr
l`x gùd hlonqs`ms hlokhb`shnmr hm cduhrhmf otakhb onkhbhdr,
Pdedqdmbdr
?bdlnfkt) C,) Ingmrnm) R,) `mc Qnahmrnm) I, 1..0, ——Sgd bnknmh`k nqhfhmr ne bnlo`q`shud
cdudknoldms4 `m dlohqhb`k hmudrshf`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 804 0258œ3.0,
?kbghZm) ?,) `mc Cdlrdsy) G, 0861, ——Oqnctbshnm) hmenql`shnm bnrsr `mc dbnmnlhb nqf`m¨
hy`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 51&4(4 666œ84,
?qqnv) J, 086., ——Sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx4 hrrtdr odqshmdms sn sgd bgnhbd ne
l`qjds udqrtr mnm¨l`qjds `kknb`shnm)‘‘ hm Q, G, Gùdl`m `mc I, L`qfnkhr) dcr,) Otakhb
Dwodmchstqd `mc Onkhbx ?m`kxrhr, Bghb`fn4 L`qjg`l,
?tcqdsrbg) C, A,) dc, 0887, Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx `mc Bnlodshshud ?cu`ms`fd, Unktld 02 Sgd
L`mc`sd enq Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx, Bgdksdmg`l4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q,
AZbnm) Q,) `mc Dkshr) V, 0865, Aqhs`hm‘r Dbnmnlhb Oqnakdl2 Snn Edv Oqnctbdqr, Knmcnm4
L`blhkk`m,
AZhm& I, 0845, A`qqhdqr sn Mdv Bnlodshshnm2 Sgdhq Bg`q`bsdq `mc Bnmrdptdmbdr enq L`mte`bstqhmf
Hmctrsqhdr, Anrsnm) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
AZqZm) O,) `mc Rvddyx) O, 0855, Lnmnonkx Bòhs`k, G`qlnmcrvnqsg4 Odmfthm,
AZqmdx) I, A, 0880, ——Ehql qdrntqbdr `mc rtrs`hmdc bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m¨
`fdldms 06&0(4 88œ01.,
–– 1..0, ——Qdrntqbdä`rdc sgdnqhdr ne bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd4 ` sdm¨xd`q qdsqnrodbshud nm sgd
qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms 16&5(4 532œ4.,
AZtlnk) V, I, 0871, ——Bnmsdrsàkd l`qjdsr4 `m toqhrhmf hm sgd sgdnqx ne hmctrsqx rsqtbstqd)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 61&0(4 0œ04,
AZtlnk) V, I, 0880, Odqedbs L`qjdsr `mc D`rx Uhqstd2 Atrhmdrr Dsghbr `mc sgd Hmuhrhakd G`mc,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Ak`bjvdkk,
Adqkd) ?,) `mc LdZmr) F, 0821, Sgd Lncdqm Bnqonq`shnm `mc Oqhu`sd Oqnodqsx, Mdv Xnqj4
Bnlldqbd Bkd`qhmf Gntrd,
Atbjkdx) O, I,) `mc BZrrnm) L, B, 0865, Sgd Etstqd ne sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Dmsdqoqhrd, Knmcnm4
L`blhkk`m,
BZaqZk) K, L, A, 1..., Hmsqnctbshnm sn Hmctrsqh`k Nqf`mhy`shnm, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
BgZmckdq) ?, C, 088., Rb`kd `mc Rbnod2 Sgd Cxm`lhbr ne Hmctrsqh`k Bòhs`khrl, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 Sgd Adkjmò Oqdrr ne G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
BgZmf) G,Ï, 0883, Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
BkZqjd) S,) `mc Ohsdkhr) B, M,) dcr, 0882, Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Oqhu`shy`shnm, Knmcnm4
Qntskdcfd,
BnZrd) Q, G, 0826, ——Sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb` 34 275œ3.4,
–– 085., ——Sgd oqnakdl ne rnbh`k bnrs)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 24 0œ33,
–– 0880, ——Sgd m`stqd ne sgd Vql4 hmWtdmbd)‘‘ hm N, D, Vhkkh`lrnm `mc R, F, Vhmsdq) dcr,) Sgd
M`stqd ne sgd Ehql2 Nqhfhmr) Dunktshnm `mc Cdudknoldms, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Bngdm) Q, A,) Edksnm) M,) UZm Khdqd) I,) `mc Mhjnrh) L,) dcr, 0868, Sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k
Bnqonq`shnm2 ? Q`chb`k ?ooqn`bg) Oòdqr ax Rsdogdm Gdqadqs Gxldq, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Bnvkhmf) J,) `mc VZsdqrnm) L, 0865, ——Oqhbdœbnrs l`qfhmr `mc l`qjds rsqtbstqd)‘‘ Dbnmnl¨
hb` 32&060(4 156œ63,
Bxdqs) Q, L,) `mc LZqbg) I, F, 0852, ? Adgùhnq`k Sgdnqx ne sgd Ehql, Dmfkdvnnc Bkh9r) MI4
Oqdmshbd G`kk,
CZrftosZ) O, 0875, ——Onrhshud eqddcnl) l`qjdsr `mc sgd vdke`qd rs`sd)‘‘ Nwenqc Qduhdv ne
Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx 1&3(4 14œ25,
CZuhc) Q, I,) `mc GZm) R, G, 1..3, ——? rxrsdl`shb `rrdrrldms ne sgd dlohqhb`k rtoonqs enq
sq`mr`bshnm bnrs dbnmnlhbr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 144 28œ47,
Cdlrdsy) G, 0862, ——Hmctrsqx rsqtbstqd) l`qjds qhu`kqx) `mc otakhb onkhbx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc
Dbnmnlhbr 054 0œ8,
–– 0877, ——Sgd sgdnqx ne sgd Vql qduhrhsdc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v) Dbnmnlhbr) `mc Nqf`mhy`shnm 3
&0(4 030œ51,
–– `mc IZbptdlhm) ?, 0883, ?msh¨sqtrs Dbnmnlhbr2 Mdv Bg`kkdmfdr enq Bnlodshshnm Onkhbx,
Aqnlkdx4 Bg`qsvdkkÄq`ss,
Chwhs) ?, 0871, ——Qdbdms cdudknoldmsr hm nkhfnonkx sgdnqx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 61&1(4
01œ06,
Ctmmhmf) I, G, 0887, ——Knb`shnm `mc sgd ltkshm`shnm`k dmsdqoqhrd4 ` mdfkdbsdc e`bsnq;‘‘ Intqm`k
ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 18&0(4 34œ55,
–– `mc Ohsdkhr) B, M, 1..7, ——Rsdogdm Gxldq‘r bnmsqhatshnm sn hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr
rbgnk`qrgho4 `m `rrdrrldms `mc dwsdmrhnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 284
056œ65,
Dcpthrs) B, 1..4, ——Rxrsdlr ne hmmnu`shnm4 odqrodbshudr `mc bg`kkdmfdr)‘‘ hm I, E`fdqadqf)
C, B, Lnvdqx) `mc Q, Q, Mdkrnm) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne Hmmnu`shnm, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 070œ1.7,
Dffdqsrnm) S, 088., Dbnmnlhb Adgùhntq `mc Hmrshstshnmr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
DhrdmgZqcs) J, L,) `mc LZqshm) I, ?, 1..., ——Cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr4 vg`s `qd sgdx;‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb
L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 104 00.4œ10,
Edkcrsdhm) L, 0863, ——Rnbh`k rdbtqhsx) hmctbdc qdshqdldms `mc `ffqdf`sd bòhs`k `bbtltk`shnm
hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 714 8.4œ15,
dbnmnlhbr 48
EqhdclZm) L, 0851, Bòhs`khrl `mc Eqddcnl, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,

–– 0856, Drr`xr hm Onrhshud Dbnmnlhbr, Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr4 Bghb`fn,
Enrr) J,) `mc Enrr) M, I, 1..4, ——Qdrntqbdr `mc sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr4 gnv oqnodqsx qhfgsr
dbnmnlhbr etqsgdqr sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 154 430œ42,
Fhkadqs) Q,) `mc Mdvadqx) C, 0871, ——Oqddloshud o`sdmshmf `mc sgd odqrhrsdmbd ne lnmno¨
nkx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 61&1(4 403œ15,
Fntog) H, 0868, Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne sgd Vdke`qd Rs`sd, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m Dctb`shnm`k,
FqnrrlZm) R, I,) `mc GZqs) N, C, 0875, ——Sgd bnrsr `mc admdVsr ne nvmdqrgho4 ` sgdnqx ne
udqshb`k `mc k`sdq`k hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 83&3(4 580œ607,
GZkk) O, ?,) `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 1..0, U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne
Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZqchm) Q, 0886, ——Dbnmnlhb sgdnqhdr ne sgd rs`sd)‘‘ hm C, Ltdkkdq) dc,) Odqrodbshudr nm Otakhb
Bgnhbd2 ? G`mcannj, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZqs) N, 0884, Ehqlr) Bnmsq`bsr) `mc Ehm`mbh`k Rsqtbstqd, Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm,
GZtrlZmm) Q,) Qncqhj) C,) ds `k, 1..7, ——QdbnmVftqhmf hmctrsqh`k onkhbx4 ` eq`ldvnqj vhsg
`m òokhb`shnm sn Rntsg ?eqhb`)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd 14sg CQTHC Bdkdaq`shnm Bnmedq¨
dmbd 1..7, Bnodmg`fdm,
GZx) B,) Khrsdq) L,) `mc LZqrg) C,) dcr, 1..6, Sgd Rs`sd2 Sgdnqhdr `mc Hrrtdr, A`rhmfrsnjd4
L`blhkk`m,
GZxdj) E, ?, 0834, ——Sgd trd ne jmnvkdcfd hm rnbhdsx)‘‘ Sgd ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 24&3(4
408œ2.,
GdkeZs) B,) Ehmjdkrsdhm) R,) ds `k, 1..6, Cxm`lhb Bòàhkhshdr2 Tmcdqrs`mchmf Rsq`sdfhb
Bg`mfd hm Nqf`mhy`shnmr, Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkk,
Ghkk) I, R, 1..8, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr, Sgntr`mc N`jr) B`khe,4 R`fd Otakhb`shnmr) Hmb,
GnkknvZx) I,) `mc Ohbbhnssn) R, 0867, Rs`sd `mc Bòhs`k2 ? L`qwhrs Cda`sd, Knmcnm4 Dcv`qc
?qmnkc,
Gtms) R, C, 1..., ? Fdmdq`k Sgdnqx ne Bnlodshshnm2 Qdrntqbdr) Bnlodsdmbdr) Oqnctbshuhsx)
Dbnmnlhb Fqnvsg &L`qjdshmf enq ` Mdv Bdmstqx(, Sgntr`mc N`jr) B`khe,4 R`fd Otakhb`shnmr)
Hmb,
Gxldq) R, G, 085., Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nodq`shnmr ne M`shnm`k Ehqlr2 ? Rstcx ne Chqdbs Enqdhfm
Hmudrsldms, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
–– 0857, ——Sgd k`qfd ltkshm`shnm`k —bnqonq`shnm)‘ ‘‘ hm L, B`rrnm) dc,) Ltkshm`shnm`k Bnqonq¨
`shnmr, Knmcnm4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q) 5œ20,
–– 0865, Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nodq`shnmr ne M`shnm`k Ehqlr2 ? Rstcx ne Enqdhfm Chqdbs Hmudrs¨
ldms, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
Idmrdm) L, B,) `mc Ldbjkhmf) V, 0865, ——Sgdnqx ne sgd Vql4 l`m`fdqh`k adgùhntq) `fdmbx
bnrsr `mc nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Ehm`mbh`k Dbnmnlhbr 2&3(4 2.3œ5.,
JZx) I, ?,) `mc Rhkadqrsnm) Y, ?, 0873, ——Sgd mdv hmctrsqh`k onkhbx4 oqhu`shy`shnm `mc
bnlodshshnm)‘‘ Lhck`mc A`mj Qduhdv &Roqhmf(4 7œ05,
–– LZxdq) B,) `mc Sgnlornm) C, 0875, Oqhu`shy`shnm `mc Qdftk`shnm2 Sgd TJ Dwodqhdmbd,
Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
Jhl) I,) `mc LZgnmdx) I, S, 1..1, ——Qdrntqbdä`rdc `mc oqnodqsx qhfgsr odqrodbshudr nm u`ktd
bqd`shnm4 sgd b`rd ne nhk Vdkc tmhshy`shnm)‘‘ L`m`fdqh`k `mc Cdbhrhnm Dbnmnlhbr 12&3(4 114œ34,
Jhmckdadqfdq) B, O, 0873, ——Oktr b̊` bg`mfd4 ` knnj `s sgd mdv khsdq`stqd)‘‘ hm B, O, Jhmckdadqfdq)
dc,) Ltkshm`shnm`k Dwbtqrhnmr, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr) 07.œ7,
–– 0875, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`k otakhb fnncr vhsgnts hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbn¨
mnlhb Qduhdv 65&0(4 0œ02,
Jkdhm) O,) LbFZgZm) ?,) LZgnmdx) O,) `mc Ohsdkhr) B, 1..8, ——Sgd Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnm ne
Otakhb Dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho)‘‘ Dtqnod`m L`m`fdldms Qduhdv) Enqsgbnlhmf,
Jnfts) A,) `mc YZmcdq) T, 0882, ——Jmnvkdcfd ne sgd Vql `mc sgd dunktshnm`qx sgdnqx ne sgd
ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 13&3(4 514œ34,
–– –– 0885, ——Vg`s ehqlr cn; Bnnqchm`shnm) hcdmshsx) `mc kd`qmhmf)‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm Rbhdmbd
6&4(4 4.1œ07,
JqtflZm) O, Q, 0880, ——Hmbqd`rhmf qdstqmr `mc dbnmnlhb fdnfqògx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k
Dbnmnlx 884 072œ88,
KhoolZm) R, ?,) `mc Qtldks) Q, O, 1..2, ——Sgd o`xldmsr odqrodbshud4 lhbqnëntmc`shnmr ne
qdrntqbd `m`kxrhr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 134 8.2œ16,
KtmcuZkk) A, 1..6, ——M`shnm`k hmmnu`shnm rxrsdlr4 `m`kxshb`k bnmbdos `mc cdudknoldms snnk)‘‘
Hmctrsqx `mc Hmmnu`shnm 03&0( 84œ008,
LbFZgZm) ?,) `mc Onqsdq) L, 0886, ——Gnv ltbg cndr hmctrsqx l`ssdq) qd`kkx;‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb
L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 07&3(4 04œ2.,
LZgnmdx) I, S, 1..4, Dbnmnlhb Entmc`shnmr ne Rsq`sdfx, Sgntr`mc N`jr) B`khe,4 R?FD
Otakhb`shnmr Hmb,
LZqfkhm) R, 0863, ——Vg`s cn anrrdr cn; Sgd nqhfhmr `mc etmbshnmr ne ghdq`qbgx hm bòhs`khrs
oqnctbshnm)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Q`chb`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhbr 54 5.œ001,
LZqrgZkk) ?, 081., Oqhmbhokdr ne Dbnmnlhbr, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
LZqqhr) Q, 0885, ——L`m`fdqh`k sgdnqhdr ne sgd Vql)‘‘ hm Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dmbxbkno`dch` ne Atrhmdrr
`mc L`m`fdldms, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd) 2006œ14,
LZqw) J, 0848, Bòhs`k, Knmcnm4 K`vqdmbd % Vhrg`qs,
LhkhaZmc) Q, 0858, Sgd Rs`sd hm Bòhs`khrs Rnbhdsx, Knmcnm4 Pt`qsdq Annjr,
LnchfkhZmh) E, 0847, ——Mdv cdudknoldmsr nm sgd nkhfnonkx eqnms)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx
55&2(4 104œ21,
Ltdkkdq) C, B, 1..5, ——Bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd `mc dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Qduhdv ne ?ookhdc Dbnmnlhbr 1.&4(4 512œ32,
LtqqZx) Q, 0860, ——Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khr`shnm ne bòhs`k `mc sgd m`shnm rs`sd)‘‘ hm G, Q`chbd) dc,)
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ehqlr `mc Lncdqm Hlodqh`khrl, G`qlnmcrvnqsg4 Odmfthm,
Mdkrnm) Q, Q,) `mc Vhmsdq) R, F, 0871, ?m Dunktshnm`qx Sgdnqx ne Dbnmnlhb Bg`mfd,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Adkjmò.G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Mnqsg) C, B, 0870, Rsqtbstqd `mc Bg`mfd hm Dbnmnlhb Ghrsnqx, Mdv Xnqj4 Mnqsnm,
–– 088., Hmrshstshnmr) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd, B`laqhcfd4 B`l¨
aqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 0880, ——Hmrshstshnmr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Odqrodbshudr 4&0(4 86œ001,
Mxd) I, R, 0877, ——Sgd ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm hm sgd 087.r)‘‘ hm B, Jhmckdadqfdq `mc
O, ?tcqdsrbg) dcr,) Sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Bnqonq`shnm hm sgd 087 r, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS,
N‘Bnmmnq) I, 0862, Sgd Ehrb`k Bqhrhr ne sgd Rs`sd, Mdv Xnqj4 Rs L`qshm‘r Oqdrr,
OZkknhw) B, 0865, K‘Hmsdqm`shnm`khr`shnm ct bòhs`k2 d-kdldmsr bqhshptdr, O`qhr4 Eq`mb̊nhr L`rodqn,
Odmqnrd) D, S, 0848.0884, Sgd Sgdnqx ne sgd Fqnvsg ne sgd Ehql, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
OdsdqZe) L, 0882, ——Sgd bnqmdqrsnmd ne bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k
034 068œ80,
–– `mc AZqmdx) I, A, 1..2, ——Tmqùdkkhmf sgd qdrntqbd a`rdc s`mfkd)‘‘ L`m`fdqh`k `mc
Cdbhrhnm Dbnmnlhbr 13&3(4 2.8œ12,
Ohsdkhr) B, M, 0880, L`qjds `mc Mnm¨L`qjds Ghdq`qbghdr2 Sgdnqx ne Hmrshstshnm`k E`hktqd,
Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkk Otakhrghmf,
–– 0883, ——Hmctrsqh`k rsq`sdfx4 enq Aqhs`hm) hm Dtqnod `mc sgd vnqkc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb
Rstchdr 10&4(4 1œ81,
–– 1..1, Sgd Fqnvsg ne sgd Ehql2 Sgd Kdf`bx ne Dchsg Odmqnrd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
dbnmnlhbr 50
–– 1..2, ——Oqhu`shy`shnm) qdftk`shnm `mc cnldrshb bnlodshshnm onkhbx)‘‘ hm F, Vhfm`qì`) dc,)

Bnlodshshudmdrr Rsq`sdfx `mc Hmctrsqh`k Odqenql`mbd hm Cdudknohmf Bntmsqhdr2 ? L`mt`k enq
Onkhbx ?m`kxrhr, Nwenqc4 Qntskdcfd,
–– 1..3, ——Dchsg Odmqnrd `mc sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv ne &hmsdqm`shnm`k( atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx)‘‘
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 02&3(4 412œ21,
–– 1..6`, ——? adgùhnq`k qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv ne sgd Vql4 sgd rxmdqfx ne Bxdqs `mc L`qbg
&0852( `mc Odmqnrd &0848()‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm Rbhdmbd 07&2(4 226œ38,
–– 1..6a, ——Dtqnod`m hmctrsqh`k `mc bnlodshshnm onkhbx4 odqrodbshudr) sqdmcr `mc ` mdv
òoqn`bg)‘‘ Onkhbx Rstchdr 17&3(4 254œ70,
–– 1..8, ——Sgd rtrs`hmàkd bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd `mc b`sbghmf¨to ne m`shnmr4 ECH) bktrsdqr
`mc khàhkhsx &`rrds( ne rl`kkmdrr)‘‘ L`m`fdldms Hmsdqm`shnm`k Qduhdv 38&0(4 84œ01.,
–– `mc Ordhqhchr) ?, M, 0888, ——Sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr udqrtr qdrntqbd u`ktd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb
Rstchdr 15&2(4 110œ3.,
–– `mc Sddbd) C, I, 1..8, ——Sgd &mdv( m`stqd `mc drrdmbd ne sgd Vql)‘‘ Dtqnod`m L`m`fd¨
ldms Qduhdv 5&0( &Roqhmf(4 4œ04,
–– `mc VZgk) L, 0887, ——Dchsg Odmqnrd4 Ohnmddq ne Rs`jdgnkcdq Sgdnqx)‘‘ Knmf Q`mfd
Ok`mmhmf 20&1(4 141œ50,
Oqhdl) Q, K,) `mc Atskdq) I, D, 1..0, ——Hr sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc sgdnqx ` trdetk odqrodbshud enq
rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms qdrd`qbg;‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 15&0(4 11œ3.,
Onqsdq) L, D, 087., Bnlodshshud Rsq`sdfx2 Sdbgmhptdr enq ?m`kxyhmf Hmctrsqhdr `mc Bnlodshsnqr,
Mdv Xnqj4 Sgd Eqdd Oqdrr,
–– 088., Sgd Bnlodshshud ?cu`ms`fd ne M`shnmr, A`rhmfrsnjd4 L`blhkk`m,
OntkZmsyZr) M, 0858, Onkhshb`k Onvdq `mc Rnbh`k Bk`rr, Knmcnm4 Mdv Kdes Annjr,
OqdrrlZm) R, 1..5, ?ksdqm`shud Sgdnqhdr ne sgd Rs`sd, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd L`blhkk`m,
QZchbd) G,) dc, 0864, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ehqlr `mc Lncdqm Hlodqh`khrl, G`qlnmcrvnqsg4 Odmfthm,
Qddr) Q, 0875, Otakhb Dmsdqoqhrd Dbnmnlhbr, Nwenqc4 Oghkho ?kk`m,
QhbgZqcrnm) F, 0861, ——Sgd nqf`mhr`shnm ne hmctrsqx)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb Intqm`k 714 772œ85,
Qncqhj) C, 1..3, ——Hmctrsqh`k onkhbx enq sgd svdmsx¨Vqrs bdmstqx)‘‘ BDOQ Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq
Mn, 3656,
–– `mc GZtrlZmm) Q, 1..5, ——Cnnldc sn bgnnrd4 hmctrsqh`k onkhbx `r oqdchb`ldms)‘‘ oòdq
oqdo`qdc enq sgd Ehqrs Aktd Rjx Rdlhm`q nqf`mhydc ax sgd Bdmsdq enq Hmsdqm`shnm`k Cdudk¨
noldms) G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx,
Qnldq) O, L, 088., ——Dmcnfdmntr sdbgmnknfhb`k bg`mfd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 874
60œ0.0,
Rbgdqdq) E, L,) `mc Qnrr) C, 088., Hmctrsqh`k L`qjds Rsqtbstqd `mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd,
Anrsnm) L`rr,4 Gntfgsnm % LhYhm Bnlo`mx,
Rbgtlodsdq) I, 0831, Bòhs`khrl) Rnbh`khrl `mc Cdlnbq`bx, Knmcnm4 Tmvhm Gxl`m, 4sg dcm,
0876,
Rhlnm) G, 0882, ——Rsq`sdfx `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k dunktshnm)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 034
020œ31,
–– 0884, ——Nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc l`qjdsr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb ?clhmhrsq`shnm Qdr, ! Sgdnqx
&Sq`mr`bshnm( 4&2(4 162œ84,
Rlhsg) ?, 0665, ——?m dmpthqx hmsn sgd m`stqd `mc b`trdr ne sgd vd`ksg ne m`shnmr)‘‘ Sgd Fk`rfnv
Dchshnm ne sgd Vnqjr `mc Bnqqdronmcdmbd ne ?c`l Rlhsg, B, Q, G, R, ?, R, Knmcnm4 Rsq`g`m %
B`cdkk,
Rshfkdq) F, 0877, ——Sgd d9dbs ne fnudqmldms nm dbnmnlhb dXbhdmbx)‘‘ Atrhmdrr Dbnmnlhbr 124
6œ02,
Rshfkhsy) I, 1..1, Dbnmnlhbr ne sgd Otakhb Rdbsnq2 Sghqc Dchshnm, Knmcnm4 V, V, Mnqsnm %
Bnlo`mx,
Rtssnm) I, 0887, Sdbgmnknfx `mc L`qjds Rsqtbstqd2 Sgdnqx `mc Ghrsnqx, B`laqhcfd4 LHS Oqdrr,
Rvddyx) O, L, 0867, ——Bnqonq`shnmr4 sgd rs`sd `mc hlodqh`khrl)‘‘ Lnmsgkx Qduhdv &Mnudladq(4
0œ0.,
Sddbd) C, I, 0870, ——Sgd ltkshm`shnm`k dmsdqoqhrd4 l`qjds e`hktqd `mc l`qjds onvdq bnmrhcdq¨
`shnmr)‘‘ Rkn`m L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 11&2(4 2œ06,
–– 0871, ——Snv`qcr `m dbnmnlhb sgdnqx ne sgd ltkshoqnctbs Vql)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb
Adgùhnq `mc Nqf`mhy`shnm 2&0(4 28œ52,
–– 0874, ——Ltkshm`shnm`k dmsdqoqhrd) hmsdqm`k fnudqm`mbd `mc hmctrsqh`k nqf`mhy`shnm)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 64&1(4 122œ7,
–– 1..5, ——QdWdbshnmr nm —oqnVshmf eqnl hmmnu`shnm‘)‘‘ Qdrd`qbg Onkhbx 24&7(4 0020œ35,
–– 1..6, ——Dwokhb`shmf cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr4 sgd m`stqd `mc lhbqnentmc`shnmr ne &rtrs`hm¨
àkd( dmsdqoqhrd odqenql`mbd)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 17&02(4 0208œ4.,
–– OhrZmn) F,) `mc Rgtdm) ?, 0886, ——Cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr `mc rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms)‘‘
Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 07&6(4 4.8œ22,
Shqnkd) I, 0877, Sgd Sgdnqx ne Hmctrsqh`k Nqf`mhy`shnm, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
Udqmnm) Q, 0860, Rnudqdhfmsx `s A`x, G`qknv4 Knmfl`m,
–– 0870, ——Rnudqdhfmsx `s a`x sdm xd`qr èsdq)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 24&2(4 406œ18,
Uhbjdqr) I,) `mc XZqqnv) F, 0876, Oqhu`shy`shnm2 ?m Dbnmnlhb ?m`kxrhr, Knmcnm4 Sgd LHS
Oqdrr,
VZqqdm) A, 0860, ——Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khr`shnm ne bòhs`k `mc sgd m`shnm rs`sd4 ` bnlldms)‘‘
K`v Qduhdv 57,
–– 0862, ——Hlodqh`khrl `mc bòhs`khrs cdudknoldms)‘‘ Mdv Kdes Qduhdv 704 2œ33,
Vdqmdqedks) A, 0873, ——Sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv ne sgd Vql)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 44
060œ7.,
VhfmZqZiZ) F,) dc, 1..2, Bnlodshshudmdrr Rsq`sdfx `mc Hmctrsqh`k Odqenql`mbd hm Cdudknohmf
Bntmsqhdr2 ? L`mt`k Onkhbx ?m`kxrhr, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
VhkkhZlrnm) N, D, 0864, L`qjdsr `mc Ghdq`qbghdr2 ?m`kxrhr `mc ?mshsqtrs Hlokhb`shnmr2 ? Rstcx
hm sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Hmsdqm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Sgd Eqdd Oqdrr,
–– 0868, ——? sgdnqx ne mnm¨l`qjds adgùhntq4 eq`ldvnqj enq hlokdldms`shnm `m`kxrhr)‘‘
Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 11&0(4 0.6œ3.,
–– 0874, Sgd Dbnmnlhb Hmrshstshnmr ne Bòhs`khrl, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
–– 0880, ——Rsq`sdfhyhmf) dbnmnlhyhmf) `mc dbnmnlhb nqf`mhy`shnm)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms
Intqm`k 014 64œ83,
Vnke) B, 0868, ——? sgdnqx ne mnm¨l`qjds adgùhntq4 eq`ldvnqj enq hlokdldms`shnm `m`kxrhr)‘‘
Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 11&0(4 0.6œ3.,
XZqqnv) F, 0875, Fnudqmldmsr) L`qjdsr `mc Fqnvsg, Nwenqc4 L`qshm Qnadqsrnm,
Xt) S, E, 0886, ——Dmsqdoqdmdtqh`k rs`sd4 sgd qnkd ne fnudqmldms hm sgd dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms ne
sgd ?rh`m mdvkx hmctrsqh`khrhmf dbnmnlhdr)‘‘ Cdudknoldms Onkhbx Qduhdv 044 36œ53,
Ynkkn) L,) `mc Vhmsdq) R, F, 1..1, ——Cdkhadq`sd kd`qmhmf `mc sgd dunktshnm ne cxm`lhb
bòàhkhshdr)‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm Rbhdmbd 024 228œ40,
bgZosdq 2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
K ?V ? M C A T R H M D R R
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
fqdfnqx b, rgZeedq 0
Sghr bgòsdq otsr atrhmdrr bdmsdq rs`fd `r ` ld`mr sn tmcdqrs`mc k`v, K`v bnmrhrsr ne
rxrsdlr ne qtkdr) rs`mc`qcr) `mc oqnbdctqdr sg`s rnbh`k hmrshstshnmr bqd`sd `mc òokx,
Sgdrd rnbh`k hmrshstshnmr l`x ad otakhb nq oqhu`sd, Sgd qtkdr) rs`mc`qcr) `mc oqnbdc¨
tqdr sg`s sgdx bqd`sd oqnuhcd ` eq`ldvnqj hm vghbg atrhmdrr rsq`sdfhydr `mc nodq`sdr,
Atrhmdrr) hm stqm) trdr k`v `r ` qdrntqbd sn `cu`mbd `mc cdedmc atrhmdrr `hlr,1 Sghr
bgòsdq `rrdrrdr sgd qdbhoqnb`k hmsdq`bshnm ne atrhmdrr `mc k`v, K`v gdkor bnmrshstsd
atrhmdrr ax qdbnfmhyhmf atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm`k enqlr) `mc atrhmdrr gdkor bnmrshstsd
k`v,
Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr l`x ad tmhsdc nq chuhcdc uhr¨`_ühr fnudqmldms `mc sgd k`vr
fnudqmldms bqd`sdr, Qdftk`shnm oqnuhcdr rnld atrhmdrrdr vhsg bnlodshshud
`cu`ms`fdr nudq nsgdqr) chuhchmf atrhmdrr `mc bqd`shmf hmbdmshudr enq ch9dqdms
otakhböqhu`sd `kkh`mbdr &Unfdk 0884(, Atrhmdrr hr chuhcdc nm `bbntms ne dbnmnlhb
bnlodshshnm) `mc otakhb `bsnqr `qd chuhcdc nm `bbntms ne onkhshb`k `mc hcdn¨
knfhb`k bnlodshshnm, Ch9dqdms e`bshnmr vhsghm atrhmdrr sgtr `kkx vhsg ch9dqdms
e`bshnmr vhsghm fnudqmldms, Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) gnvdudq) l`x `krn bnmudqfd sn
noonrd fnudqmldms ld`rtqdr) `r vgdm fnudqmldms rhcdr vhsg bnmrtldq nq
dmuhqnmldms`k fqntor `s sgd m`shnm`k kdudk) `mc atrhmdrr adkhdudr hs vhkk ad
chr`cu`ms`fdc uhr¨`_ühr enqdhfm bnlodshshnm, Vhsg sgd qhrd ne sq`mrm`shnm`k
hmrshstshnmr) atrhmdrrdr b`m `krn knnj sn otakhb `bsnqr `s ch9dqdms kdudkr ne rnbh`k
nqf`mhy`shnm sn oqnlnsd sgdhq hmsdqdrsr,
Ltbg kdf`k rbgnk`qrgho `ccqdrrdr hrrtdr ne bnlokh`mbd vhsg k`v, Sghr bgòsdq
qdudqrdr sgd sdkdrbnod) `ccqdrrhmf vg`s rgòdr k`v) `mc) lnqd o`qshbtk`qkx) vg`s `qd
sgd ldbg`mhrlr sgqntfg vghbg atrhmdrr rgòdr k`v, Sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd qdk`shnmrgho
ne atrhmdrr `mc k`v) vd ltrs knnj `s sgd enkknvhmf sgqdd rdsr ne hmrshstshnm`k
hmsdq`bshnmr4 &h( gnqhynms`k otakhb hmrshstshnm`k hmsdq`bshnm `lnmf kdfhrk`shud) `clhm¨
hrsq`shud) `mc itchbh`k oqnbdrrdr) hm d`bg ne vghbg atrhmdrr sxohb`kkx ok`xr ` bqhshb`k
53 fqdfnqx b, rgZeedq
qnkd: &hh( udqshb`k otakhb hmrshstshnm`k hmsdq`bshnm hmunkuhmf m`shnm`k `mc sq`mrm`shnm`k
hmrshstshnm`k oqnbdrrdr) vhsg sq`mrm`shnm`k oqnbdrrdr adbnlhmf lnqd oqnlhmdms hm
ntq dbnmnlhb`kkx fkna`khydc `fd: `mc &hhh( sgd hmsdq`bshnm `lnmf sgdrd otakhb hmrsh¨
stshnm`k oqnbdrrdr `mc o`q`kkdk oqhu`sd qtkd¨l`jhmf) `clhmhrsq`shud) `mc chrotsd
rdsskdldms ldbg`mhrlr sg`s atrhmdrr bqd`sdr) `f`hm `s ch9dqdms kdudkr ne rnbh`k
nqf`mhy`shnm, Hs hr sgdrd cxm`lhb) qdbhoqnb`k hmsdq`bshnmr sg`s bnmrshstsd sgd kdf`k
Vdkc hm vghbg atrhmdrr nodq`sdr,
Sghr bgòsdq `ccqdrrdr sgd `cu`ms`fdr sg`s atrhmdrr gnkcr hm otakhb `mc
oqhu`sd k`v¨l`jhmf) `mc `rrdrrdr sgd qdbhoqnb`k hmsdq`bshnm `lnmf sgdrd otakhb
`mc oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr, Ehqrs) atrhmdrr g`r `cu`ms`fdr adenqd sgd ch9dqdms
otakhb hmrshstshnmr sg`s l`jd `mc òokx k`v) ad sgdx kdfhrk`stqdr) `clhmhrsq`shud
anchdr) nq bntqsr, Rdbnmc) atrhmdrr bqd`sdr hsr nvm oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr) hmbktc¨
hmf vg`s hr sq`chshnm`kkx qdedqqdc sn `r kdw ldqb`snqh` &nq oqhu`sd ldqbg`ms k`v(
`mc oqhu`sd hmrshstshnmr sn dmenqbd hs &rtbg `r `qahsq`k anchdr(,2 Sgdrd svn
rntqbdr ne k`v) otakhbkx `mc oqhu`sdkx l`cd k`v) hmsdq`bs cxm`lhb`kkx, Oqhu`sdkx
l`cd k`v hr `cnosdc hm qdronmrd sn sgd otakhb kdf`k rxrsdl) sn oqddlos otakhb
k`v‘r bqd`shnm `r tmmdbdrr`qx) sn hmsdqm`khyd otakhb k`v sgqntfg bqd`shmf mdv
nqf`mhy`shnm`k onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr) nq sn dwhs eqnl sgd otakhb kdf`k rxrsdl
sgqntfg sgd cdudknoldms ne `ksdqm`shud chrotsd qdrnktshnm anchdr, Otakhbkx l`cd
k`v hr l`cd hm qdronmrd sn cdudknoldmsr hm sgd oqhu`sd rogdqd) rnldshldr
`ccqdrrhmf oqhu`sdkx l`cd k`v‘r otqonqsdc cdVbhdmbhdr) `mc rnldshldr bnchexhmf
nq nsgdqvhrd s`jhmf hmsn `bbntms oqhu`sd atrhmdrr k`v) atrhmdrr btrsnl) `mc
atrhmdrr hmrshstshnm`k cdudknoldmsr &rtbg `r `ksdqm`shud chrotsd qdrnktshnm( hm
m`shnm`k rs`stsdr) qdftk`shnmr) `mc hmrshstshnm`k oq`bshbdr, Sgd qdbhoqnb`k hmsdq¨
`bshnm ne otakhb `mc oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr `s ch9dqdms kdudkr ne rnbh`k nqf`mhy`¨
shnm bnmrshstsdr sgd kdf`k Vdkc hm vghbg dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx s`jdr ok`bd, Hm rgnqs)
sn `rrdrr sgd qdk`shnm ne atrhmdrr sn k`v) vd mddc sn dw`lhmd gnv k`v hr bqd`sdc
`mc òokhdc sgqntfg otakhb hmrshstshnmr) gnv hs hr bqd`sdc `mc òokhdc sgqntfg
oqhu`sd dmshshdr) `mc gnv sgdrd rxrsdlr hmsdq`bs) hmbktchmf adsvddm sgd m`shnm`k
`mc sgd sq`mrm`shnm`k kdudkr,
Sgd Vqrs rdbshnm `ccqdrrdr atrhmdrr‘r qnkd hm rgòhmf k`v sgqntfg otakhb
hmrshstshnmr, Sgd mdws rdbshnm `ccqdrrdr atrhmdrr‘r bqd`shnm ne oqhu`sd kdf`k
qtkdr `mc hmrshstshnmr, Sgd sghqc rdbshnm dw`lhmdr gnv otakhb `mc oqhu`sd kdf`k
rxrsdlr hmsdq`bs) `mc) hm o`qshbtk`q) gnv oqhu`sd atrhmdrr¨l`cd k`v `mc atrhmdrr
oq`bshbd `9dbs otakhbkx l`cd k`v nudq shld, ?ksgntfg sgdrd sgqdd rdbshnmr enbtr
nm sgd qdk`shnmrgho ne k`v `mc atrhmdrr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sgd bgòsdq‘r `hl hr
sn oqnuhcd ` fdmdq`k eq`ldvnqj enq `m`kxrhr vghbg athkcr eqnl dwhrshmf dlohqhb`k
`mc sgdnqdshb`k vnqj hm chrbqdsd `qd`r, Sgd entqsg rdbshnm `ccqdrrdr sgd hmsdq¨
`bshnm ne atrhmdrr `mc k`v hm bnlo`q`shud `mc fkna`k bnmsdws, Hs rgnvr gnv) nm
sgd nmd g`mc) ltbg ne hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr k`v g`r cdudknodc hm qdronmrd sn
atrhmdrr cdl`mcr `mc oq`bshbdr) hm sgd oqnbdrr `9dbshmf m`shnm`k k`v, Nm sgd
nsgdq g`mc) hs dwok`hmr vgx m`shnm`k k`v `mc kdf`k oq`bshbd mnmdsgdkdrr qds`hm
rhfmhVb`ms u`qh`shnm hm qdWdbshnm ne knb`k hmsdqdrsr) hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr) `mc
atrhmdrr `mc kdf`k btkstqdr,
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 54
Atrhmdrr Xmc Otakhb KdfXk Rxrsdlr

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Atrhmdrr `mc k`v hmsdq`bs hm ltst`kkx rtoonqshud `mc ltst`kkx bnmrsq`hmhmf v`xr,
Nm sgd nmd g`mc) k`v b`m rhfmhVb`mskx bnmrsq`hm atrhmdrr bgnhbd rn sg`s atrhmdrr
`ssdlosr sn bnmrsq`hm k`v‘r qd`bg, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) k`v mns nmkx gdkor sn rsàhkhyd
dwodbs`shnmr `mc sgtr bqd`sd fqd`sdq atrhmdrr bdqs`hmsx) hs oqnuhcdr kdfhshl`bx enq
atrhmdrr `mc atrhmdrr nodq`shnmr) rghdkchmf sgdl eqnl etmc`ldms`k bg`kkdmfd)3 `mc
hs b`m oqnuhcd bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fdr enq rnld atrhmdrrdr nudq nsgdqr, Atrhmdrr sgtr
hmudrsr hm k`v) ansg sn rgòd k`v sn rtoonqs atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `mc sn kdfhshlhyd
atrhmdrr bnmctbs) `r vdkk `r sn sgv`qs k`v‘r onsdmsh`k bnmrsq`hmsr,
Atrhmdrr g`r ` bnlokdw qdk`shnmrgho vhsg k`v) vghbg) `s ` lhmhltl) ltrs òod`q
`tsnmnlntr eqnl atrhmdrr nq k`v k`bjr kdfhshl`bx, Xds `r Xudr Cdy`k`x `mc Aqx`ms
F`qsg vqhsd) ——sgd `tsnmnlx ne sgd k`v) vghbg hr mdbdrr`qx sn hsr kdfhshl`bx) hr mns
hmbnmrhrsdms vhsg rdquhmf sgd mddcr ne onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb onvdq‘‘ &Cdy`k`x `mc
F`qsg 08854 87(, Sgdqd nesdm dwhrsr `m ——tmronjdm cdedqdmbd ne `clhmhrsq`shnmr)
kdfhrk`stqdr) `mc sgd bntqsr sn sgd mddcr ne atrhmdrr‘‘ &Khmcaknl 08664 068: F`k`msdq
1..54 0288(, Lnqdnudq) sgd oqnbdrrdr ne kdfhshl`shnm fn ansg v`xr, Atrhmdrr `krn
kdfhshl`sdr k`v sgqntfg o`rrhud bnlokh`mbd `mc `bshud rtoonqs, Sghr ogdmnldmnm hr
o`qshbtk`qkx r`khdms `s sgd sq`mrm`shnm`k kdudk vgdqd otakhb hmrshstshnmr `qd vd`j `mc
l`x rddj `kkhdr vhsg atrhmdrr) `r dwdlokhVdc ax sgd Tmhsdc M`shnmr‘ Fkna`k Bnlo`bs
`mc hsr `ssdlos sn `khfm atrhmdrr bnmctbs vhsg ——tmhudqr`kkx `bbdosdc oqhmbhokdr hm sgd
`qd`r ne gtl`m qhfgsr) kàntq) dmuhqnmldms) `mc `msh¨bnqqtoshnm,‘‘4
Atrhmdrr `mc kdfhrk`shnm

Kdfhrk`snqr l`x qdronmc sn atrhmdrr cdl`mcr enq l`mx qd`rnmr) q`mfhmf eqnl rdke¨
hmsdqdrs hm b`lo`hfm rtoonqs) ` cdrhqd mns sn g`ql atrhmdrr hm khfgs ne atrhmdrr‘r
hlonqs`mbd enq sgd dbnmnlx) `mc odqrt`rhnm a`rdc nm hmenql`shnm sg`s atrhmdrr
oqnuhcdr, Sgd dwsdms sn vghbg sgdx cn rn cdodmcr nm ——` k`qfdq mtladq ne e`bsnqr–
`lnmf sgdl sgd m`stqd ne sgd hrrtd) sgd m`stqd ne sgd cdl`mc) sgd rsqtbstqd ne
onkhshb`k bnlodshshnm) `mc sgd chrsqhatshnm ne qdrntqbdr‘‘ &Rbgknyl`m `mc Shdqmdx
08754 206: E`qadq `mc Eqhbjdx 0880(, Nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr dminxr rhfmhVb`ms `cu`ms`fdr
hm sgd kdfhrk`shud oqnbdrr nudq nsgdq bnmrshstdmbhdr adb`trd ne atrhmdrrdr‘ lnmds`qx
`mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k qdrntqbdr) `qftàkx e`bhkhs`sdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr ax ` oqn¨
atrhmdrr hcdnknfhb`k nqhdms`shnm &Khmcaknl 0866: E`qmrvnqsg `mc Gnkcdm 1..54
364(, Sgdx b`m etmc onkhshb`k b`lo`hfmr) ghqd vdkk¨bnmmdbsdc knaaxhrsr) bqd`sd sghmj
s`mjr sn bhqbtk`sd atrhmdrrëqhdmckx hcd`r) `bbdrr sgd ldch`) `mc oqnlnsd sgd
dwbg`mfd ne sgdhq odqrnmmdk hmsn fnudqmldms onrhshnmr, Adb`trd ne sgdrd qdrntqbdr)
nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr sdmcr sn gùd oqdedqdmsh`k `bbdrr sn sgd onkhshb`k oqnbdrr rn sg`s
kdfhrk`snqr s`jd `bbntms ne atrhmdrrdr‘ uhdvr &Unfdk 08724 18: E`qmrvnqsg `mc Gnkcdm
1..54 364œ7.(,
Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr gùd knmf gdkc ` oqdedqdmsh`k onrhshnm hm k`v¨l`jhmf enq rsqtb¨
stq`k qd`rnmr, Sgdhq hlonqs`mbd enq hmudrsldms `mc dloknxldms hm bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr
oqnuhcdr sgdl vhsg ` oqhuhkdfdc onrhshnm hm cd`khmfr vhsg fnudqmldms) rhmbd bqhshb`k
l`qjds etmbshnmr rtbg `r inar) oqhbdr) oqnctbshnm) fqnvsg) rs`mc`qc ne khuhmf `mc
dbnmnlhb rdbtqhsx cdodmc nm atrhmdrr `bshuhsx &Khmcaknl 08664 061(, Fnudqmldms
sgtr g`r hmbdmshudr sn e`bhkhs`sd atrhmdrr odqenql`mbd ax oqnuhchmf atrhmdrr vhsg
admdVsr) vgdsgdq s`w aqd`jr) rtarhchdr) nq atrhmdrrëùnqàkd qdftk`shnm &Khmcaknl
08664 063(, Sgd fkna`khy`shnm ne oqnctbshnm `qftàkx ——dmg`mbdr sgd rsqtbstq`k onvdq
ne bnqonq`sd bòhs`k‘‘ adb`trd atrhmdrr b`m sgqd`sdm sn hmudrs dkrdvgdqd he m`shnm`k
qdftk`shnm hr tmeùnqàkd &Qncqhj 0886: Gdkc ds `k, 08884 16.(,
Onkhshb`k qdoqdrdms`shudr qdronmc sn onotk`q bnmbdqmr qdf`qchmf atrhmdrr onvdq)
sgd hmsdmrhsx ne vghbg u`qhdr nudq shld, Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) enq dw`lokd) sgd
qdftk`snqx rs`sd fqdv rhfmhVb`mskx ctqhmf sgd Mdv Cd`k hm sgd 082.r `mc hm qdronmrd
sn sgd otakhb hmsdqdrs lnudldms ne sgd 086.r,5 Xds vgdm e`bdc vhsg onsdmsh`kkx
bnmrsq`hmhmf qdftk`shnm) atrhmdrr knaaxhmf b`m oqnctbd bnloqnlhrdr sg`s rèdft`qc
atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) rtbg `r sgd hmbktrhnm ne dwbdoshnmr) knnognkdr) `mc nodm¨dmcdc
k`mft`fd rtaidbs sn rtardptdms hmsdqoqds`shnm, Hm rnld b`rdr) ——otakhb hmsdqdrs‘‘
rs`stsdr l`x rdqud `r ` e`b̊`cd) oqnuhchmf ` rxlank ne fnudqmldms bnmbdqm vghkd
l`rjhmf fnudqmldms hm`bshnm &Dcdkl`m 0853) 0860(,
Atrhmdrr `mc `clhmhrsq`shnm

Rs`stsdr nesdm bnms`hm k`mft`fd sg`s hr rtXbhdmskx `lahftntr rn sg`s sgdhq òokhb`¨
shnm cdodmcr nm vgn lnahkhydr k`v adenqd `clhmhrsq`shud `fdmbhdr sn `cu`mbd sgdhq
dmcr, Sgdqd hr ` k`qfd khsdq`stqd) hmbktchmf sg`s ne otakhb bgnhbd hm k`v¨`mc¨dbnmnlhbr)
cda`shmf vgdsgdq nq mns `fdmbhdr `qd ——bòstqdc‘‘ nq ——bn¨nosdc‘‘ ax rodbh`k hmsdqdrsr)
`mc) hm o`qshbtk`q) atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr &be, Adqmrsdhm 0844: Mnkk 0860: Onrmdq 0863(, Vghkd
hs hr `m nudqrs`sdldms sn l`hms`hm sg`s `fdmbhdr `qd rhlokx bòstqdc ax atrhmdrr
&Vhkrnm 087.() lnrs `fqdd sg`s `fdmbhdr `qd rtaidbs sn rhfmhVb`ms atrhmdrr oqdrrtqd
`mc hmWtdmbd) `mc sg`s atrhmdrr nesdm nbbtohdr ` oqhuhkdfdc onrhshnm, Dwok`m`shnmr
enq atrhmdrr‘r hmWtdmbd q`mfd eqnl rnbhnknfhb`k nmdr) vhsg qdftk`snqr kd`qmhmf sn
sghmj khjd sgd qdftk`sdc sgqntfg bnmrs`ms hmsdq`bshnm vhsg sgdl) sn hmsdqdrsä`rdc
nmdr) vgdqd hs hr hm qdftk`snqr‘ hmsdqdrs sn `bbnllnc`sd atrhmdrr rn `r sn ùnhc
`cudqrd bnmrdptdmbdr) rtbg `r bnmsdrs`shnm adenqd kdfhrk`shud bnllhssddr `mc sgd
bntqsr, Vdkk¨nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr fqntor b`m rnldshldr rgòd sgd òokhb`shnm ne
qdftk`shnm sg`s hr mnlhm`kkx sn oqnsdbs ` otakhb hmsdqdrs &rtbg `r bkd`m `hq( sn rths
oqnctbdq hmsdqdrsr &rtbg `r sgd oqnctbdqr ne ——chqsx bn`k‘‘( &?bjdql`mm `mc G`rrkdq
0870(, Atrhmdrr fqntor b`m `krn oqdrr kdfhrk`stqdr sn sgv`qs qdftk`shnm sg`s atrhmdrr
cndr mns khjd) hmbktchmf sgqntfg sgqd`sr sn khlhs `fdmbx etmchmf enq sgd qdkdu`ms
oqnfq`lr &Pthqj 08704 065: Rjqyxbjh 1..24 0.5¨6(, ?clhmhrsq`shud k`v tkshl`sdkx b`m
ad uhdvdc `r ` mdfnsh`sdc kdf`k nqcdq hm vghbg otakhb nXbh`kr `mc oqhu`sd `bsnqr ltrs
bnnqchm`sd he otakhb fn`kr `qd sn ad `bghdudc &Eqddl`m 1...(,
Qdoqdrdms`shudr ne nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr `qd hm bnmrs`ms bnms`bs vhsg `fdmbx nXbh`kr
`mc sgd svn rhcdr gùd noonqstmhshdr sn dwdqbhrd hmWtdmbd nudq d`bg nsgdq, Qdftk`¨
snqx nXbh`kr cdoknx ——rnes‘‘ odqrt`rhud ldbg`mhrlr `mc sgqd`sdm ——g`qc‘‘ dmenqbdldms
sn `9dbs atrhmdrr bnmctbs &G`vjhmr 0872: J`f`m) Ftmmhmfg`l) `mc Sgnqmsnm 1..2(,
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 56
Qdbhoqnb`kkx) dudm knvdq kdudk nXbh`kr vgn rdd sgdhq rodbh`khydc onrhshnm `r sdbgmn¨
bq`shb b`m gùd sgdhq uhdvr rgòdc nudq shld sgqntfg qdftk`q hmsdq`bshnm vhsg
atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shudr) `mc sgd hmenql`shnm sg`s atrhmdrr oqnuhcdr &Bnfkh`mdrd)
Ydbjg`trdq) `mc O`qrnm 1..3(,
? ——qdunkuhmf cnnq‘‘ onkhshb`k btkstqd `krn etqsgdqr atrhmdrr `bbdrr sn `clhmhrsq`shud
k`v¨l`jhmf `mc òokhb`shnm, Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) atrhmdrr hr nesdm àkd sn nas`hm sgd
òonhmsldms ne rtoonqshud onkhshb`k òonhmsddr sn kd`c fnudqmldms `fdmbhdr,6 Lnqd
fdmdq`kkx) k`vxdqr `mc knaaxhrsr hm V`rghmfsnm) CB) dmg`mbd sgdhq qd-rtld-r ax
rok`rghmf ` edv xd`qr hm otakhb khed sn rtardptdmskx–`mc ktbq`shudkx–rdqud oqhu`sd
bnlldqbh`k bkhdmsr, ?r enqldq Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Sq`cd Qdoqdrdms`shud Qnadqs Rsq`trr
nardqudr) k`vxdqr nesdm fn sn vnqj enq sgd TR fnudqmldms adb`trd ——sgdx jmnv sg`s
Zfnudqmldms vnqj[ dmàkdr sgdl sn lnud nm nts hm ` edv xd`qr `mc adbnld
`rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` knaaxhmf nq k`v Vql Zvgdqd[ sgdhq rdquhbdr `qd hm sqdldmcntr
cdl`mc,‘‘7 Vgdsgdq nq mns qdftk`snqr `bbnllnc`sd atrhmdrr sn oqno sgdhq nvm
b`qddq oqnrodbsr) ` ——qdunkuhmf cnnq‘‘ onkhshb`k btkstqd enqfdr adssdq tmcdqrs`mchmf
`lnmf otakhb `mc oqhu`sd qdoqdrdms`shudr rn sg`s d`bg rhcd adssdq òoqdbh`sdr sgd
odqrodbshudr `mc mddcr ne sgd nsgdq,
Atrhmdrr `mc sgd bntqsr

K`v hr `krn cqhudm eqnl adknv ax khshf`msr vgn hmhsh`sd `mc cdedmc b`rdr qdrtkshmf hm
k`v‘r òokhb`shnm) hmsdqoqds`shnm) `mc dkànq`shnm nudq shld &Ak`bj 0862: Rbgdhmfnkc
0863(,8 Dudm vgdqd ` rs`stsd nq `clhmhrsq`shud qdftk`shnm cndr mns eùnq atrhmdrr)
atrhmdrr b`m `ssdlos sn lnahkhyd khshf`shnm `mc chrotsd rdsskdldms qdrntqbdr sn athkc
eùnqàkd itchbh`k oqdbdcdms, Itrs `r hm onkhshb`k `mc `clhmhrsq`shud oqnbdrrdr) vdkk¨
qdrntqbdc `bsnqr gùd `cu`ms`fdr, Sn rs`qs) nqf`mhydc atrhmdrrdr sdmc sn gùd fqd`sdq
Vm`mbh`k qdrntqbdr sn `ssq`bs sgd adrs k`vxdqr sn f`sgdq duhcdmbd `mc ots enqv`qc kdf`k
`qftldmsr) `mc sgdx admdVs eqnl dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd adb`trd ne sgdhq dwodqhdmbd vhsg
khshf`shnm, Bnqonq`sd hm¨gntrd bntmrdk b`m ghqd kd`chmf dwsdqm`k k`v Vqlr dloknxhmf
rbnqdr ne kdf`k `rrnbh`sdr sn rbntq rs`stsdr `mc itqhroqtcdmbd `mc cdudkno rnoghrsh¨
b`sdc e`bst`k `mc kdf`k `qftldmsr,0 Kdf`k bntmrdk b`m `krn cdoknx oqnbdctq`k
ldbg`mhrlr sn cq`v nts khshf`shnm `mc hlonrd bnrsr nm kdrr¨qdrntqbdc o`qshdr sn
hmctbd eùnqàkd rdsskdldmsr, Lnqdnudq) atrhmdrr b`m `ssdlos sn trd rnes k`v oqn¨
bdrrdr) rtbg `r sgqntfg sgd ?ldqhb`m K`v Hmrshstsd vghbg bnlohkdr ——qdrs`sdldmsr‘‘ ne
sgd dwhrshmf rs`sd ne k`v) vgdqd atrhmdrr g`r addm kdrr rtbbdrretk hm g`qc k`v oqnbdrrdr)
rtbg `r adenqd kdfhrk`stqdr &Qtahm 0882: Rbgv`qsy `mc Rbnss 0884: Dkrnm 0887(, Hm sghr
v`x) atrhmdrr b`m `hl sn `9dbs rtardptdms g`qc k`v hmsdqoqds`shnm ax bntqsr, Sgdrd
`cu`ms`fdr) gnvdudq) b`m ad bntmsdqdc) hm o`qs) vgdqd ldbg`mhrlr dwhrs–rtbg `r
`ssnqmdx edd `v`qcr `mc bk`rr `bshnm k`vrthsr–vghbg hmbdmshuhyd `ssnqmdxr sn aqhmf
k`vrthsr nm adg`ke ne bnmrtldqr) hmudrsnqr) `mc nsgdq bnmrshstdmbhdr,00
L`qb F`k`msdq g`r sgdnqhydc sgd khlhsdc oqnrodbsr ne rnbh`k bg`mfd sgqntfg
`citchb`shnm hm ghr bk`rrhb vnqj ——Vgx sgd Gùdr Bnld Nts ?gd`c‘‘ &F`k`msdq
0863(, ?r F`k`msdq rs`sdr) bdqs`hm `bsnqr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn ad ——qdod`s ok`xdqr‘‘ hm
khshf`shnm, Sgdrd qdod`s ok`xdqr cn mns trd sgd `citchb`shud oqnbdrr rnkdkx enq sgd
`citchb`shnm ne rhmfkd) tmqdk`sdc b`rdr: sgdx `krn ok`x enq qtkdr, ?r qdod`s ok`xdqr) sgdx
`qd vdkk onrhshnmdc sn rdsskd tmeùnqàkd b`rdr `mc khshf`sd `mc òod`k b`rdr sg`s `qd
lnqd khjdkx sn qdrtks hm ` eùnqàkd kdf`k oqdbdcdms, Ax rdkdbshmf vghbg b`rdr sn rdsskd
`mc sgtr dwsq`bs sgdl eqnl sgd `citchb`shud oqnbdrr) qdod`s ok`xdqr `qd adssdq
onrhshnmdc sn qdctbd sgd khjdkhgnnc ne `cudqrd oqdbdcdms `9dbshmf sgdhq etstqd
nodq`shnmr &F`k`msdq 08634 0.2(, Dudm vgdqd rtardptdms kdfhrk`shnm nudqstqmr `
itchbh`k oqdbdcdms eùnqàkd sn ` qdod`s ok`xdq) rtbg mdv kdfhrk`shnm sqhffdqr ` mdv
oqnbdrr ne kdf`k hmsdqoqds`shnm vgdqd vdkk¨qdrntqbdc qdod`s ok`xdqr `qd eùnqdc,
F`k`msdq cdVmdr ` qdod`s ok`xdq `r ` k`qfdq tmhs ——vghbg g`r g`c `mc `mshbho`sdr
qdod`sdc khshf`shnm) vghbg g`r knv rs`jdr hm sgd ntsbnld ne `mx nmd b`rd) `mc vghbg
g`r sgd qdrntqbdr sn otqrtd hsr knmf¨qtm hmsdqdrsr‘‘ &F`k`msdq 08634 86œ7(, Gd cdVmdr `
——nmd¨rgnssdq)‘‘ hm bnmsq`rs) `r ` rl`kkdq tmhs vgnrd rs`jdr hm ` fhudm b`rd `qd ghfg
qdk`shud sn sgd `bsnq‘r sns`k vnqsg, Nmd¨rgnssdqr) `r ` qdrtks) `qd lnqd khjdkx sn enbtr nm
sgd o`qshbtk`q qdrtks eqnl rdsskhmf ` chrotsd q`sgdq sg`m sgd bqd`shnm ne knmf¨sdql
oqdbdcdms `9dbshmf etstqd nodq`shnmr, F`k`msdq Vmcr sg`s ——nqf`mhy`shnmr qntfgkx
bnqqdronmc sn Zqdod`s ok`xdqr[)‘‘ vgdsgdq sgd nqf`mhy`shnmr ad ` atrhmdrr nq fnudqm¨
ldms `bsnq &F`k`msdq 08634 86) 002) 08644 237(,
J, S, ?kahrsnm g`r dw`lhmdc gnv atrhmdrrdr gùd rsq`sdfhb`kkx trdc khshf`shnm sn
rgòd sgd hmsdqoqds`shnm ne `rodbsr ne dloknxldms k`v nudq shld, ?ookxhmf F`k`msdq‘r
eq`ldvnqj) rgd Vmcr sg`s ——Zd[loknxdqr l`x rdsskd rsqnmf b`rdr khjdkx sn oqnctbd
`cudqrd cdbhrhnmr) dmrtqhmf sg`s sgdrd b`rdr mdudq adbnld sgd a`rhr enq ` otakhrgdc
itchbh`k nohmhnm)‘‘ vghkd sgdx ——l`x chronrd ne vd`j b`rdr , , , sgqntfg lnshnmr sn
chrlhrr nq lnshnmr enq rtll`qx itcfldms) vghbg nesdm cn adbnld o`qs ne
sgd itchbh`k hmsdqoqds`shnm ne sgd k`v‘‘ &?kahrsnm 08884 783(, Rgd Vmcr sg`s ——otakhrgdc
itchbh`k cdsdqlhm`shnmr ne qhfgsr , , , nbbtq oqhl`qhkx vgdm dloknxdqr vhm‘‘ &8.1()
vghbg `9dbsr tmcdqrs`mchmfr ne k`v hm rtardptdms dloknxldms chrotsdr, Dloknxddr‘
rtbbdrretk rdsskdldmsr bnld ——`s sgd oqhbd ne rhkdmbd hm sgd ghrsnqhb`k qdbnqc ne sgd
bnllnm k`v‘‘ &8.5(,
Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) atrhmdrrdr gùd rtbbdrretkkx trdc khshf`shnm sn ad qdbnfmhydc
`r ——odqrnmr‘‘ admdVshmf eqnl bnmrshstshnm`k qhfgsr) rtbg `r hmunkuhmf rd`qbg `mc
rdhytqd) eqdd roddbg) `mc b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd) `r noonrdc sn ldqd hmrsqtldmsr ne
m`stq`k odqrnmr, L`xdq bg`q`bsdqhydr Rtoqdld Bntqs cdbhrhnmr qdbnfmhyhmf bnmrsh¨
stshnm`k qhfgsr oqnsdbshnmr enq bnqonq`shnmr `f`hmrs fnudqmldms `bshnm `r rxlankhb ne
——sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne ntq bnmrshstshnm`k rxrsdl eqnl nmd ne hmchuhct`k eqddcnlr sn
nmd ne nqf`mhy`shnm`k oqdqnf`shudr‘‘ &L`xdq 088.4 467(, Hm bnmsq`rs) `ksgntfg sgdqd
gùd addm rshqqhmfr ne rnld bg`mfd) bnqonq`shnmr gùd qdl`hmdc qdk`shudkx ——hlltmd
eqnl bqhlhm`k otmhrgldms‘‘ rhmbd bqhlhm`k k`vr `qd sxohb`kkx cdrhfmdc hm bnmsdlok`¨
shnm ne m`stq`k odqrnmr &F`k`msdq 08884 0007(,
Mdfnsh`shmf hm sgd rg`cnv ne k`v

Qd`chmf rs`stsdr) `clhmhrsq`shud qdftk`shnmr) `mc itchbh`k cdbhrhnmr sdkkr tr khsskd
ànts k`v‘r nodq`shnm, ?r rnbhn¨kdf`k rbgnk`qr gùd knmf rgnvm) sgdqd hr ` ch9dqdmbd
adsvddm sgd k`v hm sgd annjr &vgdsgdq hm rs`stsdr nq otakhrgdc itchbh`k cdbhrhnmr(
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 58
`mc sgd k`v hm oq`bshbd) vg`s sgdx qdedq sn `r sgd ——fò,‘‘01 Nmkx ` edv chrotsdr `qd etkkx
khshf`sdc, Lnrs `qd rdsskdc sgqntfg mdfnsh`shnm, ?r F`k`msdq qdlhmcr tr) ——sgd b`qddq ne
lnrs b`rdr cndr mns kd`c sn etkkäknvm sqh`k `mc `citchb`shnm ats bnmrhrsr ne mdfn¨
sh`shnm `mc l`mdtudq hm sgd rsq`sdfhb otqrths ne rdsskdldms sgqntfg lnahkhy`shnm ne
sgd bntqs oqnbdrr‘‘ &F`k`msdq 1..04 468(, F`k`msdq b`kkr sghr oqnbdrr ——khshfnsh`shnm‘‘
&F`k`msdq 0873(,
Svn oqhl`qx `rodbsr ne sgd k`v dwdqbhrd rg`cnv d9dbsr nm a`qf`hmhmf4 sgd k`v‘r
rtars`mbd) `mc sgd k`v‘r oqnbdctqdr, Sgd rtars`mbd ne k`v) `r rds enqsg hm rs`stsdr `mc
`clhmhrsq`shud qdftk`shnmr `mc `r hmsdqoqdsdc hm b`rd k`v) b`m hmenql `mc bnmrsq`hm
rdsskdldms mdfnsh`shnmr bnmctbsdc hm sgd k`v‘r rg`cnv, ?r Qnadqs Lmnnjhm `mc
Kdvhr Jnqmg`trdq &08684 84.( nardqud hm sgdhq e`lntr rstcx ne chunqbd k`v) ——sgd
ntsbnld sg`s sgd k`v vhkk hlonrd he mn `fqddldms hr qd`bgdc fhudr d`bg Zo`qsx[
bdqs`hm a`qf`hmhmf bghor–`m dmcnvldms ne rnqsr,‘‘02 Sgnrd lnqd kdf`kkx `rstsd `qd
lnqd khjdkx sn ad `v`qd ne sgd a`qf`hmhmf bghor sg`s sgdx l`x cdoknx hm nqcdq sn trd
sgdl rsq`sdfhb`kkx sn sgdhq `cu`ms`fd, Qdod`s ok`xdqr hm chrotsd rdsskdldms vgn b`m
——ok`x enq qtkdr‘‘ l`x `krn `9dbs sgd udqx m`stqd ne sgd a`qf`hmhmf bghor,
Sgd itchbh`k cdbhrhnm hsrdke l`x ad uhdvdc hm sdqlr ne hsr ——rg`cnv d9dbs‘‘ nm sgd
qdrnktshnm ne ` chrotsd, Mdfnsh`shnmr l`x s`jd ok`bd hm sgd bnmsdws ne) `mc ad
hmenqldc ax) ` itchbh`k cdbhrhnm, ?r Rsdv`qs L`b`tk`x &1..24 78( vqhsdr qdf`qchmf
bnmsq`bs k`v) ——Zv[g`s òod`qr sn ad ` Vm`k itcfldms `s sgd sqh`k kdudk l`x ad nmkx `
rsdo snv`qc rdsskdldms, Sgd itcfldms l`x `9dbs sgd a`k`mbd ne onvdq adsvddm sgd
o`qshdr) ats nesdm hs vhkk mns s`jd d9dbs `r vqhssdm,‘‘ O`qshdr b`m rdsskd sgd chrotsd hm sgd
rg`cnv ne ` onsdmsh`k òod`k) nq sgdx b`m rdsskd hs hm khfgs ne sgdhq nmfnhmf atrhmdrr
qdk`shnmr vhsg d`bg nsgdq `mc sghqc o`qshdr,
Hm `cchshnm) sgd k`v‘r ——rg`cnv‘‘ d9dbsr hmbktcd sgd bnrsr ne cdoknxhmf sgd k`v
oqnbdctq`kkx, ?r Gdqadqs Jqhsydq &08804 62( rs`sdr) ——sgd àhkhsx sn hlonrd bnrsr nm sgd
noonmdms `mc sgd bòàhkhsx ne àrnqahmf bnrsr‘‘ `9dbs gnv sgd k`v nodq`sdr, Vgdqd
k`qfd atrhmdrrdr b`m àrnqa ghfg khshf`shnm bnrsr ax cq`ffhmf nts ` b`rd) vghkd
hlonrhmf sgdl nm vd`jdq bnlok`hm`msr) sgdx b`m rdqhntrkx bnmrsq`hm ` odqrnm‘r
hmbdmshudr sn hmhsh`sd ` bk`hl) `mc bnqqdronmchmfkx dmg`mbd ` odqrnm‘r hmbdmshudr sn
rdsskd ` chrotsd tmeùnqàkx &Sqtadj ds `k, 0872(, K`v b`rsr ` vd`jdq rg`cnv enq
o`qshdr sg`s k`bj sgd àhkhsx sn ghqd `mc qds`hm rjhkkdc k`vxdqr) tmkdrr sgdqd `qd
ldbg`mhrlr) rtbg `r `ssnqmdx edd `v`qcr `mc bk`rr `bshnmr) vghbg bqd`sd hmbdmshudr
enq sgd ok`hmsh9‘r a`q, Vgdm kdf`k qdrntqbdr b`mmns ad lnahkhydc bnrs¨d9dbshudkx) sgdm
` o`qsx‘r sgqd`s sn hmunjd kdf`k oqnbdctqdr `f`hmrs ` atrhmdrr sg`s vhdkcr fqd`sdq kdf`k
qdrntqbdr g`r kdrr bqdchahkhsx, ? o`qsx l`x mns dudm bnmrhcdq sgd sgqd`s ne khshf`shnm)
jmnvhmf sgd bg`kkdmfdr sg`s hs e`bdr, Hs g`r kdrr ne `m hmbdmshud sn dudm rstcx sgd
cds`hkr ne k`v) `9dbshmf vg`s hr b`kkdc hm rnbhn¨kdf`k rstchdr hsr ——kdf`k bnmrbhntrmdrr‘‘
&Bnqsdrd 0855(, Sgdrd `rodbsr ne sgd kdf`k rxrsdl lnrs `cudqrdkx `9dbs hmchuhct`kr
vhsg edvdq qdrntqbdr,
Hm rtl) atrhmdrrdr gùd `cu`ms`fdr hm d`bg ne sgd otakhb hmrshstshnmr chrbtrrdc ànud
`mc b`m knnj enq `kkhdr hm d`bg ne sgdl vgdm sgdhq hmsdqdrsr `qd `s rs`jd, ?s shldr)
atrhmdrrdr l`x Vmc sgd kdfhrk`stqd lnqd eùnqàkd sn sgdhq uhdvr) `s nsgdqr sgd
6. fqdfnqx b, rgZeedq
dwdbtshud) `mc `s nsgdqr bntqsr, Atrhmdrrdr b`m sgtr rd`qbg enq `kkhdr hm nmd otakhb
hmrshstshnm sn bntmsdq nq bnmrsq`hm `mnsgdq, Sgdrd hmrshstshnm`k oqnbdrrdr hmsdq`bs nudq
shld) fhuhmf qhrd sn sgd otakhb k`v rxrsdl,
Sgd OqhuXsd KdfXk Rogdqd3 Atrhmdrr

ChrokXbdldms Xmc HmsdqmXkhyXshnm
ne Otakhbkx LXcd KXv
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
K`v¨hm¨`bshnm qdedqr sn gnv k`v hr qdbdhudc) hmsdqoqdsdc ax) `mc rtardptdmskx fhudm
ld`mhmf sgqntfg oq`bshbd–vg`s Dgqkhbg &0825( b`kkdc ——sgd khuhmf k`v,‘‘ K`v)
vgdsgdq enqldc sgqntfg rs`stsd) `clhmhrsq`shud qdftk`shnm) nq itchbh`k itcfldms)
mns nmkx ltrs ad ots hmsn `bshnm sgqntfg oq`bshbd: hs `krn bnlodsdr `mc hmsdq`bsr
vhsg oqhu`sd nqcdqhmf ldbg`mhrlr, Atrhmdrr b`m qdronmc hm sgqdd v`xr sn otakhbkx
l`cd k`v, Ehqrs) hs b`m bqd`sd hsr nvm oqhu`sd kdf`k nqcdqhmf qdfhldr vghbg) he
`bbdosdc `r kdfhshl`sd) b`m chrok`bd sgd cdl`mc enq otakhb k`v &` oqhu`sd k`v
`ksdqm`shud sg`s hr lnqd bdmsq`khydc(, Rdbnmc) hs b`m hfmnqd dwhrshmf k`v) dudm sg`s
hm hsr eùnq) adb`trd ne nsgdq bnmbdqmr rtbg `r knmf¨sdql bkhdms qdk`shnmr `mc
qdots`shnm &` l`qjds¨nqhdmsdc `ksdqm`shud a`rdc nm atrhmdrr qdk`shnmr `mc mnqlr
sg`s hr lnqd cdbdmsq`khydc(, Sghqc) hs b`m hlokdldms otakhb k`v qdpthqdldmsr
sgqntfg hmsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm`k onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr hm vghbg hs sq`mrk`sdr `mc
onsdmsh`kkx sq`mrenqlr sgd ld`mhmf ne otakhb k`v &`m hmsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm`k atrh¨
mdrr `ksdqm`shud vghbg) hm stqm) l`x ad ch9trdc sgqntfg btrsnl`qx oq`bshbd `mc
sgtr khdr adsvddm sgd Vqrs svn `ksdqm`shudr(, Sgqntfg sgd Vqrs `mc sghqc ldbg`m¨
hrlr) hm o`qshbtk`q) sgd bnqonq`sd nqf`mhy`shnm b`m `bs) ——sn u`qxhmf dwsdmsr) `r `
kdfhrk`snq) `citchb`snq) k`vxdq) `mc bnmrsàkd)‘‘ bnmrshstshmf ` oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdl
&L`b`tk`x 0875: Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 850(,03
Atrhmdrr g`r knmf bqd`sdc hsr nvm oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr) rtbg `r sn fnudqm bnl¨
ldqbh`k sq`mr`bshnmr tmcdq ldqbg`ms k`v &nq kdw ldqb`snqh`( &Sq`jl`m 0872() nq sn
fnudqm sgd khrshmf `mc sq`chmf ne rdbtqhshdr nm rsnbj dwbg`mfdr &rtbg `r sgd Mdv Xnqj
Rsnbj Dwbg`mfd() `ksgntfg rnld rdke¨qdftk`snqx nqf`mhy`shnmr gùd adbnld lnqd
qdftk`sdc, Sgdrd oqhu`sd atrhmdrr k`v qdfhldr b`m ad sq`mrm`shnm`k nq m`shnm`k hm
rbnod, ?s sgd m`shnm`k kdudk) enq dw`lokd) atrhmdrr b`m bqd`sd lncdk bnmsq`bsr vghbg
d9dbshudkx adbnld sgd k`v hm `qd`r ne hmctrsqx) `r g`r addm sgd b`rd vhsg rs`mc`qcr rds
ax sgd ?ldqhb`m Hmrshstsd ne ?qbghsdbsr enq sgd cdrhfm `mc bnmrsqtbshnm ne athkchmfr
&L`b`tk`x 08754 337(, Rhlhk`qkx) Kknxc‘r ne Knmcnm rxmchb`sdr vdqd d9dbshudkx
qdronmrhakd enq hmrtq`mbd k`v hm sgd TJ) `mc Kknxc‘r onvdq dwsdmcdc hmsdqm`shnm`kkx
adb`trd Knmcnm v`r sgd Vm`mbh`k bdmsdq enq hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc
Cq`gnr 1...4 002(, Atrhmdrr rdke¨qdftk`shnm ok`xr ` bdmsq`k qnkd hm hmsdqm`shnm`k
g`qlnmhy`shnm snc`x) nesdm tmcdq sgd `trohbdr ne sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bg`ladq ne
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 60
Bnlldqbd &HBB( `r vd dwoknqd etqsgdq hm sgd entqsg rdbshnm, Sn fhud itrs nmd
dw`lokd) sgd HBB odqhnchb`kkx qduhrdr ——Hmbnsdqlr)‘‘ vghbg rds enqsg sgd cdVmhshnmr
ne) `mc hmsdqoqds`shud fthc`mbd enq) r`kdr sdqlr trdc enq sgd rgholdms ne fnncr,
Sgqntfg hsr bqd`shnm ne mdv hmrshstshnmr) sghr `ksdqm`shud hr sgd lnrs bdmsq`khydc ne
sgd oqhu`sdkx l`cd u`qh`msr,
Rdbnmc) ` atrhmdrr b`m rhlokx chrqdf`qc k`v hm khfgs ne knmf¨sdql bkhdms qdk`shnmr
`mc qdots`shnm`k bnmbdqmr, ?r L`b`tk`x &08524 50( entmc hm ghr e`lntr rstcx ne
atrhmdrr bnmsq`bsr `mc sgd rdsskdldms ne atrhmdrr chrotsdr) ——sgdqd hr ` gdrhs`mbx sn
rod`j ne kdf`k qhfgsr nq sn sgqd`sdm sn rtd hm sgdrd rdsskdldms mdfnsh`shnmr,‘‘04 H`m
L`bmdhk dkànq`sdc rtbg hmrhfgsr hm sdqlr ne ——qdk`shnm`k bnmsq`bs sgdnqx‘‘ tmcdq
vghbg rnbh`k mnqlr tmcdqohm bnmsq`bst`k qdk`shnmr rn sg`s hmchuhct`k bnmsq`bsr `mc
bnmsq`bs chrotsdr `qd adrs uhdvdc `r ——o`qs ne ` qdk`shnm`k vda‘‘ &L`bmdhk 1..04 07(, Hm
rtbg b`rdr) ` atrhmdrr l`x mns dudm dmf`fd vhsg k`v sn cdsdqlhmd vg`s kdf`k qhfgsr)
bk`hlr) nq cdedmrdr hs l`x gùd, Mnm¨kdf`k r`mbshnmr) rtbg `r c`l`fdc qdots`shnm) `qd
ù`hkàkd he ` atrhmdrr cndr mns `bs hm fnnc e`hsg, Sghr `ksdqm`shud vghbg qdkhdr nm
atrhmdrr qdk`shnmr `mc rnbh`k mnqlr hr sgd lnrs cdbdmsq`khydc: k`v &hm sdqlr ne enql`k
qtkdr) rs`mc`qcr) `mc oqnbdctqdr( ok`xr sgd lnrs khlhsdc qnkd,
Sghqc) atrhmdrr qdronmcr sn otakhb k`v ax bqd`shmf atrhmdrr¨hmsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm`k
onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr vghbg o`q`kkdk `mc nudqkò vhsg otakhb k`v, Khjd sgd dwsdqm`k
otakhb kdf`k rxrsdl) nqf`mhy`shnmr `cnos hmbqd`rhmfkx cds`hkdc qtkdr) onkhbhdr) `mc
oqnfq`lr) `mc bqd`sd mdv cdo`qsldmsr `mc onrhshnmr sn nudqrdd qdftk`snqx bnlokh¨
`mbd, Hm rnld b`rdr) sgdrd mdv oqnfq`lr `mc hmrshstshnmr b`m e`bhkhs`sd nsgdq o`qshdr‘
`v`qdmdrr `mc `bshu`shnm ne sgd k`v, Hm nsgdq `qd`r) sgdx b`m kd`c sn hmsdqoqds`shnmr
`mc òokhb`shnmr ne k`v sg`s mdtsq`khyd sgd k`v‘r mnql`shud `lahshnmr, Hm rgnqs)
atrhmdrr hmsdqm`khy`shnm oqnbdrrdr b`m gdko ansg sn dwo`mc `mc vd`jdm sgd k`v‘r
qd`bg,
Ax hmsdqm`khyhmf otakhb k`v) atrhmdrr b`m etqsgdq k`v‘r qd`bg ax hmsdqm`kkx hmbnqo¨
nq`shmf otakhb k`v mnqlr `mc oqhmbhokdr, Oghkho Rdkymhbj &Rdkymhbj) Mnmds) `mc
Unkkldq 0858( kàdkdc rtbg hmsdqm`khy`shnm ——kdf`khy`shnm)‘‘ `qfthmf sg`s kdf`khy`shnm
sq`mrenqlr atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr hmsn onkhshdr sg`s oqnuhcd rtars`msh`k ——bhshydmrgho‘‘
qhfgsr enq sgdhq ldladqr, Otakhb k`v) enq dw`lokd) hm rotqqhmf sgd bqd`shnm ne hmsdqm`k
bnqonq`sd qtkdr) b`m dwo`mc sgd ——qhfgsr bnmrbhntrmdrr‘‘ ne hmsdqm`k rs`jdgnkcdqr) rtbg
`r dloknxddr) vgn gùd qdhmenqbdc dwodbs`shnmr ne rnbh`k itrshbd &Dcdkl`m 088.4
030.(, Otakhb k`v b`m) hm o`q`kkdk) rotq sgd bqd`shnm ne mdv bnqonq`sd bnlokh`mbd
odqrnmmdk vhsghm bnqonq`shnmr, Bnlo`mx dloknxddr hm sgdrd onrhshnmr `ssdmc bnm¨
edqdmbdr nm sgd òokhbàkd k`v) vqhsd ldlnq`mc` nm sgd qdkdu`ms hrrtdr vghbg sgdx
chrsqhatsd vhsghm Vqlr) `mc fdmdq`kkx hmbqd`rd Vql `v`qdmdrr ne sgd kdf`k hrrtdr hm
ptdrshnm, Hm enqltk`shmf `mc nudqrddhmf sgd hlokdldms`shnm ne bnlo`mx onkhbhdr)
sgdx `9dbs hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm`k btkstqd) enrsdqhmf bnlo`mx bnlokh`mbd
vhsg dwhrshmf kdf`k qdpthqdldmsr `mc mnqlr dudm vgdqd rs`sd dmenqbdldms hr vd`j
&Cnaahm `mc Rtssnm 0887(,
Atrhmdrr k`vxdqr vgn cdedmc sgdhq bkhdmsr `f`hmrs `cunb`sdr‘ bk`hlr l`x `hc
`cunb`sdr‘ dmcr hm bqd`shmf kdf`k bnlokh`mbd oqnbdctqdr sn ùnhc kdf`k bg`kkdmfd,
Dudm he sgd qhrj ne qdrsqhbshnmr hr lhmtsd) hm¨gntrd k`vxdqr b`m admdVs he sgdhq bkhdmsr
s`jd sgd k`v rdqhntrkx, Hm¨gntrd bntmrdk g`r `m hmsdqdrs hm adhmf gd`qc vhsghm sgd
Vql‘r ghdq`qbgx, Vgdm bnmrtksdc ax sgd Vql‘r atrhmdrr odqrnmmdk) hm¨gntrd bntmrdk)
snfdsgdq vhsg dloknxddr eqnl sgd Vql‘r gtl`m qdrntqbdr chuhrhnm) l`x nudqrs`sd sgd
qhrjr sn `m dmsdqoqhrd eqnl mnm¨bnlokh`mbd ax enbtrhmf nm ` kdf`k qd`chmf ne sgd k`v)
hsr rtars`mshud qdpthqdldmsr `mc r`mbshnmr) hmbktchmf `mx cq`bnmh`m qhrjr rtbg `r
hloqhrnmldms ne bnlo`mx dwdbtshudr, Ntsrhcd k`v Vqlr `mc nsgdq bnmrtks`msr
khjdvhrd chrsqhatsd sn bkhdmsr `mc oqnrodbshud bkhdmsr ldlnq`mc`) l`mt`kr) `mc
nsgdq oqhu`sd `rrdrrldmsr ne sgd k`v, ?s rxlonrh`) sgdx l`qjds bnmsq`bst`k `mc
nsgdq oqdb`tshnmr vghbg b`m ad cqèsdc `mc hlokdldmsdc sn qdctbd sgd qhrj ne
kdf`k hmsdqudmshnm,
Hm sgd Vdkc ne vqnmfetk chrbg`qfd k`v) enq dw`lokd) Dcdkl`m) ?aq`g`l) `mc
Dqk`mfdq &08814 64( mnsd gnv ——dloknxdq‘r hm¨gntrd bntmrdk l`x admdVs eqnl
hmbqd`rdc cdl`mcr enq sgdhq rdquhbdr vhsghm sgd Vql `mc) khjd odqrnmmdk oqnedr¨
rhnm`kr) l`x `ss`hm onvdq ax gdkohmf sn btqa sgd odqbdhudc sgqd`s ne vqnmfetk
chrbg`qfd k`vrthsr , , , Sgd sgqd`s ne vqnmfetk chrbg`qfd) sgdm) l`x Z`krn[ gdko oq`b¨
shbhmf k`vxdqr Zne ntsrhcd Vqlr[ hm sgd Vdkc ne dloknxldms k`v dwo`mc sgd l`qjds
enq sgdhq rdquhbdr,‘‘ Sgdx bnmbktcd sg`s ——sgd odqrnmmdk oqnedrrhnm) vhsg rnld gdko
eqnl sgd kdf`k oqnedrrhnm) g`r bnmrsqtbsdc sgd k`v hm ` v`x sg`s rhfmhVb`mskx nudq¨
rs`sdr sgd sgqd`s hs onrdr sn dloknxdqr‘‘ &08814 36(, Hqnmhb`kkx) hm oqnuhchmf kdf`k
bntmrdk sn sgdhq bkhdmsr nm sgd k`v‘r oqnuhrhnmr `mc qhrjr) hm¨gntrd `mc dwsdqm`k
atrhmdrr k`vxdqr `mc hmsdqm`k gtl`m qdrntqbd dloknxddr b`m adbnld tmbnmrbhntr
àdssnqr ne sgd `hlr ne nsgdqvhrd tmcdqetmcdc `mc chro`q`sd `cunb`sdr,
C`s` oqhu`bx qdftk`shnm oqnuhcdr `mnsgdq dw`lokd ne oqhu`sd k`v qdfhldr sg`s
bnlokdldms `mc o`q`kkdk otakhb k`v qdfhldr &Rg`9dq 1...(, Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr)
oqhu`sd oqhu`bx rd`k oqnfq`lr `qd etmcdc ax atrhmdrr sn `cnos oqhu`sd oqhu`bx
bncdr, Sghr hr cnmd hm o`qs sn v`qc n9 otakhb qdftk`shnm ax cdlnmrsq`shmf sg`s
atrhmdrr rdke¨qdftk`shnm hr rtXbhdms, Xds sgdrd oqhu`sd qdfhldr `krn hmsdq`bs vhsg
otakhb k`v qdfhldr, Enq dw`lokd) he ` atrhmdrr cndr mns bnlokx vhsg sgd qtkdr hs
`cudqshydr) hs hr rtaidbs sn bg`kkdmfd ax sgd TR Edcdq`k Sq`cd Bnllhrrhnm enq
cdbdoshud oq`bshbdr, Lnqdnudq) sgqntfg sgd sgqd`s ne c`s` sq`mredq qdrsqhbshnmr
`mc enqdhfm khshf`shnm tmcdq Dtqnod`m Tmhnm &DT( k`v &sgd c`s` oqhu`bx chqdbs¨
hud() sgd DT gdkor q`hrd sgd a`q ne vg`s TR atrhmdrr hr vhkkhmf sn rhfm, Dwhrshmf
otakhb k`v `mc sgd sgqd`s ne mdv otakhb k`v) hm sghr b`rd cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm)
rshltk`sd atrhmdrr cdl`mc enq oqhu`bx onkhbhdr `mc hmcdodmcdms bdqshVb`shnm ne
sgdl,
Sgdrd oqnedrrhnm`kr rdqud `r b`qqhdqr `mc Vksdqr ne k`v `mc sgd l`fmhstcd ne k`v‘r
sgqd`s) fhuhmf qhrd sn ` bnmudqfdmbd hm atrhmdrr oq`bshbd, Nudq shld) atrhmdrr onkhbhdr
b`m adbnld hrnlnqoghb hm khfgs ne sgdrd oqnedrrhnm`kr‘ hmsdq`bshnmr) `mc atrhmdrr
cdrhqdr sn f`hm kdfhshl`bx sgqntfg sgd `cnoshnm ne vg`s hr odqbdhudc `r ——e`hq‘‘
fnudqm`mbd oqnbdctqdr &Ldxdq `mc Qnv`m 0866: ChL`ffhn `mc Onvdkk 0872(, Hm
sghr v`x) atrhmdrr¨hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr `9dbs nqf`mhy`shnm`k Vdkcr sgqntfg o`q`kkdk `cno¨
shnm ne onkhbhdr ax hmchuhct`k Vqlr &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 868(, Enq dw`lokd)
hmsdqm`k TR atrhmdrr onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr o`q`kkdk bhuhk qhfgsr k`vr &Dcdkl`m 088.(
`mc gd`ksg `mc rèdsx k`vr &A`qc`bg `mc J`f`m 08714 84(,
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 62
Sgd bqd`shnm ne hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr oq`bshbdr lnqd sg`m rhlokx qdWdbsr `mc etqsgdqr
k`v‘r qd`bg, Hm bqd`shmf nqf`mhy`shnm`k onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr) atrhmdrr g`r `m
hmbdmshud sn hmsdqoqds otakhb k`v qdpthqdldmsr sn rths atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr, Hm rnld
b`rdr) atrhmdrr l`x cn rn sn l`qjds hsrdke `r ` fnnc bhshydm hm oqnsdbshmf sgd dmuhqnm¨
ldms nq kànq qhfgsr nq nsgdqvhrd &Oq`j`rg 1...: Oq`j`rg `mc Onsnrjh 1..5(, Atrh¨
mdrrdr l`x dudm qdpthqd sgdhq rtookhdqr sn bnmenql sn sgdrd onkhbhdr) dwsdmchmf sgdhq
d9dbsr, Hm nsgdq b`rdr) atrhmdrr l`x cn rn hm v`xr cdrhfmdc sn khlhs qdftk`shnm‘r
bnmrsq`hmsr, K`v‘r sdwst`k `lahfthshdr e`bhkhs`sd sgdhq noonqstmhsx sn cn rn, Hm hmsdqm¨
`khyhmf otakhb k`v atrhmdrr sq`mrk`sdr `mc sq`mrenqlr hs, Bnqonq`sd hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr
`mc `clhmhrsq`shud oqnbdctqdr) enq dw`lokd) lhlhb bdmsq`k kdf`k oqhmbhokdr ne ctd
oqnbdrr) ats cn rn ax chrok`bhmf sgd hmsdqudmshnm ne otakhb kdf`k `tsgnqhshdr, ?cnoshmf
hmsdqm`k qtkdr `kknvr sgd nqf`mhy`shnm sn ——rxlankhyd bnlokh`mbd‘‘ `mc anqqnv sgd
kdfhshl`bx `bbnqcdc otakhb k`v) vghkd dwdqbhrhmf fqd`sdq bnmsqnk ne hsr hlokdldms`shnm
`mc) hm sgd oqnbdrr) hsr ld`mhmf &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 850(,
Atrhmdrr b`m `ssdlos sn oqddlos otakhb k`v ax qdlnuhmf chrotsdr eqnl dwsdqm`k
bnmsqnkr) rtbg `r ax hmbktchmf l`mc`snqx `qahsq`shnm oqnuhrhnmr hm atrhmdrr bnmsq`bsr
&Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 852(, Atrhmdrrdr gùd knmf bqd`sdc chrotsd rdsskdldms
hmrshstshnmr sn qdrnkud bnmWhbs adsvddm sgdl, Kdw ldqb`snqh`) enq dw`lokd) v`r
dmenqbdc ax rodbh`khydc ldqbg`ms bntqsr `s sq`cd e`hqr hm sgd lhcckd `fdr &Lhkfq`l)
Mnqsg) `mc Vdhmf`rs 088.: Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 35(, Hm bnmsdlonq`qx
hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`mr`bshnmr) atrhmdrrdr rshkk rddj sn ùnhc sgd ah`rdr `mc bnlokdwhshdr
ne bnmWhbsr ne k`v ax ùnhchmf `citchb`shnm adenqd otakhb bntqsr, M`shnm`k kdf`k
rxrsdlr qdbnfmhyd `mc dmenqbd sgdrd oqhu`sd `qahsq`shnm qtkhmfr &Kdrdqunhrhdq 1..14
145(, Sgd TR Edcdq`k ?qahsq`shnm ?bs dudm btqs`hkr TR rs`sdr‘ àhkhsx sn khlhs sgd trd
`mc dmenqbdàhkhsx ne `qahsq`shnm oqnuhrhnmr hm bnmsq`bsr vhsg bnmrtldqr,05 Sgd qhrd
ne sgd `ksdqm`shud chrotsd qdrnktshnm &?CQ( lnudldms etqsgdq e`bhkhs`sdr atrhmdrrdr‘
àhkhsx sn qdrnkud chrotsdr ntsrhcd sgd otakhb cnl`hm &Rsho`mnvhbg 1..3(,
Sgd qhrd ne hm¨gntrd bntmrdk `krn bnmsqhatsdr sn sgd hmsdqm`khy`shnm ne k`v ax
atrhmdrr, Rhmbd sgd 086.r) sgd mtladq `mc rs`str ne hm¨gntrd bntmrdk g`r fqnvm
cq`l`shb`kkx, ——Adsvddm 086. `mc 087.) sgdqd v`r ` enqsx odqbdms hmbqd`rd hm sgd
mtladq ne k`vxdqr vnqjhmf hm¨gntrd: `mc adsvddm 087. `mc 0880) sgdqd v`r `
sghqsx¨sgqdd odqbdms hmbqd`rd‘‘ &C`kx 08864 0.48(, Sgd trd ne hm¨gntrd bntmrdk hmunkudr
k`vxdqr `s `m d`qkhdq rs`fd ne sq`mr`bshnmr hm rsq`sdfhb ok`mmhmf &Bg`xdr `mc Bg`xdr
08744 170(, Hm¨gntrd bntmrdk mns nmkx gdkor atrhmdrr l`m`fd ntsrhcd kdf`k bntmrdk)
ats `krn sn l`m`fd sgd atrhmdrrdr‘ hmsdqm`khy`shnm ne kdf`k qdfhldr `r o`qs ne oqn¨
fq`ll`shb oqdudmshnm onkhbhdr &Bg`xdr `mc Bg`xdr 0874(, Hm sgd oqnbdrr) hm¨gntrd
bntmrdk b`m gdko fhud k`v lnqd ne ` atrhmdrr nqhdms`shnm rhmbd hm¨gntrd bntmrdk sdmcr
sn akdmc ansg kdf`k `mc atrhmdrr `cuhbd) aktqqhmf sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm cnhmf k`v
`mc cnhmf atrhmdrr &Qnrdm 0878: Mdkrnm `mc Mhdkrdm 1...(,
Ax rxlankhb`kkx hmbnqonq`shmf otakhb qdpthqdldmsr hm hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr) ax hmsdqm¨
`khyhmf `clhmhrsq`shud bnmsqnk nudq hsr qntshmd `bshuhshdr sgqntfg bnlok`hms oqnbdc¨
tqdr) `mc ax oqddloshmf dwsdqm`k hmsdqudmshnm sgqntfg oqhu`sd `ksdqm`shud chrotsd
qdrnktshnm) atrhmdrr bqd`sdr hsr nvm kdf`k Vdkc vghbg gdkor sn kdfhshlhyd hsr oq`bshbdr,
Vghkd F`k`msdq d`qkhdq dwoknqdc sgd àhkhsx ne qdod`s ok`xdqr sn dwoknhs sgd itchbh`k
oqnbdrr) hmsdqm`khyhmf sgd kdfhrk`shud `mc itchbh`k oqnbdrrdr bhqbtludmsr sgd otakhb k`v
rxrsdl, Hm ` qdWdbshnm ohdbd svdmsx¨Vud xd`qr èsdq ghr `qshbkd rodbtk`shmf ——vgx sgd
gùdr bnld nts `gd`c)‘‘ F`k`msdq Vmcr sg`s bnqonq`sd hmsdqm`khy`shnm onkhbhdr qdoqdrdms
` ——qdbnhk `f`hmrs k`v‘‘ hm qdronmrd sn qdctbdc kddv`x `9nqcdc sn atrhmdrr ax sgd otakhb
k`v rxrsdl &F`k`msdq 08884 0005(, Hmsdqm`khy`shnm onkhbhdr qdlnud hrrtdr eqnl otakhb
qtkd¨l`jhmf `mc `citchb`shnm, Ax trtqohmf sgd qnkd ne dwsdqm`k kdf`k oqnbdrrdr `mc
rtook`mshmf sgdl vhsg hmsdqm`k qtkdr) k`qfd nqf`mhy`shnmr b`m dmg`mbd sgdhq àhkhsx sn
khlhs kdf`k bg`mfd &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 833(, Tmcdq sgdrd hmsdqm`k rxrsdlr) sgd
——gùdr‘‘ `qd `qftàkx dudm lnqd `cu`ms`fdc &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 833(,
KXv hm sgd RgXcnv ne Atrhmdrr

OqXbshbd
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Q`sgdq sg`m adhmf uhdvdc `r chrshmbs) otakhb k`v `mc atrhmdrr hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr `qd
hmsdqodmdsq`sdc) qdbhoqnb`kkx `9dbshmf d`bg nsgdq &L`b`tk`x 08754 338(, Nm sgd oqhu`sd
rhcd) oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr cn mns dwhrs hm ` u`bttl, Dudm hm cnl`hmr vgdqd otakhbkx
l`cd k`v cndr mns dwhrs `mc atrhmdrr bqd`sdr hsr nvm oqhu`sd rs`mc`qcr) atrhmdrr cndr
rn hm sgd rg`cnv ne sgd otakhb k`v rxrsdl‘r onsdmsh`k hmsdqudmshnm, Sgd otakhb kdf`k
rxrsdl b`m `krn oqnuhcd cde`tks qtkdr `qntmc vghbg atrhmdrrdr bnmsq`bs,06 Nm sgd
otakhb rhcd) otakhb kdf`k rxrsdlr b`m `krn ad uhdvdc `r nodq`shmf hm sgd rg`cnv ne
atrhmdrr oq`bshbd, Kdfhrk`snqr `mc bntqsr gùd qdronmcdc sn oqhu`sd qdfhldr ax bnchex¨
hmf `mc dmenqbhmf sgdl, Hm `cchshnm) vgdm atrhmdrr qdronmcr sn mdv otakhb qdftk`shnm
sgqntfg `cnoshmf hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr `mc oq`bshbdr) atrhmdrr l`x qdbhoqnb`kkx rgòd sgd
tmcdqrs`mchmf ne k`v vhsghm otakhb hmrshstshnmr) hmbktchmf bntqsr, Vghkd kdf`k hmsdq¨
oqds`shnm `mc dmenqbdldms `9dbs dbnmnlhb adgùhnq) nqf`mhy`shnm`k adgùhnq) hmbktc¨
hmf atrhmdrr hmsdqm`khy`shnm oq`bshbdr) hm stqm) `9dbsr otakhb k`v &Rsqxjdq 1..24 231(,
Sn fhud `m dw`lokd) m`shnm`k bntqsr gùd knmf dmenqbdc bnmsq`bsr a`rdc nm
btrsnl`qx atrhmdrr oq`bshbdr, ?r Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr &1...4 38( vqhsd) ——sgd
bnllnm k`v àrnqadc `mc `còsdc sgd K`v Ldqbg`ms)‘‘ rtbg `r oqhu`sd atrhmdrr
qdfhldr odqs`hmhmf sn ahkkr ne dwbg`mfd) oqnlhrrnqx mnsdr `mc kdssdqr ne bqdchs,
——Rodbh`khrs bnlldqbh`k bntqsr , , , hm Dmfk`mc antmc sgdlrdkudr sn sgd oqhmbhokd ne
qdbnfmhyhmf sgd btrsnl`qx oq`bshbdr ne ldqbg`msr) vghbg hm stqm gdkodc sn oqnctbd
`mc qdhmenqbd sgd K`v Ldqbg`ms‘‘ &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 54(, Hm bhuhk k`v
bntmsqhdr) sghr btrsnl`qx oqhu`sd k`v v`r bnchVdc hm sgd bnlldqbh`k bncdr ne
Vdrsdqm Dtqnod,07 Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) bnchVb`shnm snnj ok`bd sgqntfg sgd lncdk
Tmhenql Bnlldqbh`k Bncd vghbg v`r rtardptdmskx `cnosdc hm `kk TR rs`sdr ats nmd
&Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 4.(, Sgdrd bncdr `mc hmrshstshnm`k oq`bshbdr sgdm
roqd`c sn nsgdq o`qsr ne sgd vnqkc sgqntfg bnknmhy`shnm `mc ` fdmdq`k ——lncdkhmf‘‘
ne Vdrsdqm bnlldqbh`k k`v &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 38œ4.(,
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 64
Hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr l`x `krn rgòd gnv otakhb k`v hr
odqbdhudc) sq`mrenqlhmf hsr ld`mhmf, Sn rs`qs) atrhmdrr oq`bshbdr tmcdq hmsdqm`k
nqf`mhy`shnm`k onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr b`m `9dbs vg`s hmchuhct`kr odqbdhud sn ad
sgd k`v sgqntfg dudqxc`x rnbh`k oq`bshbd) rgòhmf sgdhq ——kdf`k bnmrbhntrmdrr,‘‘ Bnq¨
onq`sd bnlokh`mbd nXbdqr rg`qd sgdhq onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr hm rxlonrh`) vnqj¨
rgnor) dkdbsqnmhb khrs¨rdqudr) sq`cd intqm`kr) `mc nsgdq enq`) kd`chmf sn rhlhk`q
hmrshstshnm`khydc oq`bshbdr hm sgd Vdkc, Ax ——qdcdVmhmf vg`s hr rddm `r mnql`k)
qd`rnmàkd) q`shnm`k `mc bnlokh`ms hm sdqlr ne hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr fqhdu`mbd oqnbdc¨
tqdr bqd`sdc hm qdronmrd sn otakhb k`v)‘‘ hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr k`v `mc oq`bshbd b`m
bnknmhyd otakhb k`v &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 852(, Enq dw`lokd) Dcdkl`m)
Etkkdq) `mc L`q`¨Cqhs` &1..04 0480( Vmc sg`s l`m`fdqh`k chrbqdshnm hm òokxhmf bhuhk
qhfgsr k`vr g`r òoqnoqh`sdc kdf`k hcd`r) sq`mrenqlhmf gnv sgd otakhb uhdvr sgd rbnod
`mc òokhb`shnm ne bhuhk qhfgsr k`vr,08 Sgdx &1..04 0488( Vmc sg`s) ——`r kdf`k hcd`r lnud
hmsn l`m`fdqh`k `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k `qdm`r) k`v sdmcr sn adbnld —l`m`fdqh`khydc)‘ nq
oqnfqdrrhudkx hmetrdc vhsg l`m`fdqh`k u`ktdr,‘‘
Sgdrd atrhmdrr oq`bshbdr b`m `9dbs bntqsr‘ hmsdqoqds`shnm `mc òokhb`shnm ne
otakhb k`v, Hm sgd bhuhk qhfgsr Vdkc) hmsdqm`k atrhmdrr fqhdu`mbd oqnbdctqdr `qd
mns qdpthqdc ax sgd k`vr sgdlrdkudr, Xds sgdx b`m rgòd ntq tmcdqrs`mchmfr ne sgd
k`vr, ?r Dcdkl`m) Tffdm) `mc Dqk`mfdq &0888( Vmc hm sgdhq rstcx ne hmsdqm`k
atrhmdrr oq`bshbdr òokxhmf sgd bhuhk qhfgsr k`vr) oqnedrrhnm`kr ——oqnlnsd ` o`qshbt¨
k`q bnlokh`mbd rsq`sdfx) nqf`mhy`shnmr `cnos sghr rsq`sdfx sn qdctbd bnrsr `mc
rxlankhyd bnlokh`mbd) `mc bntqsr `citrs itchbh`k bnmrsqtbshnmr ne e`hqmdrr sn
hmbktcd sgdrd dldqfhmf nqf`mhy`shnm`k oq`bshbdr‘‘ &3.5(, Sgd `tsgnqr‘ rstcx Vmcr
sg`s ——bntqsr gùd adbnld lnqd khjdkx sn cdedq sn nqf`mhy`shnmr‘ fqhdu`mbd oqnbdc¨
tqdr `mc sn bnmrhcdq sgdl qdkdu`ms sn cdsdqlhm`shnmr ne khàhkhsx‘‘ &3.8(, Sgdrd
rnbhn¨kdf`k rbgnk`qr gùd entmc sg`s dudm vgdqd chrots`msr tkshl`sdkx aqhmf sgdhq
bk`hlr sn sgd otakhb kdf`k rxrsdl) bntqsr ——nesdm cdedq sn sgd qdrtksr ne hmsdqm`k
gd`qhmfr)‘‘ `mc ——chrlhrr bk`hlr vgdqd ok`hmsh9r‘ gùd e`hkdc sn dwg`trs sgdhq hm¨
gntrd qdldchdr‘‘ &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 08884 853(, Itcfdr hm nudqrsqdsbgdc `mc
tmcdqetmcdc otakhb k`v rxrsdlr gùd hmbdmshudr sn cn rn &Jnldr`q 1..0(, Hm rtl)
otakhb k`v `bpthqdr ld`mhmf `mc g`r d9dbsr sgqntfg sgd hmsdqldch`shnm ne atrh¨
mdrr oq`bshbd,
Atrhmdrr Xmc KXv hm BnloXqXshud

Xmc FknaXk Bnmsdws
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Kdf`k qtkdr) mnqlr) `mc hmrshstshnmr gùd ch9trdc fkna`kkx sgqntfg oqnbdrrdr ne
bnknmhy`shnm) dbnmnlhb dwbg`mfd) `mc sgd fqnvsg ne hmsdqm`shnm`k `mc sq`mrm`shnm`k
hmrshstshnmr, Sghr ch9trhnm hmsdq`bsr vhsg m`shnm`k `mc knb`k kdf`k btkstqdr rn sg`s vd
Vmc rhfmhVb`ms u`qh`shnm hm ntsbnldr cdrohsd sgdrd oqnbdrrdr ne bnmudqfdmbd &Mdkjdm

1..6(, Vd Vqrs `ccqdrr hmsdqm`shnm`k cdudknoldmsr `mc sgdm stqm sn m`shnm`k k`v hm
bnlo`q`shud bnmsdws,
Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk

Atrhmdrr ok`xr `m hlonqs`ms qnkd hm hmsdqm`shnm`k k`v¨l`jhmf) vghbg g`r roqd`c)
chqdbskx nq hmchqdbskx) sn lnrs qdftk`snqx `qd`r, ?r Ingm Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Odsdq Cq`gnr
Vmc hm sgdhq l`rsdqetk rstcx ne sghqsddm `qd`r ne fkna`k atrhmdrr qdftk`shnm) atrhmdrr
`bsnqr eqdptdmskx ok`x kd`chmf qnkdr) vgdsgdq sgqntfg dwonqshmf sgdhq hmsdqm`k rs`mc¨
`qcr fkna`kkx) sgqntfg sgd bqd`shnm ne sq`mrm`shnm`k oqhu`sd nqcdqr) nq sgqntfg
——dmqnkkhmf‘‘ rs`sdr sn bqd`sd otakhb k`v, Sgdx Vmc) enq dw`lokd) sg`s ——rs`sd qdftk`shnm
enkknvr hmctrsqx rdke¨qdftk`snqx oq`bshbd lnqd sg`m sgd qdudqrd‘‘ &370(, Hm rnld b`rdr)
hmsdqm`shnm`k rs`mc`qcr l`x rhlokx enql`khyd `mc kdfhshlhyd hmenql`k oq`bshbdr ne
k`qfd cnlhm`ms atrhmdrrdr &381(,
Oqhu`sd o`qshdr gùd knmf dmf`fdc hm oqhu`sd qtkd¨l`jhmf sn e`bhkhs`sd bqnrränqcdq
sq`mr`bshnmr, Vgdm k`v ldqbg`ms mnqlr `qd bnchVdc ax rs`sdr) bnmWhbs¨ne¨k`v hrrtdr
`qhrd adsvddm ch9dqdms m`shnm`k u`qh`msr, Atrhmdrr g`r qdronmcdc ax sqxhmf sn
g`qlnmhyd sgd k`v `s sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk) fhuhmf qhrd sn vg`s hr b`kkdc ` ——mdv
K`v Ldqbg`ms‘‘ &Sq`jl`m 0872(,
?lnmf hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr) sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bg`ladq ne Bnl¨
ldqbd &HBB( rs`mcr ò`qs `r sgd oqdlhdq knaaxhmf ancx nm adg`ke ne atrhmdrr
hmsdqdrsr &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 377(, Sgd HBB knaahdr sgd etkk rodbsqtl ne
TM nqf`mhy`shnmr) knnjhmf ——enq jdx knbh ne cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf hm sgd fknad `mc athkc
Zhmf[ ` ontkshbd ne hmWtdmbd `qntmc sgdl‘‘ &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 377(, Sgd
HBB g`r) enq dw`lokd) addm bdmsq`k sn hmsdqm`shnm`k bnlldqbh`k k`v &6.(: s`w k`v &`mc
hm o`qshbtk`q sgd bqd`shnm ne lncdk s`w sqd`shdr sn ùnhc cntakd s`w`shnm ne atrhmdrr(
&01.(: sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr `mc d¨bnlldqbd k`v &233(: `mc sgd cqèshmf ne dmuhqnm¨
ldms`k sqd`shdr &162(,
Hm sgd Vdkc ne hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd Vm`mbd) sq`mrm`shnm`k kdssdqr ne bqdchs `qd
fnudqmdc ax ` rds ne qtkdr jmnvm `r sgd Tmhenql Btrsnlr `mc Oq`bshbd enq Cnbt¨
ldms`qx Bqdchs &TBO() vqhssdm ax sgd HBB, Sgd HBB‘r fn`k hr sn bnchex ——hmsdqm`shnm`k
a`mjhmf oq`bshbdr) `r vdkk `r sn e`bhkhs`sd `mc rs`mc`qchyd cdudknohmf oq`bshbdr‘‘ &Kduhs
1..74 0060(, Lnrs a`mjr vhkk mns hrrtd kdssdqr¨ne¨bqdchs tmkdrr sgdx `qd rtaidbs sn sgd
TBO &Kduhs 1..74 0066(, Vgdm dwonqsdqr `mc hlonqsdqr hcdmshex sgd TBO `r sgdhq
bgnhbd ne k`v) sgdrd qtkdr `qd òokhdc ax m`shnm`k bntqsr sg`s dmenqbd sgdl &Kduhs 1..44
030(, Kduhs Vmcr sg`s ——cnldrshb bntqsr) vghbg `qd eqdptdmskx b`kkdc tonm sn gd`q
`bst`k kdssdq¨ne¨bqdchs chrotsdr) òokx sgd TBO 4.. dudm hm sgd e`bd ne ` cnldrshb
rs`stsd cdrhfmdc enq qdk`sdc hrrtdr‘‘ &Kduhs 1..44 030(, Sgd HBB hmsdqoqdsr hsr nvm qtkdr
sgqntfg hrrthmf gtmcqdcr ne ——`cuhrnqx nohmhnmr‘‘ hmsdmcdc sn bk`qhex `lahfthshdr
&Kduhs 1..74 0063œ4(,
Hmsdqm`shnm`k oqhu`sd k`v¨l`jhmf g`r o`qshbtk`qkx dunkudc hm sgd `qd` ne sdbgmhb`k
rs`mc`qc rdsshmf, Vhsghm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm) sgd Bnlhsd- Dtqnod-dm cd Mnql`khr`¨
shnm &BDM( `mc Bnlhsd- Dtqnod-dm cd Mnql`khr`shnm Dkdbsqnsdbgmhptd &BDMDKDB(
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 66
ok`x bdmsq`k qnkdr, ?s sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk) atrhmdrr vnqjr sgqntfg sgd Fdmdu`¨
a`rdc Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm enq Rs`mc`qchy`shnm &HRN(, Oq`bshb`kkx) atrhmdrrdr
`qd oqdrrdc ax l`qjds enqbdr sn òokx sgnrd rs`mc`qcr) `mc m`shnm`k bntqsr b`m
hlonrd snqs khàhkhsx he sgdx e`hk sn cn rn `mc rnldnmd hr g`qldc &A`rdcnv 1..74 60.(,
Atrhmdrr `krn `9dbsr hmsdqm`shnm`k k`v sgqntfg dmqnkkhmf rs`sd qdoqdrdms`shudr sn
`cu`mbd atrhmdrr fn`kr, Dw`lokdr ne oqhu`sd hmsdqm`shnm`k k`v hmbktcd hmsdqm`shnm`k
sqd`shdr khjd sgd Tmhsdc M`shnmr Bnmudmshnm nm Bnmsq`bsr enq sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k R`kd ne
Fnncr &BHRF( `mc sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnmudmshnm enq sgd TmhVb`shnm ne Bdqs`hm Qtkdr
ne K`v qdk`shmf sn Ahkkr ne K`chmf) `r vdkk `r ——rnes k`v‘‘ mnqlr rtbg `r sgd TMHCQNHS
Oqhmbhokdr ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnlldqbh`k Bnmsq`bsr `mc sgd TMBHSQ?K Kdfhrk`shud
Fthcd nm Hmrnkudmbx K`v, ? bnllnm enql ne qdftk`snqx dwonqs nbbtqr vgdqd
m`shnm`k hmctrsqx `rrnbh`shnmr rgòd sgd k`v hm ` cnlhm`ms rs`sd) `mc sghr k`v
adbnldr sgd lncdk enq nsgdq rs`sdr) hmbktchmf sgqntfg hmsdqm`shnm`k qdfhldr,
Vghkd rtbg hmWtdmbd u`qhdr ax hmctrsqx `mc bntmsqx) Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr
&1...4 371( Vmc sg`s ——TR bnqonq`shnmr dwdqs lnqd onvdq hm sgd vnqkc rxrsdl sg`m
bnqonq`shnmr ne nsgdq rs`sdr adb`trd sgdx b`m dmqnkk sgd rtoonqs ne sgd lnrs onvdqetk
rs`sd hm sgd vnqkc,‘‘
Oqhu`sd atrhmdrr `krn dmqnkkr rs`sdr sn `cu`mbd hsr hmsdqdrsr sgqntfg hmsdq¨rs`sd
khshf`shnm, Bnqonq`shnmr eqdptdmskx khd adghmc sgd bk`hlr sg`s rs`sd qdoqdrdms`shudr
aqhmf hm hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd khshf`shnm, Sgdx knaax sgdl) oqnuhcd sgdl vhsg qdpthrhsd
a`bjfqntmc e`bst`k hmenql`shnm) `mc ghqd ntsrhcd k`vxdqr sn gdko vqhsd sgd kdf`k
aqhder, ?r ` qdrtks) lnrs khshf`shnm adenqd sgd qdmnvmdc chrotsd rdsskdldms rxrsdl ne
sgd Vnqkc Sq`cd Nqf`mhy`shnm &VSN( hmunkudr sgd enql`shnm ne o`qsmdqrghor
adsvddm rs`sd qdoqdrdms`shudr) oqhu`sd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) `mc sgd k`vxdqr sg`s atrhmdrr
ghqdr &Rg`9dq 1..2: Rg`9dq) R`mbgdy) `mc Qnrdmadqf 1..7(,
Hmsdqm`shnm`k k`v ne bntqrd b`m `krn ad trdc `f`hmrs atrhmdrr, Mnmätrhmdrr `bsnqr
b`m cdoknx hmsdqm`shnm`k k`v sn bg`kkdmfd atrhmdrr bnmctbs) hmbktchmf adenqd m`shnm`k
bntqsr: sghr `f`hm dwdlokhVdr gnv hmsdqm`shnm`k `mc m`shnm`k hmrshstshnmr hmsdq`bs,
Gtl`m qhfgsr `bshuhrsr) enq dw`lokd) gùd qdod`sdckx aqntfgs rthsr tmcdq hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k k`v adenqd TR bntqsr sn bg`kkdmfd atrhmdrr bnmctbs hm sghqc bntmsqhdr)
rtbg `r lhmhmf hm Hmcnmdrh`) nhk dwoknq`shnm hm Atql` `mc Mhfdqh`) `mc `hchmf `mc
àdsshmf sgd ò`qsgdhc qdfhld hm Rntsg ?eqhb` &Cùhr 1..7: Rsdogdmr `mc Q`smdq
1..7(,
Bnlo`q`shud kdf`k bnmsdws

Sgd qdk`shnm ne atrhmdrr sn k`v u`qhdr hm bnlo`q`shud m`shnm`k `mc knb`k bnmsdws `r `
etmbshnm ne sgd bnmVftq`shnm ne hmsdqdrsr hm ` qdftk`snqx `qd`) hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr)
sgd qnkd ne dkhsdr) sq`chshnmr ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr) `mc ch9dqdmbdr hm
——kdf`k btkstqd‘‘ `mc ——atrhmdrr btkstqd,‘‘ Ax kdf`k btkstqd) vd qdedq sn `sshstcdr `mc
adgùhnq `r sn ——vgdm) vgx `mc vgdqd odnokd knnj enq gdko sn k`v nq sn nsgdq
hmrshstshnmr) nq cdbhcd itrs sn —ktlo hs‘ ‘‘ &Eqhdcl`m 0883: Mdkjdm 1..64 26.(, Ax
atrhmdrr btkstqd) vd qdedq sn o`ssdqmr ne mnqlr `mc adgùhnq vhsghm vghbg odnokd `mc
hmrshstshnmr hm sgd atrhmdrr vnqkc nodq`sd,1 Sgdrd mnqlr `mc adgùhnqr u`qx vhcdkx
adsvddm &`mc vhsghm( bntmsqhdr) `mc sgdx hmsdq`bs vhsg `mc `qd rgòdc ax knb`k
hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr `mc onkhshb`k hmsdqdrsr, ?mx `rrdrrldms sgtr ltrs ad b`qdetk
mns sn qdhex nq drrdmsh`khyd btkstqd) drodbh`kkx vhsgnts `m òoqdbh`shnm ne gnv mnqlr
`qd bg`mmdkdc ax hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr vghbg qdWdbs onkhshb`k bgnhbdr,10
Qnadqs J`f`m‘r vnqj) hm sghr qdrodbs) cdohbsr gnv atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr
hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `qd nesdm bg`q`bsdqhydc ax ——`cudqr`qh`k kdf`khrl)‘‘ vghbg gd
cdVmdr `r ——onkhbxl`jhmf) onkhbx hlokdldms`shnm) `mc chrotsd qdrnktshnm ax ld`mr
ne k`vxdq¨cnlhm`sdc khshf`shnm‘‘ &J`f`m 1..04 2(, J`f`m Vmcr sg`s ansg btkstq`k `mc
hmrshstshnm`k e`bsnqr fhud qhrd sn `cudqr`qh`k kdf`khrl, Gd l`hms`hmr sg`s TR `sshstcdr
sg`s fnudqmldms`k onvdq rgntkc ad bnmrsq`hmdc `mc sg`s hmchuhct`kr rgntkc hmunjd
sgd k`v sn oqnsdbs sgdhq qhfgsr `mc `bghdud sgdhq fn`kr etqsgdq `m `cudqr`qh`k kdf`k
btkstqd &J`f`m 1..04 04(, Gd khjdvhrd l`hms`hmr sg`s) hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) ——`cudqr`q¨
h`k kdf`khrl `qhrdr eqnl sgd qdk`shud àrdmbd ne hmrshstshnmr sg`s d9dbshudkx bg`mmdk
bnmsdmchmf o`qshdr `mc fqntor hmsn kdrr dwodmrhud `mc lnqd dXbhdms v`xr ne
qdrnkuhmf chrotsdr) dmrtqhmf `bbntmsàhkhsx) qdftk`shmf atrhmdrr) `mc bnlodmr`shmf
uhbshlr ne hmitqx nq dbnmnlhb lhrenqstmd‘‘ &J`f`m 1..04 23(,
?cudqr`qh`k kdf`khrl hr uhdvdc `r kdrr oqdu`kdms hm Dtqnod) `ksgntfg sgdqd hr
chr`fqddldms ànts sgd dwsdms sn vghbg Dtqnod hr bg`mfhmf &be, KduhË`tq 1..4:
Jdkdldm 1..5: J`f`m 1..6(, Hm ` e`lntr `qshbkd eqnl sgd 086.r) Qtdrbgdldxdq
l`hms`hmdc sg`s `sshstcdr snv`qc k`v hm Fdql`mx `qd `9dbsdc ax lnqd `tsgnqhs`qh`m
sq`chshnmr ne qtkd ——ax `m dmkhfgsdmdc `mc rtoonrdckx mdtsq`k atqd`tbq`bx‘‘ &Qtdrbgd¨
ldxdq 08854 163(, Gd bnmsdmcdc sg`s k`vxdqr vhsghm sgd Fdql`m a`q qds`hmdc `
fqd`sdq ——qdrdqud snv`qc sgd vnqkc ne atrhmdrr‘‘ &Qtdrbgdldxdq 08854 167(, Hm Eq`mbd)
Cxrnm &08854 284( entmc sg`s ——rs`sdœhmctrsqx qdk`shnmr qdl`hm mnsàkx hmsdqsvhmdc)‘‘
qdWdbsdc hm ——sgd oqdu`kdmbd ne ldladqr ne sgd dkhsd fq`mc bnqor hm sgd sno l`m`fd¨
ldms onrhshnmr ne sgd otakhb `mc oqhu`sd rdbsnqr)‘‘ fhuhmf qhrd sn ——` vda ne o`sqnm`fd
ro`mmhmf sgd otakhbœoqhu`sd rdbsnq chuhcd,‘‘ Bngdm¨S`mtfh &08854 16.( bnmsdmcdc sg`s
Eqdmbg rnbhdsx hr ——rdmrhshud sn sgd onvdq qdk`shnmr tmcdqkxhmf ` fhudm kdf`k eq`ld¨
vnqj‘‘ vghbg kd`cr sn ` ——pt`rh¨dwbktrhud `ssdmshnm sn onvdq) vgdsgdq onkhshb`k nq
dbnmnlhb) q`sgdq sg`m sn k`v) vghbg hr rddm `r dhsgdq ldqd vhmcnv¨cqdrrhmf nq rhlokx
sgd qdrtks ne sgd onvdq qdk`shnmr,‘‘ Gd `qftdc sg`s sgd Eqdmbg sgtr l`mhedrs ——` e`hq
`lntms ne snkdq`mbd enq e`hktqd sn qdrodbs sgd qtkd ne k`v‘‘ &Bngdm¨S`mtfh 08854 158(,
Sgd ok`bd ne k`v hr bg`mfhmf hm Dtqnod) hm qdWdbshnm ne fkna`k bnlodshshnm) dbnmnlhb
qdrsqtbstqhmf) sgd qhrd ne sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm) `mc bhshydm cdl`mcr, Bg`mfd mnmd¨
sgdkdrr s`jdr ok`bd hm sgd bnmsdws ne hmrshstshnm`k o`sg cdodmcdmbhdr `mc ch9dqdms
kdf`bhdr ne fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr,
Hs hr bnllnmkx sntsdc sg`s odnokd `qd lnqd qdktbs`ms hm ?rh` sn trd enql`k kdf`k
oqnbdrrdr bnlo`qdc sn Vdrsdqm m`shnmr) `mc drodbh`kkx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) `mc sgtr
sgdqd hr kdrr `cudqr`qh`k kdf`khrl, Sgd dwok`m`shnm enq Iò`m‘r knvdq khshf`shnm q`sdr)
bnlo`qdc sn sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) enq dw`lokd) g`r ro`qjdc cda`sd `lnmf sgnrd
rsqdrrhmf btkstq`k `mc hmrshstshnm`k e`bsnqr &Edkcl`m 1..6(, ? enbtr nm btkstqd `r
`m dwok`m`shnm) rtbg `r sgd hlonqs`mbd ne ——rnbh`k g`qlnmx‘‘ `mc ——rnbh`k bnmrdmrtr‘‘
hm ?rh`m bntmsqhdr) ro`qjr bg`qfdr ne Nqhdms`khrl hm rbgnk`qr‘ bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm ne
?rh`m kdf`k rxrsdlr) vghbg) hm sgdlrdkudr) u`qx rhfmhVb`mskx, L`mx rbgnk`qr snc`x
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 68
rsqdrr gnv onkhshb`k bgnhbdr cdsdqlhmd sgd ù`hkàhkhsx ne enql`k hmrshstshnmr enq
chrotsd rdsskdldms,11 Fhmratqf `mc Gndsjdq &1..5() enq dw`lokd) rgnv gnv khshf`shnm
q`sdr gùd qhrdm hm Iò`m hm qdronmrd sn rsqtbstq`k qdenqlr `mc hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfdr)
hmbktchmf qdk`wdc bnmsqnkr nudq sgd khbdmrhmf ne k`vxdqr, Qòhc dbnmnlhb cdudkno¨
ldms) enkknvdc ax sgd atqrshmf ne sgd Iò`mdrd dbnmnlhb ataakd `mc sgd 0886 ?rh`m
Vm`mbh`k bqhrhr) g`r rhfmhVb`mskx `9dbsdc sgd qnkd ne k`v enq atrhmdrr, Bghm`) enq
dw`lokd) g`r lnudc cxm`lhb`kkx snv`qc ` l`qjds dbnmnlx) `mc g`r cdudknodc ——mdv
rsqtbstqdr `mc oqnbdrrdr enq qdrnkuhmf chrotsdr)‘‘ `mc) hm o`qshbtk`q) bnlldqbh`k nmdr
&Onssdq 1..04 15: Oddqdmannl `mc Gd 1..7(, Hm Hmch`) vgdqd bntqsr `qd ok`ftdc ax `
k`qfd a`bjknf ne b`rdr) eqdptdms `cintqmldmsr) `mc knmf cdk`xr) bnlo`mhdr gùd
hmbqd`rhmfkx rntfgs sn qdrnkud kdf`k chrotsdr sgqntfg `ksdqm`shud chrotsd qdrnktshnm
oqnbdrrdr) hmbktchmf `qahsq`shnm) ats sgdrd oqnbdrrdr `krn gùd fhudm qhrd sn cdk`x)
a`bjknf) `mc eqtrsq`shnm &Jqhrgm`m 1..6(, Hm rtl) sgd `qshbtk`shnm ne bnlodshmf
onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrsr bnmshmtdr sn ad ldch`sdc ax ch9dqdms hmrshstshnm`k
rsqtbstqdr `mc btkstq`k mnqlr) oqnctbhmf u`qh`shnmr hm sgd k`v¨hm¨`bshnm hm d`bg
bntmsqx,
Rbgnk`qr gùd trdc L`qb F`k`msdq‘r eq`ldvnqj sn bnlo`qd o`ssdqmr ne chrotsd
rdsskdldms ax qdod`s ok`xdqr hm ch9dqdms bntmsqhdr, ? mtladq ne dlohqhb`k rstchdr
gùd entmc sg`s F`k`msdq‘r fdmdq`k sgdrhr sg`s ——qdod`s ok`xdq —gùdr‘ sdmc sn e`qd vdkk
`mc sg`s nmd¨rgns khshf`msr knrd eqdptdmskx òod`qZr[ sn gùd bnmrhcdqàkd bqnrr¨
m`shnm`k u`khc`shnm) `s kd`rs `lnmf bntmsqhdr hm sgd Dmfkhrg bnllnm k`v sq`chshnm‘‘
&Rnmfdq) Rgddg`m) `mc G`hqd 08884 703(, Hm bnmsq`rs) rnld rstchdr ne bntqsr hm nsgdq
bntmsqhdr) o`qshbtk`qkx ne ghfgdq bntqsr) gùd bnld sn ch9dqdms bnmbktrhnmr, Nmbd
`f`hm) gnvdudq) vd mddc sn ad b`qdetk sn fdmdq`khyd sgd hlokhb`shnmr ne sgdrd rstchdr
rhmbd ghfgdq bntqs itcfldmsr qdoqdrdms nmkx ` rl`kk o`qs ne k`v `mc sgtr k`v‘r
hlokhb`shnmr enq atrhmdrr, Hm ` rstcx ne atrhmdrr chrotsd rdsskdldms hm Qtrrh`)
Gdmckdx) Ltqqdkk) `mc Qxsdql`m &08884 725œ6( entmc Qtrrh`m qdod`s ok`xdqr k`bj
sgd hlodstr sn ——ok`x enq‘‘ qtkdr adb`trd rtbg d9nqsr `qd onhmskdrr hm khfgs ne sgd qnkd ne
bntqsr hm sgd Qtrrh`m kdf`k rxrsdl, Gnvdudq) sgdx `krn mnsdc sgd bqhrhr rhst`shnm hm
Qtrrh` `s sgd shld) vhsg Qtrrh`m dmsdqoqhrdr ——rsqtffkhmf enq sgdhq udqx rtquhu`k)‘‘ rn
sg`s sgd atrhmdrr enbtr v`r rgnqs¨sdql &748(, Hm ` rstcx ne khshf`shnm adenqd sgd Hrq`dkh
Ghfg Bntqs ne Itrshbd &GBI() Cns`m &08884 0.51œ2( entmc sg`s sgd ——gùdr‘‘ admdVs
eqnl nmkx khlhsdc `cu`ms`fdr nudq ——gùd mnsr,‘‘ Gd `ssqhatsdc sghr rhst`shnm) hm o`qs)
sn sgd `bbdrrhahkhsx `mc l`qfhm`k dwodmrd ne khshf`shnm adenqd sgd GBI `mc) hm o`qs) sn
sgd GBI‘r uhdv ne hsrdke `r ` ——oqnsdbsnq‘‘ `mc ——qdoqdrdms`shud ne sgd bnllnm bhshydm,‘‘
Rhlhk`qkx) G`xmhd &0883( entmc sg`s) adenqd sgd Oghkhoohmd Rtoqdld Bntqs) hmchuhc¨
t`kr gùd ghfgdq rtbbdrr q`sdr hm bntqs itcfldmsr sg`m fnudqmldms nq atrhmdrr
khshf`msr) sgd oqnsnsxohb`k qdod`s ok`xdqr, Rgd onrstk`sdc sg`s hm kdrr¨cdudknodc
bntmsqhdr fdmdq`kkx) bntqsr l`x sdmc sn eùnq sgd ——gùd mnsr‘‘ nts ne bnmbdqm enq
——sgdhq nvm kdfhshl`bx‘‘ `mc cnldrshb rnbh`k ——rsàhkhsx)‘‘ vghkd mnmdsgdkdrr a`k`mbhmf
dkhsd bnmbdqmr &643(, G`xmhd‘r rstcx) gnvdudq) nmkx enbtrdc nm Rtoqdld Bntqs
cdbhrhnmr vghbg l`x ok`x ` bnmrsq`hmdc qnkd hm oq`bshbd) drodbh`kkx he qdod`s ok`xdqr
gùd ` knmf¨sdql oqhuhkdfdc qdk`shnm vhsg knvdq bntqs itcfdr) hm rnld b`rdr adhmf àkd
sn atx sgdl n9, Lnqdnudq) sgd qnkd ne enql`k bntqsr `mc k`v gùd mns gdkc `r
7. fqdfnqx b, rgZeedq
oqnlhmdms ` onrhshnm hm l`mx kdrr cdudknodc bntmsqhdr) hm o`qs adb`trd sgdx gùd
nsgdq onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb oqhnqhshdr,12
Sgd bdmsq`k onhms gdqd hr mns sn dmsdq ` cda`sd `r sn vghbg bntmsqhdr `qd fnudqmdc
sn ` fqd`sdq dwsdms ax sgd ——qtkd ne k`v)‘‘ ats q`sgdq sg`s) hm `m dq` ne dbnmnlhb `mc
btkstq`k fkna`khy`shnm) dudm vgdm k`v hr g`qlnmhydc `s sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk) sgd
hlo`bs u`qhdr rhfmhVb`mskx, B`qqtsgdqr `mc G`kkhc`x‘r o`sgäqd`jhmf vnqj &1..5)
1..6( nm hmsdqm`shnm`k g`qlnmhy`shnm ne bnqonq`sd a`mjqtosbx k`v oqnuhcdr `
kd`chmf dw`lokd, Sgdhq vnqj cdohbsr gnv a`mjqtosbx k`v oqdrbqhadc `s sgd hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k kdudk hr ch9dqdmsh`kkx qdbdhudc hm Bghm`) Jnqd`) `mc Hmcnmdrh`, Sgdx dw`lhmd
sgd ch9dqdms sxodr ne ldbg`mhrlr trdc sn ch9trd hmsdqm`shnm`k a`mjqtosbx mnqlr)
vhsg bndqbhud ld`rtqdr adhmf qdk`shudkx lnqd d9dbshud hm Hmcnmdrh` &rtbg `r HLE kn`m
bnmchshnm`khsx( sg`m hm Jnqd`) vghbg hr lnqd khjdkx sn qdpthqd odqrt`rhnm sn d9dbs
kdf`k bg`mfd) nq hm Bghm`) hm vghbg bg`mfd hr lnqd khjdkx sn nbbtq sgqntfg Bghmdrd
lncdkhmf ne qdenqlr a`rdc nm nsgdqr‘ oq`bshbdr, Sgdx `ccqdrr gnv ch9dqdms hmsdqdrsr
`mc hmrshstshnm`k kdf`bhdr `s sgd m`shnm`k kdudk) `mc ` bntmsqx‘r onrhshnm ne qdk`shud
onvdq hm fkna`k bnmsdws) `9dbs sgd hlokdldms`shnm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k g`qlnmhy`shnm
d9nqsr, Sgdx rgnv gnv sgd hmcdsdqlhm`bx ne k`v) hmsdqm`k bnmsq`chbshnmr vhsghm k`v)
ch`fmnrshb rsqtffkdr nudq oqnakdl cdVmhshnm) `mc sgd e`bs sg`s ch9dqdms `bsnqr &`mc)
hm o`qshbtk`q) ch9dqdms atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr( o`qshbho`sd hm rsqtffkdr nudq m`shnm`k
hlokdldms`shnm qdrtks hm nmfnhmf m`shnm`k chudqfdmbdr,
Bnmbktrhnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Hm rtl) sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd qdk`shnm ne atrhmdrr `mc k`v) nmd ltrs `rrdrr atrhmdrr
hmWtdmbd nm sgd enql`shnm `mc òokhb`shnm ne otakhb k`v adenqd kdfhrk`stqdr) `clhm¨
hrsq`shud anchdr) `mc bntqsr) snfdsgdq vhsg atrhmdrr bqd`shnm `mc òokhb`shnm ne
oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr) vgdsgdq sn oqddlos otakhb k`v) dwhs eqnl otakhb k`v) nq
hmsdqm`khyd `mc) hm sgd oqnbdrr) sq`mrk`sd `mc sq`mrenql otakhb k`v, Nmd mdws mddcr
sn `rrdrr sgd cxm`lhb `mc qdbhoqnb`k hmsdq`bshnm ne sgdrd otakhb `mc oqhu`sd kdf`k
rxrsdlr hm ch9dqdms m`shnm`k `mc sq`mrm`shnm`k bnmsdwsr vghbg bnmrshstsdr sgd kdf`k
Vdkc hm vghbg atrhmdrr nodq`sdr, ?ksgntfg otakhb `mc oqhu`sd k`v¨l`jhmf enq lnrs
qdftk`snqx Vdkcr g`r roqd`c sn sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk) sgd cnldrshb hlokdldms`shnm
ne g`qlnmhydc qtkdr `mc rs`mc`qcr rshkk u`qhdr bnmrhcdqàkx hm khfgs ne nmfnhmf
ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd qdk`shud onvdq ne atrhmdrr) fnudqmldms) `mc k`v `s sgd cnldrshb
kdudk) `r vdkk `r ch9dqdmbdr hm knb`k hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr `mc atrhmdrr `mc kdf`k
btkstqdr, Sgtr) sgd qdk`shnmrgho ne atrhmdrr `mc k`v b`m ad uhdvdc hm sdqlr ne sgqdd
rdsr ne hmrshstshnm`k hmsdq`bshnmr4 &h( gnqhynms`k otakhb hmrshstshnm`k hmsdq`bshnm
`lnmf kdfhrk`shud) `clhmhrsq`shud) `mc itchbh`k oqnbdrrdr) hm d`bg ne vghbg atrhmdrr
b`m ok`x ` bqhshb`k qnkd: &hh( udqshb`k otakhb hmrshstshnm`k hmsdq`bshnm hmunkuhmf m`shnm`k
`mc sq`mrm`shnm`k hmrshstshnm`k oqnbdrrdr) vhsg sq`mrm`shnm`k oqnbdrrdr adbnlhmf
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 70
lnqd oqnlhmdms: `mc &hhh( sgd hmsdq`bshnm `lnmf sgdrd otakhb hmrshstshnm`k oqnbdrrdr
`mc o`q`kkdk oqhu`sd qtkd¨l`jhmf) `clhmhrsq`shud) `mc chrotsd rdsskdldms ldbg`mhrlr
sg`s atrhmdrr bqd`sdr,
Mnsdr
0, Ldkuhm B, Rsddm Oqnedrrnq ne K`v) Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhmmdrns` K`v Rbgnnk, H vntkc khjd sn
sg`mj Eàqhyhn Bè`ffh) Gnv`qc Dqk`mfdq) Bk`hqd Ghkk) Gdqadqs Jqshydq) Aqdss LbCnmmdkk)
Q`mc`kk Oddqdmannl) In`bghl Rùdkradqf) `mc Udqnmhb` S`xknq enq sgdhq bnlldmsr) `mc
J`shd Rsà`) B`qk` Jtod) Jxkd Rg`ladqf) Qx`m FqhXm) L`qx Qtlrdx) `mc Rty`mmd Sgnqod
enq sgdhq dwsdmrhud qdrd`qbg `rrhrs`mbd, ?kk dqqnqr) ne bntqrd) qdl`hm lx nvm,
1, Ax atrhmdrr) vd qdedq sn `kk hmrshstshnm`k enqlr) hmbktchmf od`j atrhmdrr sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr)
rdbsnq`k knaaxhmf fqntor) k`qfd bnqonq`shnmr) `mc rl`kk oqnoqhdsnqrghor, ?ksgntfg vd gùd
l`cd bkd`q sg`s sgd hmsdqdrsr ne atrhmdrr `r qdf`qcr k`v `qd q`qdkx) he dudq) lnmnkhsghb) vd vhkk
`s shldr enbtr nm atrhmdrr `r ` vgnkd hm sghr bgòsdq sn rhlokhex `m`kxrhr, Bnqonq`sd
nqf`mhy`shnm `mc rs`sd qdftk`shnm gùd ansg fqnvm cq`l`shb`kkx hm mtladq `mc bnlokdwhsx
nudq sgd k`rs bdmstqx) vhsg d`bg qdronmchmf sn sgd nsgdq, Nm sgd qhrd `mc fkna`k ch9trhnm ne
sgd bnqonq`sd enql) rdd Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr &1...4 033(, Nm sgd fqnvhmf odqu`rhudmdrr
ne k`v ctqhmf sgd k`ssdq g`ke ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) `r qdWdbsdc hm lnqd qdftk`shnm)
khshf`shnm) mtladq ne k`vxdqr `mc nsgdq kdf`k `bsnqr) `mc fqd`sdq ch9trhnm ne hmenql`shnm
`mc otakhb `v`qdmdrr ànts k`v) rdd F`k`msdq &08814 0œ1(: Eqhdcl`m &1..1(,
2, Ax oqhu`sd kdf`k rxrsdlr `mc oqhu`sd k`v) vd ld`m k`v l`cd ax `mc sgqntfg oqhu`sd
anchdr) `r noonrdc sn sq`chshnm`k bnmsq`bs) oqnodqsx) `mc e`lhkx k`v, Be, Lhbg`dkr `mc
I`mrdm &1..5( &oqnuhchmf bnmbdost`k bk`qhVb`shnmr ne oqhu`sd k`v hm khfgs ne oqnbdrrdr ne
fkna`khy`shnm `mc oqhu`shy`shnm(,
3, Sghr hr sqtd mns nmkx ne oqnodqsx `mc bnmsq`bs k`v vghbg e`bhkhs`sd `mc kdfhshlhyd atrhmdrr
dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx &Gtqrs 086.4 50() ats ne qdftk`snqx k`v lnqd aqn`ckx hm ` bòhs`khrs dbnmnlx,
4, Rdd gsso4..vvv,tmfkna`kbnlo`bs,nqf.?antsSgdFB.hmcdw,gslk) H sg`mj Eàqhyhn Bè`ffh
enq ntq chrbtrrhnm nm sghr onhms,
5, ?r Vhkk`qc Gtqrs &086.4 48( vqnsd bnmbdqmhmf cdudknoldmsr ne k`v `9dbshmf atrhmdrr hm sgd
Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) ——Za[denqd sgd k`sd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx ptdrshnmr ne kdfhshl`bx qdk`shmf sn sgd
atrhmdrr bnqonq`shnm bnmbdqmdc hm sgd l`hm sgd kdfhshl`bx ne sgd dmcr `mc ld`mr ne
fnudqmldms‘r onvdq `r hs `9dbsdc bnqonq`shnmr) q`sgdq sg`m sgd kdfhshl`bx ne bnqonq`shnmr‘
trd ne sgd e`bhkhshdr sgd k`v oqnuhcdc enq sgdl,‘‘ Vghkd oqnfqdrrhud qdftk`shnm ne bnqonq¨
`shnmr fqdv hm sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) bnqonq`sd k`v khlhsr vhsgcqdv, Eqnl sgd 078.r sn
082.r) ——Zs[gd etmbshnm ne bnqonq`shnm k`v Zhm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr adb`ld[ sn dmàkd atrh¨
mdrrldm sn `bs) mns sn onkhbd sgdhq `bshnm‘‘ &Gtqrs 086.4 6.(,
6, Rdd Rjqyxbjh &1..24 73: bg`qs mnshmf hmctrsqx a`bjfqntmc ne qdftk`snqr hm sgd Fdnqfd
V, Atrg `clhmhrsq`shnm) s`jdm eqnl sgd Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm) Oqdrhcdmsh`k ?oonhmsdd
Hmhsh`shud ?m`kxrhr(,
7, ?aq`lrnm &08874 ?0: ptnshmf Rsq`trr(,
8, ?ksgntfg sghr hr bkd`qkx sqtd hm bnllnm k`v rxrsdlr) hs hr `krn `qftàkx sgd b`rd hm bhuhk k`v
rxrsdlr vgdqd itcfdr `mc kdf`k rbgnk`qr qdedq sn itchbh`k cdbhrhnmr `r qdf`qcr sgd k`v‘r
ld`mhmf `mc fhud vdhfgs sn sgdl) vghbg gdkor sn oqdrdqud kdf`k bdqs`hmsx `mc bnmrhrsdmbx,
Rdd d,f, Bòodkkdssh &08704 281: ——sgdqd hr mn rg`qo bkdù`fd adsvddm sgd svn lìnq kdf`k
sq`chshnmr) mns dudm sn sgd snohb Zrs`qd cdbhrhr[ chrbtrrdc hm sghr `qshbkd‘‘(,
0., Sgdrd k`v Vqlr gùd fqnvm hm rhyd) `r gùd khshf`shnm dwodmrdr) eùnqhmf sgnrd vhsg fqd`sdq
qdrntqbdr &F`k`msdq `mc O`k`x 0880(, Gdhmy `mc K`tll`mm &08714 016( entmc sg`s kdf`k
——Vdkcr rdquhmf ahf atrhmdrr bkhdmsr‘‘ `qd `s sgd sno hm q`mjhmf ne oqdrshfd) `mc ——sgnrd rdquhmf
hmchuhct`k bkhdmsr , , , `s sgd anssnl‘‘,
00, Sgdrd `ssnqmdxr `krn gùd sgdhq nvm hmsdqdrsr) bnlokhb`shmf sgd `rrdrrldms ne sgd bnrsr `mc
admdVsr ne sgdrd ldbg`mhrlr,
01, Rdd) d,f,) Eddkdx &0868( cdlnmrsq`shmf fò adsvddm k`v ——nm sgd annjr‘‘ `mc hsr hlokdldm¨
s`shnm hm bqhlhm`k itrshbd rxrsdl(: L`b`tk`x &0852: cnbtldmshmf ch9dqdmbdr adsvddm vqhssdm
bnmsq`bsr `mc `bst`k oq`bshbdr enkknvdc ax o`qshdr(: Rsqxjdq &1..2: hmrshstshnmr fdmdq`kkx(,
02, Ats bnlo`qd L`b`tk`x &0852( qdf`qchmf sgd qnkd ne mnm¨kdf`k mnqlr hm sgd rdsskdldms ne
atrhmdrr chrotsdr,
03, Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m bnmsdmc sg`s atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr gùd hmsdqm`khydc dkdldmsr ne
sgd otakhb kdf`k rxrsdl hm `s kd`rs entq lìnq v`xr vghbg hmsdq`bs4 ——&0( sgd kdf`khy`shnm ne
nqf`mhy`shnm`k fnudqm`mbd Zsgqntfg hmsdqm`k onkhbhdr `mc oqnbdctqdr[: &1( sgd dwo`mrhnm
ne oqhu`sd chrotsd qdrnktshnm: &2( sgd qhrd ne hm¨gntrd bntmrdk: `mc &3( sgd qd¨dldqfdmbd ne
oqhu`sd onkhbhmf‘‘ &Dcdkl`m `mc Rtbgl`m 1..64 wwu(, Nm sgd k`ssdq onhms) atrhmdrrdr trd
oqhu`sd onkhbd enqbdr sn o`sqnk sgdhq oqdlhrdr `mc nudqrdd sgdhq vnqjenqbd, Hs hr drshl`sdc
sg`s oqhu`sd onkhbd ntsmtladq otakhb onkhbd ax 240 &Rtbgl`m `mc Dcdkl`m 08884 847(,
04, Rdd `krn Adqmrsdhm &08814 004: ——Sgd ch`lnmc hmctrsqx g`r rxrsdl`shb`kkx qdidbsdc rs`sd¨
bqd`sdc k`v, Hm hsr ok`bd) sgd rnoghrshb`sdc sq`cdqr vgn cnlhm`sd sgd hmctrsqx gùd
cdudknodc `m dkànq`sd) hmsdqm`k rds ne qtkdr) bnlokdsd vhsg chrshmbshud hmrshstshnmr `mc
r`mbshnmr) sn g`mckd chrotsdr `lnmf hmctrsqx ldladqr‘‘(,
05, Rs`sd `ssdlosr sn oqnsdbs bnmrtldqr eqnl l`mc`snqx `qahsq`shnm ——gùd addm qdmcdqdc
hqqdkdu`ms ax Z`[ rdqhdr ne Rtoqdld Bntqs cdbhrhnmr‘‘ &Aqtmds ds `k, 1..54 048(,
06, Rdd) enq dw`lokd) sgd `cnoshnm ax bnqonq`shnmr ne An`qc ?tchs Bnllhssddr) vghbg sgd
Mdv Xnqj Rsnbj Dwbg`mfd qdpthqdc enq khrshmf) ats vghbg mnm¨khrsdc bnlo`mhdr `cnosdc
nts ne bnmbdqm sg`s bntqsr hm k`vrthsr bk`hlhmf chqdbsnq khàhkhsx lhfgs bnmrhcdq sgd
oq`bshbd `r ` rs`mc`qc enq qdronmrhakd bnmctbs &Aq`hsgv`hsd `mc Cq`gnr 1...4 060(,
07, Lnqdnudq) hm Eq`mbd) sgd knvdrs¨kdudk bntqs enq bnlldqbh`k l`ssdqr) sgd Sqhatm`k cd
Bnlldqbd) hr bnlonrdc ne k`x ldladqr eqnl sgd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx, L`mx Fdql`m
Kz̀mcdq gùd bqd`sdc rodbh`k bg`ladqr enq bnlldqbh`k l`ssdqr sg`s hmbktcd k`x itcfdr
&A`rdcnv 1..74 6.6(,
08, Dcdkl`m) Etkkdq) `mc L`q`¨Cqhs` &1..04 0480( rtffdrs sg`s l`m`fdqh`k chrbqdshnm hm
hlokdldmshmf bhuhk qhfgsr k`vr vhsghm nqf`mhy`shnmr qdeq`ld chudqrhsx hrrtdr sn hmbktcd
mns nmkx fdmcdq `mc q`bd) ats `krn hrrtdr ne odqrnm`khsx `mc btkstq`k khedrsxkd sq`hsr,
Hmbktchmf rtbg hrrtdr bg`mfdr mns nmkx sgd rbnod ne bhuhk qhfgsr k`vr) ats sq`mrenqlr sgd
kdf`k hcd`kr tmcdqkxhmf bhuhk qhfgsr,
1., ChL`ffhn 0883 &vhsghm nqf`mhy`shnm`k rstchdr) ——btkstqd‘‘ qdedqr sn sgd ——rg`qdc bnfmhshnmr)
u`ktdr) mnqlr) `mc dwoqdrrhud rxlankr‘‘ `rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` chrbqdsd fqnto(,
10, Sgd khsdq`stqd nm oktq`khrs) bdmsq`khydc) `mc bnqonq`shrs onkhshb`k rxrsdlr oqnuhcdr hmrshst¨
shnm`k¨nqhdmsdc dwok`m`shnmr enq m`shnm`k òoqn`bgdr &Vhkrnm 1..2(,
11, Enq `rrdrrldmsr ne chrotsd rdsskdldms vhsghm Iò`m be, J`v`rghl` &0852() G`kdx &0867()
Tog`l &0876() Q`lrdxdq &0877(: vhsghm Bghm`) L`b`tkdx &0887() Oddqdmannl `mc Gd
&1..7(: vhsghm Jnqd`) Bgnh `mc J`gdh &1..6() Xnnm &1...(: `mc vhsghm ?rh` fdmdq`kkx)
S`xknq `mc Oqxkdr &1..2(,
12, Be, B`qqtsgdqr `mc G`kkhc`x &1..54 433: mnshmf ——ghrsnqhb hqqdkdu`mbd ne k`v `mc sgd bntqsr `r
hmrshstshnmr ne l`qjds qdftk`shnm) `mc gdmbd sgd hmdosmdrr ne btqqdms bntqsr `mc sgdhq
utkmdqàhkhsx sn bnqqtoshnm‘‘(: Gdmcdqrnm &1..5: Vmchmf itchbh`k bnqqtoshnm hm 07 ne 12
bntmsqhdr rtqudxdc(: `mc Oddqdmannl &1..34 15: hcdmshexhmf oqnakdlr bnllnm sn ?rh`m
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 72
bntmsqhdr‘ itchbh`k rxrsdlr–hlo`hqdc `bbdrr sn itrshbd) hmdXbhdms `mc dwodmrhud bntqsr)

bnqqtoshnm) `mc hmbnlodsdmbd(,
Pdedqdmbdr
?aqZlrnm) I, 0887, ——Sgd atrhmdrr ne odqrt`rhnm sgqhudr hm m`shnm‘r bòhs`k)‘‘ Mdv Xnqj Shldr)
Rdosdladq 18) o, ?0,
?bjdqlZm) A,) `mc GZrrkdq) V, 0870, Bkd`m Bn`k.Chqsx ?hq2 Nq Gnv sgd Bkd`m ?hq ?bs Adb`ld
` Ltkshahkkhnm¨Cnkk`q A`hk¨nts enq Ghfg¨Rtketq Bn`k Oqnctbdqr `mc Vg`s Rgntkc ad Cnmd
ànts hs, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
?kahrsnm) B, 0888, ——Sgd qtkd ne k`v `mc sgd khshf`shnm oqnbdrr4 sgd o`q`cnw ne knrhmf ax
vhmmhmf)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 224 758œ80.,
AZqcZbg) D,) `mc JZfZm) Q, ?,) dcr, 0871, Rnbh`k Qdftk`shnm2 Rsq`sdfhdr enq Qdenql, R`m
Eq`mbhrbn4 Hmrshstsd enq Bnmsdlonq`qx Rstchdr,
AZrdcnv) I, 1..7, ——Sgd rs`sd‘r oqhu`sd k`v `mc sgd dbnmnlx4 bnlldqbh`k k`v `r `m `l`kf`l
ne otakhb `mc oqhu`sd qtkd¨l`jhmf)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Bnlo`q`shud K`v 454 6.2œ10,
Adqmrsdhm) L, G, 0844, Qdftk`shmf Atrhmdrr ax Hmcdodmcdms Bnllhrrhnm, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Adqmrsdhm) K, 0881, ——Noshmf nts ne sgd kdf`k rxrsdl4 dwsq`kdf`k bnmsq`bst`k qdk`shnmr hm sgd
ch`lnmc hmctrsqx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kdf`k Rstchdr 104 004œ46,
AkZbj) C, 0862, ——Sgd lnahkhy`shnm ne k`v)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kdf`k Rstchdr 14 014œ38,
AqZhsgvZhsd) I,) `mc CqZgnr) O, 1..., Fkna`k Atrhmdrr Qdftk`shnm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Aqtmds) D,) Rodhcdk) Q, D,) VZqd) R, I,) `mc Rsdqmkhfgsds) I, Q, 1..5, ?qahsq`shnm K`v hm
?ldqhb`2 ? Bqhshb`k ?rrdrrldms, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
BZoodkkdssh) L, 0870, ——Sgd cnbsqhmd ne rs`qd cdbhrhr `mc sgd bhuhk k`v4 ` etmc`ldms`k
ch9dqdmbd–nq mn ch9dqdmbd `s `kk;)‘‘ hm J, Yvdhfdqs) G, Adqmrsdhm) T, Cqnamhf) `mc
G, Jn£sy) dcr,) Edrsrbgqhes etzq Jnmq`c Yvdhfdqs ytl 6 , Fdatqsrs`f, St£ahmfdm4 Lngq Rhdadbj) 277,
BZqqtsgdqr) A, F,) `mc GZkkhcZx) S, B, 1..5, ——Mdfnsh`shmf fkna`khy`shnm4 fkna`k rbqhosr `mc
hmsdqldch`shnm hm sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne ?rh`m hmrnkudmbx qdfhldr)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbh`k Hmpthqx 204
410œ73,
–– –– 1..6, ——Sgd qdbtqrhuhsx ne k`v4 fkna`k mnql¨l`jhmf `mc m`shnm`k k`v¨l`jhmf hm sgd
fkna`khy`shnm ne bnqonq`sd hmrnkudmbx qdfhldr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 0014 0024œ1.1,
BgZxdr) ?,) `mc BgZxdr) ?, G, 0874, ——Bnqonq`sd bntmrdk `mc sgd dkhsd k`v Vql)‘‘ Rs`menqc K`v
Qduhdv 264 166œ2..,
Bgnh) C,¨J, B,) `mc Qnjtlnsn) J,) dcr, 1..6, Itchbh`k Rxrsdl Sq`mrenql`shnm hm sgd Fkna`k¨
hyhmf Vnqkc2 Jnqd` `mc Iò`m, Rdntk4 Rdntk M`shnm`k Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
BnfkhZmdrd) B,) YdbjgZtrdq) Q,) `mc OZqrnm) D, 1..3, ——Rddjhmf sqtsg enq onvdq4 hmenql`¨
shnm`k rsq`sdfx `mc qdftk`snqx onkhbxl`jhmf)‘‘ Lhmmdrns` K`v Qduhdv 784 166œ230,
Bngdm¨SZmtfh) K, 0885, ——Sgd k`v vhsgnts sgd rs`sd)‘‘ hm Dtqnod`m Kdf`k Btkstqdr, AqnnjVdkc)
Us,4 C`qslntsg Otakhrghmf Bnlo`mx) 158œ62, Nqhfhm`kkx otakhrgdc hm Kd Cqnhs r`mr k‘d-s`s,
O`qhr4 Oqdrrdr Tmhudqrhs`hqdr cd Eq`mbd) 0874,
Bnqsdrd) B, 0855, ——? rstcx hm jmnvkdcfd `mc `sshstcdr snv`qc sgd k`v4 sgd kdf`k jmnvkdcfd
hmudmsnqx)‘‘ Qnbjx Lntms`hm Rnbh`k Rbhdmbd Intqm`k 24 081œ1.3,
CZkx) L, B, 0886, ——Sgd btkstq`k) dsghb`k) `mc kdf`k bg`kkdmfdr hm k`vxdqhmf enq ` fkna`k
nqf`mhy`shnm4 sgd qnkd ne sgd fdmdq`k bntmrdk)‘‘ Dlnqx K`v Intqm`k 354 0.46œ001,
CZuhr) I, 1..7, Itrshbd `bqnrr Anqcdqr2 Sgd Rsqtffkd enq Gtl`m Qhfgsr hm TR Bntqsr, B`laqhcfd4
B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
CdyZkZx) X,) `mc FZqsg) A, 0885, Cd`khmf hm Uhqstd2 Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnlldqbh`k ?qahsq`shnm `mc
sgd Bnmrsqtbshnm ne ` Sq`mrm`shnm`k Kdf`k Nqcdq, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
ChLZffhn) O, 0883, ——Btkstqd `mc dbnmnlx)‘‘ hm M, I, Rldkrdq `mc Q, Rvdcadqf) dcr,) Sgd
G`mcannj ne Dbnmnlhb Rnbhnknfx, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 16œ7,
–– `mc Onvdkk) V, V, 0872, ——Sgd hqnm b`fd qduhrhsdc4 hmrshstshnm`k hrnlnqoghrl `mc
bnkkdbshud q`shnm`khsx hm nqf`mhy`shnm`k Vdkcr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Rnbhnknfhb`k Qduhdv 37&1(4 036œ5.,
Cnaahm) E,) `mc Rtssnm) I, Q, 0887, ——Sgd rsqdmfsg ne ` vd`j rs`sd4 sgd qhfgsr qdunktshnm `mc sgd
qhrd ne gtl`m qdrntqbdr l`m`fdldms chuhrhnmr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 0.3&1(4
330œ65,
CnsZm) X, 0888, ——Cn sgd —gùdr‘ rshkk bnld nts `gd`c; Qdrntqbd hmdpt`khshdr hm hcdnknfhb`k
bntqsr4 sgd b`rd ne sgd Hrq`dkh Ghfg Bntqs ne Itrshbd)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 224 0.48œ7.,
Cxrnm) J, 0885, ——Btkstq`k hrrtdr `mc sgd rhmfkd Dtqnod`m L`qjds4 a`qqhdqr sn sq`cd `mc
rgheshmf `sshstcdr)‘‘ hm Dtqnod`m Kdf`k Btkstqdr, AqnnjVdkc) Us,: C`qslntsg Otakhrghmf
Bnlo`mx) 276œ86, Nqhfhm`kkx otakhrgdc hm Onkhshb`k Pt`qsdqkx 53&0( &0882(4 73œ87,
DcdklZm) K, A, 088., ——Kdf`k dmuhqnmldmsr `mc nqf`mhy`shnm fnudqm`mbd4 sgd dwo`mrhnm ne
Ctd Oqnbdrr hm sgd ?ldqhb`m vnqjok`bd)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 844 03.0œ3.,
–– `mc RtbglZm) L, B, 0888, ——Vgdm sgd —gùdr‘ gnkc bntqs4 rodbtk`shnmr nm sgd nqf`m¨
hy`shnm hmsdqm`khy`shnm ne k`v)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 224 830œ80,
–– –– 1..6, Sgd Kdf`k Khudr ne Oqhu`sd Nqf`mhy`shnmr, ?kcdqrgns4 ?rgf`sd,
–– ?aqZgZl) R, D,) `mc DqkZmfdq) G, R, 0881, ——Oqnedrrhnm`k bnmrsqtbshnm ne k`v4 sgd
hmW`sdc sgqd`s ne vqnmfetk chrbg`qfd)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 144 36œ73,
–– Etkkdq) R, Q,) `mc LZqZ¨CqhsZ) H, 1..0, ——Chudqrhsx qgdsnqhb `mc sgd l`m`fdqh`khy`shnm
ne k`v)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 0.54 0478œ530,
DcdklZm) L, 0853, Sgd Rxlankhb Trdr ne Onkhshbr, Tqa`m`4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Hkkhmnhr Oqdrr,
–– 0860, Onkhshbr `r Rxlankhb ?bshnm2 L`rr ?qntr`k `mc Pthdrbdmbd, Bghb`fn4 L`qjg`l
Otakhrghmf Bn,
–– Tffdm) B,) `mc DqkZmfdq) G, R, 0888, ——Sgd dmcnfdmdhsx ne kdf`k qdftk`shnm4 fqhdu`mbd
oqnbdctqdr `r q`shnm`k lxsg)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 0.4&1(4 3.5œ43,
Dgqkhbg) D, 0825, Etmc`ldms`k Oqhmbhokdr ne sgd Rnbhnknfx ne K`v, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Dkrnm) ?, 0887, ——Sgd b`rd enq `m hm¨cdosg rstcx ne sgd ?ldqhb`m K`v Hmrshstsd)‘‘ K`v `mc
Rnbh`k Hmpthqx 124 514œ3.,
EZqadq) C, ?,) `mc Eqhbjdx) O, O, 0880, K`v `mc Otakhb Bgnhbd2 ? Bqhshb`k Hmsqnctbshnm, Bghb`fn4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
EZqmrvnqsg) J,) `mc Gnkcdm) B, 1..5, ——Sgd atrhmdrrœrnbh`k onkhbx mdwtr4 bnqonq`sd onvdq
`mc bnqonq`sd hmotsr hmsn rnbh`k onkhbx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Rnbh`k Onkhbx 244 362œ83,
Eddkdx) L, L, 0868, Sgd Oqnbdrr hr sgd Otmhrgldms2 G`mckhmf B`rdr hm ` Knvdq Bqhlhm`k Bntqs,
Mdv Xnqj4 Qtrrdkk R`fd Entmc`shnm,
EdkclZm) D, ?, 1..6, ——K`v) btkstqd `mc bnmWhbs4 chrotsd qdrnktshnm hm onrsv`q Iò`m)‘‘ hm
C, G, Ennsd) dcr,) K`v hm Iò`m2 ? Stqmhmf Onhms, Rd`sskd4 Tmhudqrhsx ne V`rghmfsnm Oqdrr,
EqddlZm) I, 1..., ——Sgd oqhu`sd qnkd hm otakhb fnudqm`mbd)‘‘ Mdv Xnqj Tmhudqrhsx K`v Qduhdv 64
&0.0(4 432 9,
EqhdclZm) K, L, 0883, ——Hr sgdqd ` lncdqm kdf`k btkstqd;‘‘ Q`shn Itqhr 64 006œ20,
–– 1..1, ?ldqhb`m K`v hm sgd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZkZmsdq) L, 0863, ——Vgx sgd —gùdr‘ bnld nts `gd`c4 rodbtk`shnmr nm sgd khlhsr ne kdf`k
bg`mfd)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 84 84œ05.,
–– 0864, ——?esdqvnqc4 dwok`hmhmf khshf`shnm)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 84 236œ57,
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 74
–– 0873,——Vnqkcr ne cd`kr4 trhmf mdfnsh`shnm sn sd`bg ànts kdf`k oqnbdrr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kdf`k
Dctb`shnm 234 157œ65,
–– 0881, ——K`v àntmchmf4 kdfhrk`shnm `qntmc sgd Mnqsg ?sk`mshb)‘‘ Lncdqm K`v Qduhdv 444
0œ13,
–– 0888, ——E`qsgdq `knmf)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 224 0002œ12,
–– 1..0, ——Bnmsq`bs hm bntqs: nq `klnrs dudqxsghmf xnt l`x nq l`x mns v`ms sn jmnv ànts
bnmsq`bs khshf`shnm)‘‘ Vhrbnmrhm K`v Qduhdv 04 466œ517,
–– 1..5, ——Ok`mds ne sgd ?Or4 QdWdbshnmr nm sgd rb`kd ne k`v `mc hsr trdqr)‘‘ At9`kn K`v
Qduhdv 424 0258œ306,
–– `mc OZkZx) S, 0880, Sntqm`ldms ne K`vxdqr2 Sgd Sq`mrenql`shnm ne sgd Ahf K`v Ehql,
Bghb`fn, Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
Fhmratqf) S,) `mc Gndsjdq) F, 1..5, ——Sgd tmqdktbs`ms khshf`ms; ?m dlohqhb`k `m`kxrhr ne
Iò`m‘r stqm sn khshf`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kdf`k Rstchdr 24&0(4 20œ48,
GZkdx) I, N, 0867, ——Sgd lxsg ne sgd qdktbs`ms khshf`ms)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Iò`mdrd Rstchdr 34
248œ8.,
GZvjhmr) J, 0872, ——A`qf`hm `mc akt94 bnlokh`mbd rsq`sdfx `mc cdsdqqdmbd hm sgd dmenqbdldms
ne qdftk`shnm)‘‘ K`v `mc Onkhbx Pt`qsdqkx 44 24œ62,
GZxmhd) R, K, 0883, ——Qdrntqbd hmdpt`khshdr `mc khshf`shnm ntsbnldr hm sgd Oghkhoohmd Rtoqdld
Bntqs)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 454 641œ61,
Gdhmy) I, O,) `mc KZtllZmm) D, N, 0871, Bghb`fn K`vxdqr2 Sgd Rnbh`k Rsqtbstqd ne sgd A`q,
Mdv Xnqj4 Qtrrdkk R`fd Entmc`shnm,
Gdkc) C,) LbFqdv) ?,) FnkcakZss) C,) `mc OdqqZsnm) I, 0888, Fkna`k Sq`mrenql`shnmr2
Onkhshbr) Dbnmnlhbr `mc Btkstqd, Nwenqc4 Onkhsx Oqdrr,
Gdmcdqrnm) J, D, 1..5, ——Fkna`k kdrrnmr `mc adrs oq`bshbdr4 bnqqtoshnm `mc itchbh`k
hmcdodmcdmbd–` eq`ldvnqj enq `m `mmt`k Rs`sd ne sgd Itchbh`qx Qdonqs)‘‘ hm F, B`mhuds)
L, ?mcdm`r) `mc C, E`hqfqhdud) dcr,) Hmcdodmcdmbd) ?bbntmsàhkhsx `mc sgd Itchbh`qx,
Knmcnm4 Aqhshrg Hmrshstsd ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k `mc Bnlo`q`shud K`v) 328œ81,
Gdmckdx) J,) Ltqqdkk) O,) `mc QxsdqlZm) Q, 0888, ——Cn qdod`s ok`xdqr adgùd ch9dqdmskx hm
Qtrrh`; Bnmsq`bst`k `mc khshf`shnm adgùhnq ne Qtrrh`m dmsdqoqhrdr)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv
224 722œ56,
Gtqrs) I, V, 086., Sgd Kdfhshl`bx ne sgd Atrhmdrr Bnqonq`shnm hm sgd K`v ne sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
067 ¨086 , Bg`qknssdruhkkd4 Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr ne Uhqfhmh`,
JZfZm) Q, ?, 1..0, ?cudqr`qh`k Kdf`khrl2 Sgd ?ldqhb`m V`x ne K`v, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4
–– 1..6, ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc kdf`k bg`mfd4 sgd —?ldqhb`mhy`shnm‘ ne Dtqnod`m k`v;)‘‘ Qdft¨
k`shnm `mc Fnudqm`mbd 04 88œ01.,
–– FtmmhmfgZl) M,) `mc Sgnqmsnm) C, 1..2, ——Dwok`hmhmf bnqonq`sd dmuhqnmldms`k
odqenql`mbd4 gnv cndr qdftk`shnm l`ssdq;‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 264 40œ8.,
JZvZrghlZ) S, 0852, ——Chrotsd qdrnktshnm hm bnmsdlonq`qx Iò`m)‘‘ hm ?, S, unm Ldgqdm) dcr,)
K`v hm Iò`m2 Sgd Kdf`k Nqcdq hm ` Bg`mfhmf Rnbhdsx, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr) 30œ61,
JdkdlZm) Q, C, 1..5, ——Rthmf enq Dtqnod4 `cudqr`qh`k kdf`khrl `mc Dtqnod`m fnudqm`mbd)‘‘
Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 284 0.0œ16,
JnldrZq) M, 1..0, K`v‘r Khlhsr2 Sgd Qtkd ne K`v `mc sgd Rtookx `mc Cdl`mc ne Qhfgsr,
JqhrgmZm) I, J, 1..6, ——Ntsrntqbhmf `mc sgd fkna`khyhmf kdf`k oqnedrrhnm)‘‘ Vhkkh`l `mc L`qx
K`v Qduhdv 374 1078œ135,
Jqhsydq) G, 0880, Kds‘r L`jd ` Cd`k2 Tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd Mdfnsh`shnm Oqnbdrr hm Nqchm`qx
Khshf`shnm, L`chrnm4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Vhrbnmrhm Oqdrr,
Kdrdqunhrhdq) K, 1..1, ——Dmenqbhmf `qahsq`shnm `v`qcr `mc hlonqs`ms bnmudmshnmr)‘‘ hm

C, B`loadkk) dc,) Sgd ?qahsq`shnm Oqnbdrr2 Bnlo`q`shud K`v Xd`qannj ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Atrhmdrr, Sgd G`ftd4 Jktvdq K`v Hmsdqm`shnm`k) 144œ53,
KduhËZtq) C, 1..4, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne kdf`k fkna`khy`shnm4 itqhchVb`shnm) `cudqr`qh`k
kdf`khrl) `mc qdronmrhud qdftk`shnm)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 484 340œ51,
Kduhs) I, J, 1..4, ——? anssnlœto òoqn`bg sn hmsdqm`shnm`k k`vl`jhmf4 sgd s`kd ne sgqdd sq`cd
Vm`mbd hmrsqtldmsr)‘‘ X`kd Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k K`v 2.4 014œ10.,
–– 1..7, ——Anssnlœto k`vl`jhmf sgqntfg ` oktq`khrs kdmr4 sgd HBB A`mjhmf Bnllhrrhnm
`mc sgd sq`mrm`shnm`k qdftk`shnm ne kdssdqr ne bqdchs)‘‘ Dlnqx K`v Intqm`k 464 0036œ114,
Khmcaknl) B, D, 0866, Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr2 Sgd Vnqkc‘r Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdlr, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb Annjr,
LZbZtkZx) R, 0852, ——Mnm¨bnmsq`bst`k qdk`shnmr hm atrhmdrr4 ` oqdkhlhm`qx rstcx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m
Rnbhnknfhb`k Qduhdv 174 0œ08,
–– 0875, ——Oqhu`sd fnudqmldms)‘‘ hm K, Khornm `mc R, Vgddkdq) dcr,) K`v `mc Rnbh`k Rbhdmbd,
Adudqkx Ghkkr) B`khe,4 Qtrrdkk R`fd Entmc`shnm) 334œ407,
–– 1..2, ——Sgd qd`k `mc sgd oòdq cd`k4 dlohqhb`k ohbstqdr ne qdk`shnmrghor) bnlokdwhsx `mc
sgd tqfd enq sq`mro`qdms rhlokd qtkdr)‘‘ Lncdqm K`v Qduhdv 554 33œ68,
LZbZtkdx) L, 0887, Rnbh`k Onvdq `mc Kdf`k Btkstqd2 Khshf`shnm L`rsdqr hm K`sd Hlodqh`k Bghm`,
Rs`menqc) B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZbmdhk) H, 1..0, Sgd Qdk`shnm`k Sgdnqx ne Bnmsq`bs2 Rdkdbsdc Vnqjr ne H`m L`bmdhk) dc, Cùhc
B`loadkk, Knmcnm4 Rvdds `mc L`wvdkk,
LZxdq) B, I, 088., ——Odqrnm`khyhmf sgd hlodqrnm`k4 bnqonq`shnmr `mc sgd Ahkk ne Qhfgsr)‘‘
G`rshmfr K`v Intqm`k 304 466œ557,
Ldxdq) I, V,) `mc QnvZm) A, 0866, ——Hmrshstshnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr4 enql`k rsqtbstqd `r lxsg `mc
bdqdlnmx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 72&1(4 23.œ52,
LhbgZdkr) Q,) `mc IZmrdm) M, 1..5, ——Oqhu`sd k`v adxnmc sgd rs`sd; Dtqnod`mhy`shnm) fkna¨
`khy`shnm) oqhu`shy`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Bnlo`q`shud K`v 434 732œ8.,
LhkfqZl) O,) Mnqsg) C, B,) `mc VdhmfZrs) A, Q, 088., ——Sgd qnkd ne hmrshstshnmr hm sgd qduhu`k
ne sq`cd4 sgd ldchdu`k k`v ldqbg`ms) oqhu`sd itcfdr) `mc sgd Bg`lo`fmd e`hqr)‘‘ Dbnmnlhbr
`mc Onkhshbr 04 0œ12,
Lmnnjhm) Q,) `mc JnqmgZtrdq) K, 0868, ——A`qf`hmhmf hm sgd rg`cnv ne sgd k`v4 sgd b`rd ne
chunqbd)‘‘ X`kd K`v Intqm`k 774 84.œ86,
Mdkjdm) C, 1..6, ——Btkstqd) kdf`k)‘‘ hm Dmbxbknodch` ne K`v `mc Rnbhdsx2 ?ldqhb`m `mc Fkna`k
Odqrodbshudr, Knr ?mfdkdr4 R`fd Otakhb`shnmr) h, 26.œ4,
Mdkrnm) Q,) `mc Mhdkrdm) K, A, 1..., ——Bnor) bntmrdk) `mc dmsqdoqdmdtqr4 bnmrsqtbshmf sgd
qnkd ne hmrhcd bntmrdk hm k`qfd bnqonq`shnmr)‘‘ K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 234 346œ83,
Mnkk) Q, F, 0860, Qdenqlhmf Qdftk`shnm2 ?m Du`kt`shnm ne sgd ?rg Bntmbhk Oqnonr`kr, V`rghmf¨
snm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstsd,
Oddqdmannl) Q, 1..3, ——U`qhdshdr ne qtkd ne k`v)‘‘ hm Q, Oddqdmannl) dc,) ?rh`m Chrbntqrdr ne
Qtkd ne K`v2 Sgdnqhdr `mc Hlokdldms`shnm ne K`v hm Svdkud ?rh`m Bntmsqhdr) Eq`mbd `mc sgd
TR, Knmcnm4 QntskdcfdBtqynm,
–– `mc Whm Gd, 1..7, ——Chrotsd qdrnktshnm hm Bghm`4 o`ssdqmr) b`trdr `mc oqnfmnrhr)‘‘ hm
Chrotsd Qdrnktshnm hm Bghm`, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Entmc`shnm enq K`v) Itrshbd `mc Rnbhdsx,
Onrmdq& Q, ?, 0863, ——Sgdnqhdr ne dbnmnlhb qdftk`shnm)‘‘ Adkk Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc
L`m`fdldms Rbhdmbd 44 224œ47,
Onssdq& O, A, 1..0, Sgd Bghmdrd Kdf`k Rxrsdl2 Fkna`khy`shnm `mc Knb`k Kdf`k Btkstqd, Knmcnm4
QntskdcfdBtqynm,
OqZjZrg& ?, 1..., Fqddmhmf sgd Ehql2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne Bnqonq`sd Dmuhqnmldms`khrl, B`laqhcfd4
kZv Zmc atrhmdrr 76
–– `mc Onsnrjh& L, 1..5, Sgd Unktms`qx Dmuhnqmldms`khrsr2 Fqddm Bktar) HRN 03 0) `mc
Unktms`qx Dmuhqnmldms`k Qdftk`shnmr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Pthqj) O, I, 0870, Hmctrsqx HmWtdmbd hm Edcdq`k Qdftk`snqx ?fdmbhdr, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
QZlrdxdq) L, 0877, ——Qdktbs`ms khshf`ms qduhrhsdc4 q`shnm`khsx `mc chrotsdr hm Iò`m)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Iò`mdrd Rstchdr 034 000œ12,
Qncqhj) C, 0886, G`r Fkna`khy`shnm Fnmd Snn E`q, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmrshstsd enq Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Dbnmnlhbr,
Qnrdm) Q, D, 0878, ——Sgd hmrhcd bntmrdk lnudldms) oqnedrrhnm`k itcfldms `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k
qdoqdrdms`shnm)‘‘ Hmch`m` K`v Intqm`k 534 368œ443,
Qtahm, D, K, 0882, Sghmjhmf khjd ` k`vxdq) `bshmf khjd ` knaaxhrs4 rnld mnsdr nm sgd oqnbdrr ne
qduhrhmf TBB ?qshbkdr 2 `mc 3)‘‘ Knxnk` ne Knr ?mfdkdr K`v Qduhdv 154 632œ77,
Qtdrbgdldxdq) C, 0885, ——K`vxdqr `mc sgdhq rnbhdsx)‘‘ hm Dtqnod`m Kdf`k Btkstqdr, AqnnjVdkc)
Us,4 C`qslntsg Otakhrghmf Bnlo`mx) 163œ7, Nqhfhm`kkx otakhrgdc hm K`vxdqr `mc sgdhq
Rnbhdsx2 ? Bnlo`q`shud Rstcx ne sgd Kdf`k Oqnedrrhnm hm Fdql`mx `mc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0862,
Rbgdhmfnkc) R, 0863, Sgd Onkhshbr ne Qhfgsr2 K`vxdqr) Otakhb Onkhbx) `mc Onkhshb`k Bg`mfd,
Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RbgknylZm) J,) `mc Shdqmdx) I, 0875, Nqf`mhydc Hmsdqdrsr `mc ?ldqhb`m Cdlnbq`bx,
Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq `mc Qnv,
RbgvZqsy) ?,) `mc Rbnss) Q, D, 0884, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne oqhu`sd kdfhrk`stqdr)‘‘
Tmhudqrhsx ne Odmmrxku`mh` K`v Qduhdv 0324 484œ543,
Rdkymhbj) O,) Mnmds) O,) `mc Unkkldq) G, 0858, K`v) Rnbhdsx) `mc Hmctrsqh`k Itrshbd, Mdv Xnqj4
Qtrrdkk R`fd Entmc`shnm,
RgZeedq) F, 1..., ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc rnbh`k oqnsdbshnm4 sgd hlo`bs ne enqdhfm `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k
qtkdr hm sgd q`sbgdshmf to ne TR oqhu`bx rs`mc`qcr)‘‘ X`kd Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k K`v 144 0œ77,
–– 1..2, Cdedmchmf Hmsdqdrs2 OtakhbÓqhu`sd O`qsmdqrghor hm VSN Khshf`shnm, V`rghmfsnm)
CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm Oqdrr,
–– RZmbgdy) L, Q,) `mc Qnrdmadqf) A, 1..7, ——Sgd sqh`kr ne vhmmhmf `s sgd VSN4 vg`s khdr
adghmc Aq`yhk‘r rtbbdrr)‘‘ Bnqmdkk Hmsdqm`shnm`k K`v Intqm`k 30&1(4 272œ4.0,
Rjqyxbjh) B, 1..2, Sgd Qdftk`snqr2 ?mnmxlntr Onvdq Aqnjdqr hm ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr, K`mg`l)
Lc,4 Qnvl`m % KhsskdVdkc Otakhrgdqr,
Rnmfdq) C, Q,) RgddgZm) Q, R,) `mc GZhqd) R, A, 0888, ——Cn sgd —gùdr‘ bnld nts `gd`c nudq
shld; ?ookxhmf F`k`msdq‘r eq`ldvnqj sn cdbhrhnmr ne sgd TR Bntqsr ne ?ood`kr) 0814œ0877)‘‘
K`v `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 224 700œ21,
Rsdogdmr) A,) `mc QZsmdq) L, 1..7, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Gtl`m Qhfgsr Khshf`shnm hm TR Bntqsr,
Anrsnm4 L`qshmtr Mhign9 Otakhrgdqr,
RshoZmnvhbg) S, I, 1..3, ——?CQ `mc sgd —U`mhrghmf Sqh`k‘4 sgd fqnvsg `mc hlo`bs ne —?ksdq¨
m`shud Chrotsd Qdrnktshnm)‘ ‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dlohqhb`k Kdf`k Rstchdr 04 732œ801,
Rsqxjdq) Q, 1..2, ——Lhmc sgd fò4 k`v) hmrshstshnm`k `m`kxrhr) `mc rnbhndbnmnlhbr)‘‘ Rnbhn¨
Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 04 224œ56,
SZxknq) U, K,) `mc Oqxkdr) L, 1..2, ——Sgd btkstqdr ne chrotsd qdrnktshnm hm ?rh`)‘‘ hm L, Oqxkdr)
dc,) Chrotsd Qdrnktshnm hm ?rh`) 1mc dcm, Sgd G`ftd4 Jktvdq) 0œ12,
SqZjlZm) K, D, 0872, Sgd K`v Ldqbg`ms2 Sgd Dunktshnm ne Bnlldqbh`k K`v, Khsskdsnm) Bnkn,4
Eqdc A, Qnsgl`m,
Sqtadj) C, L,) RZqZs) ?,) Edkrshmdq) V, K, E,) Jqhsydq) G, L,) `mc FqnrrlZm) I, A, 0872,
——Sgd bnrsr ne nqchm`qx khshf`shnm)‘‘ TBK? K`v Qduhdv 204 61œ016,
TogZl) E, J, 0876, K`v `mc Rnbh`k Bg`mfd hm Onrsv`q Iò`m, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Unfdk) C, 0872, ——Sgd onvdq ne atrhmdrr hm ?ldqhb`4 ` qd¨òoq`hr`k)‘‘ Aqhshrg Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd 024 08œ32,
–– 0884, Sq`chmf to2 Bnmrtldq `mc Dmuhqnmldms`k Qdftk`shnm hm ` Fkna`k Dbnmnlx,
Vhkrnm) F, J, 1..2, Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr2 ? Bnlo`q`shud Hmsqnctbshnm) 2qc dcm, Mdv Xnqj4
Bg`sg`l Gntrd Otakhrgdqr,
Vhkrnm) I, P, 087., Sgd Onkhshbr ne Qdftk`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb Annjr,
Xnnm) CZd¨Jxt) dc, 1..., Qdbdms Sq`mrenql`shnmr hm Jnqd`m K`v `mc Rnbhdsx, Rdntk4 Rdntk
M`shnm`k Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
bgZosdq 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ATRHMDRR RSTCHDR
S G D F KN A? K CX M? L H B R
N E A T R H M D R R ’ R S?S D
P D K ?S H N M R
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
inmZsgZm rsnqx
sgnlZr kZvsnm
Hmsqnctbshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Atrhmdrr odnokd hmbqd`rhmfkx `rj ——gnv b`m vd l`jd bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx hm rtbg `
unk`shkd vnqkc;‘‘ ?m `mrvdq sn sgd ptdrshnm qdpthqdr tr sn s`jd ` lnqd gnkhrshb
òoqn`bg sn bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx `mc bnlo`mx onkhbx sg`m vd bnmudmshnm`kkx cn
vgdm bnmrhcdqhmf sgd bg`kkdmfdr e`bhmf sno l`m`fdldms sd`lr, Bnmudmshnm`k rsq`s¨
dfx chuhcdr bnmudmhdmskx hmsn sgqdd o`qsr) khjd B`dr`q‘r cdrbqhoshnm ne F`tk4 ehqrs) sgd
cdudknoldms `mc cdoknxldms ne qdrntqbdr) bnlodsdmbdr) `mc bòàhkhshdr ne sgd ehql:
rdbnmc) cxm`lhbr `mc rghesr hm sgd ehql‘r l`qjds onrhshnmr b`trdc ax btrsnldqr `mc
bnlodshshnm `mc ax sgd fn`kr) onkhbhdr) `mc `bshnmr ne fnudqmldmsr: `mc sghqc) vg`s
ansg hmpthqhdr gnkc enq sgd ehql‘r etstqd, Vg`s hr fnhmf nm hmrhcd sgd bnqonq`shnm)
vhsghm hsr u`ktd bg`hm `mc hsr vhcdq atrhmdrr dbnrxrsdl `mc hm hsr dwhrshmf `mc
dldqfdms l`qjdsr) `qd bdqs`hmkx lìnq cqhudqr ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx, Ats bnqonq`sd
rsq`sdfhdr gùd sn ad dkànq`sdc) `mc noonqstmhshdr `mc qhrjr `rrdrrdc hm etkk qdbnf¨
mhshnm ne sgd cxm`lhbr `s vnqj hm ` vnqkc tmcdqfnhmf bnlokdw sq`mrenql`shnm, Hm
sghr bgòsdq) vd s`jd sgd onrhshnm sg`s rsq`sdfx `mc onkhbx ltrs ad rddm `r bnlokdldms`qx
8. inmZsgZm rsnqx sgnlZr kZvsnm
adb`trd sgdx oqnuhcd ` cheedqdms kdmr sn knnj nm sgd etstqd `r sgd gnkhrl sgqntfg
vghbg btqqdms qdrntqbdr hm sgd ehql `qd cdudknodc `mc `kknb`sdc, Hm ` rs`shb oqdrdm¨
s`shnm ne ntq sgdld–`mc vgdqd shld hr àrdms–vd l`x r`x sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqr
mddc sn cdudkno ` cddodq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd hrrtdr tmcdqohmmhmf vg`s vd b`kk sgd
onkhshbr) l`qjdsr) `mc atrhmdrr sqh`mfkd, Vd rs`qs vhsg shld `r sgd jdx u`qhàkd sn
bnmrhcdq) `mc rjdsbg ` rsxkhydc rtqudx ne gnv bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx sghmjhmf g`r dunkudc)
vhsg ` uhdv sn sd`rhmf nts sgd jdx sdmrhnmr sg`s atrhmdrrdr dmbntmsdq vgdm nodq`shmf
hm ` rdlh¨hmsdfq`sdc vnqkc l`qjds `mc onkhsx, Vd sgdm knnj bknrdq `s sgd qdk`shnm ne
bnqonq`sd onkhbhdr sn sgd chudqrhsx ne rs`sdr) chrbtrr sgd dunktshnm ne sgd fkna`k rs`sd
`mc l`qjds rxrsdl) `mc rodkk nts rnld ne sgd jdx bg`kkdmfdr e`bhmf bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr
l`jhmf rsq`sdfhdr `mc onkhbhdr sn ansg rgòd `mc tmcdqrs`mc sgd etstqd, Sghr rgntkc
bnmchshnm sgdhq `kknb`shnm ne btqqdms rb`qbd qdrntqbdr, Sgd jdx o`q`ldsdq ne qhrj enq
sno l`m`fdldms hr ax cdehmhshnm sgd dwhfdmbx ne cd`khmf vhsg ` etstqd ànts vghbg
khsskd hr jmnvm) ats vgdqd rnld sghmfr b`m ad kd`qms,
Sgd BnqonqXsd Enbtr

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Enq lnrs ne sgd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx) Ahf Atrhmdrr `mc Ahf Fnudqmldms qdhfmdc
rtoqdld, Lncdqm hmctrsqh`k nqf`mhy`shnm l`x ad c`sdc eqnl 0802) vgdm Gdmqx
Enqc hr r`hc sn gùd nardqudc gnv b`sskd dmsdqdc ` Bghb`fn rk`tfgsdqgntrd `s nmd
dmc `mc dwhsdc `r rsd`j btsr `s sgd nsgdq, ?kv`xr knnjhmf sn knvdq bnrsr ne oqnctbshnm)
gd g`c lnuhmf `rrdlakx adksr hmsqnctbdc hmsn ghr ok`msr &Enqc `mc Bqnvsgdq 0881(,
Eqdcdqhbj Vhmrknv Stqmdq g`c `kqd`cx ntskhmdc sgd Oqhmbhokdr ne Rbhdmshehb L`m`fd¨
ldms) vgdqdax s`rjr vdqd chuhcdc hmsn chrbqdsd enqlr `mc dwdbtsdc ax rodbh`khrsr) hm
stqm rtodquhrdc ax l`m`fdqr vgnrd ina v`r sn bnmsqnk `mc lnshu`sd, Lnshu`shnm v`r
dmrtqdc sgqntfg enqbd `mc ed`q hm sgd e`bsnqx) `mc bnmsqnk nudq sgd shdqr ne l`m`fdqr
qdpthqdc sn qtm sgd nqf`mhy`shnm v`r l`hms`hmdc sgqntfg bòhs`k atcfdshmf sdbg¨
mhptdr, ?r Rs`khm) ` fqd`s `clhqdq ne Enqc `mc Stqmdq nardqudc) `r gd oqdo`qdc sn stqm
Qtrrh` hmsn ` fh`ms e`bsnqx enq sq`bsnqr `mc s`mjr) ——Sgd bnlahm`shnm ne sgd Qtrrh`m
qdunktshnm`qx rvddo vhsg ?ldqhb`m deehbhdmbx hr sgd drrdmbd ne Kdmhmhrl‘‘ &Gtfgdr
1..3(,
Sgdqd vdqd entq dmctqhmf ed`stqdr ne sgdrd d`qkhdq dwodqhldmsr vhsg rbhdmshehb
l`m`fdldms, Sgd ehqrs) qdoqdrdmsdc hm sgd lhmc¨mtlahmf dwodqhdmbd ne `m hmctrsqh`k
vnqjdq‘r khed `r ` bnf hm ` gtfd l`bghmd–hllnqs`khydc hm Bg`qkhd Bgòkhm‘r Lncdqm
Shldr–v`r sn fdmdq`sd sgd gtl`m qdk`shnmr lnudldms vghbg) rhmbd sgd 081.r) g`r
`hldc sn hloqnud gtl`m r`shre`bshnm hm sgd vnqjok`bd &Aqtbd 1..5(, Sgd rdbnmc v`r
sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s `r rbhdmshehb l`m`fdldms ok`xdc `m dudq fqd`sdq o`qs hm rgòhmf
sgd enqstmdr ne bnqonq`shnmr) sgd l`m`fdqh`k etmbshnm b`ld sn nudqrg`cnv sg`s ne
nvmdqr `mc rg`qdgnkcdqr &Ad`qkd `mc Ld`mr 0821(, Sgd sghqc v`r sgd bnmsqhatshnm ne
sgd Enqc Lnsnq Bnlo`mx) `mc ne ——rbhdmshehb l`m`fdldms‘‘ sn `kkhdc uhbsnqx hm ansg
atrhmdrr rstchdr 80
vnqkc v`qr) dmbòrtk`sdc hm Oqdrhcdms Qnnrdudks‘r cdrbqhoshnm ne Cdsqnhs &Enqc‘r

gd`cpt`qsdqr( `r sgd ——`qrdm`k ne cdlnbq`bx,‘‘ Sgd entqsg v`r sgd roqd`c ne rbhdmshehb
oqhmbhokdr ne l`m`fdldms `bqnrr `bshuhshdr `mc vnqkcvhcd) sgdhq cdudknoldms hm sgd
083.r `mc 084.r hmsn nodq`shnmr qdrd`qbg) `mc sgdhq qdmdvdc r`khdmbd `r sgd vnqkc
dbnmnlx nodmdc to eqnl sgd k`sd 086.r nmv`qcr) `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd mnsnqhdsx ne sgd
——Snxns` Oqnctbshnm Rxrsdl,‘‘0
Mdv sdbgmnknfhdr hm sgd 081.r dmàkdc bnqonq`shnmr sn chudqrhex oqnctbshnm hmsn
mdv l`qjdsr ax khmjhmf dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd sn ` vhcdq rbnod ne oqnctbsr, Sgd
dlakdl`shb bnqonq`shnm sn dldqfd hm sghr cdb`cd) `mc sn nudqs`jd sgd Enqc Bnlo`mx
`r sgd vnqkc‘r k`qfdrs `tsnlnahkd bnqonq`shnm hm sdqlr ne xd`qkx tmhsr rnkc) v`r
Fdmdq`k Lnsnqr &FL(, Sghr onrhshnm v`r gdkc enq nudq rdudm cdb`cdr, ?keqdc O,
Rkn`m adb`ld Oqdrhcdms ne FL hm 0812) `mc v`r `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd cdudknoldms
ne snnkr sn l`m`fd ` ltkshöqnctbs bnlo`mx) bnlo`qdc sn Enqc‘r enbtr) `s sgd shld)
nm sgd bnlo`mx‘r tmhptd Lncdk¨S b`q, Svn snnkr `qd vnqsg ldmshnmhmf4 nmd v`r sgd
ehm`mbh`k ldsqhb ne qdstqm nm hmudrsldms) xhdkchmf ` ehftqd bnlo`qàkd `bqnrr oqnctbs
chuhrhnmr: sgd nsgdq v`r ` ltkshöqnctbs oqhbhmf rsq`sdfx sn jddo btrsnldqr knx`k `r
sgdhq hmbnldr qnrd, Ghr hmsdfq`shud bnmbdos enq fnnc l`m`fdldms v`r ——cdbdmsq`k¨
hr`shnm vhsg bn¨nqchm`sdc bnmsqnk‘‘ &Rkn`m 0854() vgdqd cdbdmsq`khy`shnm dmbntq`fdr
hmhsh`shud) qdronmrhahkhsx) `mc cdbhrhnmr a`rdc nm e`bsr) `mc bnnqchm`shnm oqnlnsdr
deehbhdmbhdr `mc dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd, Sgd l`m`fdldms oqnbdrr) sgntfg) cdodmcdc
gdùhkx nm bnnqchm`shnm ax bnllhssdd) `mc `krn nm sgd ù`hkàhkhsx ne bnmrtldq
ehm`mbd sn aqhmf sgd btrsnldq sn atx, ?r knmf `r a`mjr hm sgd 081.r `qq`mfdc enq kn`mr
sn btrsnldqr nm ghqdötqbg`rd) sgd l`rr bnmrtldq l`qjdsr dwodqhdmbdc tmoqdbdc¨
dmsdc fqnvsg,
Ats sgd bnkkòrd ne sgd lnmdx `mc bqdchs rxrsdl hm 0818) kdc rtardptdmskx sn
Qnnrdudks‘r Mdv Cd`k `mc sgd bknrdq `rrnbh`shnm ne Ahf Kànq vhsg Ahf Atrhmdrr, Ahf
Fnudqmldms b`ld hm sgd 083.r) vgdm sgd bòs`hmr ne TR hmctrsqx `mc ehm`mbd hm
deedbs snnj nudq sgd qtmmhmf ne sgd TR v`q deenqsr, Edcdq`k ntsk`xr qnrd eqnl `qntmc
0. odq bdms hm sgd 082.r) sn 31 odq bdms ne FCO ax 0834) `mc gùd qdl`hmdc `qntmc 1.
odq bdms ne FCO rhmbd, ?kkhdc uhbsnqx oùdc sgd v`x enq sgd roqd`c `qntmc sgd vnqkc
ne sgd TR dwodqhdmbd hm sdbgmnknfx `mc rbhdmbd onkhbx &Rlhsg 088.( `mc sgd dwonqs ne
TR atrhmdrr oq`bshbd `mc dwodqhdmbd sn Dtqnod &Ai`qm`q `mc Jhoohmf 0887() Iò`m)
`mc adxnmc &L`hdq 0867(, TR ntsv`qc hmudrsldms dwo`mcdc `r vnqkc l`qjdsr rknvkx
nodmdc to `f`hm) fdmdq`shmf `m dwsdmrhud khsdq`stqd nm sgd deedbs ne bnmsqnk nudq
oqnctbshnm ax hmsdqm`shnm`kkx hmudrsdc bnqonq`shnmr &ltksh¨ nq sq`mr¨m`shnm`kr( nm
rs`sdr‘ chudrsldms ne sgdhq rnudqdhfm onvdqr &Jhmckdadqfdq 0858: Udqmnm 0860: A`qmds
`mc Ltkkdq 0863(, Ats sgd udqx cheedqdms qd`bshnmr ne rs`sdr hm sgd fkna`k rxrsdl sn sgd
nhk bqhrdr ne sgd 086.r qdud`kdc sgd odbtkh`qhshdr ne sgdhq cnldrshb rsqtbstqdr) `mc sgdhq
bnmshmthmf `tsnmnlx sn qdronmc sn l`qjdsr `mc sn sgdhq rs`str `r gnld nq gnrs
bntmsqhdr enq ltkshm`shnm`kr &J`sydmrsdhm 0867(, Q`sgdq) rs`sdr `mc bnqonq`shnmr b`ld
sn ad rddm `r dmldrgdc hm ` vda ne onkhshb`k `mc l`qjds hmsdqcdodmcdmbd, Sgd
bnmchshnmr enq sghr bnlokdw hmsdqcdodmcdmbd `qd oqnuhcdc vhsg sgd dwhrsdmbd ne
ltkshokd bg`mmdkr enq dwbg`mfdr adsvddm rnbhdshdr, Sghr hr bnlokdldmsdc ax dwsdm¨
rhud bnmrtks`shud mdsvnqjr) vghbg `qd hmchb`shud ne sgd nudqkò adsvddm cnldrshb `mc
81 inmZsgZm rsnqx sgnlZr kZvsnm
enqdhfm onkhbx, Sghr nudqkò hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne qdk`shnmr adsvddm cdudknodc hmctrsqh`k

bntmsqhdr &Jdng`md `mc Mxd 0866(, Rs`sdr) hm sghr uhdv) qdl`hm sgd bdmsq`k ohkk`qr ne
sgd fkna`k rxrsdl, Sghr v`r anqmd nts ctqhmf sgd fkna`k bqdchs bqtmbg ne 1..7) vgdm
fnudqmldmsr `qntmc sgd vnqkc rsdoodc hm sn ankrsdq atrhmdrr `mc oqdudms sgd
bnkkòrd ne ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr,
Eqnl ` bnqonq`sd odqrodbshud) sgd l`m`fdqh`k hrrtdr rddldc lnqd odqshmdms,
Qtmmhmf k`qfd nqf`mhy`shnmr qdpthqdc rdmhnq l`m`fdldms sn dkànq`sd aqn`c rsq`s¨
dfhdr sn fthcd onkhbx nudq sgd knmfdq sdql) `mc sn `còs sgd nqf`mhy`shnm sn bg`mfhmf
bnmchshnmr `mc mdv noonqstmhshdr, Sgd sxohb`k TR bnqonq`shnm g`c hmhsh`kkx cdudk¨
nodc `knmf etmbshnm`k khmdr) ats sghr bqd`sdc lìnq oqnakdlr ne bnnqchm`shnm
adsvddm sgd otqbg`rhmf) oqnctbshnm) ehm`mbd) nq l`qjdshmf cdo`qsldmsr `r sgd
mtladq ne oqnctbsr rnkc ltkshokhdc, Rnld cdbhcdc) khjd FL) sn bdmsq`khyd `tsgnqhsx)
qhrjhmf ——`m`kxrhr o`q`kxrhr‘‘ `lnmf ` rdmhnq l`m`fdldms e`q qdlnudc eqnl sgd
gtlakdq ats uhs`k s`rjr ne oqnctbshnm `mc r`kdr) vghkd nsgdqr) khjd 2L) l`m`fdc sn
cdkdf`sd `tsgnqhsx `mc hmhsh`shud cnvm sgd nqf`mhy`shnm`k ghdq`qbgx, Sn e`bhkhs`sd
`rrdrrldms ne sgd oqnehsàhkhsx ne nodq`shnmr) sgd sqdmc rds hm sn rokhs sgd nqf`mhy`shnm
hmsn oqnctbs chuhrhnmr) vhsg sgdhq nvm etmbshnm`k rta¨tmhsr, ?m hmsdqm`shnm`k chu¨
hrhnm v`r `ccdc sn sghr `r l`qjdsr cdudknodc àqn`c,
Ingm Rsnoenqc `mc Knthr Vdkkr &0861( qdbnqcdc sgd oqnakdlr hmgdqdms hm rtbg `m
`qq`mfdldms, Sgd trt`k hmsdqm`shnm`k chuhrhnm gdkc ` l`mc`sd sn qtm atrhmdrr vhsghm
` fdnfqòghb `qd`) `mc bnlodsdc enq gnld `ssdmshnm vhsg sgd enqdhfm cdrjr ne
oqnctbs chuhrhnmr, Sghr kdc sn dmckdrr atqd`tbq`shb deenqsr sn ——bnnqchm`sd‘‘ `bshuhshdr)
oqnloshmf bnqonq`shnmr sn s`jd nmd ne svn noshnmr, Sgnrd ehqlr vgn rnkc edv
oqnctbsr `mc vdqd rshkk nqf`mhydc `knmf etmbshnm`k khmdr sdmcdc sn nos enq vnqkcvhcd
`mc qdfhnm`k `qd` rsqtbstqdr, Qdfhnm`k rsqtbstqdr ctokhb`sdc sgd etmbshnmr a`bj
gnld) `mc sn ` cdfqdd vdqd àkd sn qdronmc sn knb`k bnmchshnmr, Ltkshöqnctbs
ehqlr snnj sgd nsgdq s`bj) `mc sdmcdc sn dwo`mc sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ne sgdhq oqnctbs
chuhrhnmr vnqkcvhcd, Sgdhq rsqdmfsgr ok`xdc sn sgd cdl`mc ax bnmrtldqr enq pt`khsx
`mc oqhbd bnlodshshudmdrr, L`qqxhmf knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr vhsg oqhbd bnlodshshudmdrr
bntkc ad `bghdudc ax gùhmf knb`k l`m`fdqr qdonqs sn svn bghder hm ` l`sqhw
nqf`mhy`shnm) qtm nm inhms qdfhnm`k `mc oqnctbs khmdr,
Sg`s v`r hm 0861, Sgdm b`ld sgd nhk rgnbj) `mc sgd vghqkvhmc ne Iò`mdrd
bnlodshshnm `bqnrr ` rv`sgd ne hmctrsqhdr) mnsàkx `tsnlnahkdr `mc bnmrtldq
dkdbsqnmhbr, Oqdrhcdms Mhwnm‘r uhrhs sn Bghm`) `mc sgdm V`rghmfsnm‘r oqdrrtqd nm
TR nhk ltkshm`shnm`kr sn gddc TR hmsdqdrsr ànud sgdhq bnlldqbh`k hmrshmbsr) cdkhu¨
dqdc Iò`m‘r onkhshb`k `mc atrhmdrr dkhsdr ` cntakd rgnbj, Sgd hloqdrrhud qdronmrd v`r
sn shfgsdm to nm bnmrtloshnm) `mc sn l`jd ` bnmbdqsdc cqhud enq deehbhdmbx hm Iò`m‘r
lìnq dwonqs hmctrsqhdr, Qdrd`qbg g`r rgnvm sg`s Iò`m‘r bnqonq`shnmr vdqd sgd ehqrs
sn qdudqrd sgd fdmdq`k sqdmc `lnmf cdudknodc bntmsqx bnqonq`shnmr sn `m dudq rknvdq
stqmnudq hm rsnbjr &Rbgnmatqfdq 0887() `mc sn s`jd sgd kd`c hm ——kd`m oqnctbshnm,‘‘ Sgd
ldsgnc–`m dkànq`shnm ne rbhdmshehb l`m`fdldms–v`r l`cd e`lntr hm sgd adrs
rdkkhmf annj) Sgd L`bghmd sg`s Bg`mfdc sgd Vnqkc &Vnl`bj) Inmdr) `mc Qnnr 088.()
vghbg qdbnqcdc gnv Snxns` kd`qms sn bnlahmd TR kdrrnmr nm l`rr oqnctbshnm vhsg `
rjhkkdc vnqjenqbd) vgn vdqd fhudm qdronmrhahkhsx enq pt`khsx bnmsqnk sgqntfgnts sgd
atrhmdrr rstchdr 82
l`mte`bstqhmf oqnbdrr, Iò`mdrd bnqonq`shnmr qncd sn uhbsnqx hm l`qjds èsdq l`qjds

hm sgd bntqrd ne sgd 086.r `mc 087.r) `r Vdrsdqm bnqonq`shnmr l`cd cdrodq`sd deenqsr
sn bg`rd cnvm sgdhq bnrs `mc dwodqhdmbd btqudr, Hm 1..6) hs adb`ld sgd vnqkc‘r k`qfdrs
`tsnlnahkd l`mte`bstqdq,
Sgd bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx eq`sdqmhsx) gd`cpt`qsdqdc `s sg`s shld hm G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr
Rbgnnk) snnj nm sgd bg`kkdmfd ax oktmfhmf hmsn sgd rstcx ne `kk sghmfr Iò`mdrd, Svn
aqn`c rbgnnkr ne sghmjhmf dldqfdc nudq shld) nmd adhmf bg`lohnmdc ax G`qu`qc‘r
Lhbg`dk Onqsdq) `mc ghr rstchdr nm bnqonq`sd `mc m`shnm`k bnlodshshudmdrr
&Onqsdq 087.) 088.(, Onqsdq hcdmshehdr sgd m`shnm`k bnmchshnmr qdpthqdc sn oqnlnsd
bnlodshshudmdrr–` bnlodshshud bnmsdws enq ehqlr) cdl`mc bnmchshnmr) qdk`sdc `mc
rtoonqshmf hmctrsqhdr) bqd`sdc e`bsnqr ne oqnctbshnm rtbg `r rjhkkdc kànq) `mc `
fnudqmldms vghbg oqnlnsdr bnlodshshnm `mc dwbdkkdmbd, Gd sgdm dw`lhmdr gnv
——bktrsdqr‘‘ ne ehqlr hm cheedqdms bntmsqhdr b`m bqd`sd dmctqhmf bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fdr
nm vnqkc l`qjdsr, Enq sgd `m`kxrhr ne ehqlr‘ rsq`sdfhdr `mc odqenql`mbd) gd hmsqn¨
ctbdc mdnbk`rrhb`k lhbqndbnmnlhbr `mc hmctrsqh`k nqf`mhy`shnm sgdnqx, Hm drrdmbd)
gd oqdrdmsr ehqlr `r bnlodshmf `lnmf d`bg nsgdq sn l`jd oqnehsr ax rdkkhmf oqnctbsr
sg`s bnmrtldqr u`ktd `s sgd fnhmf oqhbd,
Gd sgdqdax oqnonrdr sgqdd aqn`c b`sdfnqhdr ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx, Sgd ehqrs hr sg`s
ne bnrs kd`cdqrgho) vgdqd sgd bnqonq`shnm rtookhdr oqnctbsr `mc rdquhbdr sn sgd
l`qjds sg`s `qd l`cd `s sgd knvdrs bnrs) ats `krn sgd lnrs `ssq`bshud pt`khsx `mc
oqhbd, Sghr hr `m toc`sd ne Gdmqx Enqc‘r hmrhfgs, Knvdq bnrsr l`x ad `bghdudc ax
dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd) vghbg qdedqr sn qdctbhmf sgd bnrs ne d`bg tmhs sgqntfg unktld
oqnctbshnm, Sgd lnqd dwodqhdmbd ehqlr gùd hm l`jhmf nq cdkhudqhmf ` oqnctbs nq
rdquhbd) sgd bgdòdq sgdx kd`qm sn cn hs &G`kk `mc Gnvdkk 0874(, ?m dw`lokd hr `
kd`chmf knv e`qd `hqkhmd khjd Qx`m`hq nq Rntsgvdrs ?hqkhmdr, Sgd rdbnmc b`sdfnqx ne
rsq`sdfx dlog`rhydr oqnctbs cheedqdmsh`shnm sgqntfg rtodqhnq cdrhfm) pt`khsx) nq
etmbshnm`khsx, Sghr hr Rkn`m‘r rsq`sdfx toc`sdc enq lncdqm bnmrtloshnm, Sgd hlokh¨
b`shnm hr sg`s sgd bnqonq`shnm hmudrsr hm hsr dloknxddr) sgdhq hcd`r) `mc sgd jmnvkdcfd
sg`s sgdx `bbtltk`sd) `mc sg`s ehqlr odql`mdmskx rd`qbg enq v`xr sn bts bnrsr vghkd
oqdrdquhmf jmnv¨gnv hm sgd nqf`mhy`shnm, Sghmj ne ` oqnctbs khjd ?ookd‘r hOnc `mc
xnt b`m rdd gnv rtbbdrretk sghr òoqn`bg b`m ad, Sgd sghqc rsq`sdfx hr enbtr)
tmcdqrsnnc `r ` mhbgd rsq`sdfx) vgdqdax ` ehql enbtrdr nm nmd nq svn l`qjds
rdfldmsr) `mc aqhmfr rb`qbd qdrntqbdr sn ad`q sn ldds rodbhehb mddcr, Rthsàkd enq
rl`kkdq ehqlr) sgd rtffdrshnm hr sg`s ehql‘r naidbshudr `qd lds ax deedbshudmdrr) q`sgdq
sg`m ax deehbhdmbx, Sgd ehql hr rdmrhshud sn sgd o`qshbtk`q l`qjds‘r qdpthqdldmsr, ?mx
fnnc knb`k oqnuhcdq xnt b`m sghmj ne) eqnl ` e`lhkx¨nvmdc qdrs`tq`ms sn xntq
eùnqhsd g`hq rsxkhrs dloknxr sghr sxod ne rsq`sdfx,
Sgd rdbnmc rbgnnk ne rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms sghmjhmf snnj ` lnqd onkhshb`k uhdv ne
sgd bnqonq`shnm, Bnqonq`shnmr vdqd `m`kxydc `r rnbh`k bnmrsqtbsr) qnnsdc hm sgdhq
gnld `mc gnrs bntmsqx bnmsdwsr) vhsg sgdhq nvm rntqbdr ne kdfhshl`bx `mc sgdhq nvm
ld`rtqdr ne odqenql`mbd, Sgd chrshmbs snmd ne sghr òoqn`bg hr duhcdms hm sgd
cdehmhshnm ne Xudr Cny `mc B, J, Oq`g`k`c) vgdm sgdx rod`j ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx
`r ——sgd cnlhm`ms vnqkc uhdv‘‘ `lnmf rdmhnq l`m`fdqr nm sgd m`stqd ne bnlodshshnm)
sgd jdx rtbbdrr e`bsnqr hm rtrs`hmhmf ` bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd) sgd sxod ne qhrj
hmbtqqdc) `mc sgd qdrntqbd a`rd nm vghbg sgdx cq`v &Oq`k`g`c `mc Cny 0876(, Sghr
òoqn`bg hm stqm ro`vmdc vg`s b`ld sn ad jmnvm `r sgd qdrntqbdä`rdc uhdv ne sgd
ehql) a`rdc nm `m d`qkhdq rstcx ax Dchsg Odmqnrd &0884() `mc dlog`rhyhmf sgd hmsdqm`k
kd`qmhmf oqnbdrr ne ehqlr `r oqnuhchmf sgd rsqtbstqd vhsghm vghbg jmnvkdcfd hr
`bbtltk`sdc `mc cdoknxdc, Sghr cheedqdc eqnl sgd dlog`rhr ne Onqsdq `mc nsgdqr
nm `cu`ms`fd cdqhudc eqnl dwsdqm`k qdronmrhudmdrr `mc onrhshnmhmf,
Sgd svn cnlhm`ms rbgnnkr ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx sghmjhmf gùd addm àkd sn ldds
nm ` rhfmhehb`ms bnllnm sdqq`hm, ?r Oq`g`k`c `mc Cny ots hs) l`m`fdqr ltrs ad àkd
sn ——qdbnfmhrd sgd a`k`mbd ne sgd enqbdr ne fkna`k hmsdfq`shnm `mc knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr
sn vghbg ` atrhmdrr hr rtaidbs‘‘ &Oq`k`g`c `mc Cny 08764 2.(, Sgd oqdrdms eqnl vghbg
rdmhnq l`m`fdqr rs`qs sn bnmrhcdq sgdhq bnlodshshud onrhshnm hr sgd qdrtks ne sgd
hmgdqhs`mbd eqnl o`rs onkhbhdr) rsqtbstqdr) `mc odqenql`mbdr, Rdmhnq l`m`fdqr
ltrs tmcdqrs`mc sgd ghrsnqx vghbg l`jdr sgdhq bnqonq`shnmr `r sgdx `qd) hm nqcdq
sn `mshbho`sd vgdqd sgdx l`x kd`c sgdl,
Sgd DtqnodZm cdbdmsqZkhydc edcdqZshnm

Dtqnod`m bnqonq`shnmr) rtbg `r Oghkhor) Tmhkdudq) nq Mdrskd- lnudc àqn`c hm sgd
d`qkx cdb`cdr ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) nqf`mhyhmf hm vnqkcvhcd `qd` rsqtbstqdr, Knb`k
rtarhch`qhdr adb`ld ghfgkx hmcdodmcdms ne sgd o`qdms bnlo`mx, Rb`kd dbnmnlhdr enq
sgd bnqonq`shnm `r ` vgnkd vdqd r`bqhehbdc hm eùnq ne rdquhbhmf knb`k s`rsdr) `mc
drsàkhrghmf rntmc vnqjhmf qdk`shnmrghor vhsg knb`k fnudqmldmsr, Sgdqd v`r rnld
rg`qhmf adsvddm sgd o`qdms bnlo`mx `mc hsr tmhsr hm sdqlr ne eknvr ne hmenql`shnm
ànts qdrd`qbg `mc cdudknoldms) òonhmsldmsr sn rdmhnq onrhshnmr) `mc sgd sq`mredq
ne bòhs`k `mc chuhcdmcr, Bnnqchm`shnm ldbg`mhrlr adsvddm o`qdms `mc tmhs snnj sgd
enql ne atqd`tbq`shb `mc atcfds`qx ldbg`mhrlr ne bnmsqnk, Bnms`bsr adsvddm sgd
tmhsr vdqd khlhsdc, Rtbg ` rsqtbstqd v`r dlhmdmskx rthsdc sn Dtqnod‘r eq`fldms`shnm
hm chrbqdsd m`shnm`k l`qjdsr vdkk hm sn sgd 087.r) ats oqnudc ghfgkx utkmdqàkd sn bnrs
oqdrrtqdr `r l`qjdsr nodmdc `mc bnlodshshnm rg`qodmdc,
Sgd TR bnnqchmZsdc edcdqZkhrs

Sgd onrs¨v`q xd`qr vdqd sgd dq` ne TR cnlhm`mbd) vgdm FL) Enqc) HAL) Bnb`¨Bnk`)
B`sdqohkk`q) `mc Oqnbsnq % F`lakd adb`ld gntrdgnkc m`ldr, TR bnqonq`shnmr
nodq`sdc àqn`c sgqntfg qdk`shudkx `tsnmnlntr rtarhch`qhdr, Sgdhq jdx `rrds v`r
sgd rhyd `mc notkdmbd ne sgdhq gnld l`qjds, Nudqrd`r rtarhch`qhdr dwoknhsdc oqnctbsr
ehqrs cdudknodc sgdqd, Sgdx vdqd mns btrsnlhydc sn knb`k s`rsdr) ats bnlodsdc nm
pt`khsx `s bnlodshshud oqhbdr, Rdmhnq l`m`fdldms jdos qdrd`qbg `mc cdudknoldms
e`bhkhshdr hm sgd TR) `mc l`m`fdc sgd sq`mredq ne rjhkkr `mc sdbgmnknfhdr sgqntfg sgd khed
bxbkd ne sgd oqnctbs, Ats sgdqd vdqd rdqhntr cdehbhdmbhdr hm sghr ldsgnc, Gd`cpt`qsdqr
bnmsqnkkdc sgd l`hm qdrntqbdr) `mc kdes nodq`shnmr sn sgd knb`kr, Knb`kr lds fk`rr
bdhkhmfr enq oqnlnshnm sn rdmhnq onrhshnmr, Atcfds`qx `mc atqd`tbq`shb bnmsqnkr
atrhmdrr rstchdr 84
eqnl sgd bdmsdq rteedqdc eqnl tov`qc bqddo) `r chc cdl`mcr eqnl knb`k fnudqmldmsr,
TR bnqonq`shnmr `krn oqnudc ghfgkx utkmdqàkd sn rtodq¨bnlodshsnqr eqnl Iò`m,
IZoZmdrd fknaZk rsqZsdfhrsr

Hm sgd 086.r `mc 087.r) sgd Iò`mdrd bnlodshshud nmrk`tfgs nbbtqqdc, Sgd rsq`sdfhb
hmsdms ne bnqonq`shnmr) rtbg `r Snxns`) MDB) nq L`srtrghs`) v`r sn `bghdud fkna`k
cnlhm`mbd hm sgdhq qdrodbshud l`qjdsr hm nqcdq sn etmc sgd rvhsbg eqnl bnlodshshnm
nm sgd a`rhr ne knv kànq bnrsr snv`qcr ghfg¨sdbg) kd`m l`mte`bstqhmf rxrsdlr, Rtbg
bnqonq`shnmr sqd`sdc sgd vnqkc `r nmd l`qjds, Jmnvkdcfd v`r cdudknodc `mc qds`hmdc
bdmsq`kkx, Sgdhq ok`msr vdqd rb`kdc sn oqnctbd l`rr rs`mc`qchydc oqnctbsr) vghbg vdqd
rnkc vhsg `ffqdrrhud oqhbd rsq`sdfhdr, Hmsdfq`shnm adsvddm sgd bdmsq`k oqnctbs chuhrhnm
`mc d`bg rtarhch`qx v`r `bghdudc sgqntfg snoœcnvm rsq`sdfhb ok`mr `mc bnmsqnkr) sgd
enrsdqhmf ne ` rsqnmf bnqonq`sd hcdmshsx) `mc sgqntfg rnbh`khy`shnm ne odqrnmmdk,
Rtarhch`qhdr vdqd bnmbdmsq`sdc hm ` edv knb`shnmr, Ats rtbg ——fkna`k rsq`sdfhrsr‘‘ vdqd
utkmdqàkd sn sq`cd qds`kh`shnm) bnmrtldq qd`bshnmr sn rs`mc`qchydc oqnctbsr) `mc sn
fk`rr bdhkhmfr enq oqnlnshnmr ne knb`kr sg`s vdqd rds udqx knv hm sgd nqf`mhy`shnm,
Sgd sqZmrmZshnmZk bnqonqZsd bhshydm

? sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm) A`qskdss `mc Fgnrg`k &0878( l`hms`hm) g`r sn `bghdud `kk
sgqdd uhqstdr ne knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr) deehbhdmbx) `mc jmnvkdcfd l`m`fdldms rhltks`m¨
dntrkx, Hsr jdx ed`stqd hr sg`s hs etmbshnmr `r `m hmsdfq`sdc mdsvnqj, Knb`k tmhsr oqnuhcd `
rntqbd ne rjhkkr) hcd`r) `mc bòàhkhshdr) `mc `ss`hm fkna`k rb`kd ax adbnlhmf sgd bnqonq¨
`shnm‘r knb`k bg`lohnm enq ` oqnctbs nq rdquhbd rnkc vnqkcvhcd, Hs `cnosr ekdwhakd
l`mte`bstqhmf sdbgmhptdr `mc s`jdr noshltl bgnhbdr vhsg qdf`qc sn oqhbhmf) rntqbhmf
ne hmotsr) `mc oqnctbs cdrhfm, Sghr hlokhdr ` udqx cheedqdms qnkd enq gd`cpt`qsdqr) `r `kk
tmhsr ltrs cdudkno ldbg`mhrlr enq hmsdfq`shnm `mc bnnqchm`shnm `lnmf sgdlrdkudr,
Sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr rod`j Dmfkhrg `r ` bnllnm k`mft`fd) cdudkno hmbktrhud
l`m`fdldms mdsvnqjr) `bpthqd ` bnqonq`sd¨vhcd fkna`k rb`mmhmf bòàhkhsx) `mc oqn¨
lnsd ` bnllnm btkstqd sgqntfg hmbdmshudr) bnqonq`sd uhrhnmr) `mc kd`cdqrgho rdkdbshnm,
Hm rgnqs) sgdx adbnld ` kd`qmhmf nqf`mhy`shnm hm ` odql`mdms oqnbdrr ne qdmdv`k
&Fgnrg`k `mc A`qskdss 0886(, Vd rg`kk qdstqm sn sghr hm ntq k`rs rdbshnm,
RsXsdr Xmc BnqonqXsd Pdronmrhudmdrr

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Hm sghr rdbshnm) vd enbtr nm sgd bnqonq`sdœrs`sd onkhbx mdwtr, Cdrohsd rnld `cu`mbdr
&A`qnm 0885) 0886) 0888: Rgèedq `mc Ghkkl`m 1...: Od`qbd 1..0() sgd bnqonq`sd
dmuhqnmldms qdl`hmr qdk`shudkx tmbg`qsdc sdqqhsnqx enq ansg rbgnk`qr `mc oq`bshshnmdqr
ne rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms, Hm o`qshbtk`q) ——sgd rs`sd)‘‘ ` rtards ne sgd mnm¨l`qjds

bnmsdws) hr ` k`qfdkx tmdwok`hmdc `mc hmcdsdqlhm`sd u`qhàkd vhsghm bnlo`mhdr‘
rsq`sdfhb cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf oqnbdrrdr, ?ksgntfg bnmrhcdqàkd qdrd`qbg dwhrsr nm
rs`sdätrhmdrr qdk`shnmr &Anccdvxm 0877) 0882) 0884: Qhmf) Kdmv`x `mc Fnudj`q
088.: Kdmv`x `mc Qdgadhm 0880: Aqdvdq 0881: Anccdvxm `mc Aqdvdq 0883: A`qnm
0884: Byhmjns` `mc Qnmj`hmdm 0886: Qtfl`m `mc Udqadjd 0887( `mc lnqd rodbhehb¨
`kkx) nm sgd hmektdmbd ne ehqlr nm otakhb onkhbx enqltk`shnm &Qhbg`qcrnm `mc Inqc`m
0868: Rsqddbj `mc Rbglhssdq 0873: L`ydx `mc Qhbg`qcrnm 0882: Fqddm¨Bnvkdr 0884:
Bndm 0886) 0887: K`vsnm 0886: A`qnm 0888() kdrr vnqj g`r addm cnmd nm gnv sno
l`m`fdldms sd`lr e`bsnq sgd dwsdqm`k onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms hmsn sgdhq rsq`sdfhb
cdbhrhnmr `mc `bshnmr &G`laqhbj 0870(,
Sgd onhms ne cdo`qstqd enq onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr hr rs`sdr) vhsg sgdhq chrshmbs odnokdr)
otakhb onkhbhdr) udqx chudqfdms bòàhkhshdr) `mc sgdhq qdk`shnmr vhsg nsgdq ldladqr ne
sgd rnbhdsx ne rs`sdr,1 Kd`qmhmf ànts sgdl bnmrshstsdr ` bdmsq`k bnlonmdms ne sgd
àhkhsx ne bnqonq`shnmr sn `bs tonm vg`s hr gòodmhmf vhsghm sgdrd sdqqhsnqhdr) `mc
gnv sgdx `qd èedbsdc ax sgd enqbdr ne fkna`k hmsdfq`shnm–sgd fkna`k deehbhdmbx `mc
knb`k chudqrhsx vghbg Cny) Oq`g`k`c) `mc nsgdqr gùd vqhssdm ànts hm sgd l`m`fd¨
ldms khsdq`stqd, Hm btqqdms tr`fd) ——onkhshbr‘‘ hr vg`s gòodmr `mc hr s`kjdc ànts
vhsghm rs`sdr ànts otakhb onkhbx) `mc vg`s sgd otakhb qd`kl rgntkc nq rgntkc mns
dmbnlo`rr, ? kdrr rs`sd¨bdmsqhb uhdv ne onkhshbr vntkc rsqdrr sg`s hs hr mns itrs vg`s
onkhshbh`mr cn) ats dlaq`bdr `kk tmcdqs`jhmfr vgdqd sgd vhkkr ne svn nq lnqd odnokd
`qd g`qmdrrdc sn ` o`qshbtk`q s`rj &Intudmdk 0846(, Sghr aqn`cdq cdehmhshnm `kknvr enq
onkhshbr `r tahpthsntr `bqnrr nqf`mhy`shnmr) ats `krn `kknvr tr sn rodbhex lnqd bknrdkx
sgd qdk`shnmr ne ehqlr sn rs`sdr,
Bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr gùd sn ad hlokdldmsdc hm sgd bnmsdws ne l`qjdsr vghbg `qd
eq`fldmsdc adsvddm rs`sdr, Bkd`qkx) bnqonq`shnmr oqdedq sn nodq`sd vhsghm sgd bnmsdws
ne l`qjds¨rtoonqshmf hmrshstshnmr) vghbg dmrtqd sg`s oqnodqsx qhfgsr `mc sgd qtkd ne
k`v `qd qdrodbsdc) odnokd b`m ad sqtrsdc sn khud to sn sgdhq oqnlhrdr) dwsdqm`khshdr `qd
gdkc hm bgdbj) bnlodshshnm hr enrsdqdc) `mc hmenql`shnm eknvr rlnnsgkx, Hm onkhbx
sdqlr) vd knnj `s hmrshstshnm`k `qq`mfdldmsr vhsghm ` rs`sd sg`s `qd chqdbskx hmunkudc
hm l`qjdsr4 sgdrd hmbktcd sgd ehm`mbh`k rxrsdl `mc hsr qdftk`shnm: sgd kànq l`qjds
hmrshstshnmr `mc sgdhq qdftk`shnm &sq`cd tmhnmr) chrotsd rdsskdldms ldbg`mhrlr)
sq`hmhmf) dctb`shnm(: oqnctbs l`qjdsr &rs`mc`qcr rdsshmf) mnqlr(: sgd bnqonq`sd
rdbsnq &nvmdqrgho sxodr) sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr: u`ktd.rtookx bg`hm qdk`shnmrghor(: sgd
atrhmdrr btkstqd ne sgd bntmsqx &sgd kdf`k rxrsdl: `sshstcdr snv`qcr atrhmdrr) `r
dwoqdrrdc) enq hmrs`mbd) sgqntfg sgd s`w rxrsdl: `sshstcdr snv`qcr dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho
`mc vd`ksg bqd`shnm(, Sgdqd hr ` gtfd khsdq`stqd nm sghr, Sghr khsdq`stqd rs`sdr sg`s
bòhs`khrlr `qd dladccdc hm btkstqdr `mc rs`sdr) `mc sg`s sgdx cheedq,
?r ` rsdo snv`qcr oqdrdmshmf sgd bnlokdw khmj`fdr adsvddm fkna`k cxm`lhbr `mc
bntmsqx¨kdudk e`bsnqr) vd stqm gdqd sn sgd mnshnm ne ` m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdl) vghbg
vd rhlokx cdehmd `r gnkchmf sgqdd jdx) qdk`sdc bnlonmdmsr &Vghskdx 0888(, Ehqrs bnld
sgd rs`sd hmrshstshnmr cd`khmf vhsg ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr rsqtbstqdr `mc kànq l`qjds
qdftk`shnmr, Lnrs dldqfhmf l`qjds bntmsqhdr gùd a`mjä`rdc ehm`mbh`k rxrsdlr)
vghkd sgdhq ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr gùd sq`chshnm`kkx addm trdc sn `kknb`sd ehm`mbh`k
atrhmdrr rstchdr 86
qdrntqbdr `tsgnqhs`shudkx enq trd ax rs`sd bnqonq`shnmr &Eq`mbd( nq oqhu`sd bg`dankr

&Jnqd`(, Kànq l`qjds qdftk`shnmr `qd sgd oqnctbs ne m`shnm`k rnbh`k bnmsq`bsr) sgd
cds`hkr ne vghbg b`m l`jd `kk sgd cheedqdmbd `r sn vgdsgdq `m hmudrsldms fndr `gd`c
nq mns, Sgd rdbnmc bnlonmdms ne ` atrhmdrr rxrsdl qdk`sdr sn sgd bnnqchm`shnm ne
dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr adsvddm rs`jdgnkcdqr, Sghr xhdkcr ` rodbsqtl ne sxodr eqnl knnrd
bnnqchm`shnm `lnmf ehqlr) `r hm sgd TJ) sgqntfg ghfgkx ghdq`qbghb`k `mc `tsgnqhs`¨
shud rsqtbstqdr ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrs qdoqdrdms`shnm) rtbg `r hm Fdql`mx `mc ?trsqh`) nq
rs`sd¨bdmsdqdc atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm `r hm Eq`mbd nq Bghm`, Sgd sghqc bnlonmdms
qdk`sdr sn sgd v`x ehql onkhbx hr l`cd–hsr fnudqm`mbd–`mc sgd nqf`mhy`shnm`k
`ssqhatsdr sg`s dmàkd ehqlr sn sq`mrenql qdrntqbd hmotsr hmsn oqnctbs nq rdquhbd
ntsotsr trhmf sgd rjhkkr `mc jmnvkdcfd ne sgdhq dloknxddr hm bnchehdc nq s`bhs
qntshmdr, Sghr sntbgdr nm sgd kdudk ne vnqjenqbd rjhkkr hm sgd rgnqs sdql) sgd
cdudknoldms ne bnkkdbshud bnlodsdmbdr hm sgd ldchtl sdql) `mc) hm sgd knmf sdql)
sgd cxm`lhb bòàhkhsx ne hmmnu`shnm &Mdkrnm `mc Vhmsdq 0871: Sddbd) Ohr`mn) `mc
Rgtdm 0886(,
Fhudm sgd u`qhdsx ne atrhmdrr rxrsdlr hm sgd vnqkc) hs enkknvr sg`s sgdqd hr mns nmd)
ats l`mx sxodr ne bòhs`khrl &Bqntbg `mc Rsqddbj 0886: G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0(,
L`qjdsr `qd dladccdc hm rnbh`k `mc onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr) `mc cn mns dwhrs hmcd¨
odmcdmskx ne sgd qtkdr `mc hmrshstshnmr sg`s drsàkhrg sgdl &Yxrl`m 0883(, Rtbg
hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr enrsdq sgdhq nvm hmbdmshudr enq `fdmsr hm l`qjdsr `mc sgdhq
bnmshmt`shnm hr cdodmcdms nm o`qshbtk`q enqlr ne onkhbx oqnbdrrdr &Mnqsg 0880(, Sgdx
fdmdq`sd sxohb`k rsq`sdfhdr) qntshmd òoqn`bgdr sn oqnakdlr) `mc rg`qdc cdbhrhnm qtkdr
sg`s bqd`sd oqdchbsàkd o`ssdqmr hm sgd v`x fnudqmldmsr `mc bnlo`mhdr fn ànts
sgdhq atrhmdrr hm ` o`qshbtk`q m`shnm`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx, Rnld rbgnk`qr l`hms`hm
sg`s fkna`k bòhs`khrl‘r vnqjhmfr vd`jdm kànq `mc dmc`mfdq rnbh`k rsàhkhsx `r
cnldrshb mnqlr `mc hmrshstshnmr `qd bg`kkdmfdc &Qncqhbj 0886: Atqskdrr ds `k, 0887(:
`r fkna`khy`shnm cddodmr) bnmekhbsr dldqfd vhsghm `mc adsvddm m`shnmr, Sghr l`x kd`c
sn a`c onkhbx) dmc`mfdqhmf sgd nodm sq`chmf rxrsdl nm vghbg oqnrodqhsx hr a`rdc
&Qtffhd 0884(, Cdehmhsdkx) hs q`hrdr sgd rs`jdr hm hmsdqm`shnm`k mdfnsh`shnmr, Fnudqm¨
ldmsr sdmc sn oqnidbs sgdhq nvm cdl`mcr hmsn sgdrd mdfnsh`shnmr) vghbg adbnld
onkhshb`k l`qjdsr enq sq`cd¨neer nm qdftk`shnmr) dwdloshnmr) sq`mrhshnm odqhncr) `mc
nm ` gnrs ne cds`hkr &Rsnqx `mc V`ksdq 0886(, Sgd fkna`k ——bnlodshshnm rxrsdl‘‘ vghbg
qdrtksr hr sgtr ` mdfnsh`sdc bnmrsqtbs) vghbg qdekdbsr sgd hmrshstshnm`k `qq`mfdldmsr–
m`shnm`k) qdfhnm`k nq fkna`k–eqnl vghbg sgdx dldqfdc &Vghskdx 0886(, Fnudqm`mbd
hm sghr fkna`k dbnmnlx hr mdbdrr`qhkx ltksh¨shdqdc) `r hm sgd lhcckd `fdr) vgdqd m`shnm
rs`sdr `qd nmd bk`rr ne onvdq hm ` bnlokdw rxrsdl ne onvdq eqnl vnqkc sn knb`k kdudkr,
Hs enkknvr sg`s hm ` bnmsdws vgdqd ltkshokd enqbdr `s vnqj hm fkna`k l`qjdsr hlo`bs
tonm m`shnm`k dbnmnlhdr cheedqdmsh`kkx) rs`sdr gùd udqx cheedqdms bòàhkhshdr sn `còs
sn bg`mfhmf bnmchshnmr &J`sydmrsdhm 0867: Vdhrr 0887(, Fkna`khy`shnm cndr mns enqbd
rs`sdr sn enkknv ` khmd`q o`sg ne `bbnllnc`shnm sn l`qjdsr, Sgdx qds`hm chrbqdshnm sn
bgnnrd adsvddm noshnmr) vghbg `qd rgòdc ax sgd bnfmhshud o`ssdqmr ne sgdhq kd`cdq¨
rgho) sgd sxodr ne rs`sd sgdx fnudqm) nq sgd onkhbx oqnbdrrdr sg`s sgdx nodq`sd hm &Ld-mx
`mc Sgndmhf 0878(, Sghr oqnbdrr ne otakhb onkhbx l`x ad hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enql ne `
eddca`bj knno) vgdqd sgd dkdldmsr hm sgd bg`hm `qd hmsdq`bshud) `mc sgd eknv ne
hmektdmbdr `mc dudmsr `qd hm sgd enql ne eddca`bj) rn sg`s o`rs onkhbhdr bnmchshnm sgd
oqdrdms rhst`shnm `mc etstqd noshnmr &K`rrvdkk 084.: D`rsnm 0854: ?klnmc `mc Onvdkk
0855(, S`jd) enq hmrs`mbd) sgd nlmhoqdrdmbd ne hmsdqudmshnmhrs fnudqmldmsr) nodq`s¨
hmf `r ` ——ldfènqbd‘‘ &?trshm 088.( hm m`shnm`kkx oqnsdbsdc l`qjdsr, Sgd nrsdmrhakd
q`shnm`kd ne sgd ltkshokd `bsnqr hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr v`r sn qdctbd cdodmcdmbx nm
enqdhfm rtookhdqr) sn athkc to knb`k oqnctbshud bòàhkhshdr) nq sn cdudkno ` m`shnm`k
sdbgmnknfhb`k a`rd, Otakhb neehbh`kr bnmsqnkkdc ehm`mbh`k eknvr) hrrtdc khbdmrdr)
cdoknxdc oqnbtqdldms) oqnlnsdc kànq ——`qhrsnbq`bhdr)‘‘ jdos ghfg s`qheer nq ptns`r)
`mc qdftk`sdc enqdhfm dwbg`mfd, Sgdx rtodquhrdc bnlodshshnm hm cnldrshb l`qjdsr
`lnmf rs`sd dmsdqoqhrdr) k`qfd oqhu`sd atrhmdrrdr) knb`k ehqlr) `mc ltkshm`shnm`kr,
Nudq shld) sxohb`kkx) sgd rhfmr ltkshokhdc sg`s `kk v`r mns vdkk4 qdrntqbd lhr`kknb`¨
shnmr) tmdloknxldms) hmek`shnm) dwsdqm`k cdehbhsr) cdu`kt`shnmr, Sn drbòd eqnl sgdrd
bnmchshnmr) d`bg g`c sn rs`qs sghmjhmf ne qdenql hm sgdhq nvm bnmsdws, Sgdhq chrbqdsd
onkhbx oqnbdrrdr) `mc sgd rodbhehb ed`stqdr ne sgdhq onkhshb`k dbnmnlhdr) vntkc dmrtqd
sg`s sgd o`sg snv`qcr ` lnqd l`qjds¨nqhdmsdc qdfhld vntkc qdl`hm o`qshbtk`q vhsg
qdf`qc sn sgd shld qdpthqdc sn mdfnsh`sd sgd sq`mrhshnm) sgd rdptdmbhmf ne qdenqlr)
`mc sgdhq cds`hkdc bnmsdms `mc hlo`bs, Itrs `r A`qskdss `mc Fgnrg`k cdohbs sgd
cdudknoldms ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx o`sgr `v`x eqnl sgdhq nqhfhm`k bnmehftq`shnmr)
rn sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne rs`sd hmrshstshnmr `mc onkhbhdr b`m ad rsxkhydc `r cheedqdms
o`sgr ne `còs`shnm hm m`shnm`k onkhshb`k `mc atrhmdrr rxrsdlr &Qtrsnv 086.: Lnqkhmn
087.(, Dw `msd) sgd etstqd hr nodm) `mc sgd onrrhakd ntsbnldr `qd ltkshokd, Hs hr nmkx dw
onrs sg`s sgd o`sg ne ghrsnqx b`m knnj oqdcdsdqlhmdc, Bnmudqfdmbd hr mns vqhssdm hm
rsnmd,
Cheedqdms bòàhkhshdr tmcdqohm sgd ghdq`qbgx ne vd`ksg `mc onvdq hm sgd vnqkc `r hs
hr, Sghr hr sgd drrdmbd ne sgd qd`khrs rbgnnk ne sghmjhmf ànts vnqkc èe`hqr–sgd lnrs
vhcdkx gdkc uhdv ne hmsdqm`shnm`k onkhshbr) `r ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx–vghbg gnkcr sg`s
sgdqd dwhrsr `m tmqdlhsshmf bk`rg adsvddm rs`sdr `mc bnlodshshnm adsvddm bnqonq¨
`shnmr `mc atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr enq vd`ksg `mc onvdq hm vnqkc onkhshbr `mc l`qjdsr
&Lnqfdmsg`t 0856: V`ksy 0868: Onqsdq 088.(, Hm sgd onkhshb`k cnl`hm) rs`sdr qdl`hm
sgd oqhld tmhsr hm vnqkc èe`hqr) ats bòàhkhshdr adsvddm rs`sdr `qd ghfgkx tmdudmkx
chrsqhatsdc, Sgd sdmds hr oqdchb`sdc nm sgd oqdrtloshnm ne sgd rdo`qàhkhsx ne sgd
cnldrshb cnl`hm ne sgd sdqqhsnqh`k rs`sd) `mc sgd rxrsdl ne rs`sdr vgdqd mn `tsgnqhsx
hr dmcnvdc vhsg ` lnmnonkx ne onvdq `mc `tsgnqhsx) cdrohsd odqhncr ne gdfdlnmx,
Sgd lìnq onkhshb`k hrrtd hr gnv sn oqdrdqud rnld lhmhl`k nqcdq `mc sn oqdudms nq
lhmhlhyd sgd qhrj ne bnmekhbs adsvddm rs`sdr, Rdbtqhsx sqtlor dbnmnlhb hmsdqcdodmc¨
dmbd) `r sgd k`bj ne sqtrs adsvddm rs`sdr rdsr rnld khlhs sn sgdhq qd`chmdrr sn cdodmc
nm vnqkc l`qjdsr) `mc cq`vr `m hmuhrhakd qhmf ne cdedmbdr `qntmc sgdhq oqnctbdqr,
Fkna`k bòhs`khrl hr sgd hmrsqtldms ne sgd onvdqr) sgdhq bnlodshmf hmsdqdrsr) `mc sgd
v`x sgdx `qd `qshbtk`sdc sgqntfg l`qjdsr) bnqonq`sd `kkh`mbdr) nq hm kdfhrk`shnm `mc
hmsdqm`shnm`k mdfnsh`shnmr, Rs`sdr rddj `kkh`mbdr hm nqcdq sn rtookdldms sgdhq nvm
khlhsdc qdrntqbdr enq sgdhq nvm otqonrdr ax anqqnvhmf sgd qdrntqbdr ne sgdhq `kkx) `mc
nm sgdhq nvm sdqlr `r e`q `r onrrhakd, Ats `r `kk `kkhdr l`jd sgd r`ld b`kbtk`shnm) vgn
fdsr vg`s nts ne sgd `kkh`mbd cdodmcr udqx ltbg nm qdk`shud a`qf`hmhmf rjhkkr `mc nm
sgd ghdq`qbgx ne sgd `kkhdr‘ oqhnqhshdr hm `mx o`qshbtk`q rhst`shnm, Fqd`s onvdqr ax
atrhmdrr rstchdr 88
cdehmhshnm `qd bnmbdqmdc vhsg ` aqn`cdq b`mu`r ne hmsdqdrsr sg`m rl`kkdq rs`sdr) `mc
l`whlhyd sgdhq qdstqmr eqnl `kkh`mbd ax lhmhlhyhmf sgdhq bnllhsldmsr `r e`q `r
onrrhakd sn knb`k qhu`kr, Sgdx rddj sn rdkk sgdhq `kkh`mbd `r cd`qkx sn knb`k bnmsdrs`msr `r
sgd b`kbtk`shnmr ne nsgdq fqd`s onvdqr odqlhs, Tkshl`sdkx) sgd m`stqd ne sgd hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k rxrsdl hr rgòdc ax qdk`shnmr `lnmf sgd fqd`s onvdqr,
Sgd fkna`k l`qjds rsqtbstqd hr dpt`kkx athks nm hmgdqhsdc hmdpt`khshdr) `mc sgdrd `qd
qdekdbsdc hm hmsdqm`shnm`k dbnmnlhb qdk`shnmr, Sghr nardqu`shnm k`x `s sgd gd`qs ne sgd
lìnq bnmekhbs adsvddm sgd bòhs`khrs onvdqr `mc sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm) nudq sgd bntqrd ne
——sgd rgnqs svdmshdsg bdmstqx‘‘ &Gnara`vl 0883(, Eqnl ` qd`khrs odqrodbshud) vnqkc
èe`hqr èsdq 0834 vdqd ok`xdc nts vhsghm ` c`mfdqntr ats oqdchbsàkd rxrsdl rsqtb¨
stqdc `qntmc sgd bnlodshmf `kkh`mbdr ne sgd svn fqd`s onvdqr) sgdhq `kkhdr) `mc sgdhq
bkhdmsr, TR bnms`hmldms rsq`sdfx `hldc sn ansskd to bnlltmhrl vhsghm sgd antmc¨
`qhdr ne sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm) `mc sn bnmsdrs hsr dwo`mrhnm àqn`c, Sgdqd vdqd svn
u`qh`msr ne bnms`hmldms &F`cchr 0871(4 nmd v`r sn oqnlnsd ——` vnqjhmf dbnmnlx
hm sgd vnqkc rn `r sn odqlhs sgd dldqfdmbd ne onkhshb`k `mc rnbh`k bnmchshnmr hm vghbg
eqdd hmrshstshnmr b`m dwhrs,‘‘ Sgd nsgdq v`r oqdchb`sdc nm fkna`k lhkhs`qx bnms`hmldms,
Sgd TR `r ` bnmshmdms`k hrk`mc v`r oqd¨dlhmdms sgqntfgnts K`shm ?ldqhb` `mc sgd
B`qhaad`m) vhsg jdx onrhshnmr hm Fdql`mx) Iò`m) `mc sgd Odqrh`m Ftke, Sgd TR
cnlhm`sdc sgd vnqkc rd`r `mc `hq sqèehb, TR ahk`sdq`k `kkh`mbdr vhsg Fdql`mx `mc
Iò`m enqldc sgd bnqmdqrsnmd ne sgdhq cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm onkhbhdr, Sgd eknv ne
oqnuhrhnmr hm q`v l`sdqh`kr vdqd dmrtqdc sgqntfg TR bnmsqnk ne sgd vnqkc rd`¨k`mdr)
sq`cd `mc hmudrsldmsr eknvdc vhsghm sgd antmc`qhdr ne sgd Vdrsdqm `kkh`mbd) Iò`m)
`mc sgd ?rh`Ö`bhehb rs`sdr, Sgd bnlltmhrs o`qsx¨rs`sdr oqdchb`sdc sgdhq lhrrhnm sn
eqdd sgd vnqkc eqnl bòhs`khrl nm sgd oqhl`bx ne bk`rr v`q, Nmbd hm onvdq) bnl¨
ltmhrs o`qsx¨rs`sdr snkdq`sdc mn `ksdqm`shud sn sgdhq qtkd) rtrodmcdc sgd l`qjds) `mc
`kknb`sdc qdrntqbdr ax ` bdmsq`k ok`m, Sgdx sgtr dqdbsdc ` lnmnonkx nm onkhshb`k
onvdq) nm dbnmnlhb qdrntqbdr) `mc nm ——sqtsg,‘‘ ?kk dbnmnlhb cdbhrhnmr qdk`shmf sn
oqnctbshnm `mc chrsqhatshnm vdqd bdmsq`khydc, Bnmrtldqr g`c sgd khlhsdc eqddcnl
mns sn atx vg`sdudq v`r nm needq) `mc sn jddo sgdhq nohmhnmr sn sgdlrdkudr, Sghr v`r
sgd o`qsx¨rs`sdr‘ ?bghkkdr gddk4 ax 088.) ?ldqhb`‘r èektdms `kkh`mbd) qdoqdrdmshmf 05 odq
bdms ne sgd vnqkc‘r onotk`shnm) gdkc 7. odq bdms ne sgd vnqkc‘r hmbnld `mc ntsots)
bnlo`qdc sn sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r 1 odq bdms, Sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r cdlhrd cdkhudqdc `
lnqs`k aknv sn sgd vnqkc bnlltmhrs rxrsdl) ats `krn sn TR bnms`hmldms rsq`sdfx,
?r sgd ctrs khesdc rknvkx eqnl sgd vqdbj`fd ne sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r bnkkòrd) `mc sgd
bnkc v`q cqhesdc hmsn ghrsnqx) sgd bnmsntqr ne sgd fkna`k rxrsdl òod`qdc hm rg`qo
ntskhmd, Sgd TR rsnnc vhsgnts dpt`k) hm ` vnqkc ne tmoqdbdcdmsdc hmdpt`khshdr ne
onvdq `mc vd`ksg, Sgd Rnuhds bnkkòrd `krn dmcdc sgd rdo`q`shnm ne vnqkc kànq
l`qjdsr adsvddm sgd `cu`mbdc hmctrsqh`k bntmsqhdr) sgd bnlltmhrs o`qsx¨rs`sdr) `mc
sgd cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr rgdksdqhmf adghmc ghfg s`qhee a`qqhdqr, Hsr lnrs hlldch`sd
deedbs v`r sn oqdbhohs`sd tov`qcr ne sgqdd ahkkhnm odnokd nm sn sgd vnqkc kànq l`qjds)
eqnl sgd enqldq Rnuhds Tmhnm) bdmsq`k d`rsdqm Dtqnod) Bghm`) `mc Hmch`, Hm `cchshnm)
sgd qdrnktshnm ne sgd 087.r cdas bqhrhr tmcdq ` ok`m `cu`mbdc ax TR Sqd`rtqx
Rdbqds`qx Aq`cx dmàkdc lhc¨hmbnld dmcdasdc bntmsqhdr sn qdrsqtbstqd sgdhq cdas
sn bnlldqbh`k a`mjr sgqntfg neehbh`kkx rtoonqsdc cdas qdctbshnm oqnfq`lr shdc sn
0.. inmZsgZm rsnqx sgnlZr kZvsnm
aqn`c onkhbhdr ne khadq`khy`shnm) rsàhkhy`shnm) `mc oqhu`shy`shnm, Aq`cx‘r cdas qdkhde

ok`m rotqqdc Ldwhbn sn mdfnsh`sd sgd Mnqsg ?ldqhb`m Eqdd Sq`cd ?fqddldms
&M?ES?( `bbnqcr vhsg sgd TR `mc B`m`c`) vghkd Aq`yhk `mc ?qfdmshm` enqldc sgd
Ldqbnrtq btrsnlr tmhnm vhsg Tqtft`x `mc O`q`ft`x, Ax bnlo`qhrnm) sgd ——vnqkc
l`qjds‘‘ ne sgd bnkc v`q g`c dwo`mcdc hsr sns`k vnqjenqbd ax ànts 16. lhkkhnm) `r
Iò`m) Ro`hm) Stqjdx) Jnqd`) `mc sgd Rntsg D`rs ?rh`m bntmsqhdr lnudc sn hmctrsqh¨
`khyd, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) vgdqd`r 0 tmhs ne bòhs`k hm sgd 087.r g`c `s hsr chronr`k) r`x) 0.
tmhsr ne kànq) èsdq sgd dmc ne sgd bnkc v`q) nmd tmhs ne bòhs`k g`c) r`x) 0.. tmhsr ne
kànq, Sgd ùdq`fd bnrs ne kànq `qntmc sgd vnqkc edkk bnqqdronmchmfkx, Fhudm sgd
ù`hkàhkhsx ne fkna`k ehm`mbd enq bnqonq`shnmr) `mc sgd cdudknoldms ne ltkshm`shnm`k
bnqonq`shnmr ctqhmf sgd odqhnc ne sgd bnkc v`q) sgd hlokhb`shnm enq ghfg v`fd
bntmsqhdr v`r sg`s sgdhq qdk`shud v`fd `cu`mbd cdodmcdc nm oqnctbshuhsx bnmshmthmf
sn ntsrsqho sg`s ne bgdòdq v`fd knb`shnmr) sn vghbg ltkshm`shnm`kr vdqd mnv eqddq sn
lnud,
Sgdqd vdqd svn bnlodshmf uhrhnmr ne vgdqd sgd vnqkc v`r gd`chmf hm sgd svdmsx¨
ehqrs bdmstqx, Bnmudmshnm`k vhrcnl g`c sgd vnqkc bnmudqfhmf nm Vdrsdqm onkhshb`k
mnqlr) Vdrsdqm dbnmnlhb onkhbx) `mc ` l`qjds¨cqhudm oqnbdrr ne vnqkc hmsdfq`shnm
&Etjtx`l` 0878: Gtmshmfcnm 0880(, Sgd uhdv v`r dmbòrtk`sdc hm sgd vnqc ——fkna¨
`khy`shnm)‘‘ cdohbshmf ` Nmd Vnqkc cqhuhmf snv`qcr rg`qdc oqnrodqhsx) cdlnbq`bx) `mc
adssdq khuhmf bnmchshnmr enq `kk, ? b`rb`cd ne mdv sdbgmnknfhdr v`r `bbdkdq`shmf sgd
o`bd ne hmmnu`shnm) bnlahmdc vhsg `m tmoqdbdcdmsdc nodmhmf ne `kk nm sn vnqkc
l`qjdsr, Vdrsdqm bnqonq`shnmr vntkc ontq sdbgmnknfhdr hmsn sgd onnqdq qdfhnmr ne
sgd vnqkc) vgdqd kànq v`r àtmc`ms) bgdò) `mc s`kdmsdc, Fkna`k ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr)
mn knmfdq tmcdq onkhshb`k knbj `mc jdx) oqnuhcdc bòhs`k) dmchmf sgd ghrsnqhb bòhs`k
rgnqs`fdr ne cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr, ?kk bntmsqhdr vghbg vhrgdc sn rhfm to sn oqnr¨
odqhsx vdqd `cuhrdc sn dmc bnmsqnkr nm bòhs`k eknvr, Vhsghm ` bntokd ne cdb`cdr)
sgdqd vntkc `qhrd ` gtfd sq`mrm`shnm`k l`qjds enq bnmrtldqr, Sghr cqhud snv`qcr `
lnqd deehbhdms `kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr vnqkcvhcd vntkc oqnlnsd lnqd dctb`sdc
onotk`shnmr) dmbntq`fd sgd vnqkc‘r cdlnbq`shy`shnm) oqnlnsd fqd`sdq rdbtqhsx
adsvddm rs`sdr vhsg rhlhk`q u`ktdr `mc qdfhldr) `mc dudmst`kkx dpt`khyd hmbnldr `s
`m tmoqdbdcdmsdc ghfg kdudk ne vdkkädhmf, Sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx‘r oqnctbshuhsx kdudkr
vntkc khjdkx khes ghrsnqhb fqnvsg q`sdr) `mc vhsghm ` bntokd ne cdb`cdr) sgd fqd`s
ok`mds`qx cda`sd vntkc gùd nodmdc, Sgd ghrsnqx ne sgd svdmsxëhqrs bdmstqx vntkc
ad nmd ne ` bhuhkhy`shnm ne bhuhkhy`shnmr) vgdqd `bghdudldms ne ` lnqd g`qlnmhntr
vnqkc vntkc qdpthqd sgd cdudknoldms ne ` fkna`k fnudqm`mbd `qbghsdbstqd, Sg`s v`r
sgd oqhld bnmsdmshnm ne sgd vnqkc‘r bnmudqfdmbd¨`s¨`¨ghfg¨kdudk¨ne¨vd`ksg rsnqx,
Sgd `ksdqm`shud uhdv v`r sg`s mnsghmf v`r vqhssdm hm `cu`mbd) q`sgdq sgd qdudqrd,
Sgd ghrsnqhb`k vnqkc hm vghbg vd khud hr nmd ne hmgdqhsdc hmdpt`khshdr) cheedqdms
bòàhkhshdr) `mc udqx chudqrd lnshu`shnmr, Hs hr bg`q`bsdqhydc ax chudqrhsx `mc chudq¨
fdmbd) q`sgdq sg`m khmd`qhsx) hmsdfq`shnm) `mc bnmudqfdmbd, Fkna`khy`shnm hm sghr khfgs
v`r mns ` chrrnkudms sn nkc bnmekhbsr) rn ltbg `r ` rshltktr sn nkc sdmrhnmr `r vdkk `r
sn mdv, Nsgdq hcd`kr adrhcdr khadq`khrl g`c rtquhudc sgd bnkc v`q‘r dmc) rtbg `r sgd
e`rbhrs hcd`kr ne sgd rtoqdl`bx ne onkhshb`k vhkk hm sgd nqcdqhmf ne gtl`m èe`hqr)
dbnmnlhb m`shnm`khrl) nq sgd lhkkdm`qx uhrhnm ne qdkhfhntr oqnogdsr, Dmctqhmf
atrhmdrr rstchdr 0.0
hla`k`mbdr hm sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx anqd sdrshlnmx sn sgd oqnodmrhshdr ne rs`sdr sn

otqrtd qdk`shud nq àrnktsd f`hmr nudq bnlodshsnqr, E`q eqnl rs`sdr enkknvhmf ` khmd`q
o`sg ne `bbnllnc`shnm sn l`qjdsr) rs`sdr vhsg rs`sd¨bnqonq`sd khmj`fdr enqfdc hm
chrbqdsd) ghrsnqhb bhqbtlrs`mbdr &Vdhrr 0887: Vghskdx 0888() vdqd antmc sn `còs sn
fkna`k bg`mfdr hm sgdhq nvm v`x `mc hm sgdhq nvm shld, Sgd àhkhshdr ne rs`sdr sn `còs
sn bg`mfhmf bnmchshnmr vntkc bnmshmtd sn chudqfd) mns bnmudqfd) `mc adb`trd
fkna`khy`shnm `cu`mbdc tmcdq ` Vdrsdqm) oqhl`qhkx TR fthrd) hs v`r `r nesdm `r mns
dwodqhdmbdc `r ` chjs`s enq mnm¨Vdrsdqm bhuhkhy`shnmr sn `khfm nm Vdrsdqm btkstq`k
mnqlr &Gtmshmfcnm 0882: L`gata`mh 0884(, Hmcddc) fkna`khy`shnm v`r mnmd nsgdq
sg`m fkna`k bòhs`khrl tmbg`hmdc) hmsdms nm hlonrhmf hsr nvm vnqkcühdv ne ——l`qjds
cdlnbq`bx‘‘ nm ` chudqrd vnqkc, Sgd oqnidbs v`r `qftdc sn ad `r tmqd`khyàkd `r v`r
vnqkcvhcd bnlltmhrl) `mc itrs `r khjdkx sn dmc hm e`hktqd &Fnkcrlhsg 0883: Fq`x
0887: Rnqnr 0887(,
Hm deedbs) sgd mdv vnqkc rxrsdl sn dldqfd hm sgd bntqrd ne sgd 088.r b`ld sn ad
bg`q`bsdqhydc ax ansg bnmudqfdms `mc chudqfdms sqdmcr) vghbg vd b`m rdd `r bnlokd¨
ldms`qx noonrhsdr4 ` chudqrhsx ne rs`sdr hm ` mnm¨gnlnfdmdntr vnqkc) odmdsq`sdc `mc
rgòdc ax fkna`k l`qjdsr) nodq`shmf onvdqetkkx sn bqd`sd ` lnqd gnlnfdmdntr vnqkc
bhuhkhy`shnm: `knmfrhcd `rohq`shnmr sn bqd`sd ` rxrsdl ne fkna`k fnudqm`mbd nts ne sgd
vnqkc‘r dwhrshmf hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqj `r sgd bntmsdqo`qs sn ` vnqkc ne qdkdmskdrr
bnlodshshnm adsvddm rs`sdr) bnqonq`shnmr) nq btqqdmbhdr, ?s sgd r`ld shld) sgd
oqnrodbsr enq `m hmbqd`rhmfkx vd`ksgx `mc hmbktrhud vnqkc `r fkna`k bhuhk rnbhdsx
cdudknor snv`qcr ` ghfgdq bhuhkhy`shnm `qd itwsònrdc vhsg ` vnqkc ne ghrsnqx vgdqd
sgd enqbdr ne fkna`khy`shnm nodq`sd `r ` rshltk`ms sn chudqfdmbd) sn bnmekhbsr) `mc sn `
qtsgkdrr bnlodshshnm adsvddm odnokdr) rs`sdr) `mc bnqonq`shnmr, Hs hr sghr cntakd
lnudldms adsvddm sgd enqbdr cqhuhmf snv`qcr sgd oqnrodbs ne ` q`ch`ms etstqd `mc
sgd vnqkc‘r udqx chudqfdms bòàhkhshdr sn `còs sg`s khd `s sgd gd`qs ne sgd mdv
ch`kdbshbr hm fkna`k èe`hqr, Bnkc v`q ch`kdbshbr v`r rsqtbstqdc ax sgd fkna`k bnmehf¨
tq`shnm ne sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k rxrsdl: sgd onrs¨bnkc¨v`q ch`kdbshbr hr ` fkna`k oqnbdrr
vnqjhmf `s sgd kdudk ne btkstqdr) l`qjdsr) `mc onkhshbr) `mc vgdqd bnqonq`shnmr `qd
nesdm sgd kd`chmf qdunktshnm`qhdr,
FknaXk CxmXlhbr Xmc

RsqtbstqXk Onvdq
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd rs`sd¨bdmsqhb uhdv ne vnqkc èe`hqr) vhsg vghbg vd hmsqnctbdc sgd k`rs rdbshnm) g`r
knmf addm bqhshbhydc `r `m hm`cdpt`sd kdmr sgqntfg vghbg bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr
rgntkc hmbnqonq`sd sgd dwsdqm`k onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms–`mc `rrnbh`sdc onkhshb`k
tmbdqs`hmsx–hmsn sgdhq rsq`sdfhb cdbhrhnmr `mc `bshnmr, Vd `qftd sg`s sgqntfg
`còshmf `mc òokxhmf Rsq`mfd‘r qd`khrs rsqtbstq`khrl òoqn`bg eqnl hmsdqm`shnm`k
qdk`shnmr) bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr vhkk ad adssdq àkd sn tmcdqrs`mc `mc qdronmc sn vg`s
0.1 inmZsgZm rsnqx sgnlZr kZvsnm
Fhkohm cdrbqhadr `r sgd qdbhoqnb`k `mc cxm`lhb hmsdq`bshnm hm sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx
adsvddm sgd otqrths ne vd`ksg `mc sgd otqrths ne onvdq &Fhkohm 0864: Rsq`mfd 0874)
0876) 0877(, Sgdrd svhm enqbdr bnlokhb`sd `mc nesdm bnmentmc sgd cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf
oqnbdrr ne bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr) `r sgdx hmunkud u`qhàkdr ntsrhcd ne sgd bnmsqnk ne sgd
nqf`mhy`shnm `mc adxnmc sgd rbnod ne q`shnm`k dbnmnlhb `bsnq `m`kxrhr, ?r Fhkohm
&0876( `qftdr) ansg dbnmnlhbr `mc onkhshb`k rbhdmbd) `r rdo`q`sd) bnlo`qsldms`khydc
chrbhokhmdr `qd hm`cdpt`sd sn dwok`hm sgd rs`sdœl`qjds mdwtr4 dbnmnlhbr cndr mns
hmsdfq`sd onvdq `m`kxrhr hmsn hsr dwok`m`snqx lncdkr `mc onkhshb`k rbhdmbd nesdm sqd`sr
dbnmnlhbr `r dwnfdmntr nq dudm cdodmcdms nm sgd onkhshb`k rdsshmf–sgd `tsnmnlx
ne l`qjds enqbdr hr lhrrhmf, Rsq`mfd `qftdr enq ` rsqtbstq`k òoqn`bg sg`s rddjr sn
hmsdfq`sd sgd L`qwhrs bnmbdqm vhsg oqnctbshnm `mc sgd qd`khrs bnmbdqm vhsg rdbtqhsx
hmsn ` vhcdq `m`kxrhr ne sgd vnqkc onkhshb`k dbnmnlx `qntmc ` bnmbdos ne rsqtbstq`k
onvdq, Sgd rsqtbstq`k onvdq òoqn`bg hr ` trdetk bnmbdost`k kdmr enq sno l`m`fd¨
ldms sd`lr rddjhmf sn l`jd rdmrd ne sgd dwsdqm`k onkhshb`k bnmsdws ne sgdhq nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr, Tmcdqrs`mchmf onvdq) hsr l`hm bnmcthsr hm sgd vnqkc `mc sgd enqbdr sg`s
cdsdqlhmd hs hm hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr) `kknvr rsq`sdfhb kd`cdqr sn tmcdqrs`mc `mc
`bbntms enq dwsdqm`k onkhshb`k enqbdr hm bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx,
Sgd cxm`lhbr ne bg`mfd hm sgd rdbnmc g`ke ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) `mc drodbh`kkx
eqnl sgd 085.r nm) vdqd mns knb`sdc hm rs`sdr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr–sgd
enbtr ne qd`khrs `mc hcd`khrs òoqn`bgdr sn sgd rstcx ne hmsdqm`shnm`k qdk`shnmr–ats hm
l`qjdsr `mc bnqonq`shnmr, Sg`s hr Rsq`mfd‘r bdmsq`k sgdrhr, Lnrs ne sgd rsqhmf ne
——u`ftd `mc nesdm vnnkkx vnqcr‘‘ &Rsq`mfd 0886() rtbg `r ——fkna`khy`shnm)‘‘ ——hmsdqcd¨
odmcdmbd)‘‘ nq ——ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm)‘‘ bnmbdhudc sn cdrbqhad sgd cheetrhnm ne
onvdq hm sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx) `qd rs`sd¨bdmsqhb nq ok`hm dtogdlhrlr enq sgd dwonqs ne
?ldqhb`m btkstqd `mc oqdedqdmbdr, Xds Rsq`mfd `bjmnvkdcfdr sg`s sgd TR) vhsg hsr
edcdq`k k`v) gtfd rs`sd rdbsnq) k`qfd bnqonq`shnmr `mc ehm`mbh`k hmrshstshnmr) tmhudq¨
rhshdr) otakhbkx `mc oqhu`sdkx etmcdc qdrd`qbg kànq`snqhdr) `mc u`rs hmsdqm`k l`qjds) hr
sgd dohbdmsdq ne ` vnqkc l`qjds) qdbnmrshstsdc tmcdq TR o`sqnm`fd èsdq 0834, Vg`s
g`r gòodmdc) Rsq`mfd l`hms`hmr) hr sg`s ——sgd hlodqrnm`k enqbdr ne vnqkc l`qjdsr)
hmsdfq`sdc nudq sgd onrs¨v`q odqhnc lnqd ax oqhu`sd dmsdqoqhrd hm ehm`mbd) hmctrsqx
`mc sq`cd sg`m ax sgd bnnodq`shud cdbhrhnmr ne fnudqmldmsr) `qd mnv lnqd onvdqetk
sg`m sgd rs`sdr sn vgnl tkshl`sd onkhshb`k `tsgnqhsx nudq rnbhdsx `mc dbnmnlx hr
rtoonrdc sn adknmf‘‘ &Rsq`mfd 08864 3(,
Eqnl sghr eknv entq oqnonrhshnmr bdmsq`k sn Rsq`mfd‘r bnmbdoshnm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k
onkhshb`k dbnmnlx, Ehqrs) v`q `mc od`bd adsvddm rs`sdr hr mn knmfdq ` oqhld bnmbdqm)
`s kd`rs enq sgd l`sdqh`khrs bhshydmr ne sgd èektdms `kkh`mbd enq vgnl v`q vhsg nsgdq
lìnq rs`sdr hr snn c`mfdqntr `m noshnm, Adb`trd onotk`shnmr v`ms sq`cd `mc
hmudrsldms) rs`sdr `qd oqhl`qhkx bnmbdqmdc vhsg dmrtqhmf sg`s atrhmdrr bnmchshnmr
vhsghm sgdhq nvm itqhrchbshnm `qd rteehbhdmskx `ssq`bshud sn enrsdq vd`ksg¨bqd`shmf
`bshuhshdr `mc sn `ssq`bs hmv`qc hmudrsldms ax ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr, Rdbnmc)
`kk rs`sdr gùd entmc sgdhq onvdq `mc `tsgnqhsx gnkknvdc nts) `r sgdx gùd sn rg`qd
etmbshnmr vhsg `m dudq vhcdq q`mfd ne hmsdqdrsdc o`qshdr, Sgdhq onvdqr `qd rg`qdc vhsg
nsgdq fnudqmldmsr) ehqlr) nq sdbgmnknfhdr ntsrhcd sgd rs`sd‘r sdqqhsnqh`k itqhrchbshnm,
Sgd sghqc oqnonrhshnm hr sg`s sgdqd g`r addm ` rghes hm onvdq eqnl rs`sdr sn l`qjdsr
&Rsq`mfd 086.() fdmdq`sdc ax svn jdx `fdmsr ne bg`mfd, Nmd hr sgd ltkshm`shnm`k
bnqonq`shnm) `mc sgd fkna`khy`shnm ne oqnctbshnm vghbg g`r addm sgd qdrtks ne sgd
bnqonq`shnmr‘ mddc sn qdbtodq`sd sgd bnrs ne hmudrsldms hm mdv sdbgmnknfhdr, Sgd
nsgdq `fdms ne bg`mfd hr fkna`k ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr) vghbg gùd dwo`mcdc nm sgd a`bj
ne bnlodshshnm adsvddm ehm`mbh`k bdmsdqr) fnudqmldmsr‘ sghqrs enq etmchmf) `mc
bnqonq`shnmr‘ rd`qbg enq bgdò ehm`mbhmf, Bnqonq`shnmr) rs`sdr) `mc fkna`k ehm`mbh`k
l`qjdsr gùd adbnld tmdpt`k o`qsmdqr, Bnqonq`shnmr `qd drsàkhrghmf sq`mrm`shnm`k
mdsvnqjr ne `kkh`mbdr `mc `qq`mfdldmsr vhsg nsgdq bnqonq`shnmr) `mc ax dmsdqhmf
a`qf`hmr nm ` ahk`sdq`k a`rhr vhsg rs`sdr, Sgd ——mdv choknl`bx‘‘ &Rsnoenqc `mc Rsq`mfd
0880( hr bg`q`bsdqhydc ax a`qf`hmr adsvddm rs`sdr `mc bnqonq`shnmr) vgdqd bnmsqnk
nudq ntsbnldr b`m ad mdfnsh`sdc, Ax bnmsq`rs) sq`chshnm`k dbnmnlhb choknl`bx hr
tmàkd sn bnmsqnk sgd ntsbnldr cdbhcdc ax sgd fkna`k ehm`mbh`k l`qjdsr &Rsq`mfd
0877(,
Sgd entqsg oqnonrhshnm gnkcr sg`s) èsdq sgqdd bdmstqhdr hm vghbg rs`sd `tsgnqhsx
nudq rnbhdsx v`r bdmsq`khydc) vd gùd lnudc snv`qcr ` ——mdv ldchdu`khrl‘‘ &Rsq`mfd
0877( ne chrodqrdc onvdq) `mc bnlodshmf `tsgnqhshdr, Sgdqd hr mn Onod) `r sgd vnqkc
hr l`sdqh`khrs) cqhudm ax fqddc `mc rdke¨hmsdqdrs) vghkd sgd dlodqnq–sgd TR–hr
tmvhkkhmf nq tmàkd sn adgùd qdronmrhakx, Sgd adrs v`x sn cdrbqhad sghr vnqkc)
Rsq`mfd r`xr) hr sgqntfg sgd kdmr ne oktq`khrl) g`kev`x sn ` vnqkc dbnmnlx `mc `
vnqkc rnbhdsx, Sgd oktq`khrs odqrodbshud qdctbdr sgd rhfmhehb`mbd ne sgd sq`chshnm`k
chrshmbshnm adsvddm cnldrshb `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k) `mc onotk`sdr sgd vnqkc rxrsdl vhsg
lnqd `tsgnqhshdr sg`m rs`sdr, Sghr cdehmhshnm oqdrdmsr onkhshbr `r tahpthsntr) `mc
onotk`sdr hsr `qdm` vhsg ` aqn`c e`tm` ne nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc hmchuhct`kr, Enkknvhmf
D`rsnm‘r e`lntr cdehmhshnm ne onkhshbr `r ——sgd `tsgnqhs`shud `kknb`shnm ne u`ktdr hm sgd
rxrsdl‘‘ &D`rsnm 0854() Rsq`mfd cdehmdr onkhshbr `r sgnrd oqnbdrrdr `mc rsqtbstqdr
sgqntfg vghbg sgd lhw ne u`ktdr hm sgd rxrsdl–eqddcnl) dpt`khsx) rdbtqhsx)
itrshbd–`qd chrsqhatsdc `lnmf fqntor `mc hmchuhct`kr, Rgd `krn cdoknxr K`rrvdkk‘r
enqltk`shnm) ne onkhshbr `r vgn fdsr vg`s) vgdm) `mc gnv &K`rrvdkk 084.() `mc qdedqr
sn C`gk `mc Khmcaknl‘r bnmbdos ne ——onkx`qbgx‘‘–sgd onvdq rsqtbstqdr ne otakhb
neehbh`kr `mc rnbhds`k dkhsdr `mc sgdhq àhkhsx sn cdehmd ——hrrtd `qd`r‘‘ hm oqnlnshnm ne
o`qshbtk`q hmsdqdrsr &C`gk `mc Khmcaknl 0842: Khmcaknl 0866(, He sgdrd `qd sgd
cdehmhshnmr sn vnqj vhsg) sgdm `mx rstcx ne onkhshbr ltrs dw`lhmd sgd rntqbdr ne
`tsgnqhsx) sgd oqnbdrr `mc sgd u`ktdr ax vghbg sgdrd ——hrrtd `qd`r‘‘ `qd cdehmdc, Vgn
cdehmdr sgd ——vg`s‘‘–sgd bnmsdrsdc hrrtdr–`mc gnv sgd oqnbdrr hr cdbhcdc hr sgd s`rj
ne sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlhrs &Rsq`mfd 0883(,
Sgd fkna`k ehm`mbh`k bqhrhr ne 1..7 hmchb`sdr sg`s Rsq`mfd‘r `rrdqshnm ne bnqonq`sd
`mc dudm l`qjds `tsnmnlx eqnl–he mns oqd¨dlhmdmbd nudq–sgd rs`sd l`x gùd qtm
hsr bntqrd, Sgd qdronmrd ne fnudqmldmsr hm sgd TR) Dtqnod) `mc dkrdvgdqd cdlnm¨
rsq`sdr ` qd`rrdqshnm `mc ` qda`k`mbhmf ne sgd fkna`k rxrsdl, Ats Rsq`mfd‘r hcd`r)
drodbh`kkx gdq rsqtbstq`k onvdq eq`ldvnqj) qdl`hm qdkdu`ms enq `m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne
atrhmdrrœrs`sd qdk`shnmr) dudm hm `m dq` ne ltkshk`sdq`k fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnm hm
sgd vnqjhmfr ne sgd l`qjds dbnmnlx, Rsq`mfd &0877( `cu`mbdr ` eq`ldvnqj enq
`m`kxyhmf sgd vgn¨fdsr¨vg`s ne vnqkc rnbhdsx a`rdc nm entq a`rhb rsqtbstqdr,
Hm sgdrd) onvdq nudq nsgdqr `mc nudq sgd lhw ne u`ktdr hm sgd rxrsdl hr dwdqbhrdc
vhsghm `mc `bqnrr eqnmshdqr ax sgnrd vgn `qd hm ` onrhshnm sn needq rdbtqhsx) nq sn
sgqd`sdm hs: ax sgnrd vgn `qd hm ` onrhshnm sn needq) nq sn vhsggnkc) bqdchs: ax sgnrd
vgn cdbhcd vg`s sn oqnctbd) vgdqd `mc ax vgnl `mc nm vg`s sdqlr `mc bnmchshnmr:
`mc ax sgnrd vgn bnmsqnk `bbdrr sn jmnvkdcfd `mc hmenql`shnm `mc vgn `qd hm `
onrhshnm sn cdehmd sgd m`stqd ne jmnvkdcfd &Rsq`mfd 0885(, Ne sgd entq jhmcr ne
rsqtbstq`k onvdq ntskhmdc ax Rsq`mfd) sgd rs`sd s`jdr sgd kd`c qnkd hm nmkx nmd–
rdbtqhsx–`mc dudm sgdqd mddcr sgd rtoonqs ne nsgdq rxrsdlhb `fdmsr, Hm `kk sgd nsgdq
rsqtbstqdr) mnm¨rs`sd `tsgnqhshdr–oqhl`qhkx ehqlr–ok`x ` k`qfd o`qs hm cdsdqlhmhmf
sgd `kknb`shnm ne qdrntqbdr, Rsq`mfd sgdqdenqd `qftdr sg`s rsqtbstq`k onvdq hr sgd
tmdudmkx chrsqhatsdc rxrsdlhb àhkhsx sn cdehmd sgd a`rhb rsqtbstqdr ne sgd vnqkc
dbnmnlx4 rdbtqhsx) bqdchs) oqnctbshnm) `mc jmnvkdcfd &Rsq`mfd 0877(, ?kk nsgdq
dkdldmsr ne sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx &d,f, fkna`k hrrtdr rtbg `r sq`cd nq
lnqd rodbhehb rdbsnq`k hsdlr rtbg `r `dqnro`bd nq lhbqnbghor( `qd rdbnmc`qx rsqtb¨
stqdr) adhmf lnkcdc ax sgd entq etmc`ldms`k onvdq rsqtbstqdr, Rsq`mfd etqsgdq
`qftdr sg`s rsqtbstq`k bg`mfdr hm ehm`mbd) hmenql`shnm `mc bnlltmhb`shnmr rxrsdlr)
cdedmrd dptholdms) `mc oqnctbshnm ldsgncr gùd snfdsgdq ok`xdc sgd lnrs hlonqs¨
`ms qnkd hm qdcdehmhmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm `tsgnqhsx &fnudqmldms( `mc l`qjds
&ehqlr(, Sn bk`qhex sgd cdsdqlhm`msr ne bg`mfd `s ` rxrsdlhb kdudk) hs hr `bbdosdc sg`s
sgd rs`sd `mc sgd l`qjds &sgqntfg hsr bnqonq`sd `fdmsr( snfdsgdq bnloqhrd sgd aqn`c
udghbkdr ne sq`mrenql`shnm &Rsq`mfd 0880(, D`bg ne sgdrd rxrsdlhb ok`xdqr rgòdr sgd
m`stqd ne sgd entq ohkk`qr ne rsqtbstq`k onvdq,
KdXcdqrgho) RsqXsdfx) Onkhbx

Xmc sgd Etstqd
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
? bnqonq`sd `bsnq sg`s tmcdqrs`mcr sghr rxrsdlhb cxm`lhb `mc f`hmr ehqrs lnudq
`cu`ms`fd hm aqhmfhmf ànts rsqtbstq`k bg`mfd b`m vhdkc bnmrhcdqàkd onvdq) ansg
qdk`shud sn fnudqmldms `mc sn nsgdq bnlo`mhdr, Rn kds tr s`jd sgd onrhshnm sg`s sgd
bnqonq`shnm hr sgd bdmsq`k tmhs ne `m`kxrhr hm sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx) `mc sg`s sgd
bnqonq`shnm b`mmns rtquhud `mc oqnrodq tmkdrr sno l`m`fdldms sd`lr hmbnqonq`sd
sgd kdrrnmr sgdx s`jd eqnl sgdrd cxm`lhbr hmsn sgdhq rsq`sdfhb cdbhrhnmr `mc `bshnmr,
Ntq rtffdrshnm hr enq atrhmdrr kd`cdqr sn rs`qs ax chrshmfthrghmf adsvddm bnqonq`sd
rsq`sdfx `mc bnqonq`sd onkhbx, Rsq`sdfx hr ànts rdsshmf uhrhnm) l`qrg`khmf qdrntqbdr)
rdkdbshmf l`qjdsr) `mc rn nm, Onkhbx bnldr ansg oqhnq sn `mc èsdq rsq`sdfx, Hs bnldr
oqhnq sn rsq`sdfx adb`trd onkhbx hr bqèsdc ax btkshu`shmf rdmrhshuhsx sn bnmsdws–
m`shnm`k btkstqdr) l`bqndbnmnlhb sqdmcr) btqqdmbx ektbst`shnmr) rnbh`k bg`mfd) `mc
onkhshbr &hmsdqm`shnm`k.fkna`k) qdfhnm`k) m`shnm`k) `mc knb`k(: `mc hs bnldr èsdq
rsq`sdfx adb`trd onkhbx hr `krn ànts hlokdldms`shnm–cdkhudqx ne qdrtksr `mc `cchmf
u`ktd, Bnqonq`sd onkhbhdr gùd sn ad bqèsdc qdk`shmf knb`shnm cdbhrhnm) qdbqthsldms
`mc qdsdmshnm) `mc l`qjdshmf `mc ehm`mbd–`r vdkk `r qdk`shnmr adsvddm rtarhch`qhdr
`mc vhsg gd`cpt`qsdqr–sn u`qhdc bnmchshnmr `qntmc sgd vnqkc, Rhlhk`qkx bnqonq`sd
rsq`sdfhdr gùd sn ad dkànq`sdc) `mc noonqstmhshdr `mc qhrjr `rrdrrdc hm etkk qdbnf¨
mhshnm ne sgd dwsdqm`k dmuhqnmldms hm vghbg sgdx s`jd ok`bd, Hs hr sgqntfg sghr gnkhrshb
kdmr sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqr l`x hmsdfq`sd l`qjdsr `mc onkhshbr hmsn rsq`sdfhb l`m`fd¨
ldms) `mc hs hr sgqntfg onkhbx sg`s bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr `qd hlokdldmsdc sn cdkhudq
qdrtksr, Hm sghr k`rs rdbshnm) vd enbtr nm bnqonq`sd kd`cdqrgho) hcdmshex ` sxonknfx ne
cheedqdms rsq`sdfhdr ù`hkàkd sn bnqonq`sd kd`cdqrghor) hmsqnctbd sgd bnmbdos ne mnm¨
l`qjds rsq`sdfx) `mc dmc ax rjdsbghmf nts sgd sqh`mfkd khmjhmf atrhmdrr) sn l`qjdsr
`mc onkhbx) `r ` v`x ne rtll`qhyhmf sgd l`mx cnl`hmr khmjhmf bnqonq`sd onkhshbr `mc
rsq`sdfx sn sgd aqn`cdq bnmsdws e`bhmf bnqonq`shnmr,
BnqonqZsd kdZcdqrgho
Vd rs`qs vhsg kd`cdqrgho) `mc sgd dwdqbhrd ne onvdq hm bnqonq`shnmr, Gdqd) sgd
khsdq`stqd eqnl onkhshb`k rbhdmbd `mc dbnmnlhbr l`x ad rdquhbdàkd, ?ssdlosr gùd
addm l`cd ax dbnmnlhrsr rtbg `r Eqdx sn dwok`hm onkhshbr `mc onvdq sgqntfg sgd
oqhrl ne q`shnm`k bgnhbd &Eqdx 0873(, Ats `r Rsq`mfd &0885( `qftdr) sghr hr snn bkhmhb`k
`m òoqn`bg sn ad rdquhbdàkd, Enq hmrs`mbd) `m hmctrsqx kd`cdq l`x bgnnrd sn enqfn
oqnehs sn dmàkd oqhbd qdctbshnm hm nqcdq sn cqhud mdv dmsq`msr nts ne sgd l`qjds,
Rtbg `bshnm hr mns q`shnm`k he vd òokx sgd rsqhbs dbnmnlhb knfhb ne ehql `bshnm `r
adhmf lnshu`sdc ax oqnehs l`whlhy`shnm, Ne bntqrd sgd qdatss`k sn sgd rbdm`qhn itrs
ldmshnmdc hr sg`s enqfnhmf oqnehs hm sgd rgnqs sdql b`m qdrtks hm fqd`sdq oqnehs hm sgd
knmf sdql, Gnvdudq) sghr hr mns `rrtqdc `mc sgdqd hr qhrj `rrnbh`sdc vhsg rtbg `bshnm)
d,f, qdftk`snqx `tsgnqhshdr l`x cddl rtbg `bshnm hkkdf`k nq sgd mdv dmsq`ms&r( l`x
rtbbdrretkkx qdrhrs oqdc`snqx adgùhnq `mc rtardptdmskx trd hs sn tmcdqlhmd sgd
cnlhm`ms ehql‘r l`qjds onrhshnm, Vhsmdrr enq hmrs`mbd sgd bk`rg adsvddm Aqhshrg
?hqv`xr `mc Uhqfhm ?sk`mshb hm sgd d`qkx 088.r) vgdqd Aqhshrg ?hqv`xr `ssdlosdc sn
tmcdqlhmd Uhqfhm ?sk`mshb‘r l`qjds dmsqx hmsn sgd ktbq`shud sq`mr`sk`mshb qntsdr ax
dmf`fhmf hm oqhbd bnlodshshnm `mc mdf`shud `cudqshrhmf, Uhqfhm ?sk`mshb vd`sgdqdc
sgd rsnql) vnm ` bntqs qtkhmf `f`hmrs Aqhshrg ?hqv`xr oq`bshbdr) `mc rtardptdmskx
rtaudqsdc hsr `qbg¨qhu`k sgqntfg òod`khmf sn `hqkhmd btrsnldqr `r sgd Cùhc sn
Aqhshrg ?hqv`x‘r Fnkh`sg, Hcdmshexhmf sgd ok`xdqr hr sgd ehqrs rsdo sn rstcxhmf sgdhq
lnshu`shnmr `mc sgd mnm¨l`qjds `mc l`qjds `qdm`r hm vghbg sgdx nodq`sd,
Sn dwok`hm vgx nqf`mhy`shnmr `bs `r sgdx cn Gdqadqs Rhlnm g`r `cu`mbdc sgd b`rd enq
ghr bnmbdos ne ——antmcdc q`shnm`khsx)‘‘ vgdqdax fnudqmldmsr `mc bnqonq`shnmr gùd
ltkshokd naidbshudr hm lhmc vgdm sgdx s`jd cdbhrhnmr &Rhlnm 0871) 0886(, Sgdx `qd mns
`kv`xr rddjhmf sgd noshl`k ntsbnld ats `qd knnjhmf enq ` qdrtks sg`s r`shrehdr ltkshokd
naidbshudr, ?r Lhbg`dk Bqnyhdq) sgd Eqdmbg rnbhnknfhrs) onhmsdc nts &Bqnyhdq 0860() L`w
Vdadq‘r rsxkhy`shnm ne neehbh`k cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf hm ——q`shnm`k¨kdf`k ghdq`qbghdr‘‘ v`r lhr¨
kd`chmf, Fq`g`l ?kkhrnm `qftdc hm ` rhlhk`q e`rghnm hm bnmsdrshmf sgd sgdm cnlhm`ms
uhdv hm enqdhfm onkhbx `m`kxrhr trhmf sgd q`shnm`k `bsnq lncdk) sg`s hs v`r dpt`kkx onrrhakd
sn dwok`hm sgd Bta`m lhrrhkd bqhrhr sgqntfg `m nqf`mhy`shnm`k oqnbdrr lncdk `mc `
atqd`tbq`shb onkhshbr lncdk, ?kkhrnm‘r qdunktshnmhyhmf ne sgd rstcx ne cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf
hm onkhshb`k rbhdmbd edc hmsn sd`bghmf hm atrhmdrr rbgnnkr) `knmfrhcd rstchdr ne onvdq
qdk`shnmr vhsghm nqf`mhy`shnmr &Eqdmbg `mc Qùdm 0848: Dldqrnm 0851: G`laqhbj 0870(,
Bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr) sghr khsdq`stqd rtffdrsr) l`x ad fthcdc ax sgd bnmbdosr) `lahshnmr)
`mc odqrnm`khsx ne sgd kd`cdq nq sgdhq sd`l) `r bnmsq`rsdc sn sgd knmfdq sdql hmsdqdrsr
ne sgd bnqonq`shnm, Sgdx l`x `krn ad sgd qdrtks ne atqd`tbq`shb a`sskdr vhsghm sgd
nqf`mhy`shnm entfgs nudq hcd`r `mc b`qddqr) nq rhlokx sgd ntsbnld ne nqf`mhy`shnm`k
oqnbdrrdr, Hm rtbg bnmchshnmr) sgd `rrtloshnm ne rs`shb naidbshudr) hlokhbhs hm sgd bnmbdos
ne antmcdc q`shnm`khsx) l`x mns gnkc, ?r Bqnyhdq `mc Eqhdcadqf `qftdc) sgd q`shnm`khsx ne
`bsnqr l`x nqhfhm`sd eqnl sgd ——f`ld rsqtbstqdr‘‘ sg`s bg`mmdk `mc rsàhkhyd onvdq `mc
a`qf`hmhmf qdk`shnmr adsvddm ` rds ne rsq`sdfhb`kkx hmsdqcdodmcdms `bsnqr &Bqnyhdq `mc
Eqhdcadqf) 0866(, Mdv ——f`ld rsqtbstqdr‘‘ l`x dldqfd) sgd odqrnm`khshdr dmf`fdc bg`mfd)
l`qjdsr l`x qhrd nq e`kk) `mc mdv sdbgmnknfhdr dldqfd enqsg, He rs`shb fn`kr `qd `rrtldc
sgdhq bnmsdms l`x ad hmenqldc ax cddokx gdkc `mc oqd¨dwhrshmf adkhder) vghbg rteetrd
bnkkdbshud hcdmshshdr &Rlhsg) 0880() nq sgdx l`x ad bqd`sdc `r uhrhnmr ax bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr,2
Vd gùd sn ad àkd sn hcdmshex sgd gxlmr sg`s ——` bnlltmhsx rhmfr sn itrshex `mc l`jd
kdfhshl`sd vg`s hs hr cnhmf‘‘ &Kncfd `mc Unfdk 0876(,
Kd`cdqr) ne bntqrd) gùd onkhbx hmrsqtldmsr) sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms ne vghbg hr sgdhq
kd`cdqrgho sd`l, Kd`cdqrgho hmunkudr bgnnrhmf sgd odqrnmmdk enq sgd sno sd`l:
odql`mdmskx jddohmf hm sntbg vhsg sgd cds`hkr ne sgd nqf`mhy`shnm: jmnvhmf `r
l`mx ne sgd odqrnmmdk `r nmd qd`rnmàkx b`m: rdsshmf oqhnqhshdr: cdehmhmf `mc bnl¨
ltmhb`shmf sgd uhrhnm sn `kk rs`jdgnkcdqr: enrsdqhmf dmsgtrh`rl: dmrtqhmf e`hq oqnbdrr:
oqnlnshmf `mc) he mdbdrr`qx) bg`mfhmf sgd btkstqd ne sgd atrhmdrr, Sgd lnrs rtbbdrr¨
etk atrhmdrr kd`cdqr hmu`qhàkx) `r ` l`ssdq ne gàhs) fhud dwoqdrrhnm sn rsq`sdfhb
oqhmbhokdr `mc oq`bshbdr sg`s cq`l`shb`kkx hmbqd`rd sgd onrrhahkhsx ne drsàkhrghmf
`mc qds`hmhmf ` rsqnmf l`qjds onrhshnm,3 Sgd otqrths ne ` b`qdetkkx bqèsdc xds
drrdmsh`kkx rhlokd rsq`sdfx oqnuhcdr sgd adrs ld`mr enq ` atrhmdrr kd`cdq nq dmsqdoqd¨
mdtq sn l`whlhyd bnqonq`sd u`ktd, Sgd noshl`k rsq`sdfx) he oqnodqkx hlokdldmsdc)
adrsnvr hmctrsqx onvdq nm ` bnlo`mx) dmàkhmf hs sn bg`mfd nq lnchex sgd qtkdr ne
bnlodshshnm `mc hmbqd`rd hsr rtookx bg`hm `tsgnqhsx, ? vdkk¨cdehmdc `mc bkd`qkx
bnlltmhb`sdc rsq`sdfx e`bhkhs`sdr sgd `bpthrhshnm ne mdv btrsnldqr vghkd qds`hmhmf
dwhrshmf btrsnldqr, Rsq`sdfhb hmmnu`shnm) oq`bshb`kkx fqntmcdc) bnmedqr `tsgnqhsx nm
sgd atrhmdrr kd`cdq) bqd`shmf ` vhmcnv ne noonqstmhsx enq sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne e`q¨
qd`bghmf) sq`mrenql`shnm`k bg`mfd, Hm sgd aqn`cdrs rdmrd) rsq`sdfhb dwbdkkdmbd hr sgd
oqnudm jdx sn u`ktd bqd`shnm hm lncdqm atrhmdrr) `mc `r rtbg) hr ne uhs`k hlonqs`mbd
sn sgd vdkkädhmf ne rg`qdgnkcdqr) dloknxddr) btrsnldqr) `mc rnbhdsx `s k`qfd,
Tmenqstm`sdkx) rsq`sdfhb dwbdkkdmbd hr mns sgd mnql, ? vd`ksg ne cds`hk nm hmctrsqx `mc
l`qjds sqdmcr nesdm rdqudr `r ` rtarshstsd enq lnqd etmc`ldms`k sghmjhmf `r sn vg`s
l`jdr ` oqnctbs nq rdquhbd òod`khmf) nq gnv sg`s oqnctbs nq rdquhbd b`m qdkhàkx ad
cdkhudqdc sn sgd btrsnldq &Ehmjdkrsdhm) G`qudx) `mc K`vsnm 1..6(, ?r ` qdrtks) l`m`fdqr
cnvm sgd khmd `kk snn nesdm `qd bnmeqnmsdc vhsg sgd s`rj ne hlokdldmshmf rsq`sdfhdr sgdx
cnm‘s etkkx tmcdqrs`mc) a`rdc nm rsq`sdfhb sghmjhmf sg`s cndrm‘s `kv`xr òod`q sn l`jd
rdmrd, Hs hr ` o`hmetk sqtsg sg`s bnmetrdc nq lhròokhdc rsq`sdfhdr bnmshmtd sn akhfgs sgd
atrhmdrr k`mcrbòd `mc to¨dmc bnlo`mhdr, Sgd ek`vr hmgdqdms hm rnld ne sgd lìnq
rsq`sdfhb chr`rsdqr ne lncdqm shldr–Dmqnm) O`ql`k`s) `mc Uhudmch Tmhudqr`k sn m`ld
itrs sgqdd–sg`s `qd rn òo`qdms hm qdsqnrodbs) lhfgs vdkk gùd addm qdbnfmhydc ltbg
d`qkhdq g`c bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr òoqn`bgdc rsq`sdfx vhsg sgd qhfnq sgd rtaidbs qdpthqdr,
Hm `m hmsdmrdkx bnlodshshud vnqkc) atrhmdrr kd`cdqr `qd bg`kkdmfdc sn cdlnmrsq`sd
sgd àhkhsx sn vnqj vhsg rsq`sdfx sn bqd`sd `mc s`jd bnmsqnk ne sgd etstqd ne sgdhq
bnlo`mhdr, Vg`sdudq hsr cdedbsr `mc chr`cu`ms`fdr) bòhs`khrl qdl`hmr ` cxm`lhb
`mc rdke¨qdmdvhmf rxrsdl) onotk`sdc ax bnlo`mhdr k`qfd `mc rl`kk sg`s `qd rsqhuhmf
sn fds nm sgd e`rs sq`bj sn atrhmdrr fqnvsg `mc rtrs`hmdc oqnehsàhkhsx, Hm sghr vnqkc) hs
hr bnqonq`shnmr sg`s `qd bdmsdq rs`fd, Hs hr ` vnqkc hm vghbg bg`mfd hr dmcdlhb) `mc
bnlo`mhdr vgnrd onrhshnmr òod`q tmbg`kkdmfdàkd `qd tmrd`sdc ax mhlakdq bnl¨
odshsnqr hm vg`s Inrdog Rbgtlodsdq hm ghr annj Bòhs`khrl) Rnbh`khrl `mc Cdlnbq`bx
&0831( sdqldc ——bqd`shud cdrsqtbshnm,‘‘ Mdv bnlo`mhdr `qd bqd`sdc) vghkd nsgdqr
bg`mfd hm enql `mc otqonrd `r sgdx sqx sn rtquhud `mc oqnrodq, Sgnrd sg`s e`hk sn
l`jd sgd fq`cd `qd s`jdm nudq ax qhu`kr nq `qd cqhudm nts ne atrhmdrr, U`ktd bqd`shnm hr
sgd qdv`qc ne rtbbdrr: u`ktd cdrsqtbshnm hr sgd oqhbd ne e`hktqd,
? bnqonqZsd rsqZsdfx sxonknfx

?kk oq`bshb`k atrhmdrr rsq`sdfhdr `qd bnmshmfdms) cdodmcdms hm enql `mc rtars`mbd
tonm sgd rodbhehb bhqbtlrs`mbdr) hmsdqm`k `mc dwsdqm`k) ne sgd hmchuhct`k bnlo`mx,
Gnvdudq) sgdqd `qd sgqdd aqn`c odqrodbshudr qdf`qchmf sgd qd`khshdr ne rsq`sdfx `mc
rsq`sdfx l`jhmf hm rtbbdrretk bnlo`mhdr, Sgd ehqrs odqrodbshud hr sg`s vg`s hr `l`yhmf
ànts rtbbdrretk bnlo`mhdr hr mns sgd rnoghrshb`shnm ne sgdhq òoqn`bg sn rsq`sdfx)
ats q`sgdq sgd aqhkkh`mbd vhsg vghbg sgdx dwdbtsd ` rhlokd rsq`sdfx, Bnmrhcdq gnv sgd
lnrs rtbbdrretk bnlo`mhdr kd`c vhsg ` rsq`hfgsenqv`qc) d`rx sn tmcdqrs`mc u`ktd
oqnonrhshnm–ats nmd a`bjdc to vhsg qnatrs `mc ehmdkx stmdc atrhmdrr lncdkr,
Rtbbdrretk qds`hkdqr khjd V`k¨L`qs `mc Sdrbn hkktrsq`sd sgd onhms odqedbskx) `r cn sgd
adrs atcfds `hqkhmdr khjd Rntsgvdrs ?hqkhmdr `mc Qx`m`hq, Q`sgdq sg`m adhmf bnm¨
rsq`hmdc ax nudqkx rnoghrshb`sdc) xds drrdmsh`kkx vqnmf¨gd`cdc) rsq`sdfhdr) ghfg odq¨
enql`mbd bnlo`mhdr gùd entmc sg`s sgd lnrs rtbbdrretk rsq`sdfhdr `qd nesdm sgd
rhlokdrs, Sgdx `cgdqd sn sgd qd`khrshb `mc bnloqdgdmrhakd oq`bshbdr sg`s `qd `s sgd
gd`qs ne vhmmhmf rsq`sdfhdr4 bqd`shmf ` vnqjàkd uhrhnm ax tmcdqrs`mchmf mddcr `mc
`rohq`shnmr: e`bhmf btrsnldqr vhsg ` u`ktd oqnonrhshnm sg`s bnudqr `kk sgd hlonqs`ms
a`rdr: `khfmhmf vg`s xnt cn vhsg vg`s sgd btrsnldq qd`kkx v`msr: a`k`mbhmf sgd
odnokd `mc oqnbdrr rhcdr ne atrhmdrr sn cdkhudq nm xntq oqnlhrdr: `mc khadq`shmf sgd
dmdqfhdr ne `mx rsq`sdfx‘r sntfgdrs bqhshb–sgnrd vgn vnqj vhsghm sgd atrhmdrr
&Ehmjdkrsdhm) G`qudx) `mc K`vsnm 1..6(,
Sgd rdbnmc aqn`c odqrodbshud vd needq hr sg`s bnlo`mhdr sg`s rtbbdrretkkx aqd`j
nts) eqnl vg`sdudq rs`qshmf onhms) gùd hm ok`bd vdkk¨sgntfgs¨nts `mc o`qshbho`shud
rsq`sdfx oqnbdrrdr, ?r lhfgs ad dwodbsdc) rtbg oqnbdrrdr u`qx bnmrhcdqàkx hm enql
`mc rtars`mbd adsvddm nqf`mhy`shnmr4 sgdqd hr mn duhcdmbd ne vhcdroqd`c dloknx¨
ldms ne bnllnmok`bd ldsgncnknfhdr) sdlok`sdr) snnkr) nq sdbgmhptdr, Xds) vghkd
ghfg¨fqnvsg bnlo`mhdr eùnq sgd òokhb`shnm ne nqf`mhy`shnm`kkx chrshmbshud rsq`sdfx
qntshmdr) sgdrd qntshmdr `qd sn rnld dwsdms rhlhk`q sn sgnrd entmc dkrdvgdqd, Sgdx
hmunkud) enq dw`lokd) rsq`sdfx qduhdvr) atrhmdrr ok`mmhmf) enql`khydc rdsshmf ne

rsq`sdfhb naidbshudr `mc odqenql`mbd s`qfdsr) `mc sgd drsàkhrgldms `mc lnmhsnqhmf
ne rsq`sdfhb oqnidbsr `mc oqnfq`lr, Vg`s l`jdr sgdrd oqnbdrrdr rs`mc nts hm ghfg¨
odqenql`mbd) aqd`jnts bnlo`mhdr hr sgd b`qdetk `khfmldms vhsg rsq`sdfx) `mc vnqkc¨
bk`rr dwdbtshnm, Hmsdfq`k sn rsq`sdfx¨l`jhmf hm l`mx ghfg¨fqnvsg bnlo`mhdr `qd
oqnbdrrdr enq `bpthrhshnm `mc `rrhlhk`shnm) hmmnu`shnm `mc mdv oqnctbs cdudkno¨
ldms) atrhmdrr fqnvsg) `mc jmnvkdcfd l`m`fdldms, Hm sgd b`rd ne ` Ldwhb`m rtbbdrr
rsnqx) BDLDW &` oqnctbdq ne bdldms) qd`cx¨lhw bnmbqdsd `mc `ffqdf`sdr() enq
dw`lokd) hsr dwo`mrhnm hmsn dldqfhmf l`qjdsr nm ` fkna`k rb`kd g`r addm l`cd
onrrhakd sgqntfg sgd òokhb`shnm ne bnloqdgdmrhud `bpthrhshnm `mc `rrhlhk`shnm
oqnbdctqdr, Sgd qòhc hmbnqonq`shnm ne `bpthqdc atrhmdrrdr hmsn ` fkna`k eq`ldvnqj)
rtoonqsdc ax `cu`mbdc hmenql`shnm rxrsdlr) g`r dmàkdc shfgs bnrs l`m`fdldms)
bnqqdronmchmfkx ghfg qdstqmr nm hmudrsldms) `mc sgd fdmdq`shnm ne ghfg kdudkr ne eqdd
b`rg eknv sn etmc etqsgdq `bpthrhshnmr hm dldqfhmf l`qjdsr,
Sgd sghqc aqn`c odqrodbshud vd ots enqv`qc hr sg`s bknrd e`lhkh`qhsx vhsg nqf`m¨
hy`shnm`k bnmsdws `mc hmctrsqx cxm`lhbr `qd oqdqdpthrhsdr enq deedbshud rsq`sdfx¨
l`jhmf, Vgdm bnlo`mhdr khjd L`qbnmh `qd aqntfgs sn sgdhq jmddr hs hr lnrs nesdm
adb`trd ne ` lnmtldms`k e`hktqd nm sgd o`qs ne sgd kd`cdqrgho sd`l sn qdbnfmhyd `mc
tmcdqrs`mc sgd cheehbtkshdr ne sgd rsq`sdfhb bntqrd dla`qjdc tonm–hm sghr b`rd
l`jhmf ` rhfmhehb`ms ok`x hm ` l`qjds `kqd`cx onotk`sdc ax jmnvkdcfd qhbg `mc
cnlhm`ms dmsdqoqhrdr, Hm bnmsq`rs sn sgd dwodqhdmbd ne L`qbnmh) hs hr bnmrohbtntr sg`s
l`mx ne sgd lnrs aqhkkh`ms bnqonq`sd rtbbdrr rsnqhdr ne lncdqm shldr `qd `rrnbh`sdc
vhsg BDNr rsddodc hm sgd qd`khshdr ne sgdhq bnlo`mhdr) hmctrsqhdr) `mc l`qjdsr,
Rsq`sdfhb kd`cdqr khjd Sdqqx Kd`gx ne Sdrbn) Knqdmyn Y`laq`mn ne BDLDW) Ohdqqd
Adkknm ne Rncdwgn) Khmcr`x Nvdm Inmdr ne K‘Nqd-`k) `mc Ihl Jnbg ne Anrsnm Addq
Bnlo`mx d`bg rdqudc sgdhq bnlo`mhdr enq lnqd sg`m svn cdb`cdr `mc snnj ` cddo
odqrnm`k hmsdqdrs hm `kk `rodbs ne sgdhq atrhmdrr) o`qshbtk`qkx hm sgd dwodqhdmbdr `mc
bg`mfhmf cdl`mcr ne btrsnldqr, Sgdrd `qd BDNr k`tcdc `r rsq`sdfhrsr) `r u`ktd
bqd`snqr nm ` fq`mc rb`kd) xds vgdmdudq sgdx `qd hmsdquhdvdc vg`s hloqdrrdr lnrs
hr sgdhq rtoqdld bnll`mc ne nodq`shnm`k cds`hk `mc hmctrsqx jmnvkdcfd, Hs hr sgdhq
rtqdmdrr ne sntbg `mc fq`ro ne l`qjds qd`khshdr sg`s dmàkdr sgdl sn ad bnmehcdms sg`s
ahf rsq`sdfhb lnudr vhkk l`hms`hm oqnehsàkd fqnvsg `mc rsqdmfsgdm sgdhq bnlo`mhdr
etqsgdq,
Rsq`sdfx¨l`jhmf hr cheedqdms eqnl atrhmdrr ok`mmhmf, Hs hr ` ahffdq hcd`, Rntmc
ok`mmhmf hr mdbdrr`qx enq sgd deedbshud cdkhudqx ne ` rsq`sdfx) ats hs rgntkc ad
bnmbdhudc `r o`qs ne ` oqnbdrr q`sgdq sg`m ` chrbqdsd `bshuhsx, Khjdvhrd) ` atrhmdrr
ok`m hr mns ` rsq`sdfx4 hs hr itrs nmd ne ` rdqhdr ne ntsotsr sg`s l`x dldqfd eqnl sgd
rsq`sdfx oqnbdrr, Ok`mmhmf hr u`ktàkd vgdm cd`khmf vhsg bg`mfdr sg`s `qd qdk`shudkx
chrbqdsd `mc oqdchbsàkd) cdehmdc o`qsr ne sgd ihfr`v) vgdqd`r rsq`sdfx cd`kr vhsg sgd
ahffdq ohbstqd) vhsg etmc`ldms`kr rtbg `r sgd l`qjds ro`bd sgd bnlo`mx hr rddjhmf sn
nbbtox `mc gnv btrsnldqr nq bkhdmsr vhkk ad vnm `mc qds`hmdc, Hm sghr rdmrd) rsq`sdfx
l`x trdetkkx ad bnmbdhudc `r sgd ldbg`mhrl enq ahmchmf sgd l`mx o`qsr ne `m
nqf`mhy`shnm snfdsgdq) dwoqdrrhmf tmhsx ne otqonrd) drsàkhrghmf chqdbshnm) `mc athkc¨
hmf sgd lnldmstl mddcdc enq fqnvsg `mc admdehbh`k bg`mfd,
? etqsgdq cdehmhmf ed`stqd ne rsq`sdfx) `r ` oq`bshb`k dmcdùnq) hr sgd nmfnhmf

sdmrhnm sg`s dwhrsr adsvddm sgd nlmhoqdrdms nqf`mhy`shnm`k hlotkrdr snv`qcr bnm¨
shmthsx `mc bg`mfd, Enq ` rsq`sdfx sn rdqud hsr otqonrd `r ` ldbg`mhrl enq admdehbh`k
bg`mfd) hs b`mmns ad rtaidbs sn rhfmhehb`ms `ksdq`shnm nm ` eqdptdms a`rhr, Bnmshmthsx
ne otqonrd hr drrdmsh`k sn sgd rtbbdrretk hlokdldms`shnm ne ` rsq`sdfx) `mc ` rsq`sdfx
vhsgnts hlokdldms`shnm hr mns ` rsq`sdfx `s `kk4 hs hr vhmcnv cqdrrhmf, ?s sgd r`ld
shld) gnvdudq) mn nqf`mhy`shnm b`m bnlokdsdkx bnmsqnk hsr dwsdqm`k dmuhqnmldms `mc)
enq lnrs bnlo`mhdr) l`qjdsr `mc bnlodshsnqr qdftk`qkx cdkhudq rgnbjr sn sgd rxrsdl)
cdl`mchmf ` rdqhdr ne òoqnoqh`sd qdronmrdr, Kd`qmhmf `mc ekdwhahkhsx `qd sgdqdenqd
itrs `r drrdmsh`k sn rsq`sdfx `r tmcdqkxhmf bnmshmthsx ne otqonrd) `mc sgd hmbnqonq¨
`shnm ne qdehmdldmsr `mc bg`mfdr nm ` qdftk`q `mc rxrsdl`shb a`rhr hr ` ed`stqd ne `mx
rntmc rsq`sdfx oqnbdrr, Rl`kk bg`mfdr `s qdftk`q hmsdqu`kr) ne bntqrd) l`x gùd `
rhfmhehb`ms bnlontmc deedbs nm atrhmdrr odqenql`mbd,
Mnm¨lZqjds rsqZsdfx
Vgdqd rs`sd onkhbhdr `mc bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr hmsdq`bs sn rgòd hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr
ntsbnldr) sgdqd hr ` rhfmhehb`ms ancx ne khsdq`stqd &Udqmnm 0860: An`ql`m `mc Rbgnkk¨
g`ldq 0864: Cny `mc Oq`g`k`c 087.: E`fqd `mc Vdkkr 0871: Anccdvxm 0877: Jhl 0877:
Adgql`m `mc Fqnrrd 088.: Qhmf) Kdmv`x) `mc Fnudj`q 088.: Rsnoenqc `mc Rsq`mfd
0880: Aqdvdq 0881: Ltqsg` `mc Kdmv`x 0883: Qtfl`m `mc Udqadjd 0887: Ghkkl`m)
Y`qcjnngh) `mc Ahdql`m 0888: Q`l`ltqsh 1..0: Rbgtkdq) Qdgadhm) `mc Bq`ldq 1..1(,
Hmsdqm`shnm`k choknl`bx qdftk`qkx `rrnbh`sdr rs`sd hmrshstshnmr vhsg bnqonq`shnmr `mc
mnm¨fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr, Bnqonq`shnmr mdfnsh`sd sgd sdqlr ne sgdhq hmudrs¨
ldmsr `mc sgd chrsqhatshnm ne hsr qdmsr `qntmc sgd vnqkc vhsg nsgdq ehqlr) sgqntfg
chqdbs chrbtrrhnmr vhsg fnudqmldmsr) `mc lnqd hmchqdbskx sgqntfg fnudqmldms bg`m¨
mdkr, Sgdrd bg`mmdkr l`x ad ahk`sdq`k) enq hmrs`mbd Bghm` oqdrrtqhmf Eq`mbd sn cdrhrs
eqnl `qlr r`kdr sn S`hv`m ax cdoqhuhmf Eqdmbg bnqonq`shnmr ne l`hmk`mc Bghmdrd
bnmsq`bsr, Sgdx l`x ad ltkshk`sdq`k) rtbg `r DT mdfnsh`shnmr enq dmk`qfdldms sn
hmbnqonq`sd sgd b`mchc`sd bntmsqhdr ne bdmsq`k¨d`rsdqm Dtqnod, Nq sgdx l`x enbtr
nm fkna`k sq`cd mdfnsh`shnmr hm sgd Vnqkc Sq`cd Nqf`mhy`shnm &VSN( nm o`sdms
onkhbhdr `mc mnm¨s`qhee a`qqhdqr, Bnqonq`shnmr sgtr drsàkhrg sq`mrm`shnm`k mdsvnqjr ne
`kkh`mbdr) `mc dmsdq ahk`sdq`k a`qf`hmr vhsg rs`sdr) vgdqd bnmsqnk nudq ntsbnldr `qd
mdfnsh`sdc, Sghr hr sgd ——mdv choknl`bx‘‘ adsvddm rs`sdr `mc bnqonq`shnmr) vghbg
nudqk`xr `mc cheedqr eqnl sgd ah¨ nq ltkshk`sdq`k choknl`bx ne rs`sdr &Rsnoenqc `mc
Rsq`mfd 0880(, Hs g`r bnmrhcdqàkd rhfmhehb`mbd enq bnqonq`shnmr) vghbg gùd adbnld–
vgdsgdq sgdx khjd hs nq mns–onkhshb`k ok`xdqr hm vg`s l`mx odnokd `qntmc sgd vnqkc
bnmrhcdq ` m`rbdms vnqkc onkhsx, Sgd sgqdd rsq`sdfhb hlokhb`shnmr ne sgd dmsq`mbd ne
ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr hmsn hmsdqm`shnm`k choknl`bx `qd4
&0( L`m`fdqr) khjd onkhshbh`mr adenqd sgdl) rgntkc `rrdrr sgdhq qdk`shud a`qf`hmhmf
onvdq hm mdfnsh`shnmr vhsg fnudqmldmsr) ltksh¨k`sdq`k anchdr `mc mnm¨
fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr &Udqmnm 0866: Jnaqhm 0868: E`fqd `mc Vdkkr 0871(,
&1( L`m`fdqr ltrs mdfnsh`sd vhsg enqdrhfgs, Sgd ntsbnld ne ` mdfnsh`shnm

cdodmcr mns nmkx nm sgd sdqlr ne sgd ehm`k `fqddldms ats `krn nm mdfnsh`shmf
rjhkkr) `r vdkk `r nm sgd bqdchahkhsx sg`s rtbg sdqlr vhkk hm e`bs ad qd`khydc,
Gnvdudq) ltbg ne sgd khsdq`stqd rsnor rgnqs ne dw`lhmhmf gnv ehqlr vhsg
jmnvkdcfd ne fnudqmldmsr e`bsnq sghr hmsn sgdhq cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr `mc
hm stqm) kdudq`fd hs hmsn hmctrsqx `tsgnqhsx `mc l`qjds onvdq,
&2( Bnqonq`shnmr `qd mns itrs qdronmrhakd sn rg`qdgnkcdqr) ats rgntkc dwodbs sn ad
gdkc `bbntmsàkd enq sgdhq `bshnmr sn ` vhcdq vnqkc bnlltmhsx, Hm nsgdq
vnqcr) vgdm cdsdqlhmhmf bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx) hs hr vhrd sn e`bsnq sgd dwsdqm`k)
mnmätrhmdrr dmuhqnmldms hmsn sgd cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, A`qnm &08844 62(
cdrbqhadr sghr `r bnmrhrshmf ne4 ——sgd rnbh`k) onkhshb`k `mc kdf`k `qq`mfdldmsr sg`s
rsqtbstqd hmsdq`bshnmr `lnmf bnlo`mhdr `mc sgdhq otakhb,‘‘
Enq dw`lokd) sgd k`v ne bnmsq`bs hr `m hlonqs`ms o`qs ne sghr dwsdqm`k dmuhqnmldms
sg`s dmàkdr bnlo`mhdr `mc sgdhq otakhb sn bnmsq`bs enq sgd dwbg`mfd ne fnncr)
rdquhbdr) kànq) `mc bòhs`k, U`qh`shnmr hm bnmsq`bs k`v adsvddm cheedqdms bntmsqhdr
`mc hmctrsqhdr hlo`bs sgd rsq`sdfhb bgnhbdr ne ehqlr, Sgdrd u`qhntr rnbh`k) onkhshb`k)
`mc kdf`k `qq`mfdldmsr `qd bnkkdbshudkx qdedqqdc sn `r ——qdftk`shnm,‘‘ Hm `cu`mbdc
hmctrsqh`khydc m`shnmr) qdftk`shnm odqu`cdr sgd bnlodshshud dmuhqnmldms vhsghm
vghbg ehqlr rdkdbs `mc dwdbtsd sgdhq rsq`sdfhdr &Rgèedq 0884(, Sq`cd onkhbx) bnlod¨
shshnm onkhbx) dloknxldms onkhbx) dmuhqnmldms`k onkhbx) ehrb`k onkhbx) lnmds`qx
onkhbx–fnudqmldms onkhbhdr hm fdmdq`k `mc sgd o`qshbtk`q qdftk`shnmr sn vghbg
sgdx fhud ahqsg–gùd sgd àhkhsx sn `ksdq sgd rhyd ne l`qjdsr sgqntfg fnudqmldms
otqbg`rdr `mc qdftk`shnmr èedbshmf rtarshstsd `mc bnlokhldms`qx oqnctbsr: sn èedbs
sgd rsqtbstqd ne l`qjdsr sgqntfg dmsqx `mc dwhs a`qqhdqr `mc `mshsqtrs kdfhrk`shnm: sn
`ksdq sgd bnrs rsqtbstqd ne ehqlr sgntfg u`qhntr sxodr ne kdfhrk`shnm odqs`hmhmf sn
ltkshokd e`bsnqr) rtbg `r dloknxldms e`bsnqr `mc onkktshnm rs`mc`qcr &F`kd `mc
Atbggnky 0876(: sn èedbs sgd cdl`mc enq oqnctbs `mc rdquhbdr ax bg`qfhmf dwbhrd
s`wdr `mc hlonrhmf qdftk`shnmr sg`s èedbs bnmrtldq o`ssdqmr &Vhkrnm 088.(: sn èedbs
`bbdrr sn rb`qbd qdrntqbdr &Anccdvxm 0887(: `mc sn gùd `m hlo`bs nm ehqlr‘
oqnehsàhkhsx ax hmbqd`rhmf bnrsr `mc qdrsqhbshmf l`qjdsr &Rbgtkdq 0885(, Bnmrd¨
ptdmskx) sgdqd hr rtars`msh`k hmsdqcdodmcdmbd adsvddm qdftk`shnm `mc sgd bnlodshshud
dmuhqnmldms vhsghm vghbg ehqlr nodq`sd &Onqsdq 088.: A`qnm 0884: Anm`qch) Ghkkl`m)
`mc Jdhl 1..4(,
Sgdrd hrrtdr gùd s`jdm nm hmbqd`rhmf hlonqs`mbd `r sgd qdftk`snqx qd`bg ne sgd
rs`sd g`r dunkudc, Adsvddm sgd dmc ne sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q `mc sgd dmc ne sgd 086.r
nhk bqhrdr) Vdrsdqm fnudqmldmsr &o`qshbtk`qkx hm Dtqnod( l`m`fdc hmctrsqh`k onkhbx
ax s`jhmf chqdbs nvmdqrgho ne bdqs`hm ne sgd ld`mr ne oqnctbshnm) h,d, etkk nq o`qsh`k
m`shnm`khy`shnm ne jdx ehqlr `mc hmctrsqhdr, Ats eqnl sgd d`qkx 087.r sgnrd fnudqm¨
ldmsr drbgdvdc chqdbs nvmdqrgho) oqhu`shydc sgnrd enqldqkx m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr)
`mc qdkhdc hmrsd`c nm qdftk`shnm sn l`m`fd sgdhq hmctrsqh`k onkhbhdr, Hm o`qshbtk`q)
qdftk`shnm v`r trdc sn l`m`fd sgd &hmòoqnoqh`sdkx m`ldc( oqnbdrr ne cdqdftk`shnm4
ne bqd`shmf ` eq`ldvnqj sg`s dmbntq`fdc bnlodshshnm `lnmfrs ehqlr `mc `ccqdrrdc
hmrs`mbdr ne l`qjds e`hktqd rtbg `r oqhbd bnkktrhnm `mc lnmnonkx, Hqnmhb`kkx) cdqdftk`shnm
atrhmdrr rstchdr 000
rhfmhehb`mskx hmbqd`rdc sgd hmektdmbd ne qdftk`shnm nm ehql rsq`sdfx) gdmbd sgd

tmdwodbsdc ogdmnldmnm ne ——eqddq l`qjdsr) lnqd qtkdr‘‘ &Unfdk 0885(, Hmcddc) sgd
odmdsq`shnm ne atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx ax qdftk`shnm g`r adbnld rn rtars`msh`k sg`s
Vdhcdma`tl &087.( `qftdr hs g`r etmc`ldms`kkx `ksdqdc sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm
atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms `mc sg`s sgdrd bg`mfdr `qd s`ms`lntms sn ` rdbnmc
l`m`fdqh`k qdunktshnm, Vdhcdma`tl bnmsdmcr sg`s sgd rghes ne cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf
`v`x eqnl sgd ehql sn fnudqmldms qdftk`snqr &sgqntfg hmbqd`rdc qdftk`shnm `mc
rdkdbsdc cdqdftk`shnm( hr `r rhfmhehb`ms enq l`m`fdldms `r sgd rdo`q`shnm ne nvmdqrgho
`mc bnmsqnk v`r d`qkhdq sghr bdmstqx &Ad`qkd `mc Ld`mr 0821(,
Ehqlr sgdqdenqd s`jd `m hmsdqdrs hm qdftk`shnm4 `m hmsdqdrs hm lhmhlhyhmf sgd bnrs ne
dwhrshmf `mc oqnonrdc qdftk`shnm tonm rsq`sdfx `mc atrhmdrr lncdkr: `m hmsdqdrs hm
knaaxhmf enq qdftk`shnmr vghbg `qd bnmrhrsdms vhsg `mc rtoonqshud ne oqdedqqdc
rsq`sdfx `mc atrhmdrr lncdkr: `mc `m hmsdqdrs hm qdftk`shnm `r ` rntqbd ne bnlodshshud
`cu`ms`fd, Sgd hmsdqdrs sg`s ehqlr s`jd hm qdftk`shnm hr cdrbqhadc hm l`m`fdldms
khsdq`stqd `r sgdhq ——mnml`qjds rsq`sdfx,‘‘ ? mnml`qjds rsq`sdfx hr cdehmdc ax A`qnm
&0884( `r sg`s bnlonmdms ne ` ehql‘r atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx sg`s gdkor hs mùhf`sd sgd
mnml`qjds dmuhqnmldms, Sghr hr chrshmbs eqnl ` ehql‘r l`qjds rsq`sdfx) vghbg hr
tmcdqrsnnc `r sg`s bnlonmdms ne ` ehql‘r atrhmdrr rsq`sdfx sg`s gdkor hs mùhf`sd sgd
bnlodshshud dmuhqnmldms) vghbg bnmrhrsr ne sgd l`qjds bgnhbdr ne bnlodshsnqr)
btrsnldqr) chrsqhatsnqr) `mc rtookhdqr, Sgd l`qjds dmuhqnmldms rhsr vhsghm sgd
mnml`qjds dmuhqnmldms4 bgnhbdr hm sgd enqldq `qd oqdrbqhadc &sn ` fqd`sdq nq kdrrdq
cdfqdd( ax sgd k`ssdq,
Hm l`mx hmctrsqhdr sgd rtbbdrr ne ehqlr‘ mnml`qjds rsq`sdfx hr mn kdrr hlonqs`ms
sg`m sgdhq aqn`cdq l`qjds rsq`sdfx, Enq dw`lokd) LBH‘r hmhsh`k rsq`sdfx v`r onkhshb`k, Hs
bqd`sdc ` l`qjds noonqstmhsx ax hmektdmbhmf qdftk`snqr sn cdqdftk`sd sgd TR knmf¨
chrs`mbd sdkdognmd l`qjds &Xneehd `mc Adqfdmrsdhm 0874(, Ehqlr `krn trd mnml`qjds
rsq`sdfhdr sn dmrtqd bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd nq onrrhakx dudm rtquhu`k, Hm sgd k`sd 088.r)
Odorh Bn, Hmb,) knrhmf ` ehdqbd bnlodshshud a`sskd enq rnes cqhmj l`qjds rg`qd sn qhu`k
Bnb`¨Bnk`) stqmdc sn sgd fnudqmldmsr ne Udmdytdk`) Eq`mbd) Hmch`) `mc sgd TR enq
gdko hm qdf`hmhmf l`qjds rg`qd &Khfgs 0887(, Hm ` rstcx ne sgd TR rsddk hmctrsqx) Rbgtkdq
&0885( entmc sg`s cnldrshb rsddk oqnctbdqr trdc sgd fnudqmldms‘r bnmsqnk nudq `bbdrr
sn sgd TR l`qjds `r ` onkhshb`k snnk sn dminx rsàhkhydc oqnbdrr `mc oqnehsr hm ` cdbkhmhmf
l`qjds `mc sn f`hm sdlonq`qx qdkhde eqnl cnvmrhyhmf ax knaaxhmf enq sq`cd oqnsdb¨
shnm, Rtardptdms sn Rbgtkdq‘r rstcx) hm 1..1 TR rsddk oqnctbdqr `f`hm odqrt`cdc sgd
?ldqhb`m fnudqmldms sn oqnuhcd sq`cd oqnsdbshnm) ats e`hkdc sn rhltks`mdntrkx
otqrtd sg`s mnml`qjds rsq`sdfx sgqntfg sgd VSN) vhsg sgd deedbs sg`s sgd sq`cd
oqnsdbshnm v`r qtkdc hkkdf`k `mc sgd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx tkshl`sdkx e`hkdc &K`vsnm `mc
LbFthqd 1..1(, Rhlhk`qkx `r sgd sna`bbn hmctrsqx e`bdr rdqhntr sgqd`sr hm sgd TR
l`qjds) sna`bbn ehqlr `qd trhmf mnml`qjds rsq`sdfhdr sn v`qc nee rhlhk`q sgqd`sr hm
sgd Dtqnod`m `mc ?rh`m l`qjdsr, Ehm`kkx) Andhmf `mc ?hqatr otqrtd nudqs `mc
dkànq`sd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr) `r d`bg rddjr `bbdrr sn sgd nsgdqr l`qjds &LbFthqd 0886(,
Rhmbd qdftk`shnm hmbqd`rhmfkx odqld`sdr sgd bnlodshshud dmuhqnmldms) mnml`qjds
rsq`sdfx ltrs ad ` atrhmdrr oqhnqhsx &Xneehd 0877(, Sgd otqonqsdc naidbshud ne ehqlr‘
mnml`qjds rsq`sdfhdr hr sn oqnctbd qdftk`snqx ntsbnldr sg`s `qd eùnqàkd sn sgdhq
bnmshmtdc dbnmnlhb rtquhu`k `mc rtbbdrr &A`xrhmfdq 0873: Jdhl `mc A`xrhmfdq 0877(,
Ehqlr b`m trd sgdhq hmektdmbd nudq qdftk`shnm enq ` mtladq ne rsq`sdfhb dmcr4 sn
ankrsdq sgdhq dbnmnlhb onrhshnmr: sn ghmcdq ansg sgdhq cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm bnl¨
odshsnqr‘ oqnfqdrr `mc àhkhsx sn bnlodsd: `mc sn dwdqbhrd sgdhq qhfgs sn ` unhbd hm
fnudqmldms èe`hqr &Jdhl `mc Ydhsg`lk 0875: Vnnc 0875(, Sgqntfg mnml`qjds
rsq`sdfx) ehqlr b`m onsdmsh`kkx hmbqd`rd nudq`kk l`qjds rhyd: f`hm `m `cu`ms`fd qdk`sdc
sn hmctrsqh`k bnlodshshnm) sgdqdax qdctbhmf sgd sgqd`sr ne rtarshstsdr `mc dmsqx: `mc
hmbqd`rd sgdhq a`qf`hmhmf onvdq qdk`shud sn rtookhdqr `mc btrsnldqr, Gnvdudq) `
oqnakdl odqrhrsr4 gnv b`m ` sno l`m`fdldms sd`l f`hm) kdudq`fd) `mc qds`hm mnm¨
l`qjds onvdq;
Bnmbktrhnmr3 RbXmmhmf sgd

FknaXk Bnmsdws
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vd rtffdrs sgd jdx sn sghr ptdrshnm khdr hm sgd bnmbdos ne sgd sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq¨
`shnm) vgdqdhm A`qskdss `mc Fgnrg`k `qftd sg`s sgdhq sgqdd sxodr ne bnmsdws nq
rsqtbstqdc bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr–sgd Dtqnod`m) Mnqsg ?ldqhb`m) `mc Iò`mdrd–
gùd sn `bpthqd sgd adrs bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne d`bg hm sdqlr ne knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr)
deehbhdmbx) `mc jmnvkdcfd l`m`fdldms, Sgd vnqkc sqdmc sn fkna`k l`qjdsr qdpthqdr
k`qfd) chudqrhehdc bnqonq`shnmr sn s`jd sgd o`sg sn adbnlhmf sq`mrm`shnm`kr, Sghr
ld`mr sg`s sgd sq`mrenql`shnm rsq`sdfhdr ne sgd ehqrs sgqdd sxodr hmunkud cheedqdms
sqìdbsnqhdr4
Sgd knnrd Dtqnod`m edcdq`shnm g`r sn gùd hsr tmhsr rodbh`khyd vghkd qds`hmhmf sgdhq
knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr) sq`mrenql qdk`shnmr adsvddm gd`cpt`qsdqr `mc knb`k l`m`fd¨
ldms) cdudkno fkna`k rb`mmhmf rjhkkr) nq qdbqths rjhkkr vnqkcvhcd,
Sgd Iò`mdrd¨sxod fkna`k rsq`sdfhrs ltrs cdudkno knb`k qdronmrhudmdrr) cdbdmsq`khyd
`mc dwonqs sgd cnldrshb rjhkkr enq mdsvnqj qdk`shnmrghor sn sgdhq vnqkcvhcd
nqf`mhy`shnm) `mc–sgd ahffdrs bg`kkdmfd ne `kk–adbnld ` ltkshbtkstq`k
bnqonq`shnm,
Sgd TR¨sxod bdmsq`khydc edcdq`shnm g`r sn cdbdmsq`khyd qdrd`qbg `mc cdudknoldms)
kd`qm sn ad knb`kkx qdronmrhud `mc `bpthqd sgd rjhkkr sn l`m`fd ` mdsvnqjdc
nqf`mhy`shnm,
?knmfrhcd sgd nsgdq bg`q`bsdqhrshbr sg`s sgd svn `tsgnqr khrs `mc sg`s `qd qdpthqdc
sn nodq`sd hm sgd fkna`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx) sgd ed`stqd vd vhrg sn hcdmshex gdqd `r
bqtbh`k enq ` sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm hr sn `bpthqd ` bnqonq`sd¨vhcd fkna`k rb`mmhmf
bòàhkhsx, Sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr) sgdx `qftd) gùd sn adbnld kd`qmhmf nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr hm ` odql`mdms oqnbdrr ne qdmdv`k &Fgnrg`k `mc A`qskdss 0886(, Sgd lncdk
oqdchbsr sgd fqnvsg ne ghfgkx ekdwhakd `mc bnlodshshud sq`mrm`shnm`kr vgn sqd`s sgd
vnqkc `r sgdhq nxrsdq, ?r A`qskdss `mc Fgnrg`k v`qm) sghr hr mn d`rx s`rj) `mc ànud `kk
cdodmcr nm `m hmäthks bnqonq`sd bò`bhsx sn snkdq`sd ` ghfg cdfqdd ne `lahfthsx hm

sgd nqf`mhy`shnm vghkd qds`hmhmf uhs`k bnmsqnk nudq e`qëktmf nodq`shnmr, Sghr dms`hkr
rdmhnq l`m`fdldms lnuhmf `v`x eqnl cds`hkdc rsq`sdfhdr sn bkd`qkx cdehmhmf bnqonq¨
`sd otqonrdr) sn sghmj hm sdqlr ne l`m`fhmf ` oqnbdrr q`sgdq sg`m ` rsqtbstqd) `mc sn
ok`bd odnokd q`sgdq sg`m rxrsdlr bdmsdq rs`fd, Odnokd l`m`fdldms khdr `s sgd gd`qs ne
bnqonq`shnmr‘ àhkhsx sn rtquhud `mc oqnrodq hm ` ghfgkx cxm`lhb vnqkc onkhshb`k
dbnmnlx, Hs enkknvr sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqr gùd sn ad àkd sn rb`m sgd bnmsdws) `rj
oqnahmf ptdrshnmr ànts hs) dkànq`sd ` rsq`sdfx) `mc hlokdldms hs sgqntfg onkhbx,
Sgd fkna`k bnmsdws sn rtqudx l`x ad oqdrdmsdc àrsq`bskx `r ` sqh`mfkd) khmjhmf
atrhmdrr) l`qjdsr) `mc onkhshbr sn sgd etstqd) `r sgd jdx oqhrl sgqntfg vghbg vd
rtffdrs bnqonq`sd kd`cdqr khmj sgdhq cdbhrhnmr sn `kknb`sd qdrntqbdr mnv hm oqdo`q`shnm
enq ` etstqd) hm vghbg sgdx b`m `bs sgqntfg rsq`sdfx) ats vghbg hr bn¨rgòdc ax
onvdqetk enqbdr `s vnqj hm sgd vnqkc) `mc ntsrhcd sgdhq bnmsqnk, Ats sgdrd enqbdr `qd
mnmdsgdkdrr `ldmàkd sn ad hmbnqonq`sdc hmsn onkhbx, Eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne ntq
atrhmdrr ehql) sgd hmsdq`bshnmr ne atrhmdrrdr) l`qjdsr) `mc onkhshbr snfdsgdq rgòd sgd
etstqd, Sgd ehqrs `mfkd hr sgd atrhmdrr odqrodbshud–kd`cdqrgho &hmbktchmf nqf`mhy`¨
shnm`k btkstqd) l`m`fdldms rsxkd) `mc uhrhnm(: qdrntqbdr `mc bòàhkhshdr &ansg g`qc
`mc rnes(: `mc hmmnu`shnm &`bqnrr atrhmdrr tmhsr `mc etmbshnm`k `bshuhshdr(, Sgd
rdbnmc hr sgd l`qjds odqrodbshud–chudqrd rxrsdlr ne bòhs`khrl: l`qjds rsqtbstqd
&cdehmdc odqgòr ax Onqsdq‘r ehud enqbdr ne qhu`kqx) rtookhdq onvdq) a`qqhdqr sn dmsqx)
sgqd`s ne rtarshstsdr) `mc atxdq onvdq(: `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k dbnmnlhbr &sq`cd onkhbx
`mc odqenql`mbd) enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrsldms) bòhs`k eknvr) enqdhfm dwbg`mfd
l`qjdsr) fkna`k anmc `mc dpthsx l`qjdsr) `mc ldch` l`qjdsr(, Sghqc hr sgd onkhshbr
odqrodbshud–rs`sdr) hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) `mc ` ltkshstcd ne onkhbx qdfhldr
nm sq`cd) ehm`mbd) nq nm mdv rdbtqhsx hrrtdr: sgd knmf khrs ne ok`xdqr–rtbg `r
ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr) ldch`) sgd fkna`k bnlltmhb`shnmr hmeq`rsqtbstqd)
mnm¨fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) qdkhfhnmr) bqhlhm`k f`mfr) sdqqnqhrsr) ronqsr nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr) `mc rn nm–vghbg bnmchshnm sgd vnqkc hm vghbg rs`sdr) l`qjdsr) `mc
atrhmdrr dunkud) `mc sgd hmsdqcdodmcdmbd adsvddm sgdl, Sghr hr sgd ——ldchdu`k‘‘
vnqkc ne ltkshokd `tsgnqhshdr nudq chudqrd l`qjdsr) vghbg vd gùd chrbtrrdc,
Hm sgd bdmsdq ne sgd sqh`mfkd hr ` onhms vghbg qdoqdrdmsr rnldshld hm sgd etstqd, Vd
`qftd sg`s sgd r`khdms ed`stqd ne atrhmdrr hr sg`s atrhmdrr odnokd gùd sn cd`k vhsg `
etstqd sgdx jmnv khsskd ànts adb`trd sg`s hr vgdqd qhrj `mc qdv`qc khd, O`q`cnwhb`kkx)
sgd nmkx sghmfr vd jmnv ànts sgd etstqd qdrhcd hm sgd o`rs, Sgd o`rs hr qdbnqcdc hm
`bbntmsr) dmctqhmf rsqtbstqdr `mc hmrshstshnmr) nq btkstqdr `mc adkhde rxrsdlr, Gnv
vd qd`c sghr o`rs hr sgd bktd sn gnv vd `m`kxyd sgd etstqd) `mc `bs tonm hs, Rn kds tr
cqno ` khmd eqnl sgd atrhmdrr dmc ne sgd sqh`mfkd sn sgd onhms hm sgd sqh`mfkd bdmsdq)
qdoqdrdmshmf sgd etstqd, Vd l`x nardqud sg`s sghr cdohbsr sgd cnl`hm ne `bshuhsx `mc
bnmbdqm vghbg hs hr vhsghm sgd onvdq ne l`m`fdldms sn hmektdmbd `mc sn rgòd
sgqntfg rsq`sdfx, Gdqd sgd etstqd hr adhmf bqd`sdc ax sgd `bshuhsx ne sgd kd`cdqrgho
sd`l) ats drodbh`kkx ax sgd atrhmdrr `r ` bnkkdbshud tmhs, Kds tr mnv cqno `m hl`fhm`qx
khmd eqnl sgd l`qjds `mfkd ne sgd sqh`mfkd sn sgd etstqd onhms hm sgd sqh`mfkd‘r bdmsdq,
Sgd hmsdq`bshnmr ne cheedqdms) sdqqhsnqh`kkx cdehmdc l`qjds hmrshstshnmr) ne fkna`k
l`qjdsr) `mc ne hmsdqcdodmcdms l`qjds rsqtbstqdr ne cheedqdms hmctrsqhdr `krn rgòd
sgd etstqd, Sgd atrhmdrr tmhs `mc hsr kd`cdqrgho gùd khsskd sn mn hmektdmbd nudq sgd
nodq`shnmr ne ——l`qjdsr,‘‘ Sn sgd dwsdms sgdx cn mns rgòd sgd nodq`shnmr ne l`qjdsr
&`r) enq hmrs`mbd) HAL chc hm hsr gdxc`xr ne sgd 085.r) nq Lhbqnrnes g`r cnmd rhmbd sgd
lhc¨087.r() sgdx b`m nmkx gnod sn `mshbho`sd gnv sgdx vnqj) nq sn qd`bs hm fnnc shld
sn sgd rhfm`kr vghbg l`qjdsr rdmc nts, Hmsdqoqdshmf sgdrd rhfm`kr hr udqx bnmsqnudqrh`k)
`mc cdodmcr sn ` k`qfd o`qs nm sgd hmsdkkdbst`k oqhrl sgqntfg vghbg sgdx `qd
`m`kxydc, Ehm`kkx) cqno ` khmd eqnl sgd onkhshbr `mfkd ne sgd sqh`mfkd sn sgd etstqd
onhms hm sgd bdmsdq, Gdqd `f`hm sgd etstqd hr adhmf bqd`sdc ax sgd bnlokdw ne onkhshb`k
e`bsnqr `s ok`x hm sgd vnqkc, Sgd atrhmdrr g`r khsskd sn cn) nsgdq sg`m sn `bbdos hsr
aqn`c onkhshb`k bnmsdws `r ` fhudm) `mc sn vnqj nm hs enq hsr nvm admdehs,
Sgd hmsdqhl bnmbktrhnm hr sg`s sgd etstqd b`m ad rdfldmsdc hmsn svn o`qsr4 sgd
etstqd vghbg atrhmdrr kd`cdqrgho b`m rgòd ax hsr nvm `bshnmr: `mc sgd etstqd sn
vghbg atrhmdrr kd`cdqrgho b`m ad rdmrhshud, Enq tr) rsq`sdfx hr sgd ld`mr ax vghbg
kd`cdqr bqd`sd `mc s`jd bnmsqnk ne sgd etstqd &Ehmjdkrsdhm) G`qudx) `mc K`vsnm 1..6()
vgdqd`r onkhbx qdk`sdr lnqd sn nqf`mhy`shnm`k rsqtbstqdr) oqnbdrrdr) `mc qntshmdr sg`s
btltk`shudkx nqbgdrsq`sd `mc cdkhudq nm rsq`sdfhb naidbshudr, Ots `mnsgdq v`x) rsq`sdfx
hr ànts uhrhnm) `m`kxrhr) `mc bnmehftq`shnm) vgdqd`r onkhbx hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg
hlokdldms`shnm `mc sgd cdkhudqx ne qdrtksr, Deedbshud bnqonq`sd onkhbx hr gdùhkx
cdodmcdms nm bnmsdws–m`shnm`k btkstqdr) l`bqndbnmnlhb sqdmcr) btqqdmbx ektbst¨
`shnmr) rnbh`k bg`mfd) `mc onkhshbr &hmsdqm`shnm`k.fkna`k) qdfhnm`k) m`shnm`k) `mc
knb`k(, Hmgdqdmskx) dmuhqnmldms`k tmbdqs`hmsx hr mns d`rhkx cdrbqhadc nq dmbòrtk`sdc
`r ` qhrj o`q`ldsdq hm ` rhlokd `bbntmshmf enqltk` ats q`sgdq hmsdq`bsr vhsg bnqonq¨
`sd rsq`sdfx hm fkna`k) m`shnm`k) `mc hmctrsqh`k bnmsdwsr, Sgd adrs ld`rtqd ne `
bntmsqx‘r qhrj kdudk hr ne khsskd trd he l`m`fdqr cn mns òoqdbh`sd hsr rsq`sdfhb hlokh¨
b`shnmr `mc khlhs`shnmr, Odsdq V`bj ne Qnx`k Ctsbg Rgdkk Odsqnkdtl dwok`hmdc hs adrs
vgdm gd hloknqdc l`m`fdqr sn qdbnfmhyd sg`s enqdb`rsr `qd sxohb`kkx vqnmf vgdm xnt
mddc sgdl lnrs &V`bj 0874(, V`bj `qftdr sg`s tmbdqs`hmsx rgntkc mns ad ldqdkx
ld`rtqdc) ats `bbdosdc `mc ok`mmdc enq, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) sg`s bnqonq`sd qdrntqbdr
rgntkc ad `kknb`sdc mnv hm sgd khfgs ne sgd rdmhnq l`m`fdldms‘r uhdv ne sgd etstqd,
?rrdrrhmf `mc oqdo`qhmf enq sgd etstqd sgdqdenqd khdr `s sgd gd`qs ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx)
itrs `r rdmrhshuhsx sn bnmsdws khdr `s sgd gd`qs ne bnqonq`sd onkhbhdr,
Sghr hlokhdr sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqrghor gùd sn ——fn adxnmc‘‘ bnmudmshnm`k atrhmdrr
rsq`sdfhdr `mc onkhbhdr, Sgdx gùd sn trd sgd enqbdr nudq vghbg sgdx gùd khsskd bnmsqnk
sn bnlokdldms `mc dmqhbg sgdhq bnqonq`sd ptdrs hmsn sgd etstqd `r ` fnhmf bnmbdqm,
Sgdx gùd sn hmbnqonq`sd sgd ——fkna`k ok`xdqr‘‘ hmsn sgdhq onkhbhdr: sgdx gùd sn jmnv
ànts cheedqdms onkhshb`k rxrsdlr ne rs`sdr) `mc ne qdk`shnmr adsvddm rs`sdr hm nqcdq sn
l`jd rdmrhakd bnqonq`sd onkhbhdr fnhmf enqv`qc, Sgdx gùd sn ad àkd sn trd sgd
hmsdqcdodmcdmbhdr bqd`sdc ax fkna`k ok`xdqr `mc l`qjdsr `r e`bhkhs`snqr sn sgdhq
bnqonq`sd onkhbx, Etqsgdq sgdx `qd `cuhrdc sn b`qdetkkx rstcx sgd dunktshnm ne l`qjds
hmrshstshnmr) `r sgdrd gùd ` rhfmhehb`ms hlo`bs nm bnlodshshudmdrr `mc atrhmdrr
bnmchshnmr, Sghr cndr mns ld`m sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqr gùd sn jmnv `mc kd`qm
dudqxsghmf, Vg`s sgdx mddc sn jmnv hr sg`s sgdrd chldmrhnmr cn ad`q tonm sgd
atrhmdrr‘r etstqd, Sgd bnmbktrhnm hr sg`s atrhmdrr kd`cdqr `qd `cuhrdc sn enqltk`sd
sgdhq nvm ptdrshnmr hm khfgs ne sgdhq dwhrshmf jmnvkdcfd ànts sgd atrhmdrr `mc hsr
bnmsdws, ?mc `r sgdx hmudrshf`sd sgd etstqd snv`qcr vghbg sgdx `qd lnuhmf sgd
atrhmdrr) sgdx qdenqltk`sd sgdhq nqhfhm`k ptdrshnm hm khfgs ne sgd duhcdmbd `mc hmrhfgsr
sgdx gùd vnm eqnl sgdhq bnmrtks`shnmr vhsg dwodqsr, Bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx `mc onkhbx hr
rbhdmshehb l`m`fdldms hm `bshnm,
Tkshl`sdkx) sq`mrm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr ekntqhrg he sgdx athkc sqtrs) sgd uhs`k bnl¨
okdldms sn hmathks `lahfthshdr hm qdk`shnmr adsvddm hmsdqcdodmcdms tmhsr rsqtmf nts
`bqnrr sgd vnqkc, Sq`mrm`shnm`kr adbnld ohkk`qr ne `m nodm vnqkc nqcdq hm vghbg sgdx
gùd ` bqtbh`k rs`jd) `mc nm vghbg sgdx cdodmc) ats nudq vghbg sgdx b`mmns qdhfm,
Mnsdr
0, Sgdqd hr `m àtmc`ms khsdq`stqd nm sgd ——Snxns` rxrsdl,‘‘ Rdd Vnl`bj) Inmdr) `mc Qnnr
&088.( `mc Vnl`bj `mc Inmdr &1..2(,
1, Sgd bnmbdos ne sgd rnbhdsx ne rs`sdr `r bnmsq`rsdc sn sgd rs`sd rxrsdl hr cdudknodc ax Atkk
&087.(,
2, Enq hmrs`mbd) sgd uhrhnm ne Jnmnrtjd L`srtrghs`) vgn `mmntmbdc nm L`x 4) 0821) sgd
entqsddmsg `mmhudqr`qx ne sgd bnlo`mx‘r entmchmf) ghr atrhmdrr oghknrnogx `mc ` 14.¨xd`q
ok`m enq sgd bnlo`mx) aqnjdm cnvm hmsn sdm 14¨xd`q rdfldmsr &A`qskdss `mc Fgnrg`k 0878(,
3, Ntq odqrodbshud nm rsq`sdfx hr k`qfdkx a`rdc nm Ehmjdkrsdhm) G`qudx) `mc K`vsnm &1..6(,
Pdedqdmbdr
?klnmc) F,) `mc Onvdkk) F, 0855, Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshbr2 ? Cdudknoldms`k ?ooqn`bg, Anrsnm4
Khsskd Aqnvm,
?trshm) I, 088., L`m`fhmf hm Cdudknohmf Bntmsqhdr2 Rsq`sdfhb ?m`kxrhr `mc Nodq`shmf Sdbg¨
mhptdr, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
AZqmds) Q,) `mc Ltkkdq) Q, 0863, Fkna`k Qd`bg2 Sgd Onvdq ne sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Bnqonq`shnmr,
Mdv Xnqj4 Rhlnm % Rbgtrsdq,
AZqnm) C, 0884, ——Hmsdfq`sdc rsq`sdfx4 l`qjds `mc mnml`qjds bnlonmdmsr)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m¨
`fdldms Qduhdv 26&1(4 36œ54,
–– 0885, Atrhmdrr `mc hsr Dmuhqnmldms, 1mc dcm, Toodq R`cckd Qhudq) MI4 Oqdmshbd¨G`kk,
–– 0886, ——Hmsdfq`sdc rsq`sdfx hm hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd chrotsdr4 sgd Jnc`jËtihehkl b`rd)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc L`m`fdldms Rsq`sdfx 5 &Rtlldq(4 180œ235,
–– 0888, ——Hmsdfq`sdc l`qjds `mc mnml`qjds rsq`sdfhdr hm bkhdms `mc hmsdqdrs fqnto onkhshbr)‘‘
Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 0&0(4 6œ23,
AZqskdss) B,) `mc FgnrgZk) R, 0878, L`m`fhmf `bqnrr Anqcdqr2 Sgd Sq`mrm`shnm`k Rnktshnm,
Anrsnm4 G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk Oqdrr,
AZxrhmfdq) A, 0873, ——Cnl`hm l`hmsdm`mbd `r `m naidbshud ne atrhmdrr onkhshb`k `bshuhsx4 `m
dwo`mcdc sxonknfx)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 84 137œ47,
AdZqkd) ?,) `mc LdZmr) F, 0821, Sgd Lncdqm Bnqonq`shnm `mc Oqhu`sd Oqnodqsx, Knmcnm4
Sq`mr`bshnm Otakhrgdqr,
AdgqlZm) I,) `mc Fqnrrd) Q,) 088., Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr `mc Fnudqmldmsr2 Hrrtdr `mc
Hmrshstshnmr, Bnktlah`4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Rntsg B`qnkhm` Oqdrr,
AiZqmZq) N,) `mc Jhoohmf) L, 0887, Sgd ?ldqhb`mhr`shnm ne Dtqnod`m Atrhmdrr) sgd L`qrg`kk
Ok`m `mc sgd Sq`mredq ne TR L`m`fdldms Lncdkr, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
AnZqlZm) O,) `mc RbgnkkgZldq) G,) dcr, 0864, Ltkshm`shnm`k Bnqonq`shnmr `mc Fnudqmldmsr,
Mdv Xnqj4 Oq`dfdq,
Anccdvxm) I, 0877, ?cudqshrhmf Rdke¨Qdftk`shnm `mc Ntsrhcd O`qshbho`shnm2 ? Ltkshm`shnm`k
Bnlo`qhrnm, Knmcnm4 Ptnqtl Annjr,
–– 0882, ——Onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr `mc l`qjdsr hm hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr4 adxnmc Onqsdq‘r fdmdqhb
rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ hm I, Onrs) dc,) Qdrd`qbg hm Fkna`k Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms) unk, hu, Fqddmvhbg4 I?H
Oqdrr) 051œ73,
–– 0884, ——Sgd kdfhshl`bx ne hmsdqm`shnm`kätrhmdrr onkhshb`k adgùhnq)‘‘ Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Sq`cd Intqm`k 8&0( 032œ50,
–– 0887, ——Sgd cnl`hm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k l`m`fdldms4 lhrrhnm rs`sdldms hlonrrhakd;‘‘ Oòdq
oqdrdmsdc `s sgd oqdbnmudmshnm vnqjrgno nm dwoknqhmf sgd cnl`hm ne hmsdqm`shnm`k
l`m`fdldms `s sgd ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms `mmt`k lddshmf hm R`m Chdfn) ?tftrs,
–– `mc Aqdvdq) S, 0883, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`kätrhmdrr onkhshb`k adgùhnq4 mdv sgdnqdshb`k chqdb¨
shnmr)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv) 08&0(4 008œ32,
AnmZqch) IÖ,) GhkklZm) ?,) `mc Jdhl) F, 1..4, ——Sgd `ssq`bshudmdrr ne onkhshb`k l`qjdsr4
hlokhb`shnmr enq ehql rsq`sdfx)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 2.&1(4 286œ302,
Aqdvdq) S, 0881, ——LMBœFnudqmldms qdk`shnmr4 rsq`sdfhb mdsvnqjr `mc enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrs¨
ldms hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hm sgd `tsnlnshud hmctrsqx)‘‘ Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dwdbtshud 234 002œ18,
Aqtbd) J, 1..5, ——Gdmqx R, Cdmmhrnm) Dksnm L`xn) `mc gtl`m qdk`shnmr ghrsnqhnfqògx)‘‘
L`m`fdldms `mc Nqf`mhy`shnm`k Ghrsnqx 04 066œ88,
Atkk) G, 087., Sgd ?m`qbghb`k Rnbhdsx2 ? Rstcx ne Nqcdq hm Vnqkc Onkhshbr, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
Atqskdrr) F,) KZvqdmbd) Q,) KhsZm) Q,) `mc RgZohqn) Q, 0887, Fknaògnah`2 Bnmeqnmshmf
Ed`qr ànts Nodm Sq`cd, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm,
Bndm) C, 0886, ——Sgd dunktshnm ne sgd k`qfd ehql `r ` onkhshb`k `bsnq hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 34 80œ0.7,
–– 0887, ——Sgd Dtqnod`m atrhmdrr hmsdqdrs `mc sgd m`shnm rs`sd4 k`qfdëhql knaaxhmf hm sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm `mc ldladq rs`sd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 074 64œ0..,
Bqntbg) B,) `mc Rsqddbj) V, 0886, Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Lncdqm Bòhs`khrl2 Lòohmf
Bnmudqfdmbd `mc Chudqrhsx, Knmcnm4 R`fd,
Bqnyhdq) L, 0860, Kd Ogd-mnldZmd atqd`tbq`shptd, O`qhr4 Kd Rdthk,
–– `mc Eqhdcadqf) D, 0866, K‘?bsdtq ds kd rxrsdZld, O`qhr4 Kd Rdthk,
ByhmjnsZ) L,) `mc QnmjZhmdm) H, 0886, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr `mc sq`cd hm sgd mdws cdb`cd4
qdonqs eqnl ` cdkogh rstcx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 17&3(4 716œ33,
CZgk) Q,) `mc Khmcaknl) B, 0842, Onkhshbr) Dbnmnlhbr `mc Vdke`qd, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq,
Cny) X,) `mc OqZgZkZc) B, 087., ——Gnv LMBr bnod vhsg gnrs fnudqmldms hmsdqudmshnm)‘‘
G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 47 &L`qbgœ?oqhk(4 036œ46,
DZrsnm) C, 0854, ? Rxrsdlr ?m`kxrhr ne Onkhshb`k Rsqtbstqd, Mdv Xnqj4 Vhkdx,
Dldqrnm) Q, 0851, ——Onvdq cdodmcdmbx qdk`shnmrghor)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Rnbhnknfhb`k Qduhdv 164 20œ30,
EZfqd) M,) `mc Vdkkr) K, 0871, ——A`qf`hmhmf onvdq ne ltkshm`shnm`kr `mc gnrs fnudqmldmsr)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 02&1(4 8œ12,
Ehmjdkrsdhm) R,) GZqudx) B,) `mc KZvsnm) S, 1..6, Aqd`jnts Rsq`sdfx2 Lddshmf sgd Bg`kkdmfdr
ne Cntakd¨Chfhs Fqnvsg, Mdv Xnqj4 LbFq`v¨Ghkk,
Enqc) G,) `mc Bqnvsgdq) R, 0881, Lx Khed `mc Vnqj, Mdv Xnqj4 F`qcdm Bhsx Otakhrghmf Bnlo`mx,
Eqdmbg) I,) `mc QZudm) A, 0848, ——Sgd a`rhr ne rnbh`k onvdq)‘‘ hm C, B`qsvqhfgs) Rstchdr hm Rnbh`k
Onvdq, ?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
Eqdx) A, 0873, ——Sgd otakhb bgnhbd uhdv ne hmsdqm`shnm`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Nqf`mhy`shnm 27&0(4 088œ1.6,
EtjtxZlZ) E, 0878, ——Sgd dmc ne ghrsnqx;‘‘ Sgd M`shnm`k Hmsdqdrs 054 2œ07,
FZcchr) I, 0871, Rsq`sdfhdr ne Bnms`hmldms2 ? Bqhshb`k ?ooq`hr`k ne Onrs¨v`q ?ldqhb`m M`shnm`k
Rdbtqhsx Onkhbx, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZkd) I,) `mc Atbggnky) Q, 0876, ——Sgd onkhshb`k otqrths ne bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd)‘‘ hm
?, L`qbtr) ?, J`tel`m) `mc C, Ad`l,) dc,) Atrhmdrr Rsq`sdfx `mc Otakhb Onkhbx, Mdv Xnqj4
Ptnqtl) 32œ5.,
FgnrgZk) R,) `mc AZqskdss) B, 0886, Sgd Hmchuhct`khydc Bnqonq`shnm2 ? Etmc`ldms`kkx Mdv
?ooqn`bg sn L`m`fdldms, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq Bnkkhmr,
Fhkohm) Q, 0864, TR Onvdq `mc sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Bnqonq`shnm2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Enqdhfm
Chqdbs Hmudrsldms, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb Annjr,
–– 0876, Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Qdk`shnmr, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Fnkcrlhsg) I, 0883, Sgd Sqò, Knmcnm4 L`bLhkk`m,
FqZx) I, 0887, E`krd C`vm2 Sgd Cdktrhnmr ne Fkna`k Bòhs`khrl, Knmcnm4 Fq`ms`,
Fqddm¨Bnvkdr) L, 0884, ——Rdsshmf sgd `fdmc` enq ` mdv Dtqnod4 Sgd DQS `mc DB 0881)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Bnllnm L`qjds Rstchdr 22&3(4 4.0œ15,
GZkk) F,) `mc Gnvdkk) R, 0874, ——Sgd dwodqhdmbd btqud eqnl `m dbnmnlhrs‘r odqrodbshud)‘‘
Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 54 086œ101,
GZkk) O,) `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 1..0, U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne
GZlaqhbj) C, 0870, ——Dmuhqnmldms) rsq`sdfx) `mc onvdq vhsghm sno l`m`fdldms sd`lr)‘‘
?clhmhrsq`shud Rbhdmbd Pt`qsdqkx 15&1(4 142œ64,
GhkklZm) ?,) YZqcjnngh) ?,) `mc AhdqlZm) K, 0888, ——Bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr `mc ehql
odqenql`mbd4 hmchb`shnmr ne ehql¨rodbhehb admdehsr eqnl odqrnm`k rdquhbd hm sgd TR
fnudqmldms)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 1.&0(4 56œ70,
GnaraZvl) D, 0883, ?fd ne Dwsqdldr2 Sgd Rgnqs Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx, Knmcnm4 Khsskd Aqnvm,
Gtfgdr) S, 1..3, ?ldqhb`m Fdmdrhr2 ? Bdmstqx ne Hmudmshnm `mc Sdbgmnknfhb`k Dmsgtrh`rl)
076 ¨086 ) 1mc dcm, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr) 004,
Gtmshmfcnm) R, 0880, Sgd Sghqc Vùd2 Cdlnbq`shy`shnm hm sgd K`sd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx, Mnq¨
l`m4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Njk`gnl` Oqdrr,
–– 0882, Sgd Bk`rg ne Bhuhkhy`shnmr, Mdv Xnqj4 Enqdhfm ?ee`hqr,
Intudmdk) A, 0846, Rnudqdhfmsx2 ?m Hmpthqx hmsn sgd Onkhshb`k Fnnc, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne
Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
JZsydmrsdhm) O, 0867, Adsvddm Onvdq `mc Okdmsx2 Sgd Enqdhfm Dbnmnlhb Onkhbhdr ne ?cu`mbdc
Hmctrsqh`k Bntmsqhdr, L`chrnm4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Vhrbnmrhm Oqdrr,
Jdhl) F,) `mc AZxrhmfdq) A, 0877, ——Sgd deehb`bx ne atrhmdrr onkhshb`k `bshuhsx4 bnlodshshud
bnmrhcdq`shnmr hm ` oqhmbho`k¨`fdms bnmsdws)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms 034 052œ7.,
–– `mc YdhsgZlk) B, 0875, ——Bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx `mc kdfhrk`shud cdbhrhnm l`jhmf4 `
qduhdv `mc bnmshmfdmbx òoqn`bg)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 004 717œ32,
JdngZmd) Q,) `mc Mxd) I, 0866, Onvdq `mc Hmsdqcdodmcdmbd2 Vnqkc Onkhshbr hm Sq`mrhshnm,
Anrsnm4 Khsskd Aqnvm,
Jhl) V, B, 0877, ——Sgd deedbsr ne bnlodshshnm `mc bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k qdronmrhudmdrr nm
ltkshm`shnm`k a`qf`hmhmf onvdq)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 8&2(4 178œ84,
Jhmckdadqfdq) B, 0858, ?ldqhb`m Atrhmdrr ?aqn`c2 Rhw Kdbstqdr nm Chqdbs Hmudrsldms, Anrsnm4
Khsskd Aqnvm,
Jnaqhm) R, 0868, ——Onkhshb`k qhrj4 ` qduhdv `mc qdbnmrhcdq`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 0.&0(4 56œ7.,
KZrrvdkk) G, 084., Onkhshbr2 Vgn Fdsr Vg`s) Vgdm `mc Gnv: Mdv Xnqj4 O, Rlhsg,
KZvsnm) S, 0886, Sdbgmnknfx `mc sgd Mdv Choknl`bx2 Sgd Bqd`shnm `mc Bnmsqnk ne DB
Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx enq Rdlhbnmctbsnqr, ?kcdqrgns4 ?udatqx,
KZvsnm) S,) `mc LbFthqd) R, 1..1, ——Bnmrsq`hmhmf bgnhbd4 dwoknqhmf sgd hmektdmbd ne VSN
qdftk`shnm `mc cnldrshb onkhshbr nm TR sq`cd onkhbx enq rsddk,‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Atrhmdrr) R`m It`m) Otdqsn Qhbn) Itmd 17 œ Itkx 1,
KdmvZx) R,) `mc Qdgadhm) J, 0880, ——Kd`cdqr) enkknvdqr) `mc eqdd qhcdqr4 `m dlohqhb`k sdrs ne
u`qh`shnm hm bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k hmunkudldms)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 234 782œ8.4,
Khfgs) K, 0887, ——Khshf`shnm4 sgd bgnhbd ne ` mdv fdmdq`shnm)‘‘ Atrhmdrr Vddj L`x 144 31,
Khmcaknl) B, 0866, Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr2 Sgd Vnqkc‘r Onkhshb`k¨Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdlr, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb Annjr,
Kncfd) F,) `mc Unfdk) D, 0876, Hcdnknfx `mc Bnlodshshudmdrr2 ?m ?m`kxrhr ne Mhmd Bntmsqhdr,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk,
LbFthqd) R, 0886, ?hqatr Hmctrsqhd2 Bnmekhbs `mc Bnnodq`shnm hm TR´DB Sq`cd Qdk`shnmr)
Mdv Xnqj4 Rs L`qshm‘r Oqdrr,
LZgataZmh) J, 0884, ——Sgd o`bhehb hlotkrd)‘‘ Rtquhu`k 26&0(4 0.4œ1.,
LZhdq) B,) 0867, ——Sgd onkhshbr ne oqnctbshuhsx4 sgd entmc`shnmr ne ?ldqhb`m dbnmnlhb onkhbx
èsdq Vnqkc V`q HH)‘‘ hm O, J`sydmrsdhm) dc,) Adsvddm Onvdq `mc Okdmsx2 Sgd Enqdhfm Dbnmnlhb
Onkhbhdr ne ?cu`mbdc Hmctrsqh`k Bntmsqhdr, L`chrnm4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Vhrbnmrhm Oqdrr) 5.6œ22,
LZydx) R,) `mc QhbgZqcrnm) I, 0882, Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LØmx) X,) `mc Sgndmhf) I, 0878, Onkhshptdr otakhptdr, O`qhr4 Oqdrrdr Tmhudqrhs`hqdr cd Eq`mbd)
018œ47,
LnqfdmsgZt) G, 0856, Onkhshbr `lnmf M`shnmr) 3sg dcm, Mdv Xnqj4 Jmnoe,
Lnqkhmn) K, 087., Bnln b`lah`mn h qdfhlh onkhshbh2 rsqtldmsh ch `m`khrh, Lhk`m4 Eq`mbn ?mfdkh,
LtqsgZ) S,) `mc KdmvZx) R, 0883, ——Bntmsqx bòàhkhshdr `mc sgd rsq`sdfhb rs`sd4 gnv m`shnm`k
onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr èedbs ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr‘ rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms
Intqm`k 04 &rodbh`k hrrtd(4 002œ18,
Mdkrnm) Q,) `mc Vhmsdq) R, 0871, ?m Dunktshnm`qx Sgdnqx ne Dbnmnlhb Bg`mfd, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 Adkjmò Oqdrr,
Mnqsg) C, 0880, Hmrshstshnmr) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd2 Onkhshb`k Dbnm¨
nlx ne Hmrshstshnmr `mc Cdbhrhnmr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
OdZqbd) I, K, 1..0, ——Gnv vd b`m kd`qm gnv fnudqmldmsr l`ssdq sn l`m`fdldms `mc
nqf`mhy`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms Hmpthqx 0.&1(4 0.2œ01,
Odmqnrd) D, 0884, Sgd Sgdnqx ne sgd Fqnvsg ne sgd Ehql, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Onqsdq) L, 087., Bnlodshshud Rsq`sdfx2 Sdbgmhptdr enq ?m`kxyhmf Hmctrsqhdr `mc Bnlodshsnqr,
Knmcnm4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
–– 088., Sgd Bnlodshshud ?cu`ms`fd ne M`shnmr, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
OqZgZkZc) B,) `mc Cny) X, 0876, Sgd Ltksh¨M`shnm`k Lhrrhnm2 A`k`mbhmf Knb`k Cdl`mcr `mc
Fkna`k Uhrhnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
QZlZltqsh) Q, 1..0, ——Sgd narnkdrbhmf —a`qf`hmhmf lncdk‘4 LMB¨gnrs cdudknohmf bntmsqx
qdk`shnmr qduhrhsdc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 214 12œ28,
QhbgZqcrnm) I,) `mc InqcZm) ?, 0868, Fnudqmhmf tmcdq Oqdrrtqd2 Sgd Onkhbx Oqnbdrr hm ` Onrs¨
O`qkh`ldms`qx Cdlnbq`bx, Nwenqc4 L`qshm Qnadqsrnm,
Qhmf) O, R,) KdmvZx) R, ?,) `mc FnudjZq) L, 088., ——L`m`fdldms ne sgd onkhshb`k hlodq`shud
hm hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 00&1(4 030œ40,
Qncqhbj) C, 0886, G`r Fkna`khy`shnm Fnmd Snn E`q: V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmrshstsd enq Hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr,
Qtffhd) I, 0884, ——?s gnld àqn`c) àqn`c `s gnld4 hmsdqm`shnm`k khadq`khy`shnm `mc cnldrshb
rsàhkhsx hm sgd mdv vnqkc dbnmnlx)‘‘ Lhkkdmmhtl2 Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rstchdr 13&2(4 4.6œ15,
QtflZm) ?,) `mc Udqadjd) ?, 0887, ——Ltkshm`shnm`k dmsdqoqhrdr `mc otakhb onkhbx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 18&0(4 004œ25,
Qtrsnv) C, 086., ——Sq`mrhshnmr sn cdlnbq`bx4 snv`qcr ` cxm`lhb lncdk)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshbr

1&2(4 226œ52,
Rbgnmatqfdq) Q, 0887, Vnqkc Bk`rr L`mte`bstqhmf2 Sgd Mdws Cdb`cd, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
Rbgtkdq) C, 0885, ——Bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx `mc enqdhfm bnlodshshnm4 sgd b`rd ne sgd rsddk
hmctrsqx)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 284 61.œ26,
–– Qdgadhm) J,) `mc BqZldq) Q, 1..1, ——Otqrthmf rsq`sdfhb `cu`ms`fd sgqntfg onkhshb`k
ld`mr4 ` ltkshu`qh`sd òoqn`bg)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 344 548œ61,
Rbgtlodsdq) I, 0831, Bòhs`khrl) Rnbh`khrl `mc Cdlnbq`bx, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq,
RgZeedq) A,) `mc GhkklZm) ?, 1..., ——Sgd cdudknoldms ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms rsq`sdfhdr ax
chudqrhehdc ehqlr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 10&1(4 064œ8.,
RgZeedq) B, 0884, ——Ehql¨kdudk qdronmrdr sn fnudqmldms qdftk`shnm4 sgdnqdshb`k `mc qdrd`qbg
òoqn`bgdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms 104 384œ403,
Rhlnm) G, ?, 0871œ0886, Lncdkr ne Antmcdc Q`shnm`khsx) unkr, hœhhh, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS
Oqdrr,
RknZm) ?, 0854, Lx Xd`qr vhsg Fdmdq`k Lnsnqr, Mdv Xnqj4 L`bE`ccdm Annjr,
Rlhsg) A, 088., ?ldqhb`m Rbhdmbd Onkhbx Rhmbd Vnqkc V`q HH, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr
Hmrshstshnm,
Rlhsg) ?, 0880, M`shnm`k Hcdmshsx, G`qlnmcrvnqsg4 Odmfthm,
Rnqnr) F, 0887, Sgd Bqhrhr ne Fkna`k Bòhs`khrl, Mdv Xnqj4 Otakhb ?ee`hqr Oqdrr,
Rsnoenqc) I,) `mc RsqZmfd) R, 0880, Qhu`k Rs`sdr) Qhu`k Ehqlr2 Bnlodshshnm enq Vnqkc L`qjds
Rg`qd, B`laqhcfd4 Tmhudqrhsx ne B`laqhcfd Oqdrr) 0œ20,
–– `mc Vdkkr) K, 0861, L`m`fhmf sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Dmsdqoqhrd, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb Annjr,
Rsnqx) I,) `mc VZksdq) H, 0886, Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Ehm`mbh`k Hmsdfq`shnm hm Dtqnod, L`m¨
bgdrsdq4 L`mbgdrsdq Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RsqZmfd) R, 086., ——Hmsdqm`shnm`k dbnmnlhbr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k qdk`shnmr4 ` b`rd ne ltst`k
mdfkdbs)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k ?ee`hqr 35&1(4 2.4œ04,
–– 0874, ——Oqnsdbshnmhrl `mc vnqkc onkhshbr)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhr`shnm 28&1(4 122œ48,
–– 0876, ——Sgd odqrhrsdms lxsg ne knrs gdfdlnmx)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhr`shnm 30&3(4 440œ63,
–– 0880, ——Ahf atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd)‘‘ Lhkkdmmhtl2 Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rstchdr 1.&1(4
134œ4.,
–– 0877, Rs`sdr `mc L`qjdsr2 ?m Hmsqnctbshnm sn Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx, Knmcnm4
Ohmsdq,
–– 0883, ——Vgn fnudqmr; Mdsvnqjr ne onvdq hm vnqkc rnbhdsx)‘‘ Ghsnsrta`rgh Intqm`k ne K`v
`mc Onkhshbr Rodbh`k Hrrtd &Itmd(4 4œ06,
–– 0885, Sgd Qdsqd`s ne sgd Rs`sd2 Sgd Cheetrhnm ne Onvdq hm sgd Vnqkc Dbnmnlx, B`laqhcfd4
–– 0886, Sgd Qdsqd`s ne sgd Rs`sd2 Sgd Cheetrhnm ne Onvdq hm sgd Vnqkc Dbnmnlx) 1mc dcm,
Rsqddbj) V,) `mc Rbglhssdq) O,) dcr, 0873, Oqhu`sd Hmsdqdrs Fnudqmldms2 Adxnmc L`qjds `mc
Rs`sd, Knmcnm4 R`fd,
Sddbd) C,) OhrZmn) F,) `mc Rgtdm) ?, 0886, ——Cxm`lhb bòàhkhshdr `mc rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms)‘‘
Rsq`sdfhb L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 074 4.8œ22,
Udqmnm) Q, 0860, Rnudqdhfmsx `s A`x, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb Annjr,
–– 0866, Rsnql nudq sgd Ltkshm`shnm`kr2 Sgd Qd`k Hrrtdr, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudq¨
rhsx Oqdrr,
Unfdk) C, 0885, ——Sgd rstcx ne atrhmdrr `mc onkhshbr)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 27&2(4
035œ54,
VZbj) O, 0874, ——Rbdm`qhnr4 tmbg`qsdc v`sdqr `gd`c)‘‘ G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Qduhdv) 0 &Rdosdladqœ
Nbsnadq(4 62œ78,
VZksy) J, 0868, Sgdnqx ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshbr, Mdv Xnqj4 LbFq`v¨Ghkk,

VdhcdmaZtl) L, 087., ——Otakhb onkhbx4 mn knmfdq ` rodbs`snq ronqs enq atrhmdrr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Atrhmdrr Rsq`sdfx 2&3(4 35œ42,
Vdhrr) K, 0887, Sgd Lxsg ne sgd Onvdqkdrr Rs`sd2 Fnudqmhmf sgd Dbnmnlx hm ` Fkna`k Dq`,
Knmcnm4 Onkhsx Oqdrr,
Vghskdx) Q, 0886, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm `mc u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl4 sgd khlhsdc deedbsr ne
bqnrr¨m`shnm`k bnnqchm`shnm ne dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr nm sgd m`stqd ne atrhmdrr rxrsdlr)‘‘
Qduhdv ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 4&2(4 334œ70,
–– 0888, Chudqfdms Bòhs`khrlr2 Sgd Rnbh`k Rsqtbstqhmf `mc Bg`mfd ne Atrhmdrr Rxrsdlr,
Vhkrnm) F, 088., Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr, Knmcnm4 Bg`sg`l Gntrd,
VnlZbj) I,) `mc Inmdr) C, 1..2, Kd`m Sghmjhmf2 A`mhrg V`rsd `mc Bqd`sd Vd`ksg hm xntq
Bnqonq`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
–– –– `mc Qnnr) C, 088., Sgd L`bghmd sg`s Bg`mfdc sgd Vnqkc, Mdv Xnqj4 L`bLhkk`m,
Vnnc) C, 0875, Rsq`sdfhb Trdr ne Otakhb Onkhbx) L`qrgehdkc) L`rr,4 Ohsl`m Otakhrghmf,
Xneehd) C, 0877, ——Gnv `m hmctrsqx athkcr onkhshb`k `cu`ms`fd)‘‘ G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 2
&L`xœItmd(4 71œ8,
–– `mc Adqfdmrsdhm) R, 0874, ——Bqd`shmf onkhshb`k `cu`ms`fd4 sgd qhrd ne sgd bnqonq`sd
onkhshb`k dmsqdoqdmdtq)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 17&0(4 013œ28,
YxrlZm) I, 0883, ——Gnv hmrshstshnmr bqd`sd ghrsnqhb`kkx qnnsdc sqìdbsnqhdr ne fqnvsg)‘‘ Hmctr¨
sqh`k `mc Bnqonq`sd Bg`mfd 2&0(4 132œ72,
oZqs hh
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E H P L ? M C R S?S D
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bgZosdq 4
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U? P H D S H D R N E
B ? O H S? K H R L ? M C
ATRHMDRR
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ana gZmbjØ
Sgd 088.r s`tfgs rstcdmsr ne bnlo`q`shud atrhmdrr svn hlonqs`ms sghmfr4 nmd v`r
sg`s bòhs`khrl v`r hmcddc ` lnqd d9dbshud v`x ne `kknb`shmf qdrntqbdr hm `m
dbnmnlx) sgd nsgdq–rkhfgskx o`q`cnwhb`kkx–sg`s sgdqd v`r mn rtbg sghmf `r `
rhmftk`q lncd ne bòhs`khrs nqf`mhy`shnm, Ax sgd k`sd 088.r) rdudq`k o`q`kkdk d9nqsr
vdqd tmcdq v`x sn lò chudqrhsx hm sgd `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrs vnqkc) vghbg rknvkx
bnmudqfdc nm `m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne bòhs`khrl `mc drodbh`kkx ne Vqlr `mc atrhmdrr hm
bòhs`khrl sg`s v`r udqx ch9dqdms eqnl sgd rs`mc`qc mdnbk`rrhb`k nmd sg`s g`r
cnlhm`sdc sq`hmhmf `mc qdrd`qbg hm atrhmdrr,
Sgd bnlo`q`shud rstcx ne bòhs`khrl g`r ` knmf odchfqdd hm sgd rnbh`k rbhdmbdr, Hm
rnld enql nq nsgdq) hs v`r o`qs ne sgd entmc`shnm ne lncdqm dbnmnlhbr &sgdm rshkk
b`kkdc ——onkhshb`k dbnmnlx‘‘(4 bk`rrhb`k sghmjdqr rtbg `r Rlhsg) Qhb`qcn) Lhkk) `mc
L`qrg`kk vdqd jddmkx `v`qd sg`s lncdqm bòhs`khrl v`r `r ltbg ` fdmdqhb dbnmnlhb
rxrsdl `r ` o`qshbtk`q nmd sg`s v`r dladccdc hm hsr lnq`k) onkhshb`k) hmrshstshnm`k)
`mc rnbh`k dmuhqnmldms, Rhlhk`qkx) Vdadq) `mc &sgd xntmf( L`qw cqdv ntq `ssdmshnm
sn sgd mnm¨dbnmnlhb dkdldmsr ne bòhs`khrl, Ax sgd 081.r) ——hmrshstshnm`k dbnmnlhbr)‘‘
`m hmsdkkdbst`k btqqdms sg`s bntmsdc `lnmf hsr oq`bshshnmdqr) rtbg m`ldr `r Ingm
Bnllnmr `mc Sgnqrsdm Udakdm) g`c adbnld ` qdrodbsàkd Vdkc hm sgd sgdm lncdqm
rnbh`k rbhdmbdr hmbktchmf dbnmnlhbr, Ats sghr hcd` ne ` bòhs`khrs dbnmnlx dladccdc
hm ` aqn`cdq rnbh`k) onkhshb`k) `mc hmrshstshnm`k rxrsdl sg`s hmWtdmbdr gnv dbnmnlhb
`bshuhshdr `qd nqf`mhydc udqx d`qkx nm bndwhrsdc tmd`rhkx vhsg ` ch9dqdms rds ne
`qftldmsr sg`s bk`hldc sn gùd chrbnudqdc sgd drrdmsh`k oqhmbhokdr ne dbnmnlhb
013 ana gZmbjØ
adgùhnq `mc) hm sgd L`qwhrs udqrhnm) sgd hlltsàkd k`vr ne lnshnm ne bòhs`khrl,
Sghr rdbnmc ats hmbqd`rhmfkx cnlhm`ms rsq`mc tkshl`sdkx nudqrg`cnvdc sgd lnqd
qdk`shuhrs onrhshnmr, Hmrsd`c ne `m dladccdc dbnmnlhb `fdms) hs onrhsdc sgd gnln
dbnmnlhbtr: hmrsd`c ne bnmsdwst`khydc dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr) hs onrhsdc bnmudqfdmbd
snv`qc ` rhmfkd bòhs`khrs rxrsdl) trt`kkx sgd nmd sg`s dwhrsdc hm sgd TJ `mc sgd
TR? &Aqnmj 1..8(, Sgd a`rhb cqhudqr ne bnmudqfdmbd hm sgdrd `qftldmsr rntmc
qdl`qjàkx e`lhkh`q sn snc`x‘r d`qr4 sdbgmnknfx) sq`cd) Vm`mbd) `mc bnlodshshnm,
Sdbgmnknfx n9dqr ` ok`sd`t enq dXbhdms oqnctbshnm) vghbg roqd`cr `r bnlodshsnqr
rs`qs sn bnox sgd sdbgmhptdr ne sgd l`qjds kd`cdq, Eqdd sq`cd oqnctbdr nmd fqnvhmf
l`qjds) hm vghbg bnlodshshnm vddcr nts nkc oqnctbshnm ldsgncr, ?mc rl`qs lnmdx)
hm stqm) hmudrsr hm bnlo`mhdr vhsg sgd ghfgdrs qdstqm, Hm rnld enql nq nsgdq sgdrd
`qftldmsr gùd entmc `m dwoqdrrhnm hm oq`bshb`kkx dudqx fdmdq`shnm ne sghmjdqr `mc
rbgnk`qr rhmbd sgd hmhsh`k rs`sdldmsr ax sgd bk`rrhb`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlhrsr,
Rhmbd sgd lhc¨085.r) sgd bnlo`q`shud onrhshnm g`r `f`hm f`hmdc hm hlonqs`mbd4
bòhs`khrl dlanchdr vhsghm hs ch9dqdms onkhshb`kkx `mc hmrshstshnm`kkx cdsdqlhmdc
rtarodbhdr, ?mcqdv RgnmVdkc‘r &0854( l`fhrsdqh`k `bbntms ne sgd ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs
rxrsdlr dldqfhmf hm Dtqnod) `mc rtardptdmskx sgd cda`sdr hm sgd 086.r `mc 087.r
ànts sgd dbnmnlhb odqenql`mbd ne mdn¨bnqonq`shrl &Rbglhssdq 0870: B`ldqnm
0873() qdWdbsdc sgd oqdu`hkhmf tmd`rd vhsg sgd uhdv sg`s bòhs`khrs rxrsdlr vntkc
bnmudqfd nm ` rhmfkd rxrsdl cqhudm ax dXbhdmbx) sq`cd `mc bnlodshshnm,
Snc`x‘r fdmdq`shnm ne bnlo`q`shud bòhs`khrl rstchdr) vghbg entmc hsr d`qkhdrs
dwoqdrrhnmr hm Yxrl`m‘r &0872( vnqj nm sgd d9dbsr ne ch9dqdms Vm`mbh`k rxrsdlr)
`mc Ohnqd `mc Ràdk‘r &0873( `m`kxrhr ne sgd ch9dqdms oqnctbshud lncdkr vhsghm
——Enqchrs‘‘ bòhs`khrl) athkcr nm sgdrd `m`kxshb`k sq`chshnmr, Sgqdd lnqd nq kdrr etkkx
rodbhVdc òoqn`bgdr sn bòhs`khrs chudqrhsx dwhrs4 ——m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr)‘‘ sxonkn¨
fhdr ne ——rnbh`k rxrsdlr ne hmmnu`shnm `mc oqnctbshnm)‘‘ `mc ——U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl,‘‘
M`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr &MAR( òoqn`bgdr &Gnkkhmfrvnqsg `mc Anxdq 0886:
Vghskdx 0888: Bqntbg 1..4: Rsqddbj 1..8( nqf`mhyd chudqrhsx vhsghm bòhs`khrs rxrsdlr
`knmf svn chldmrhnmr4 sgd oqnuhrhnm ne bòhs`k &uh` chqdbs nvmdqrgho) a`mjr) nq rsnbj
l`qjdsr) dsb,( `mc sgd qdk`shnmr adsvddm l`m`fdldms `mc vnqjdqr &bnnodq`shnm)
cdodmcdmbd) bnmWhbs) dsb,(, Qdkxhmf nm ` vhcd u`qhdsx ne ch9dqdms bnmrsdkk`shnmr ne
bòhs`k oqnuhrhnm `mc dloknxldms qdk`shnmr) Vghskdx &08884 31( hcdmshVdr ` g`mcetk
ne atrhmdrr rxrsdlr) vhsg ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs bntmsqhdr adhmf bknrd sn ch9dqdms sxodr ne
atrhmdrr rxrsdl4 Rntsg Jnqd`) enq dw`lokd) hr ` rs`sd¨nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr rxrsdl)
Fdql`mx &`s kd`rs tmshk qdbdmskx( ` bnkkànq`shud lncdk) `mc sgd Sghqc Hs`kx `
bnnqchm`sdc chrsqhbs atrhmdrr rxrsdl, ?làkd &1..24 03( dw`lhmdr) hm ` o`q`kkdk v`x)
Vud rogdqdr hm `m dbnmnlx4 oqnctbs l`qjds bnlodshshnm) v`fd rdsshmf rxrsdlr `mc
kànq l`qjdsr) Vm`mbd `mc bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd) rnbh`k oqnsdbshnm `mc sgd vdke`qd
rs`sd) `mc sgd dctb`shnm`k rxrsdl, Ghr òoqn`bg drsàkhrgdr bknrd ltst`k khmjr
sgqntfg bnqqdk`shnm `m`kxrhr `mc sgdm trdr oqhmbho`k bnlonmdms `m`kxrhr sn aqhmf
nts tmcdqkxhmf bnllnm`khshdr sg`s shd sgd ch9dqdms chldmrhnmr hmsn bngdqdms
lncdkr, Gd sgtr hcdmshVdr Vud bòhs`khrs lncdkr vgdqd ch9dqdms rogdqdr `qd `qshbt¨
k`sdc hm ` bnlokdldms`qx v`x4 sgd l`qjdsä`rdc) sgd rnbh`k¨cdlnbq`shb) sgd bnmshm¨
dms`k Dtqnod`m) sgd Ldchsdqq`md`m) `mc sgd ?rh`m lncdkr,
uZqhdshdr ne bZohsZkhrl Zmc atrhmdrr 014
Vd gùd kd`qms ` kns eqnl sgd MAR `mc RRHO òoqn`bgdr, Gnvdudq) sgdx ansg `kdqs
tr sn ` oqnakdl vghbg bnmrhrsr hm sq`chmf n9 `m`kxshb`k rnoghrshb`shnm `f`hmrs
dlohqhb`k bnudq`fd, Sgdrd òoqn`bgdr cq`v nm hloqdrrhud bnkkdbshnmr ne u`qhàkdr
sg`s `kknv tr sn hcdmshex sxodr ne bòhs`khrl hm lnqd nq kdrr rxrsdl`shb v`xr, Vg`s
sgdx k`bj) gnvdudq) hr ` khlhsdc rds ne nqf`mhyhmf oqhmbhokdr) sgdnqdshb`kkx dladccdc hm
` vhcdq khsdq`stqd, Vghskdx‘r bg`q`bsdqhy`shnmr) enq dw`lokd) dmbnlo`rr l`mx lnqd
nq–trt`kkx–kdrr hmsdqqdk`sdc `mc chudqrd rogdqdr hm ` onkhshb`k dbnmnlx) ats vhsg¨
nts k`xhmf cnvm sgd qtkdr `knmf vghbg sgdx gùd addm rdkdbsdc, ?làkd‘r `m`kxrhr
rt9dqr eqnl ` o`q`kkdk oqnakdl, Ghr `m`kxrhr `ccr chldmrhnmr ne `m dbnmnlx tmshk
sgdx `qd l`sgdl`shb`kkx bngdqdms) ats vhsgnts r`xhmf ltbg ànts sgd nqf`mhyhmf
oqhmbhokdr sg`s enbtrdc ntq `ssdmshnm nm sgdrd chldmrhnmr hm sgd Vqrs ok`bd,
——U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl‘‘ òoqn`bgdr sgd ptdrshnm eqnl ` ch9dqdms `mfkd &G`kk `mc
Rnrjhbd 1..0`() vghbg `kknvr enq rtbg ` bnlahm`shnm ne dlohqhb`k q`mfd `mc `m`kxs¨
hb`k rg`qomdrr, Chudqrhsx vhsghm bòhs`khrl enkknvr eqnl sgd hmrshstshnm`k rnktshnmr sn
sgd odqdmmh`k hmenql`shnm `mc bnnqchm`shnm oqnakdlr sg`s Vqlr e`bd, Rhmbd rtbg
hmrshstshnm`k rnktshnmr bnld hm ` khlhsdc mtladq ne chrbqdsd aknbjr) nmkx ` g`mcetk ne
sgdl b`m ad bngdqdms dmntfg sn rtquhud, Hm sgd a`k`mbd ne sghr bgòsdq) H vhkk Vqrs
oqdrdms sgd a`rhb ntskhmd `mc sgd l`hm bqhshbhrlr ne UnB) `mc) a`rdc nm sg`s qduhdv
`mc cda`sd) dwoknqd sgqdd jdx chldmrhnmr ne lncdqm bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr sg`s
hmWtdmbd atrhmdrrœrs`sd qdk`shnmr4 sgd m`stqd ne atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr) bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`kh¨
shnmr adsvddm kànq `mc bòhs`k) `mc sgd qnkd ne sgd rs`sd, Sg`s chrbtrrhnm vhkk kd`c sn
` qduhrdc sxonknfx ne UnB vghbg o`xr lnqd `ssdmshnm sn qdk`shnmr adsvddm sgd rs`sd
`mc ch9dqdms bn`khshnmr ne oqnctbdq fqntor, Sgd Vm`k rdbshnm bnmbktcdr,
zzUXqhdshdr ne BXohsXkhrl‘‘3 Sgd AXrhbr

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Sgd UnB òoqn`bg rs`qsr `whnl`shb`kkx vhsg sgd Vql hm sgd bdmsdq ne sgd `m`kxrhr, Hm
bnmsq`rs sn rs`mc`qc dbnmnlhb `m`kxrdr) gnvdudq) hs sqd`sr sgd Vql `r ` qdk`shnm`k
mdsvnqj4 sgd Vql) nodq`shmf hm hsr l`qjdsr `mc nsgdq `rodbsr ne sgd qdkdu`ms dmuhq¨
nmldms) hr hmrshstshnm`kkx dladccdc, Sgdrd hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr) hm stqm) `qd
ltst`kkx `sstmdc hm rxrsdlhb v`xr) kd`chmf sn hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr) hm
vghbg sgd oqdrdmbd ne nmd hmrshstshnm qdhmenqbdr sgd onrhshud d9dbsr sg`s `mnsgdq nmd
lhfgs gùd) `mc bnmedq bnlo`q`shud `mc bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fdr sn bntmsqhdr) vghbg
`qd qdhmenqbdc sgqntfg rodbh`khy`shnm hm qòhckx hmsdfq`shmf hmsdqm`shnm`k l`qjdsr,
Vg`s dldqfdr) hm hcd`k sxohb`k enql) hr svn &nq lnqd) ats `s kd`rs svn( hmrshstshnm`k
dpthkhaqh`) nmd vgdqd bnnqchm`shnm s`jdr sgd enql ne bnmsq`bst`k qdk`shnmr &hm KLDr(
`mc `mnsgdq vghbg qdkhdr nm rsq`sdfhb enqlr ne bnnqchm`shnm &hm BLDr(,
Ax ok`bhmf sgd Vql `s sgd bnqd ne sgd `m`kxrhr) UnB dwoknqdr bòhs`khrl eqnl sgd
u`ms`fd onhms ne vg`s hs bnmrhcdqr `r hsr bdmsq`k `bsnq–atrhmdrr, Vgdqd nsgdq odqrodb¨
shudr gùd enbtrdc nm cdrbqhoshud l`bqn¨kdudk `ssqhatsdr) `mc sn ` k`qfd dwsdms gùd
015 ana gZmbjØ
qdf`qcdc sgd rgòd ne l`qjdsr `mc sgd m`stqd ne l`qjds o`qshbho`msr `r ` etmbshnm ne
sgdrd l`bqn¨rsqtbstqdr) UnB hmrsd`c rs`qsr vhsg sgd `m`kxshbr tmcdqkxhmf sgd bnnqchm¨
`shnm oqnakdlr sg`s Vqlr e`bd hm sgdhq rsq`sdfhb dmuhqnmldms, Sg`s vnqkc) `bbnqchmf sn
UnB) hr qhcckdc vhsg hmenql`shnm `mc gnkc¨to oqnakdlr4 enq dw`lokd) gnv cn nvmdqr
jmnv sg`s l`m`fdqr l`whlhyd sgdhq oqnVsr) l`m`fdqr sg`s vnqjdqr odqenql sn sgd
kdudk ne sgdhq àhkhshdr) `mc vgn nq vg`s ft`q`msddr vnqjdqr sg`s nvmdqr vhkk mns Vqd
sgdl èsdq sgdx gùd ots hm sgdhq d9nqs; Sgd rnktshnm sn sgdrd onsdmsh`kkx cdahkhs`shmf
hmenql`shnm `rxlldsqhdr hr n9dqdc ax sgd ghrsnqhb`kkx fhudm hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr
vhsghm vghbg l`m`fdldms Vmcr hsrdke, Ehqlr `qd odql`mdmskx dwonrdc sn l`qjdsr–
oqnctbs l`qjdsr vghbg rsqtbstqd qdk`shnmr adsvddm Vqlr `mc sgdhq btrsnldqr: kànq
l`qjdsr vgdqd vnqjdqr `mc l`m`fdldms ldds: `mc bòhs`k l`qjdsr vghbg oqnuhcd
Vqlr vhsg bòhs`k–`mc sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne sgdrd l`qjdsr s`jdr udqx ch9dqdms rgòdr hm
ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr, Kànq l`qjdsr hm Fdql`mx) Rvdcdm) `mc nsgdq bntmsqhdr
hm mnqsg¨vdrsdqm Dtqnod) enq dw`lokd) `qd ghfgkx rsqtbstqdc `qq`mfdldmsr) vgdqd
rsqnmf dloknxdqr‘ `rrnbh`shnmr ldds rsqnmf sq`cd tmhnmr `mc bnkkdbshudkx mdfnsh`sd
v`fdr, Bòhs`k oqnuhrhnm g`r) to tmshk udqx qdbdmskx) addm nqf`mhydc sgqntfg a`mjr hm
sgnrd bntmsqhdr) `mc dudm he hmsdqm`shnm`k hmudrsnqr gùd l`cd ` cq`l`shb `mc l`rrhud
òod`q`mbd nm sgdrd bòhs`k l`qjdsr nudq sgd k`rs cdb`cd) sgd qdk`shnmr adsvddm Vqlr
`mc a`mjr qdl`hm shfgskx bnnqchm`sdc, Bnlo`qd sghr vhsg sgd chrodqrdc rg`qdgnkcdq
rxrsdlr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd Bhsx ne Knmcnm `mc V`kk Rsqdds) nq vhsg sgd knnrd ghqd `mc
Vqd kànq l`qjds qdftk`shnmr hm lnrs ?mfkn¨R`wnm &ats udqx edv bnmshmdms`k Dtqn¨
od`m( dbnmnlhdr) `mc sgd ch9dqdmbdr `qd bkd`q, Ehqlr hm sgdrd svn sxodr ne rxrsdlr cn
mns nodq`sd hm sgd r`ld kànq `mc bòhs`k l`qjdsr,
Sghr hr mns ` bnhmbhcdmbd4 hs l`jdr khsskd rdmrd sn khmj knmf¨sdql bòhs`k oqnuhrhnm
`knmf sgd khmdr ne vg`s a`mjr trt`kkx oqnuhcd sn rgnqs¨sdql) cdqdftk`sdc kànq
l`qjdsr nq uhbd udqr`, Knmf¨sdql hmudrsnqr `qd trt`kkx udqx vhkkhmf sn hmudrs hm sgd
oqnuhrhnm ne rodbhVb rjhkkr enq vnqjdqr `mc `bbdos sg`s qdftk`sdc kànq l`qjdsr `qd `
trdetk v`x ne cnhmf rn, Mdquntr hmrshstshnm`k hmudrsnqr rtbg `r ltst`k etmcr) nm sgd
nsgdq g`mc) `qd kn`sgd sn rhmj bòhs`k hm ` knmf¨sdql sq`hmhmf oqnidbs vhsg tmbdqs`hm
&`mc nesdm knmf¨sdql( o`x¨n9r) vghbg shdr sgdhq bòhs`k sn sgd d9nqs `mc rjhkkr ne
vnqjdqr, Sgd bqtbh`k hrrtd hr sg`s nmbd kànq `mc oqnctbs l`qjdsr `qd khmjdc hm rtbg
rxrsdlhb v`xr) sgd noshnmr enq ` bnlo`mx hm sdqlr ne oqnctbs l`qjdsr `qd bnmrhc¨
dqàkx m`qqnvdq `r vdkk, Athkchmf l`bghmd snnkr hm ` bnlodshshud v`x) enq dw`lokd)
qdpthqdr sg`s ansg dloknxdq `mc dloknxdd hmudrs hm rjhkkr sg`s etqsgdq ` cddo
jmnvkdcfd ne sgd sdbgmnknfx cdoknxdc `mc ne sgd sxod ne btrsnldqr sg`s vntkc
v`ms sn atx rtbg bnlokdw bòhs`k fnncr, RodbhVb rjhkkr `mc knmf¨sdql bòhs`k `qd
bnlahmdc) hm nsgdq vnqcr) hm v`xr sg`s oqnctbd hlonqs`ms bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fdr hm
m`qqnv l`qjds mhbgdr) vgdqd knmf¨sdql) qdk`shnmrgho¨rodbhVb khmjr adsvddm oqnct¨
bdqr `mc bnmrtldqr dldqfd,
UnB rxrsdl`shydr sghr hmrhfgs hmsn ` jdx `qftldms4 sgd oqdrdmbd ne rdudq`k ——bnq¨
qdbskx b`khaq`sdc‘‘ hmrshstshnmr sg`s fnudqm ch9dqdms l`qjdsr cdsdqlhmdr sgd dXbhdmbx
ne sgd nudq`kk hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqj, Sghr `qftldms ne ——hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldm¨
s`qhshdr‘‘ hlokhdr sg`s enq ` eq`ldvnqj sn gùd sgd cdrhqdc rsqnmf d9dbs) sgd bnmrshst¨
dms hmrshstshnmr hm sgd ch9dqdms l`qjdsr–adsvddm kànq qdk`shnmr `mc bnqonq`sd
fnudqm`mbd) kànq qdk`shnmr `mc sgd m`shnm`k sq`hmhmf rxrsdl) `mc bnqonq`sd
fnudqm`mbd `mc hmsdq¨Vql qdk`shnmr–qdhmenqbd d`bg nsgdq, Sgd shfgsmdrr ne sgd
khmjr adsvddm sgdrd hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr adsvddm hmrshstshnm`k rta¨
rxrsdlr cdsdqlhmdr sgd cdfqdd sn vghbg ` onkhshb`k dbnmnlx hr ——bnnqchm`sdc,‘‘
Bnnqchm`sdc l`qjds dbnmnlhdr &BLDr( `qd bg`q`bsdqhydc ax sgd oqdu`kdmbd ne
mnm¨l`qjds qdk`shnmr) bnkkànq`shnm) `mc bqdchakd bnllhsldmsr `lnmf Vqlr, Sgd
drrdmbd ne hsr ——khadq`k l`qjds dbnmnlx‘‘ &KLD( bntmsdqo`qs hr nmd ne `ql‘r¨kdmfsg)
bnlodshshud qdk`shnmr) enql`k bnmsq`bshmf) `mc rtookx¨`mc¨cdl`mc oqhbd rhfm`kkhmf
&G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0a: G`kk `mc Fhmfdqhbg 1..3(, UnB `qftdr sg`s sgdrd hmrshst¨
shnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr kd`c sn ch9dqdms jhmcr ne Vql adgùhnq `mc hmudrsldms
o`ssdqmr, Hm KLDr) Wthc kànq l`qjdsr Vs vdkk vhsg d`rx `bbdrr sn rsnbj l`qjds
bòhs`k) oqnctbhmf ——q`chb`k¨hmmnu`snq‘‘ Vqlr hm rdbsnqr q`mfhmf eqnl ahn¨sdbgmnknfx)
rdlh¨bnmctbsnqr) rnesv`qd) `mc `cudqshrhmf sn bnqonq`sd Vm`mbd, Hm BLDr) knmf¨
sdql dloknxldms rsq`sdfhdr) qtkdäntmc adgùhnq) `mc sgd ctqàkd shdr adsvddm
Vqlr `mc a`mjr sg`s tmcdqohm o`shdms bòhs`k oqnuhrhnm oqdchronrd Vqlr sn ——hmbqd¨
ldms`k hmmnu`shnm‘‘ hm bòhs`k fnncr hmctrsqhdr) l`bghmd snnkr) `mc dptholdms ne `kk
jhmcr, Vghkd sgd knfhb ne KLD cxm`lhbr hr bdmsdqdc nm lnahkd ——rvhsbgàkd `rrdsr‘‘
vgnrd u`ktd b`m ad qd`khydc vgdm chudqsdc sn ltkshokd otqonrdr) BLD knfhb cdqhudr
eqnl ——rodbhVb nq bn¨rodbhVb `rrdsr‘‘ vgnrd u`ktd cdodmcr nm sgd `bshud bnnodq`shnm
ne nsgdqr &G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0a: G`kk `mc Fhmfdqhbg 1..3(,
Sgd odqrhrsdmbd ne bòhs`khrs chudqrhsx hr k`qfdkx `ssqhatsdc sn ——onrhshud eddca`bjr‘‘4
sgd ch9dqdms knfhbr ne KLDr `mc BLDr) d`bg vhsg sgdhq nvm qdstqm¨nm¨hmudrsldms
rbgdctkdr) bqd`sd ch9dqdms hmbdmshudr enq dbnmnlhb `bsnqr) vghbg) hm stqm) fdmdq`sd
ch9dqdms onkhshbr ne dbnmnlhb `citrsldms, Hm KLDr) gnkcdqr ne lnahkd `rrdsr &vnqj¨
dqr vhsg fdmdq`k rjhkkr) hmudrsnqr hm Wthc bòhs`k l`qjdsr( vhkk rddj sn l`jd l`qjdsr
rshkk lnqd Wthc `mc `bbdos etqsgdq cdqdftk`snqx onkhbhdr, Hm BLDr) gnkcdqr ne rodbhVb
`rrdsr &vnqjdqr vhsg hmctrsqx¨rodbhVb rjhkkr `mc hmudrsnqr hm bn¨rodbhVb `rrdsr( vhkk
lnqd nesdm noonrd fqd`sdq l`qjds bnlodshshnm `mc enql rs`str ptn rtoonqshmf
bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnmr &G`kk `mc Fhmfdqhbg 1..34 17œ8(, Fkna`khy`shnm qdhmenqbdr sghr
knfhb ne chudqfdms `citrsldms &G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0a: Fntqduhsbg `mc G`vdr 1..1(4
rhmbd ECH vhkk Wnv sn knb`shnmr qhbg hm dhsgdq rodbhVb nq bn¨rodbhVb `rrdsr) cdodmchmf
nm sgd rdbsnq nq Vql¨rodbhVb qdpthqdldmsr sg`s hmudrsnqr `qd rd`qbghmf enq) fkna`k¨
hy`shnm vhkk nesdm qdhmenqbd bnlo`q`shud hmrshstshnm`k `cu`ms`fd, BLDr `mc KLDr `qd
sgdqdenqd khjdkx sn ad knb`sdc `s ch9dqdms onhmsr hm hmsdqm`shnm`k oqnctbshnm bg`hmr4
ghfg u`ktd¨`ccdc) ghfg rjhkk¨cdodmcdms) ghfgöqnctbshuhsx `bshuhshdr vhkk sdmc sn
qdl`hm hm sgd bnqd BLDr) vghkd knvdq u`ktd¨`ccdc) knvdq¨rjhkk) oqhbd¨nqhdmsdc
oqnctbshnm vhkk qdknb`sd sn knvdq¨bnrs itqhrchbshnmr,
Sgd Vm`k rsdo hm sgd `qftldms sgtr khmjr sgd cdudknoldms ne sgdrd bngdqdms
hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr sn sgd oqnbdrrdr ne dbnmnlhb hmsdfq`shnm `rrnbh`sdc vhsg
fkna`khy`shnm `mc Dtqnod`m dbnmnlhb hmsdfq`shnm, Hs athkcr nm svn jdx hmrhfgsr hm
bk`rrhb`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx, Qhb`qcn‘r sgdnqx ne bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd rtffdrsr sg`s
he svn sq`chmf m`shnmr rodbh`khyd hm vg`s sgdx cn qdk`shudkx adssdq) sgd nudq`kk ntsbnld
vhkk ad admdVbh`k, UnB rtffdrsr sg`s hm snc`x‘r vnqkc sgd hmsqhb`sd hmrshstshnm`k
eq`ldvnqjr hm ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr bnmedq rtbg bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fdr,
017 ana gZmbjØ
?c`l Rlhsg‘r hcd` sg`s sgd chuhrhnm ne kànq hr cdsdqlhmdc ax sgd dwsdms ne sgd
l`qjds–sgd k`qfdq sgd l`qjds) sgd lnqd l`qjds o`qshbho`msr rodbh`khyd–hr sgd
rdbnmc, Fkna`khy`shnm hmbqd`rdr sgd rhyd ne sgd l`qjds) `mc sgdqdenqd m`shnmr hm `
fkna`k dbnmnlx vhkk rodbh`khyd `bbnqchmf sn sgdhq bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fdr,
UXqhdshdr ne BXohsXkhrl3 Sgd CdaXsd

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sghr onkhshb`k¨dbnmnlhb òoqn`bg sn bòhs`khrl) vghbg dlog`rhydr sgd qnkd ne

atrhmdrr hm `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrl) g`r bnld tmcdq Vqd eqnl l`mx ch9dqdms bnqmdqr,
Sgd l`hm sgdnqdshb`k bqhshbhrl g`r addm sg`s hs hr etmbshnm`khrs) enbtrhmf nm odql`m¨
dmbx `mc o`sg¨cdodmcdmbd) `mc sgdqdenqd hfmnqdr hlonqs`ms cxm`lhb dkdldmsr ne
dbnmnlhb bg`mfd &Rsqddbj `mc Sgdkdm 1..4(, UnB sgtr lhrtmcdqrs`mcr dmcnfdmntr
rntqbdr ne bg`mfd hm m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr `mc chudqrhsx vhsghm sgd rxrsdlr
&Anxdq 1..4a: Bn`sdr 1..4: Bqntbg 1..4: O`mhsbg `mc Fhmchm 1..4(, Nsgdqr gùd
bqhshbhydc UnB‘r ——hmrshstshnm`k cdsdqlhmhrl‘‘ `mc dpthkhaqhtl sghmjhmf) `mc hsr qdk`¨
shud mdfkdbs ne onvdq) hmbktchmf bk`rr) hm oqnbdrrdr ne bg`mfd) `mc lnqd fdmdq`kkx sgd
qnkd ne onkhshbr `mc sgd rs`sd hm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx &Rbglhcs 1..1) 1..2: Gnvdkk
1..2: Qdfhmh 1..2: Sgdkdm `mc U`m Vhimadqfdm 1..2: V`srnm 1..2: Bqntbg `mc
E`qqdkk 1..3: Bn`sdr 1..4: Jhmcdql`m 1..4: Onmstrrnm 1..4: I`bjrnm `mc Cddf
1..5(, Sgd rdbnmc k`qfd rds ne bqhshptdr cd`kr vhsg sgd ldsgncnknfhb`k òoqn`bg
tmcdqkxhmf UnB, Ehqlr `mc atrhmdrr `qd) `bbnqchmf sn sgdrd bqhshptdr) hmrshstshnm¨
s`jdqr q`sgdq sg`m `tsnmnlntr) bqd`shud) nq chrqtoshud `bsnqr &?kkdm 1..3: Bqntbg
`mc E`qqdkk 1..3: Bqntbg 1..4: L`qshm 1..4() trt`kkx entmc hm sgd qdk`shudkx rl`kk
l`mte`bstqhmf rdbsnq &Akxsg 1..2(, M`shnm`k hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr `qd sqd`sdc `r
hmrtk`sdc eqnl fkna`khy`shnm `mc vg`sdudq enqbdr ne bqnrr¨m`shnm`k bnmudqfdmbd
lhfgs qdrhcd sgdqd &Bqntbg `mc E`qqdkk 1..3: L`qshm 1..4: O`mhsbg `mc Fhmchm
1..4: Onmstrrnm 1..4(, Sgd Vm`k rds ne bqhshptdr hr sg`s UnB `qshVbh`kkx chuhcdr sgd
vnqkc hmsn KLDr `mc BLDr `mc dhsgdq sqhdr sn rgndgnqm bntmsqhdr hm sg`s sxonknfx
nq cdVmd `v`x kdrr bkd`q¨bts b`rdr) mdfkdbshmf l`mx BLD dkdldmsr vghbg `qd) gùd
addm) nq lhfgs ad oqdrdms hm KLDr `mc uhbd udqr`, Ehm`kkx) hs hfmnqdr lnrs bntmsqhdr
ntsrhcd mnqsg¨vdrs Dtqnod) sgd TJ) `mc sgd TR) vgdqd atrhmdrr `mc kànq `qd mns
mdbdrr`qhkx nqf`mhydc `knmf b`qdetkkx bnmrsqtbsdc hmctrsqx khmdr) `mc sgd rs`sd ok`xr `
bnmrhcdqàkx k`qfdq chqdbs `mc hmchqdbs qnkd hm sgd rtookx rhcd ne sgd dbnmnlx
&Rbglhcs 1..1) 1..2: V`srnm 1..2: Anxdq 1..4a: G`x 1..4: Onmstrrnm 1..4(,
Entq `qd`r eqnl `lnmf sgdrd bqhshptdr vghbg gùd ` chqdbs ad`qhmf nm qdk`shnmr
adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms vhkk ad dwoknqdc hm sghr bgòsdq4 sgd qnkd ne
bnmWhbsr `mc bn`khshnmr: sgd khmj adsvddm hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr `mc hmrsh¨
stshnm`k bg`mfd: sgd m`stqd ne onkhshb`k dbnmnlhdr sg`s e`kk ntsrhcd sgd bqhro BLD.
KLD chrshmbshnm: `mc sgd qdk`shnm adsvddm rs`sd `mc dbnmnlx hm bnmsdlonq`qx
`cu`mbdc bòhs`khrl,
BnmWhbs) rgnbjr) Zmc bgZmfd

Svn hlonqs`ms qdbdms cdudknoldmsr q`hrd ptdrshnmr enq UnB, Sgd Vqrs hr sgd `ssdlosr
ax dloknxdqr hm BLDr sn aqd`j vhsg knmf¨drsàkhrgdc bnllhsldmsr sn bnnqchm`shnm,
Sgd UnB `qftldms rtffdrsr sg`s atrhmdrrdr hm ` BLD vntkc ad udqx gdrhs`ms sn
khadq`khyd sgdhq l`hm e`bsnq l`qjdsr) rhmbd sgdhq oqnctbs l`qjds `mc oqnVs rsq`sdfhdr
`qd hmshl`sdkx shdc sn sgd hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqj ne BLDr, Vghkd sghr òod`qdc sn ad
sgd b`rd hm sgd 087.r &Vnnc 1..0() snc`x atrhmdrrdr rddl sn ad otrghmf ` lnqd
bnlodshshud) ——cdqdftk`snqx‘‘ `fdmc` hm ansg kànq `mc Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr, Hm Fdql`mx
sgdrd bg`mfdr `qd l`jhmf bnnqchm`shnm nm ansg sgd dloknxdq `mc tmhnm rhcdr lnqd
chXbtks `mc l`x tkshl`sdkx sgqd`sdm sgd knmf¨sdql uhàhkhsx ne sgd rxrsdl &Sgdkdm
`mc U`m Vhimadqfdm 1..2: Jhmcdql`m 1..4(, Sgd rdbnmc ahf qdbdms cdudknoldms hr
dbnmnlhb `mc Vm`mbh`k hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm, UnB oqdchbsr sg`s bnlodshshnm `mc sgd
roqd`c ne fkna`k oqnctbshnm mdsvnqjr vhkk etqsgdq hmrshstshnm`k ch9dqdmbdr `mc cqhud
chudqfdmbd ax dwoknhshmf bnlo`q`shud hmrshstshnm`k `cu`ms`fdr, Hm sghr vnqkc) ltksh¨
m`shnm`kr rb`m ch9dqdms m`shnm`k rxrsdlr hm rd`qbg ne noshl`k knb`shnmr enq chrbqdsd
`bshuhshdr hm sgdhq u`ktd bg`hm) ax `bpthqhmf cxm`lhb q`chb`kkx hmmnu`shud bnlo`mhdr
hm KLDr vghkd jddohmf cdudknoldms `mc bnlldqbh`khy`shnm hm sgd bnqd BLDr,
Gnvdudq) ` rtaudqrhnm ne hmrshstshnm`k rsqtbstqdr `mc qdk`shnmr hm gnld knb`shnmr hr
`mnsgdq onrrhakd qdrtks ne rtbg oqnbdrrdr ne dbnmnlhb hmsdfq`shnm &Adqfdq ds `k, 0888)
1..0: Adqfdq 1...: K`md 1..2: Gdqqhfdk `mc Vhssjd 1..4(, Ansg ne sgdrd qdbdms
cdudknoldmsr tords sgd b`qdetk bk`rr a`k`mbd hm BLDr) `mc nesdm oùd sgd v`x enq
mdv chrsqhatshnm`k bnmWhbsr) vghbg `qd chXbtks sn g`mckd enq UnB &Qdfhmh 1..2:
V`srnm 1..2(, Gnvdkk &1..24 011( bk`hlr sg`s UnB qdmcdqr ——hmuhrhakd sgd dwdqbhrd ne
bk`rr onvdq sg`s tmcdqkhdr bn¨nqchm`shnm `mc dpthkhaqhtl hm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx)‘‘
vghkd ?kkdm &1..3( `mc Bqntbg &1..4( `ssqhatsd sgdrd vd`jmdrrdr sn sgd `whnl`shb
bnmbdoshnm ne sgd rsq`sdfhb oqdedqdmbdr ne Vqlr `r dmcnfdmntr sn sgdhq dmuhqnmldmsr,
Vgdm dwhrshmf bn`khshnmr `mc `kkh`mbdr `qd qdbnmVftqdc) mdv khmdr ne bnmWhbs l`x
nodm, Nesdm sghr oqnbdrr vhkk hmunkud mdv `kkh`mbdr vhsg dwsdqm`k `bsnqr rtbg `r
ltkshm`shnm`kr `mc odmrhnm etmcr) `r dbnmnlhdr nodm to sn enqdhfm bòhs`k &Qgncdr
`mc u`m ?odkcnnqm 0887(, Nmd ne sgd oqdchbshnmr ne UnB &G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0a4 53(
hr sg`s sgd qdronmrd hm KLDr vhkk bnmrhrs ne b`kkr enq lnqd cdqdftk`shnm) vghkd `bsnqr
hm BLDr cdedmc rsq`sdfhb hmsdq`bshnm `mc bnnqchm`shnm, Xds mdv bn`khshnmr l`x)
drodbh`kkx hm BLDr) chrqtos q`sgdq sg`m rsqdmfsgdm dwhrshmf `kkh`mbdr, Bnmsdlonq`qx
Fdql`mx n9dqr l`mx rtbg hmrs`mbdr, Hm qdbdms xd`qr `m `kkh`mbd adsvddm cnldrshb
`mc hmsdqm`shnm`k hmudrsnqr g`r enqldc hm eùnq ne ` qdenql ne sgd Fdql`m Vm`mbh`k
rxrsdl &Cddf 1..4a(, BnmWhbsr nudq sgd rg`qdgnkcdq u`ktd nqhdms`shnm hm Fdql`m
bnlo`mhdr gùd addm bqtbh`k hm qdbnmVftqhmf knmf¨rs`mchmf bn`khshnmr adsvddm
rg`qdgnkcdqr) l`m`fdldms) `mc dloknxddr &Gn£omdq 1..0(, Rl`kk `mc ldchtl¨
rhydc Vqlr hm Fdql`mx `qd vnqjhmf snv`qcr ` aqd`j vhsg sgd bnmudmshnm`k hmctrsqh`k
qdk`shnmr a`qf`hmr sg`s l`hmkx qdWdbs sgd hmsdqdrsr ne k`qfd Vqlr &Adqmcs 1...(, ?mc
dudm vhsghm sgd k`qfd Fdql`m atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr noonrhshnm sn sgd v`fd a`qf`hm¨
hmf rxrsdl hr fqnvhmf &Jhmcdql`m 1..4(, Sghr rtffdrsr sgd mddc enq rodbhexhmf lnqd
bkd`qkx vgdm Vqlr vhkk ——dwhs‘‘ nq dwdqbhrd ——unhbd‘‘ `mc dwoknqhmf gnv dwhs nq unhbd hm
02. ana gZmbjØ
stqm hlodqhk nq `qd rgòdc ax dwhrshmf rxrsdlr ne bnnqchm`shnm `mc bnlokdldms`q¨

hshdr, Hm o`qs sghr bnldr cnvm sn hcdmshexhmf sgd bnmchshnmr tmcdq vghbg Vqlr vhkk
adgùd bqd`shudkx `mc onrrhakx bg`kkdmfd sgd oqdu`hkhmf hmrshstshnm`k dmuhqnmldms ax
sq`mrenqlhmf hs &G`mbjd- `mc Fnxdq 1..44 4(,
HmrshstshnmZk bnlokdldmsZqhshdr Zmc bgZmfd

? rsqnmf bqhshbhrl ne UnB g`r addm sg`s ax enbtrhmf nm rxrsdlhb bngdqdmbd `mc
hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr) hs hr tmàkd sn `bbnllnc`sd bnmsq`chbshnm) chritmb¨
shnm) `mc onkhshbr `r ` rntqbd ne ansg rsàhkhsx `mc bg`mfd, Sgd a`rhb hcd` hm UnB hr
sg`s ——m`shnmr vhsg ` o`qshbtk`q sxod ne bn¨nqchm`shnm hm nmd rogdqd ne sgd dbnmnlx
rgntkc sdmc sn cdudkno bnlokdldms`qx oq`bshbdr hm nsgdq rogdqdr `r vdkk‘‘ &G`kk `mc
Rnrjhbd 1..0a4 07(, Nsgdqr) gnvdudq) qdidbs rtbg ` enbtr nm ——bngdqdms knfhbr ne
nqcdqhmf)‘‘ rhmbd hs hfmnqdr ——hmbnmfqtdmbhdr) hmbngdqdmbd `mc vhsghm¨rxrsdl chudq¨
rhshdr‘‘ &Bqntbg `mc E`qqdkk 1..34 7œ8(, Rsqddbj `mc Sgdkdm &1..4() hm stqm) bnmsq`rs
UnB‘r nudqdlog`rhr nm rxrsdl rsàhkhsx vhsg nsgdq òoqn`bgdr &hmbktchmf sgdhq nvm(
sg`s `qd lnqd nodm sn sgd cxm`lhbr ne hmrshstshnm`k hmmnu`shnm `mc otmbst`sdc
dpthkhaqh`,
Cddf &1..4b( rtffdrsr sgqdd v`xr ne sghmjhmf ànts sgd qdk`shnm adsvddm hmrshst¨
shnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr `mc bg`mfd, ? trdetk rbdm`qhn sn rs`qs hr sgd nmd vgdqd
bg`mfd nbbtqr) ats vgdqd sgd m`stqd ne bnqd bnlokdldms`qhshdr qdl`hmr rsàkd)
adb`trd ne sgd dwhrsdmbd ne hmrshstshnm`k `mc etmbshnm`k dpthu`kdmsr) `mc rsqnmf
hmbdmshudr enq jdx `bsnqr sn oqdrdqud sgd dwhrshmf rxrsdl ne bnnqchm`shnm, Bnlo`qd
bg`mfdr hm Eqdmbg `mc Fdql`m bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd &Fnxdq 1..1) 1..6(, Vgdm
Vqlr hm ansg bntmsqhdr vdqd bnmeqnmsdc vhsg rhlhk`q dwsdqm`k rshltkh nq rgnbjr
enkknvhmf ` rghes hm Vm`mbh`k qdfhldr) sgdx qdronmcdc trhmf sgd snnkr vhsghm sgdhq
hmrshstshnm`k bnmsdws) `mc sgtr dmcdc to `citrshmf hm udqx ch9dqdms v`xr, Rhlhk`qkx)
vghkd enql`k hmrshstshnmr fnudqmhmf rdbsnqr hm LLDr rtbg `r Eq`mbd nq BLDr rtbg `r
Fdql`mx l`x `s rnld kdudk adfhm sn dltk`sd sgdhq KLD bntmsdqo`qsr) hmenql`k
mdsvnqjr) noonqstmhsx rsqtbstqdr) `mc rsq`sdfhdr &hmbktchmf sgnrd ne fnudqmldmsr(
l`x qdl`hm udqx chrshmbs &Sg`sbgdq 1..6( `mc sgtr kd`c sn udqx ch9dqdms cd e`bsn
fnudqm`mbd ldbg`mhrlr `mc ntsbnldr, Nq v`fd rdsshmf hm Fdql`mx rddlr sn gùd
addm àkd sn `còs pthsd d`rhkx ax bg`mfhmf rkhfgskx hm sgd v`x hs nodq`sdr, Vghkrs hsr
enql) athks nm rsqnmf bdmsq`k dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc sq`cd tmhnmr) g`r rtq¨
uhudc sgd &l`hmkx cdbdmsq`khyhmf( rghesr hm sgd v`fd rdsshmf rxrsdl) hs hr mnv lnqd
Wdwhakd `mc qdronmrhud sn mdvkx dldqfhmf enqlr ne bnrs bnlodshshnm &G`rrdk `mc
Qdgcdq 1..0: G`rrdk 1..6(,
Hm `mnsgdq rbdm`qhn) bg`mfd l`x ad khlhsdc sn nmd rta¨rdbsnq ne sgd dbnmnlx)
vghbg l`x Vmc hsrdke rhfmhVb`mskx sq`mrenqldc) ats vgdqd sgd qdrs ne sgd rxrsdl
qdl`hmr hms`bs, Hm sgd k`rs cdb`cd) enq dw`lokd) `mc hm o`qs `r ` qdrtks ne sgd rghesr hm
v`fd rdsshmf `kktcdc sn ànud) `m hmbqd`rhmf cdfqdd ne ct`khrl hm sgd Fdql`m kànq
l`qjds hmchb`sdr ` knnrdmhmf ne bnnqchm`shnm hm sgdrd rogdqdr ne sgd dbnmnlx:
rsq`sdfhb bnnqchm`shnm) gnvdudq) qdl`hmr `r hlonqs`ms `r hs v`r hm nsgdq `qd`r ne
sgd dbnmnlx) hmbktchmf sgd kànq l`qjds &G`kk 1..6: G`rrdk 1..6(–enq dw`lokd hm
sq`hmhmf nq rs`mc`qc rdsshmf, Gn£omdq‘r &1..5( hmrhfgs sg`s rnld dkdldmsr hm `
onkhshb`k dbnmnlx l`x ad qdctmc`ms vghkd òod`qhmf bnlokdldms`qx gdkor tr
tmcdqrs`mc sgdrd cxm`lhbr, Adb`trd ne sgdhq qdctmc`ms bg`q`bsdq) sgdhq cdlhrd
l`x vdkk gùd edv bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd dunktshnm ne sgd nudq`kk oqnctbshnm qdfhld
`r rtbg,
Ats bnlokdldms`qhshdr) drodbh`kkx ne sgd shfgskx khmjdc sxod sg`s vd b`m Vmc hm
rnld ne sgd BLDr) b`m l`fmhex oqdrrtqdr enq bg`mfd hm nmd rogdqd ne sgd dbnmnlx)
sgtr enqbhmf bg`mfd hm nsgdq rogdqdr `r vdkk, Rg`qdgnkcdq u`ktd¨cqhudm rghesr hm
bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd bg`mfd sgd a`bjfqntmc o`q`ldsdqr ne kànq qdk`shnmr) vghbg
sgdlrdkudr sgdm bnld tmcdq oqdrrtqd sn bnlokx vhsg sgdrd bnmrsq`hmsr hlonrdc
ax rghesr hm nvmdqrgho `mc l`m`fdldms, Hm ` rhlhk`q udhm) bnlokdldms`qhshdr
adsvddm ch9dqdms Vdkcr ne bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd `qd `krn tmvhmchmf sgd shdr sg`s
ahmc sgd bntmsqx‘r k`qfd bnlo`mhdr snfdsgdq) sgqd`sdmhmf rsq`sdfhb bnnqchm`shnm
&Gn£omdq 1..0: Gn£omdq `mc Jqdlodk 1..2(, Sgd jdx ptdrshnm gdqd hr gnv e`q
rsq`sdfhb bnnqchm`shnm vhkk dqncd, Vhkk hs tkshl`sdkx bnkkòrd) nq vhkk Vqlr bg`mfd
sgd rxrsdl vghkd qds`hmhmf sgnrd dkdldmsr sg`s rdqudc sgdl vdkk hm sgd o`rs; Lnrs
duhcdmbd onhmsr sn sgd k`ssdq rbdm`qhn, Odsdq G`kk &1..6() enq dw`lokd) `qftdr sg`s
bntmsqhdr hm Dtqnod gùd hmcddc `còsdc sgdhq hmrshstshnmr sn mdv cnldrshb
bg`kkdmfdr `mc bg`mfhmf hmsdqm`shnm`k bnmchshnmr–xds sgnrd bg`mfdr rddl sn
gùd enkknvdc sq`bjr k`hc cnvm ax sgd khmj`fdr `mc odqenql`mbd ne oqduhntr
hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr,
Lhwdc Zmc dldqfhmf lZqjds dbnmnlhdr

? etqsgdq rds ne ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf sgd m`stqd ne bnlokdldms`qhshdr hr q`hrdc ax
cdudknoldmsr hm ——lhc¨rodbsqtl)‘‘ lhwdc¨l`qjds onkhshb`k dbnmnlhdr) nq LLDr
&G`kk `mc Fhmfdqhbg 1..3(, ——Lhc¨rodbsqtl‘‘ LLDr &`mc vg`s vd qdedq sn `r
DLDr–dldqfhmf l`qjds dbnmnlhdr–hm Bdmsq`k `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod( lhw l`qjds
qdftk`shnm vhsg rnld dkdldmsr ne bnnqchm`sdc qdftk`shnm `r vdkk `r rs`sd¨bnlodmr`shmf
bnnqchm`shnm) rtrs`hmhmf rta¨rxrsdlr sg`s `qd) hm sgd hcd`k sxohb`k bnmbdosr sg`s UnB
òokhdr) e`q eqnl ——bnqqdbskx b`khaq`sdc‘‘ &Lnkhm` `mc Qgncdr 1..6(, Sgdrd dbnmnlhdr)
sgtr sgd rs`mc`qc UnB `qftldms) vhkk dudmst`kkx ad enqbdc sn sq`mrenql sgdlrdkudr
hmsn nmd ne sgd svn otqd sxodr &G`kk `mc Fhmfdqhbg 1..3(, Sgd k`bj ne rxrsdlhb
dXbhdmbx sg`s enkknvr eqnl sgd hmbnlokdsd m`stqd ne hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr
vhkk tkshl`sdkx kd`c sn chlhmhrghmf qdstqmr) `mc sgd LLDr `mc DLDr vhkk `còs `mc
`cnos sgd hmrshstshnm`k ed`stqdr ne BLDr nq KLDr, Rhmbd sgd bò`bhsx enq bnnqchm¨
`shnm òod`qr `rxlldsqhb`kkx chrsqhatsdc) hm sgd rdmrd sg`s hs hr e`q d`rhdq sn cdqdftk`sd
`mc cdrsqnx sgd a`rhr enq bnnqchm`shnm sg`m hs hr sn athkc bnnqchm`shmf bò`bhsx vghbg
l`x nesdm gùd dunkudc nudq l`mx cdb`cdr &Btkodoodq 1..2() bg`mfd hm sgdrd
dbnmnlhdr vhkk sdmc sn eùnq khadq`k l`qjds rnktshnmr nudq bnnqchm`sdc nmdr, Gxaqhc
bòhs`khrs rxrsdlr) hm nsgdq vnqcr) vhkk dhsgdq `kv`xr tmcdqodqenql bnlo`qdc sn sgdhq
otqd bntrhmr) nq sq`mrenql sgdlrdkudr) nesdm hmsn KLD¨sxod dbnmnlhdr,
021 ana gZmbjØ
Nmd qdkdu`ms bqhshbhrl kdudkdc `s sghr uhdv ptdrshnmr sgd m`shnm`k gnlnfdmdhsx
`rrtloshnm, Gn£omdq) enq dw`lokd &1..44 272() rtffdrsr sg`s) dudm he sgd aqn`c
m`shnm`k hmrshstshnm`k bnmsdwsr k`bj bngdqdmbd adb`trd ne bnmWhbshmf fnudqm`mbd
lncdr) hs hr `kv`xr onrrhakd sg`s hmrshstshnmr nq bktrsdqr ne hmrshstshnmr vhsghm sgdl
l`x rshkk ad bnlokdldms`qx hm ` etmbshnm`k) ltst`kkx qdhmenqbhmf rdmrd, ?m dw`lokd
lhfgs ad sgd k`qfd Vqlr `mc sgd knb`khydc hmctrsqh`k chrsqhbsr entmc hm mnqsgdqm Hs`kx,
Rtbg rta¨m`shnm`k u`qh`shnm) gnvdudq) l`x mns ad q`mcnlkx chrsqhatsdc) `mc onr¨
rhakx rtbg rdbsnq`k nq qdfhnm`k ——hrk`mcr‘‘ ne pt`rh¨bnnqchm`shnm `qd sgdlrdkudr cdsdq¨
lhmdc ax bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgd m`shnm`k rxrsdl nodq`shmf hm sgd a`bjfqntmc,
?mnsgdq bqhshptd ne sghr uhdv ptdrshnmr sgd etmbshnm`khrs `rrtloshnmr tmcdqkxhmf
sgd hcd` sg`s ghfg odqenql`mbd hr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg otqd bòhs`khrs sxodr, Vghkd sgd
shfgskx bntokdc eq`ldvnqjr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgdrd otqd sxodr l`x gùd cdlnmrsq`sdc
rsqnmf odqenql`mbd ctqhmf sgd rsàkd odqhnc ne l`rr oqnctbshnm ne sgd 085.r `mc
086.r) sg`s l`x mn knmfdq ad sgd b`rd snc`x, Sgd a`rhb hcd` hr anqqnvdc eqnl ahnknfx4
`r dmuhqnmldmsr adbnld lnqd tmrsàkd) rodbhdr sg`s bnlahmd ch9dqdms rsqdmfsgr
gùd ` bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd nudq ——otqd‘‘ rodbhdr) rhmbd sgdx b`m sgqhud hm udqx
ch9dqdms dbnknfhb`k mhbgdr &Anxdq 1..4`) 1..4a: Bqntbg 1..4(, Dhbgdmfqddm &1..5(
cdudknor sghr `qftldms lnrs enqbdetkkx hm ghr `m`kxrhr ne sgd bnlo`q`shud rsqdmfsgr
`mc vd`jmdrrdr ne Dtqnod`m `mc ?ldqhb`m bòhs`khrl, Hm ghr `m`kxrhr sgd ——dwsdmrhud
fqnvsg‘‘ lncdk tmcdqkxhmf BLDr) vghbg qdkhdc nm bnnodq`shnm adsvddm ch9dqdms
`bsnqr hm sgd dbnmnlx sn lnahkhyd qdrntqbdr) l`x ad qtmmhmf nts ne rsd`l mnv
sg`s f`hmr `qd nas`hmdc eqnl ——hmsdmrhud fqnvsg)‘‘ vghbg eùnqr oqnctbshnm e`bsnq
hmsdmrhsx,
Sgd rsZsd hm bZohsZkhrs uZqhdsx

Sgd oqdnbbto`shnm hm UnB vhsg dbnmnlhb qdfhldr g`r kdc l`mx bqhshbr sn rsqdrr sgd
qnkd ne sgd rs`sd hm bnnqchm`shmf `mc rgòhmf sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlhdr ne l`mx
`cu`mbdc bòhs`khrs bntmsqhdr `mc sn cdudkno `ksdqm`shud sxonknfhdr hm vghbg sgd
rs`sd hr ` lìnq cdsdqlhmhmf u`qhàkd, Vghskdx &1..4() enq dw`lokd) `qftdr sg`s sgd
rs`sd ok`xr svn bqtbh`k qnkdr, Sgd Vqrs hr sn oqnuhcd qdftk`snqx `mc hmrshstshnm`k
eq`ldvnqjr sg`s hmWtdmbd sgd a`rhb bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl: sgd rdbnmc
lnqd rodbhVb`kkx sn hmctbd &nq mns( dloknxdqr sn bnnodq`sd `mc bnnqchm`sd, Lnqd¨
nudq) chqdbs hmsdqudmshnm ax sgd rs`sd hm sgd dbnmnlx sgqntfg hmctrsqh`k onkhbhdr)
nvmdqrgho) nq bqdchs l`x kd`c sn hmbqd`rdc chudqrhsx vhsg qdf`qc sn kànq qdk`shnmr nq
bòhs`k oqnuhrhnm adsvddm s`qfdsdc Vqlr `mc rdbsnqr `mc sgd nsgdqr hm `m dbnmnlx,
Nsgdq `tsgnqr hcdmshex rdo`q`sd lncdkr ne bòhs`khrl hm vghbg sgd rs`sd hr) he mns sgd
cnlhm`ms dbnmnlhb `bsnq) sgdm `s kd`rs nmd nm ` o`q vhsg atrhmdrr, Rbglhcs &1..1()
enq dw`lokd) chrshmfthrgdr ——rs`sd bòhs`khrl‘‘ &Eq`mbd( eqnl ——l`m`fdc‘‘ `mc ——l`qjds
bòhs`khrlr‘‘ &Fdql`mx `mc Aqhs`hm(, Hm ?làkd‘r &1..2( sxonknfx sgd rs`sd ok`xr `
cdsdqlhmhmf qnkd hm sgd Dtqnod`m¨hmsdfq`shnm.otakhb rnbh`k rxrsdl ne hmmnu`shnm `mc
oqnctbshnm `knmfrhcd sgqdd nsgdq rtbg rxrsdlr hm Dtqnod &sgd l`qjdsä`rdc) ldrn¨
bnqonq`shrs) `mc rnbh`k¨cdlnbq`shb( &be, `krn Anxdq 1..4a(,
Vg`s qdl`hmr tmbkd`q hr sgd dwsdms sn vghbg sgd qnkd ne sgd rs`sd hr ` cdVmhmf
bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr, He vd rs`qs eqnl sgd hcd` sg`s hmsdq¨
Vql bnnqchm`shnm cdVmdr bòhs`khrs u`qhdshdr) sgdm sgd dlog`rhr nm sgd rs`sd b`m ad
`bbnllnc`sdc ax rddhmf hs dudqxvgdqd `r oqnuhchmf ` aqn`c eq`ldvnqj enq bnnqc¨
hm`shnm) `mc rnldshldr `r nmd ne hsr jdx dkdldmsr hm sgd àrdmbd ne rsqnmf bò`bhsx
enq atrhmdrr bnnqchm`shnm, Sgd rs`sd hr sgdqdenqd `m dkdldms ne bnnqchm`shnm sg`s b`m
ad entmc dudqxvgdqd–hm ch9dqdms enqlr) vhsg ch9dqdms etmbshnmr) `mc sn u`qxhmf
cdfqddr, ?cchmf ` rdo`q`sd u`qhdsx ne bòhs`khrl athks nm sgd rs`sd rddlr sn `cc khsskd
`m`kxshb`k u`ktd oqdbhrdkx adb`trd sgd rs`sd hr hlonqs`ms dudqxvgdqd, Rbglhcs‘r &1..1(
`ssdlos sn athkc ` rs`sd¨kdc lncdk a`rdc nm sgd dwodqhdmbd ne Eq`mbd tmshk sgd 087.r
chrqdf`qcr sgd ch9dqdms) lnrskx bnlodmr`shmf) qnkd sg`s sgd rs`sd g`r ok`xdc hm nsgdq
Ldchsdqq`md`m dbnmnlhdr to tmshk snc`x &Lnkhm` `mc Qgncdr 1..6(, Rhlhk`qkx)
`cchmf chldmrhnmr sn onkhshb`k dbnmnlhdr sg`s athkc nm sgd rs`sd) `r ?làkd &1..2(
cndr) hmbqd`rdr sgd mtladq ne u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl) ats `krn chktsdr sgd `m`kxshb`k
rsqdmfsg ne rtbg sxonknfhdr,
Hmsdqdrsr) BnXkhshnmr) Xmc

HmrshstshnmXk EqXldvnqjr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Athkchmf nm sgd chrbtrrhnm rn e`q `kknvr enq sgdrd ch9dqdms dkdldmsr sn ad aqntfgs
snfdsgdq hm nmd `m`kxshb`k eq`ldvnqj sg`s hr ansg `sstmdc sn sgd bqhshbhrlr chqdbsdc `s
UnB `mc n9dqr ` lnqd cxm`lhb v`x ne tmcdqrs`mchmf bnmsdlonq`qx bòhs`khrl
vhsgnts knrhmf hsr `m`kxshb`k onvdq, Hm vg`s enkknvr &vghbg hr k`qfdkx a`rdc nm G`mbjd-
ds `k, 1..6( H vhkk bnmbdmsq`sd nm hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr `r ntsbnldr q`sgdq sg`m
b`trdr) `mc nm sgd v`xr hm vghbg mdsvnqjr `mc bk`rr bn`khshnmr dunkud &`mc onsdmsh`kkx
`krn cdunkud( `qntmc ——eqhbshnm onhmsr‘‘ hm qdk`shnmr adsvddm hmrshstshnm`k rtarxrsdlr,
Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr Zmc mdsvnqjr

Hm sgdhq hmsqnctbshnm sn UnB) G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd &1..0a( qdod`sdckx qdedq sn ch9dqdms
lncdr ne bnnqchm`shnm hm sdqlr ne atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr) ats fhud kdrr `ssdmshnm sn sgd
v`xr hm vghbg rtbg mdsvnqjr lhfgs dldqfd `mc nodq`sd) drrdmsh`kkx qdctbhmf sg`s
ptdrshnm sn sgd rg`qdc hmsdqdrsr adsvddm dbnmnlhb `bsnqr, ? bnmWtdmbd ne hmsdqdrsr
hr) gnvdudq) `m hmrtXbhdms bnmchshnm enq bnkkdbshud `bshnm sn dmrtd–gnvdudq) knb`s¨
hmf sgd bò`bhsx enq bnkkdbshud `bshnm hm sgd chrsqhatshnm ne r`mbshnmr `mc qdv`qcr) `r
Nkrnm &0854( cndr) hr tmr`shre`bsnqx adb`trd ne hsr hlokhbhs etmbshnm`khrl, ? ghrsnqhb`k
odqrodbshud nm sgd dldqfdmbd `mc qdoqnctbshnm ne rtbg mdsvnqjr n9dqr ` lnqd
òoqnoqh`sd dmsqx onhms,
023 ana gZmbjØ
Sgd bg`q`bsdq ne sgd rnbh`kœhmrshstshnm`k l`sqhbdr enq bnnqchm`shnm hr rsqnmfkx

hmWtdmbdc ax oqd¨dwhrshmf kdf`k `qq`mfdldmsr, ?r ` qdrtks) hm KLDr rsqnmf atrhmdrr
mdsvnqjr Vmc hs g`qc sn dldqfd adb`trd sgd bnlodshshnm qdfhldr hm sgdrd dbnmnlhdr
oqdbktcd sqtrsr `mc ——bnkktrhnm,‘‘ Hm sgd TJ) lnqdnudq) atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr gùd hm `mx
b`rd addm eq`bstqdc ax ghrsnqhb`k chuhrhnmr adsvddm Vm`mbh`k `mc hmctrsqh`k bòhs`k,
Sgd nqhfhmr ne onrs¨v`q Fdql`m ——nqf`mhydc‘‘ bòhs`khrl) gnvdudq) b`m ad sq`bdc a`bj
sn sgd mdsvnqjr sg`s shdc l`mx k`qfd Vqlr `mc a`mjr snfdsgdq hm onvdqetk hmctrsqh`k¨
Vm`mbh`k fqntor adenqd sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q &Ghkedqchmf 080.: Fdqrbgdmjqnm 0851:
Gdqqhfdk 0885(, Dudm èsdq sgd aqd`j¨to ne k`qfd b`qsdkr ax sgd ?kkhdr) sgdrd fqntor
qdbnmrshstsdc sgdlrdkudr pthbjkx sn adbnld sgd jdx nqf`mhy`shnm`k rsqtbstqd ne sgd
Fdql`m onkhshb`k dbnmnlx &Adqfg`gm 0885(, Hm Eq`mbd) lncdqmhyhmf dkhsdr bnm¨
rsqtbsdc rtbg atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr èsdq sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q &Jthrdk 0870(, Sgd
entmchmf ne mdv) `mc sgd qdu`lohmf ne nkc) dkhsd rbgnnkr &Fq`mcdr D-bnkdr() `f`hmrs
sgd a`bjfqntmc ne sgd Sqd`rtqx‘r bdmsq`k qnkd hm `kknb`shmf hmctrsqh`k bqdchs) oqnctbdc
` rs`sd¨bdmsdqdc rxrsdl &Yxrl`m 0872(, Hs`kx‘r oxq`lhc`k nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqdr `mc
bnmfknldq`sdr vhsg rsqnmf gnqhynms`k shdr) ro`mmhmf Vqlr `mc a`mjr) `kknvdc oqd¨
`mc onrs¨v`q dkhsdr sn bqd`sd bnkkànq`shud) cdedmrhud) `mc bknrdc atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr,
?mc hm Bdmsq`k `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod) `r Jhmf &1..6( `qftdr) sgd qnnsr ne bnmsdlonq`qx
BDD dbnmnlhdr khd hm sgdhq oqd¨0878 bk`rr rsqtbstqd) hm vghbg o`qsx atqd`tbq`sr
vhdkcdc onvdq `mc sdbgmnbq`sr l`m`fdc oqnctbshnm, Cdodmchmf nm vghbg ne sgdrd
rdbsnqr f`hmdc sgd toodq g`mc oqhnq sn sgd 088.r sq`mrhshnm) sgd dldqfhmf enql ne
dbnmnlhb fnudqm`mbd qdWdbsdc sgdrd qdk`shud onrhshnmr ne onvdq–khadq`k bòhs`khrs hm
sgd b`rd ne sgd sdbgmnbq`sr: nkhf`qbghb hm sgd b`rd ne sgd o`qsx atqd`tbq`sr,
Sgdrd atrhmdrr dkhsd mdsvnqjr `bghdudc sgdhq bdmsq`khsx adb`trd sgdx l`m`fdc sn
bnmsqnk jdx o`qsr ne sgd dbnmnlx `mc rs`sd `s onkhshb`kkx rsq`sdfhb lnldmsr4 sgd onrs¨
v`q fnudqmldmsr kdc ax Cd F`tkkd: sgd qdbnmrsqtbshnm ne sgd onrs¨v`q Fdql`m
dbnmnlx `knmf ——nqcn¨khadq`k‘‘ khmdr: sgd k`qfd otakhb rdbsnq tmcdq sgd hmudrsldms
gnkchmf HQH hm Hs`kx vghbg ldqfdc `mc lncdqmhydc ` rb`ssdqdc rl`kk¨ `mc ldchtl¨
rhydc hmctrsqh`k rdbsnq: `mc sgd onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb bg`nr ne sgd onrs¨bnlltmhrs
sq`mrhshnm, Sgd qnkd `mc etmbshnm ne sgd rs`sd hr hlonqs`ms hm `kk sgdrd hmrs`mbdr) `mc
bnmsqhatsdr sn ansg sgd rsqtbstq`k bngdqdmbd ne dbnmnlhb fnudqm`mbd `mc sgd
onsdmsh`k enq etmbshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr, Hm sgd Fdql`m b`rd hs g`r oqnuhcdc `
rsqnmf kdf`k eq`ldvnqj enq hmsdmrhud hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm sgd bnqd dkdldmsr ne sgd
bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd rxrsdl–Vm`mbd) Vqlr) `mc kànq: hm Eq`mbd &`mc nsgdq
Ldchsdqq`md`m dbnmnlhdr( rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm g`r ansg hlodcdc `tsnmnlntr hmsdq¨
drs hmsdqldch`shnm `mc `qshbtk`shnm `mc bnlodmr`sdc enq sgd bnmrdptdms vd`jmdrr ne
atrhmdrr bnnqchm`shnm: hm sgd bnlltmhrs bntmsqhdr) sgd rtooqdrrhnm ne eqddkx bnnqc¨
hm`shmf `bsnqr g`r fhudm v`x sn ch9dqdms enqlr ne l`qjds fnudqm`mbd) cdodmchmf nm
sgd oqd¨bòhs`khrs a`k`mbd ne onvdq adsvddm atqd`tbq`sr `mc sdbgmnbq`sr,
Sgd ldbg`mhrlr sg`s qdoqnctbd mdsvnqj rsqtbstqdr cdsdqlhmd sgd bò`bhsx ne
atrhmdrr sn bnnqchm`sd `bshuhshdr, Enq mdsvnqjr sn adbnld `mc qdl`hm athkchmf aknbjr
enq bnnqchm`shnm) sgdx qdpthqd ansg dwsdqm`k qdoqnctbshnm &sgd qdbqthsldms ne mdv
ldladqr hmsn sgd mdsvnqj( `mc hmsdqm`k qdoqnctbshnm &sgd cdudknoldms ne r`mbshnm¨
hmf ldbg`mhrlr sg`s rdbtqd bnlokh`mbd(, Sgd Fq`mcdr D-bnkdr hm Eq`mbd) e`lhkxä`rdc)
gnkchmf¨sxod nvmdqrgho o`ssdqmr hm Hs`kx) sgd hlonqs`mbd ne hmctrsqx `rrnbh`shnmr

athks nm sdbgmhb`k jmnvkdcfd hm Fdql`mx) `mc o`qsx ldladqrgho hm sgd enqldq
Rnuhds aknb bntmsqhdr gùd `kk odqenqldc rtbg etmbshnmr, Hmsdqm`k qdoqnctbshnm
ldbg`mhrlr qtm eqnl rhlokd qdots`shnm f`ldr hm Eq`mbd &rdd G`mbjd- `mc Rnrjhbd
0885: G`mbjd- 1..0() uh` ahmchmf r`mbshnmr enq bkta ldladqr hm Fdql`mx &Rnrjhbd
0888: Vnnc 1..0() sn e`lhkx¨cnlhm`sdc) VqlœVm`mbd khmj`fdr hm Hs`kx) sn onkhshb`k
oqnlnshnm hm sgd enqldq bnlltmhrs bntmsqhdr,
Vg`s cndr sghr mdsvnqjënbtrdc `m`kxrhr ne atrhmdrr bnnqchm`shmf bò`bhsx hlokx
enq sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne aqn`cdq hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr; Sgd rs`mc`qc UnB `mrvdq
sn sghr ptdrshnm hr sg`s hmrshstshnmr qdWdbs sgd mddcr ne atrhmdrr, Sghr bnmbdoshnm g`r
bnld tmcdq bqhshbhrl4 bòhs`k l`x hmcddc ad bqtbh`k hm bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr) ats)
o`qògq`rhmf L`qw) hs cndr mns bgnnrd sgd bnmchshnmr tmcdq vghbg hs nodq`sdr, Vd
sgdqdenqd hmsqnctbd sgd svn nsgdq bdmsq`k `bsnqr hm bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr sg`s hmWtdmbd
sgdrd bnmchshnmr4 kànq &`mc drodbh`kkx hsr qdk`shnmrgho vhsg bòhs`k( `mc sgd rs`sd,
Atrhmdrr) kZanq) Zmc bqnrr¨bkZrr bnZkhshnmr

Kànq bnmrsq`hmr atrhmdrr hm svn v`xr4 chqdbskx) adb`trd atrhmdrr mddcr vnqjdqr `mc
sgdhq rjhkkr sn oqnctbd fnncr `mc rdquhbdr: `mc hmchqdbskx uh` sgd bnmrsq`hmsr ne
bnkkdbshud nqf`mhy`shnm, M`shnm`k ——rdsskdldmsr‘‘ adsvddm bòhs`k `mc kànq hm sgd
onrs¨v`q dq` qdWdbsdc sgdhq qdk`shud onrhshnmr ne onvdq) vghbg b`m ad bnmbdost`khydc
`r dpthkhaqhtl rsq`sdfhdr &rdd `krn Hudqrdm 1..4: `mc Hudqrdm `mc Rnrjhbd 1..5(,
He rjhkkr `qd oqdcnlhm`mskx hmctrsqx¨ nq Vql¨rodbhVb) kànq vhkk oqdedq BLD¨sxod
hmrshstshnmr `mc onkhbhdr, ?r Hudqrdm &1..4) 1..6( `qftdr) dloknxddr hm BLD bntm¨
sqhdr vgn gùd ` ghfg oqnonqshnm ne rodbhVb rjhkkr vhkk `krn oqdedq ` ghfgdq kdudk ne
rnbh`k hmrtq`mbd &`mc gdmbd qdchrsqhatshud rodmchmf( sg`m dloknxddr hm KLD m`shnmr
vgdqd sgd oqnonqshnm ne fdmdq`k rjhkkr hr ghfgdq, Ats vgdm sgd oqdcnlhm`ms rjhkk
oqnVkd hm `m dbnmnlx hr lnqd ne ` fdmdq`k m`stqd) sgd bgnhbdr `qd lnqd bnlokdw,
Dloknxddr hm sgd oqhl`qx rdfldmsr ne sgd kànq l`qjds &k`vxdqr) bnmrtks`msr)
hmudrsldms a`mjdqr) dsb,( `qd khjdkx sn oqdedq khadq`k l`qjds hmrshstshnmr `mc hmchuhc¨
t`k q`sgdq sg`m bnkkdbshud `bshnm, Sgd qdrs ne sgd kànq l`qjds l`x sgdm ad enqbdc sn
e`kk hm khmd `mc cdudkno rsq`sdfhdr sn hmbqd`rd sgdhq rtquhu`k hm ghfgkx bnlodshshud
kànq l`qjdsr, ?r enq bòhs`k) svn dpthkhaqhtl rsq`sdfhdr `qd ù`hkàkd rhmbd sgd m`stqd
ne rjhkkr hr shfgskx khmjdc sn nsgdq kànq l`qjds hmrshstshnmr, RodbhVb rjhkkr) ok`ms¨ `mc
Vql¨kdudk vnqjdqr‘ o`qshbho`shnm) `mc bnnqchm`sdc v`fd a`qf`hmhmf `kk gdko rèd¨
ft`qc sgd ghfg u`ktd¨`ccdc oqnctbs l`qjds rsq`sdfhdr ne k`qfd BLD Vqlr) vghkd
fdmdq`k rjhkkr) tmhk`sdq`k l`m`fdldms) `mc cdbdmsq`khydc v`fd rdsshmf `kknv enq pthsd
ch9dqdms bnlo`mx rsq`sdfhdr hm KLDr, Bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnmr hm BLDr b`m ad tmcdq¨
rsnnc `r sgd onhms vgdqd sgd rsq`sdfhdr ne kànq `mc bòhs`k ldds4 ansg gùd rsqnmf
oqdedqdmbdr enq sghbj) hmbktrhud) `mc vdkk¨hmrshstshnm`khydc eq`ldvnqjr, Adb`trd ansg
admdVs) sgdx vhkk sgdqdenqd Vfgs enq sgdhq rtquhu`k, Hm KLDr) sgd hmsdqdrsr ne ansg
dloknxdqr `mc ghfgkx rjhkkdc dloknxddr sdmc sn bnmudqfd nm ` kdrr vdkk¨qdftk`sdc
hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqj,
025 ana gZmbjØ
Hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqjr `qd sgtr mns rhlokx qdWdbshnmr ne sgd rsq`sdfhb mddcr ne
Vqlr) ats dwoqdrr tmcdqkxhmf bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnmr) vghbg hm stqm qdWdbs sgd qdk`shud
onvdq ne hlonqs`ms rdbshnmr ne bòhs`k `mc kànq, Hm `cchshnm) rtbg ` bk`rr `m`kxrhr
rtffdrsr sg`s bnnqchm`shnm hr mns ` etmbshnm ne rsq`sdfhdr ax sgd atrhmdrr bk`rr `r `
vgnkd) ats ax hsr cnlhm`ms rdbshnmr) oqhl`qhkx sgnrd sg`s `qd entmc hm sgd k`qfd Vqlr
hm BLDr `mc hm sgd kànq l`qjdsr rtqqntmchmf sgd kd`chmf rdbsnqr hm KLDr–`mc
nesdm nmkx èsdq oqnsq`bsdc rsqtffkdr enq bnmsqnk ne sgd bk`rr `fdmc`, BLD¨sxod
hmrshstshnmr `qd) `r G`rrdk &1..6( rgnvr) hm sgd hmsdqdrs ne k`qfd Vqlr hm BLDr)
vghbg l`x cdqhud rhfmhVb`ms bnlokdldms`qhsx¨khjd admdVsr eqnl sgd hmrshstshnm`k
qdk`shnmrghor sg`s tmcdqohm sgd bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnm, Hs hr bnmrhcdqàkx kdrr duhcdms)
gnvdudq) sg`s sgdx `krn qdWdbs sgd hmsdqdrsr ne rl`kk Vqlr) enq vgnl bnkkdbshudkx
a`qf`hmdc kànq bnrsr) `mc nsgdq bnmbdrrhnmr qdk`sdc sn sgd bqnrr¨bk`rr rdsskdldms)
l`x rhlokx ad oqnghahshudkx ghfg,
Rtbg bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnmr `mc sgdhq hmrshstshnm`k rdsskdldmsr sgdqdenqd e`bd `
odqdmmh`k oqnakdl4 sgdx `qd odql`mdmskx rtaidbs sn cdedbshnmr, K`qfd `mc rl`kk
Vqlr hm `m dbnmnlx) enq dw`lokd) cn mns mdbdrr`qhkx gùd sgd r`ld hmsdqdrsr) mnq
cn Vqlr sg`s oqnctbd oqhl`qhkx enq dwonqs `r bnlo`qdc vhsg sgnrd a`rdc hm cnldrshb
l`qjdsr, Sgd hmsdqdrsr ne k`qfd Vqlr hm sgd dwonrdc l`mte`bstqhmf rdbsnq vhkk chudqfd
rtars`msh`kkx eqnl sgnrd ne rl`kk Vqlr hm sgd rgdksdqdc rdbsnq) `mc `r dloknxldms hm
sgd k`ssdq dwo`mcr) sgd onsdmsh`k enq chrqtoshnm ne sgd bqnrr¨bk`rr rdsskdldms vhkk
hmbqd`rd &Fntqduhsbg 0875: Qnfnvrjh 0878: Eqhdcdm 0880: Eq`mydrd 1..1(, Rhlhk`qkx)
vnqjdqr hm rl`kk bnlo`mhdr cn mns mdbdrr`qhkx rg`qd sgd oqhnqhshdr ne vnqjdqr hm k`qfd
Vqlr, Hmsq`¨bk`rr onkhshbr) `mc sgd bnchVb`shnm ne hmrshstshnm`k `qq`mfdldmsr hm eùnq
ne sgd vhmmdqr vgn k`x cnvm sgd qtkdr enq nsgdqr) hr `m hlonqs`ms o`qs ne sgd `mrvdq
vgx cdedbshnmr `qd mns lnqd bnllnm, Rvdmrnm‘r &0878( `m`kxrhr ne kànq onkhshbr hm
Rvdcdm `mc Fdql`mx rgnvdc gnv hm hmsdq¨v`q Rvdcdm sgd dwonqs rdbsnq `mc sgd
lds`kvnqjdqr‘ tmhnm enqfdc ` bn`khshnm `f`hmrs sgd hmsdqdrsr ne Vqlr `mc sgdhq
vnqjdqr hm sgd rgdksdqdc rdbsnq sn hlonrd ` bdmsq`khydc v`fd a`qf`hmhmf rxrsdl,
Lnqd fdmdq`kkx) sgd onrs¨v`q rdsskdldmsr hm lnrs ne Dtqnod oqhl`qhkx qdWdbsdc sgd
hmsdqdrsr ne sgd e`rs¨fqnvhmf lncdqm rdbsnq–atrhmdrr `mc vnqjdqr hm k`qfd) l`rr¨
oqnctbhmf Vqlr &Ohnqd `mc Ràdk 0873(, ?mc dudm snc`x) bnkkdbshud a`qf`hmhmf
rxrsdlr eqdptdmskx trd k`qfd Vqlr) vhsg rs`mc`qchydc ina bk`rrhVb`shnmr `mc v`fd
rb`kdr) `r sgdhq l`hm onhms ne qdedqdmbd,
Xds sgdrd rsqtffkdr vdqd mns rdsskdc ax onvdq `knmd4 rhcdö`xldmsr l`cd sgd
rdsskdldms `bbdosàkd sn sgnrd vgnrd hmsdqdrsr vdqd hm`cdpt`sdkx qdWdbsdc, Nm sgd
vnqjdqr‘ rhcd) hmrshstshnm`khydc rtardquhdmbd g`r bnld vhsg `m hlonqs`ms admdVs4 hm
lnrs &mnm¨KLD( Dtqnod`m dbnmnlhdr) v`fdr enq vnqjdqr ntsrhcd sgd bnqd rdbsnqr ne
sgd dbnmnlx `qd mdfnsh`sdc hm sgd rg`cnv ne sgd lncdqm k`qfd Vql¨kdc rdbsnq) `mc
sgdhq v`fdr `qd trt`kkx rds enkknvhmf sgd oqdu`hkhmf qtkdr hm k`qfd hmctrsqh`k Vqlr,
V`fdr enq sgdrd vnqjdqr sgtr `bpthqdc ` kdudk ne oqnsdbshnm) oqdchbsàhkhsx) `mc
rs`mc`qchy`shnm sg`s sgdx vntkc mns gùd g`c nsgdqvhrd, Rl`kk Vqlr f`hm eqnl sgd
`qq`mfdldms `r vdkk) rhmbd sgdx `qd `kknvdc sn dwoknhs sgd admdVsr ne bnnqchm`shnm)
hmbktchmf vdkk¨cdudknodc rjhkk oqnuhrhnm `mc sdbgmnknfx sq`mredq rxrsdlr) rs`mc`qc¨
hydc v`fd fqhcr) `mc rnbh`k od`bd) vhsgnts hmbtqqhmf sgd bnrsr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgdrd
otakhb fnncr, Hm lnrs bntmsqhdr) rl`kk Vqlr gùd bgnhbdr vhsg qdf`qc sn sgd ldmt
n9dqdc ax sgd hmrshstshnm`k eq`ldvnqj4 vnqjdqr‘ qdoqdrdms`shnm sgqdrgnkcr dwbktcd
sgd u`rs lìnqhsx ne rl`kk Vqlr) mdfnsh`sdc v`fdr rds ` l`whltl enq sgdl &vghkd
eqdptdmskx oqnuhchmf ` cd e`bsn lhmhltl enq k`qfd Vqlr() dloknxldms oqnsdbshnm
l`x ch9dq adsvddm k`qfd `mc rl`kk Vqlr) `mc drbòd bk`trdr enq rl`kk Vqlr gùd
dhsgdq addm hm dwhrsdmbd enq ` vghkd nq vdqd qdbdmskx hmsqnctbdc hm sgd lnqd ——qhfhc‘‘
rxrsdlr rtbg `r Fdql`mx,
NqfZmhydc hmsdqdrsr Zmc sgd rsZsd hm bnmsdlonqZqx bZohsZkhrl

Sghr aqhmfr tr sn sgd sghqc mdfkdbsdc hrrtd qdf`qchmf sgd m`stqd `mc nqhfhmr ne
bnnqchm`shnm hm UnB4 sgd rs`sd, Sgd ct`k dpthkhaqhtl rsq`sdfhdr `mc rsàkd bk`rr
bn`khshnmr dw`lhmdc ànud `qd nauhntrkx hcd`k sxodr) bknrdkx qdrdlakhmf KLDr `mc
BLDr, Ats lnrs dlohqhb`k hmrs`mbdr vhkk ch9dq eqnl sgdrd hcd`k sxodr, Enq dw`lokd)
atrhmdrr bnnqchm`shnm l`x ad tmcdqcdudknodc) `mc.nq kànq qdoqdrdms`shnm l`x ad
e`q eqnl tmhs`qx `mc a`rdc nm hcdnknfhb`k chuhrhnmr, Tmcdq sgnrd bnmchshnmr) rsq`¨
sdfhb hmsdq`bshnm l`x nmkx nbbtq ronq`chb`kkx `mc q`qdkx oqnctbd rsàkd hmrshstshnm`k
rdsskdldmsr &Lnkhm` `mc Qgncdr 1..6(, Rhmbd dbnmnlhdr vhsg sgdrd bg`q`bsdqhrshbr
k`bj sgd hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhshdr sg`s `kknv enq sgd oqnuhrhnm ne otakhb fnncr
`mc sgtr hmbqd`rd sgd nudq`kk dXbhdmbx ne sgd rxrsdl `r ` vgnkd) sgdx vhkk) `bbnqchmf
sn UnB) ad odql`mdmskx ntsodqenqldc ax sgd otqd KLDr `mc BLDr vgn b`m qdkx nm
rsq`sdfhb khmjr adsvddm ch9dqdms rta¨rxrsdlr ne sgd dbnmnlx, Gnvdudq) hmrsd`c ne
e`bhmf odql`mdms dbnmnlhb `citrsldms oqnakdlr) sgdrd dbnmnlhdr–Eq`mbd) Hs`kx)
nq Ro`hm) enq dw`lokd–òod`q sn ad rsàkd `r vdkk) `mc sgdhq odqenql`mbd nm sgd
vgnkd cndr mns k`f sg`s ne BLDr `mc KLDr, Hm sgdrd lhc¨rodbsqtl dbnmnlhdr) sgd
rs`sd oqnuhcdr sg`s dkdldms ne rsàhkhsx ax bnlodmr`shmf enq vd`jmdrrdr dkrdvgdqd hm
sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx,
Sgd rs`sd hr snn nesdm qdf`qcdc `r ` qdWdbshnm ne sgd dwhrshmf lncd ne bnnqchm`shnm
vhsgnts `m `tsnmnlntr qnkd, Rnldvg`s rbgdl`shb`kkx) hm sgd UnB eq`ldvnqj) sgd
rs`sd qdWdbsr sgd jdx hmsdqdrsr ne atrhmdrr4 he qdenqlr `qd `qshbtk`sdc vhsg sgd tmcdq¨
kxhmf hmsdqdrsr ne atrhmdrr) sgdx vnqj: vgdqd sgdx `qd mns) sgdx e`hk &rdd Vnnc 1..0 nm
Fdql`mx(, Hm l`mx `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrs dbnmnlhdr) gnvdudq) sgd rs`sd hr bnmrhcdqàkx
lnqd `tsnmnlntr `mc `bshuhrs &Du`mr) Qtdrbgldxdq) `mc Rjnbonk 0874(, Hm bntmsqhdr
`r chudqrd `r Eq`mbd) Iò`m) Hs`kx) `mc Jnqd`) sgd rs`sd ok`xdc ` bqtbh`k qnkd hm cdVmhmf)
rtoonqshmf) nq nqf`mhyhmf sgd onrs¨v`q fqnvsg lncdk, Hm k`sdq `qqhu`kr nm sgd bòhs¨
`khrs rbdmd) sgd rs`sd‘r qnkd g`r addm ansg lnqd &d,f, hm K`shm ?ldqhb` `mc rntsgdqm
Dtqnod( `mc kdrr &`r hm Bdmsq`k Dtqnod( sg`m sgd rhlokd KLD.BLD chbgnsnlx
rtffdrsr, Sgd sq`mrhshnm sn bòhs`khrl hmunkudc ` cq`l`shb dwo`mrhnm ne sgd rs`sd‘r
`bshuhshdr hm sgd dbnmnlx hm sgd enqldq) `mc ` enqbdc qdctbshnm hm sgd k`ssdq) rnldshldr
`f`hmrs sgd hlldch`sd hmsdqdrsr ne ` m`rbdms atrhmdrr bk`rr `s sgd shld &Hmmdr 1..4(,
Sgd chudqrhsx hm rs`sdœdbnmnlx qdk`shnmr sg`s odqrhrsr tmshk snc`x rtffdrsr sgdqd hr `
admdVs hm drsàkhrghmf sgd rs`sd `mc sgd lncd ne atrhmdrr bnnqchm`shnm `r `m`kxshb`kkx
hmcdodmcdms b`sdfnqhdr ne `mx fhudm lncdk ne bòhs`khrl,
027 ana gZmbjØ
? qduhrdc sxonknfx ne bZohsZkhrs uZqhdshdr

Bnlahmhmf sgd hmrhfgsr eqnl sgdrd chrbtrrhnmr nm sgd m`stqd ne atrhmdrr) bqnrr¨bk`rr
bn`khshnmr) `mc sgd rs`sd `kknvr tr sn qdsghmj sgd a`rhb sxonknfx tmcdqkxhmf UnB, Sgd
rs`qshmf onhms hr oqnuhcdc ax sgd svn a`rhb enqlr sg`s qdk`shnmr adsvddm sgd rs`sd `mc
sgd &rtookx rhcd ne sgd( dbnmnlx b`m s`jd hm `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrl4 dhsgdq sgd rs`sd g`r
bknrd chqdbs hmWtdmbd nudq sgd dbnmnlx) d,f, `r sgd nvmdq ne hmctrsqhdr `mc.nq l`hm
oqnuhcdq ne hmctrsqh`k bqdchs) nq sgd rs`sd hr ` oqhl`qhkx ` qdftk`snq nodq`shmf `s `ql‘r
kdmfsg, Onrs¨v`q Eq`mbd `mc sn rnld dwsdms onrs¨v`q Hs`kx) `r vdkk `r rnld Bdmsq`k
Dtqnod`m dbnmnlhdr) e`kk hmsn sgd Vqrs b`sdfnqx) vghkd sgd TJ) Rvdcdm) `mc Fdql`mx
e`kk hmsn sgd rdbnmc, Enkknvhmf sgd chrbtrrhnm nm bqnrr¨bk`rr `kkh`mbdr d`qkhdq) bk`rr¨
a`rdc hmsdqdrs nqf`mhy`shnm) hm stqm) b`m qtm eqnl adhmf ghfgkx rsqtbstqdc sn adhmf
ghfgkx eq`fldmsdc &hm lnrs bntmsqhdr) sgd kdudkr ne atrhmdrr `mc kànq nqf`mhy`shnm
sdmc sn lhqqnq nmd `mnsgdq hm sghr qdrodbs(, Hm sgd Vqrs &ghfgkx rsqtbstqdc( b`sdfnqx)
hmchuhct`k bnlo`mhdr `mc hmctrsqx `rrnbh`shnmr nq hmctrsqh`k fqntor a`k`mbd sgdhq
qdrodbshud rsq`sdfhdr `mc `qd àkd sn rsqhjd a`qf`hmr vhsg nqf`mhydc kànq, Hm sgd
rdbnmc &eq`fldmsdc( b`sdfnqx) bnkkdbshud hmsdqdrs cdVmhshnm ànud sgd bnlo`mx
kdudk hr lnqd nq kdrr àrdms) dhsgdq `lnmf Vqlr nq adsvddm sgdhq qdoqdrdms`shudr
`mc &rhlhk`qkx eq`bstqdc( sq`cd tmhnm nqf`mhy`shnmr, Chbgnsnlhyhmf sgdrd svn bnm¨
shmttlr hmsn ` l`sqhw &be, Ehftqd 4,0( kd`cr sn sgd enkknvhmf entq hcd`k sxodr ne
bnnqchm`shnm,
Sgd Vqrs ——sxod‘‘ nq lncd ne bnnqchm`shnm) d-s`shrld) g`r sq`chshnm`kkx addm `rrnbh¨
`sdc vhsg onrs¨v`q Eq`mbd) vgdqd sgd rs`sd bnmsqnkkdc sgd rsq`sdfhb kdudqr ne sgd
dbnmnlx sgqntfg ntsqhfgs nvmdqrgho ne l`mx bnlo`mhdr `mc bnmsqnk ne hmctrsqh`k
bqdchs &G`kk 08754 1.3(, O`qskx `r ` qdrtks ne sgd rs`sd‘r cnlhm`mbd `mc o`qskx ctd sn
RsWsd’dbnmnlx–qdkWshnmr–
Bknrd 9ql~r kdmfsg

CtsMsgpia ELCp
EqWfldmsdc–nqfWmhydc
Hmsdqdrs–NqfWmhyWshnm
EqZmbd…oqd 088/r TJ) AZkshbr
nioampMsgme LCp
psMsa
GsZkx)…RoZhm FdqlZmx
rnld…DLDr… RknudmhZ
Ehf, 4,0 RsVsd-dbnmnlx qdkVshnmr) hmsdqdrs nqfVmhyVshnm Vmc lncdr ne bnnqchmVshnm

sgd cddo hmsdqodmdsq`shnm ne sgd rs`sd `mc sgd dbnmnlhb dkhsdr) atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm
hm Eq`mbd g`r addm vd`j, Hm oqhu`sdkx nvmdc bnlo`mhdr) l`m`fdldms `mc nvmdqr
gùd sxohb`kkx qdkhdc nm sgdlrdkudr enq oqnuhchmf sgd qdrntqbdr sgdx mddcdc) qdetrhmf
sn `kknv dwsdqm`k `fdmsr) hmbktchmf `rrnbh`shnmr) sn ok`x ` qnkd hm sg`s oqnbdrr,
Rhlhk`qkx) tmhnmr gùd addm vd`jdmdc ax hcdnknfhb`k eq`fldms`shnm `mc sgdhq vd`j
qnnsr hm sgd vnqjok`bd &ntsrhcd sgd otakhb rdbsnq() vghkd sgdx k`bj d9dbshud udqshb`k
khmjr adsvddm bnmedcdq`k) rdbsnq`k) `mc Vql kdudkr, Rhmbd ansg atrhmdrr `mc tmhnmr
vdqd vd`jkx nqf`mhydc) `mc sgd rs`sd oqdcnlhm`ms hm dbnmnlhb fnudqm`mbd) sgd
bòhs`khrs lncdk v`r athks tonm sgd rs`sd &Kdux 1...(, Rsq`sdfhb bnlokdldms`qhshdr)
sn sgd dwsdms sg`s sgdx gùd dwhrsdc `s `kk) bntkc ad entmc hm rs`sdœatrhmdrr khmj`fdr hm
sgd k`qfd¨Vql rdbsnq) a`rdc hm sgd bqdchs¨`kknb`shnm rxrsdl) `mc oqdcnlhm`mskx hm
sq`chshnm`k l`mte`bstqhmf `mc otakhb tshkhshdr &rdd An£qrbg 1..6: Sg`sbgdq 1..6(,
Rs`sdöqnsdbsdc l`qjdsr `mc atrhmdrr hm ghfg¨sdbgmnknfx rdbsnqr gùd) ax bnmsq`rs)
addm ghfgkx cxretmbshnm`k) cdkhudqhmf onnq qdrtksr `mc ghfgöqnVkd onkhbx e`hktqdr
&Qgncdr 0877(, Hm hmctrsqh`k qdk`shnmr) `snlhydc atrhmdrr Vmcr ` o`q`kkdk hm sgd vd`j
`mc hcdnknfhb`kkx chuhcdc kànq lnudldms, Sgd qdrtks hr kdrr ` bk`rr bnloqnlhrd nq
bn`khshnm sg`m ` odql`mdmskx bnmsdrsdc sqtbd sg`s eqdptdmskx aqd`jr cnvm hmsn
bnmWhbs,
? ch9dqdms bnmrsdkk`shnm b`m ad entmc vgdqd sgd rs`sd hr hlonqs`ms `r `m `bsnq hm
hmctrsqh`k onkhbx) ats vgdqd atrhmdrr hr `krn qdk`shudkx vdkk nqf`mhydc) trt`kkx `
qdrtks ne sgd m`stqd ne nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqdr, Hs`kx dwdlokhVdr sghr sxod &Lnkhm` `mc
Qgncdr 1..6(, Sgd Hs`kh`m rs`sd nqf`mhydc ` k`qfd rs`sd¨bnmsqnkkdc atrhmdrr rdbsnq
sg`s g`r oqnuhcdc jdx a`rhb hmctrsqh`k hmotsr `mc bnlodmr`sdc enq sgd àrdmbd ne
`tsnmnlntr `qq`mfdldmsr enq bòhs`k `mc kànq) oqhl`qhkx sgqntfg rs`sdëtmcdc
v`fd¨bnlodmr`shnm rbgdldr ctqhmf hmctrsqh`k qdrsqtbstqhmf `mc ` rnbh`k sq`mredq¨
nqhdmsdc vdke`qd rs`sd, Atrhmdrr `mc kànq sdmc sn ad adssdq nqf`mhydc) `mc v`fd
a`qf`hmhmf lnqd bnnqchm`sdc sg`m hm Eq`mbd, Ats sgd rbnod enq rxmdqfhrshb) UnB¨
sxod bnlokdldms`qhshdr hr khlhsdc, Hmsdqdrs nqf`mhy`shnmr `qd rsqnmf dmntfg sn
l`jd cdl`mcr nm sgd rs`sd ats hmrtXbhdmskx bngdrhud sn oqnuhcd hs vhsg cdodmc¨
àkd a`qf`hmhmf o`qsmdqr, ?ssdlosr sn athkc lnqd d9dbshud bnnqchm`shnm `krn qtm
to `f`hmrs bnkkdbshud `bshnm oqnakdlr) hmbktchmf `msh¨bnkkdbshud adgùhnq nm sgd o`qs
ne Vqlr &`mc dloknxddr(: `m `bpthdrbdmbd hm ——hmdXbhdms hmdqsh`)‘‘ ctd sn sgd rtmj
bnrsr bnmeqnmshmf `fdmsr enq bg`mfd: `mc sgd bò`bhsx) drodbh`kkx ne k`qfd Vqlr) sn
n9rds sgd k`bj ne bnlokdldms`qhshdr ax rddjhmf bnlodshshud `cu`ms`fd ax nsgdq
ld`mr, Hm Hs`kx) sgd k`ssdq hmbktcdc eqdptdms bnlodshshud cdu`kt`shnmr) fnudqmldms
rtarhchdr) bgdò hllnahkd e`bsnqr ne oqnctbshnm) `mc du`rhnm ne s`w`shnm `mc kànq
k`vr,
Sgd sghqc sxod ne rs`sdœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr hr sgd nmd vd trt`kkx `rrnbh`sd vhsg
KLDr, Sgd rs`sd rdsr cds`hkdc kdf`k eq`ldvnqjr) kdùhmf atrhmdrr sn nodq`sd vhsghm
sgdl) `mc ft`qcr sgd hmsdfqhsx ne l`qjds nodq`shnmr ax bknrdkx lnmhsnqhmf
nvmdqrgho `qq`mfdldmsr `mc l`qjds bnmbdmsq`shnm, Hm o`qs qdrtkshmf eqnl hsr
ghrsnqx `mc nvmdqrgho rsqtbstqdr atrhmdrr hr vd`jkx nqf`mhydc) `mc sgd qdftk`snqx
eq`ldvnqjr rds ax sgd rs`sd qdhmenqbd sghr ax oqdbktchmf lnrs enqlr ne
cddo bnnodq`shnm, Sgd kànq lnudldms) hm stqm) hr cdbdmsq`khydc `mc onnqkx
03. ana gZmbjØ
bnnqchm`sdc) bnmsqhatshmf sn ` bnmWhbs¨qhccdm enql ne hmctrsqh`k qdk`shnmr `mc

rsqnmf) dmcdlhb vd`jmdrrdr hm dloknxdqœdloknxdd qdk`shnmr–tmshk rtalhssdc)
sg`s hr) sn sgd l`qjds chrbhokhmd ne ` Sg`sbgdqœQd`f`m sxod qd¨qdftk`shnm ne
dloknxldms k`v `mc kànq l`qjdsr, Hm KLDr) sgd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr ne atrhmdrr
`qd oqhl`qhkx nqhdmsdc snv`qcr hmWtdmbhmf sgd qdftk`snqx eq`ldvnqj) `mc bnmrhc¨
dqàkx kdrr snv`qcr Vmchmf ` bnloqnlhrd vhsg kànq &Vnnc 1..0(, Rnld BDD
dldqfhmf l`qjds dbnmnlhdr &d,f,) sgd A`kshbr( gùd `krn qòhckx lnudc snv`qcr sghr
lncdk,
Sgd entqsg `mc Vm`k sxod ne bnnqchm`shnm hr bnmudmshnm`kkx `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd
mnqsg¨vdrs Dtqnod`m dbnmnlhdr &nq BLDr hm UnB() ne vghbg Fdql`mx hr sgd oqhld
dw`lokd, Sgd rs`sd ok`xr ` rl`kk chqdbs qnkd hm sgd dbnmnlx &ats nqf`mhydr ` k`qfd `mc
qnatrs vdke`qd rs`sd() `mc n9dqr aqn`c eq`ldvnqjr enq bnlo`mhdr sn nodq`sd vhsghm,
Atrhmdrr hr ghfgkx nqf`mhydc `mc qdkhdr nm rsqnmf hmctrsqx `mc dloknxdq `rrnbh`shnmr
enq sgd oqnuhrhnm ne bnkkdbshud fnncr, Sgd ghfg kdudk ne dbnmnlhb qdftk`shnm hr kdrr sgd
qdrtks ne rs`sd hmsdqudmshnm) ats enkknvr eqnl unktms`qx `fqddldmsr ax `rrnbh`shnmr
&hmbktchmf kànq tmhnmr( sn rds khlhsr nm sgd adgùhnq ne hmchuhct`k bnlo`mhdr, Hm
sghr lncdk) rs`sd onkhbhdr nmkx òod`q sn gùd `m d9dbs he sgdx `qd b`qqhdc nts nq
r`mbshnmdc ax sgdrd `rrnbh`shnmr,
Sgd rs`sd sgtr ok`xr `m hlonqs`ms qnkd dudqxvgdqd) ats hm ch9dqdms v`xr, Hm rnld
enqlr ne bòhs`khrl sgd rs`sd hr ` bdmsq`k `bsnq hm sgd rdmrd sg`s hs oqnuhcdr ansg `
eq`ldvnqj enq atrhmdrr `bshuhshdr `mc ` ld`mr enq otqrthmf sgdl, Hm nsgdq enqlr ne
bòhs`khrl) sgd rs`sd hr kdrr ` oqnlnsdq ne dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx sg`m ` bnlodmr`snq enq
bnnqchm`shnm cdVbhsr `mc oqnuhcdq ne onkhshb`k bnmrdmrtr `mc kdfhshl`bx, Hm rshkk
nsgdqr) sgd rs`sd `kknvr l`qjdsr sn nodq`sd vhsghm ` aqn`c rds ne qdftk`snqx eq`ld¨
vnqjr `mc qdeq`hmr eqnl chqdbs hmsdqedqdmbd,
Bnmbktrhnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Nudq sgd k`rs cdb`cd) UnB g`r cq`l`shb`kkx `ksdqdc ntq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne bòhs`k¨
hrl–ansg hm sdqlr ne gnv sn òoqn`bg hs `mc hm sdqlr ne gnv hs vnqjr, Sghr
bgòsdq g`r bnmbdmsq`sdc nm nmd o`qshbtk`q `qd`–atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr
`mc sgdhq `msdbdcdmsr, Tmcdqrs`mchmf atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr eqnl sghr
o`qshbtk`q hmrshstshnm`khrs onkhshb`k¨dbnmnlhb odqrodbshud g`r svn `cu`ms`fdr nudq
bnlodshmf eq`ldvnqjr, Sgd Vqrs hr sg`s UnB bnmbdmsq`sdr nm atrhmdrr `r dbnmnlhb
`bsnqr–h,d, Vqlr–`mc sgtr tmcdqrs`mcr bòhs`khrl ——eqnl vhsghm,‘‘ Hsr enbtr nm
bnnqchm`shnm oqnakdlr `mc nm sgd sxodr ne hmrshstshnm`k rnktshnmr sg`s `qd nm n9dq
enqbdr tr sn sghmj ne bòhs`khrl vhsg bòhs`k hm lhmc, Ats `s sgd r`ld shld) rtbg `
bnlo`q`shud ghrsnqhb`k¨hmrshstshnm`khrs eq`ldvnqj `krn `kdqsr tr sn sgd bqtbh`k qnkd
ne sgd rs`sd `mc &nqf`mhydc( kànq, Cdodmchmf nm sgd cdfqdd ne nqf`mhy`shnm ne
kànq) nesdm `r ltbg ` etmbshnm ne sgd m`stqd ne rjhkkr cdoknxdc hm o`qshbtk`q
oqnctbs l`qjds rsq`sdfhdr `r hs hr ne sgd hmrshstshnm`k onvdq a`rd ne sq`cd tmhnmr)

`mc sgd o`qshbtk`q m`stqd ne bqnrr¨bk`rr bn`khshnmr adsvddm cnlhm`ms e`bshnmr ne
atrhmdrr `mc kànq) qdk`shnmr adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc sgd rs`sd s`jd ch9dqdms rgòdr,
Hm nmd k`qfd rds ne NDBC dbnmnlhdr) entmc hm mnqsg¨vdrsdqm Dtqnod) sghr qdk`shnm
hr adrs tmcdqrsnnc `r eq`ldvnqjöqnuhchmf) dmàkhmf q`sgdq sg`m rsddqhmf) `mc nm
sgd vgnkd nqf`mhydc hm `m `ql‘r¨kdmfsg v`x, Hm dbnmnlhdr vgdqd atrhmdrr hr vd`jkx
nqf`mhydc) rtbg `r Eq`mbd) Hs`kx) `mc nsgdq Ldchsdqq`md`m dbnmnlhdr) sgd rs`sd
oktfr sgd gnkdr ax rtarshstshmf hm vgnkd nq hm o`qs enq sgd k`bj ne dmcnfdmntr
bò`bhsx ne atrhmdrr sn bnnqchm`sd, Ehm`kkx) hm ?mfkn¨R`wnm dbnmnlhdr sgd rs`sd
Vdqbdkx ft`qcr sgd eqdd nodq`shnm ne l`qjdsr) `mc khlhsr hsr hmsdqudmshnm nm sgd
vgnkd sn vg`s hr mdbdrr`qx enq ` vdkkëtmbshnmhmf rtookx rhcd, Sgd rs`sd `mc
fnudqmldmsr sgdqdenqd gùd `m hlonqs`ms o`qs dudqxvgdqd hm bnmsdlonq`qx `c¨
u`mbdc bòhs`khrl) ats sgd qnkdr sgdx ok`x u`qx `knmf sgd ch9dqdms bòhs`khrs lncdkr,
L`jhmf rdmrd ne sg`s chudqrhsx) vghbg òod`qr sn ad vhsg tr enq sgd knmf g`tk)
cdrohsd sgd odqu`rhud hmWtdmbd ne mdn¨khadq`k hcd`r `mc bqnrränqcdq hmrshstshnm`k
`mc onkhbx anqqnvhmf) l`x vdkk ad sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms bnmsqhatshnm sg`s UnB g`r
l`cd sn sgd rstcx ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr,
?bjmnvkdcfdldmsr
Sghr bgòsdq hr a`rdc nm inhms vnqj vhsg L`qshm Qgncdr `mc L`qj Sg`sbgdq &G`mbjd-
ds `k, 1..6(, Chrbtrrhnmr vhsg L`qshm `mc L`qj) Cùhc Rnrjhbd) Odsdq G`kk) `mc
drodbh`kkx lx rstcdmsr nudq sgd xd`qr) gùd gdkodc ld sqdldmcntrkx hm enqltk`shmf
hlonqs`ms dkdldmsr ne sghr `rrdrrldms, ? cdbk`q`shnm ne hmsdqdrs4 H bnmsqhatsdc sn sgd
nqhfhm`k rs`sdldms hm U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl,
Pdedqdmbdr
?kkdm) L, 1..3, ——Sgd u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl o`q`chfl4 mns dmntfg u`qhdsx;‘‘ Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb
Qduhdv 1&0(4 76œ0.7,
?lZakd) A, 1..2, Sgd Chudqrhsx ne Lncdqm Bòhs`khrl, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
?njh) L, 0883, ——Sgd bnmshmfdms fnudqm`mbd ne sd`lr4 `m`kxrhr ne hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldm¨
s`qhsx)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 24&2(4 546œ65,
Adabgtbj) K, ?,) `mc Qnd) L, I, 1..3, ——? sgdnqx ne o`sg cdodmcdmbd hm bnqonq`sd nvmdqrgho
`mc fnudqm`mbd)‘‘ hm I, M, Fnqcnm `mc L, I, Qnd) dcr,) Bnmudqfdmbd `mc Odqrhrsdmbd hm
Bnqonq`sd Fnudqm`mbd, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 58œ002,
Adqfdq) R, 1..., ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc onkhshbr)‘‘ ?mmt`k Qduhdv ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 24
32œ51,
–– Rstqfdnm) S,) Jtqy) B,) UnrjZlo) T,) `mc Vhssjd) U, 0888, ——Fkna`khy`shnm) u`ktd
mdsvnqjr `mc m`shnm`k lncdkr)‘‘ LHS HOB Fkna`khy`shnm Vnqjhmf Oòdq 88œ...,
031 ana gZmbjØ
Adqfdq) R,) Jtqy) B,) Rstqfdnm) S,) UnrjZlo T,) `mc Vhssjd) U, &1..0() ——Fkna`khy`shnm)
oqnctbshnm mdsvnqjr `mc m`shnm`k lncdkr ne bòhs`khrl4 nm sgd onrrhahkhshdr ne mdv
oqnctbshud rxrsdlr `mc hmrshstshnm`k chudqrhsx hm `m dmk`qfhmf Dtqnod)‘‘ RNEH¨Lhssdhktmfdm
184 48œ61,
AdqfgZgm) U, Q,) dc, 0885, Fdql`m Ahf Atrhmdrr `mc Dtqnod) 0807´0881, Mdv Xnqj4 Adqf
Otakhrgdqr,
Adqmcs) B, 1..., ——Qdftk`shnm) onvdq `mc rb`kd4 —qdvnqjhmf‘ bòhs`kœkàntq qdk`shnmr hm
Fdql`m RLDr)‘‘ DRQB Bdmsqd enq Atrhmdrr Qdrd`qbg) Tmhudqrhsx ne B`laqhcfd) Vnqjhmf
Oòdq Mn, 046,
Akxsg) L, 1..2, ——R`ld `r hs mdudq v`r4 sdlonq`khsx `mc sxonknfx hm sgd u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`k¨
hrl)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr 0&1(4 104œ14,
Angkd) C,) `mc Fqdrjnuhsr A, 1..3, ——Bòhs`k) kànq `mc sgd oqnrodbsr ne sgd Dtqnod`m rnbh`k
lncdk hm sgd D`rs)‘‘ Bdmsq`k `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod Vnqjhmf Oòdq Rdqhdr) Mn, 47, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx) Bdmsdq enq Dtqnod`m Rstchdr,
AÆqrbg) ?, 1..6, ——Hmrshstshnm`k u`qh`shnm `mc bnnqchm`shnm o`ssdqmr hm BLDr4 Rvhrr `mc
Fdql`m bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd hm bnlo`qhrnm)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq)
dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd
Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Anxdq) Q, 1..4`, ——Bnlokdldms`qhsx hm qdftk`shnm sgdnqx)‘‘ Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 2&1(4
255œ60,
–– 1..4a, ——Gnv `mc vgx bòhs`khrlr ch9dq)‘‘ Dbnmnlx `mc Rnbhdsx 23&3(4 4.8œ46,
Aqnmj) Q, 1..8, Sgd Qnl`mshb Dbnmnlhrs, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
BZkkZfgZm) G, 1..3, ——Sgd cnldrshb onkhshbr ne DT kdfhrk`shnm4 Aqhshrg) Eqdmbg `mc Fdql`m
`sshstcdr snv`qcr s`jdnudq qdftk`shnm) 0874œ1..2)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc sn sgd Bnmedqdmbd ne
Dtqnod`mhrsr) Bghb`fn,
BZldqnm) C, 0873, ——Rnbh`k cdlnbq`bx) bnqonq`shrl) kànq pthdrbdmbd `mc sgd qdoqdrdms`shnm
ne dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrsr hm `cu`mbdc bòhs`khrs rnbhdsx)‘‘ hm I, Fnkcdsgnqod) dc,) Nqcdq `mc
BnmWhbs hm Bnmsdlonq`qx Bòhs`khrl, Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm) 032œ67,
BZqkhm) V,) `mc Rnrjhbd C, 1..5, L`bqndbnmnlhbr2 Hlodqedbshnmr) Hmrshstshnmr `mc Onkhbhdr,
BnZsdr) C, 1..4, ——O`q`chflr ne dwok`m`shnm)‘‘ hm C, Bn`sdr) dc,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl)
U`qhdshdr ne ?ooqn`bgdr, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd¨L`blhkk`m) 0œ14,
Bndm) C,) `mc GØqhshdq) ?,) dcr, 1..4, QdcdVmhmf Qdftk`snqx Qdfhldr2 Tshkhshdr hm Dtqnod,
Bgdksdmg`l4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q,
Bqntbg) B, 1..4, Bòhs`khrs Chudqrhsx `mc Bg`mfd2 Qdbnlahm`ms Fnudqm`mbd `mc Hmrshstshnm`k
Dmsqdoqdmdtqr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc EZqqdkk G, 1..3, ——Aqd`jhmf sgd o`sg ne hmrshstshnm`k cdudknoldms; ?ksdqm`shudr sn
sgd mdv cdsdqlhmhrl)‘‘ Q`shnm`khsx `mc Rnbhdsx 05&0(4 4œ32,
Btkodoodq) O, C, 1..2, Bqd`shmf Bnnodq`shnm2 Gnv Rs`sdr Cdudkno Gtl`m Bòhs`k hm Dtqnod,
Cddf) Q, 1..4`, ——O`sg cdodmcdmbx) hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhsx) `mc bg`mfd hm m`shnm`k
atrhmdrr rxrsdlr)‘‘ hm F, Lnqf`m) Q, Vghskdx) `mc D, Lndm) dcr,) Bg`mfhmf Bòhs`khrlr:
Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Rxrsdlr ne Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnm Nwenqc4
Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 10œ41,
–– 1..4a, ——Bg`mfd eqnl vhsghm4 Fdql`m `mc Hs`kh`m Vm`mbd hm sgd 088.r)‘‘ hm V, Rsqddbj `mc
J, Sgdkdm) dcr,) Adxnmc Bnmshmthsx2 Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd hm ?cu`mbdc Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhdr,
Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 058œ1.1,
–– 1..4b, ——Bnlokdldms`qhsx `mc hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd4 gnv trdetk ` bnmbdos)‘‘ chrbtrrhnm
Oòdq RO 00 1..4¨10) Vhrrdmrbgèsrydmsqtl Adqkhm,
Dhbgdmfqddm) A, 1..6, Sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx Rhmbd 08342 Bnnqchm`sdc Bòhs`khrl `mc
Adxnmc, Oqhmbdsnm) MI4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
DrsØudy¨?ad) L, 1..4, ——Fdmcdq ah`r hm rjhkkr `mc rnbh`k onkhbhdr4 sgd u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl
odqrodbshud nm rdw rdfqdf`shnm)‘‘ hm K, LbB`kk `mc ?, Nqkn9) dcr,) ——Fdmcdq) bk`rr `mc
bòhs`khrl)‘‘ Rnbh`k Onkhshbr Rodbh`k Hrrtd 01&1(4 07.œ104,
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm, 1..2, 1 2 Dtqnod`m Hmmnu`shnm Rbnqdan`qc2 Sdbgmhb`k Oòdq Mn, 1)
?m`kxrhr ne M`shnm`k Odqenql`mbdr, Aqtrrdkr4 Dtqnod`m BnllhrrhnmœDmsdqoqhrd Chqdbsnq`sd¨
Fdmdq`k,
DuZmr) O,) Qtdrbgldxdq) C,) `mc Rjnbonk) S, 0874, Aqhmfhmf sgd Rs`sd A`bj Hm, B`laqhcfd4
EqZmydrd) Q, I,) Iq, 1..1, L`bqndbnmnlhb Onkhbhdr ne Cdudknodc Cdlnbq`bhdr, B`laqhcfd4
Eqhdcdm) I, 0880, ——Hmudrsdc hmsdqdrsr4 sgd onkhshbr ne m`shnm`k dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr hm ` vnqkc ne
fkna`k Vm`mbd)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 34&3(4 314œ30,
Fdqrbgdmjqnm) ?, 0851, Dbnmnlhb A`bjv`qcmdrr hm Ghrsnqhb`k Odqrodbshud, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4
Fntqduhsbg) O, ?, 0875, Onkhshbr hm G`qc Shldr2 Bnlo`q`shud Qdronmrdr sn Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Dbnmnlhb Bqhrdr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc GZvdr) L, A, 1..1, ——Sgd onkhshbr ne bgnhbd `lnmf m`shnm`k oqnctbshnm rxrsdlr)‘‘ hm
Q, Anxdq) dc,) K‘?mmd-d cd k` qd-ftk`shnm) Mn, 5, O`qhr4 Oqdrrdr cd Rbhdmbdr On) 130œ6.,
–– `mc Rghmm) I, 1..4, Onkhshb`k Onvdq `mc Bnqonq`sd Bnmsqnk2 Sgd Mdv Fkna`k Onkhshbr ne
Bnqonq`sd Fnudqm`mbd, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Fnxdq) L, 1..1, ——Sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd hm Eq`mbd `mc Fdql`mx4 sgd
qnkd ne vnqjok`bd hmrshstshnmr)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsrenqrbgtmf Vnqjhmf
Oòdq .1.0.) Itkx,
–– 1..6, ——Bòhs`k lnahkhsx) u`qhdshdr ne hmrshstshnm`k hmudrsnqr `mc sgd sq`mrenqlhmf rsàhkhsx
ne bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd hm Eq`mbd `mc Fdql`mx)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc
L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldm¨
s`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZbjdsgZk) ?,) Rbglhcs) Q, G,) `mc Sxqdkk) L, 1..4, ——A`mjr `mc bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd4 nm
sgd v`x sn ` bòhs`k l`qjdsä`rdc rxrsdl;‘‘ Bnqonq`sd Fnudqm`mbd 00&2(4 286œ3.6,
GZkk) O, 0875, Fnudqmhmf sgd Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1..4, ——Hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`qhsx4 b`trdr `mc d9dbsr)‘‘ Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 2&1(4 262œ7,
–– 1..6, ——Sgd dunktshnm ne u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl hm Dtqnod)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc
L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldm¨
s`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc Fhmfdqhbg) C, V, 1..3, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl `mc hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdldms`q¨
hshdr hm sgd l`bqndbnmnlx4 `m dlohqhb`k `m`kxrhr)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsr¨
enqrbgtmf) Bnknfmd) Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq .3.4,
–– `mc Rnrjhbd) C,) dcr, 1..0`, U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne
–– –– 1..0a, ——?m hmsqnctbshnm sn u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl)‘‘ hm O, ?, G`kk `mc C, Rnrjhbd)
dcr,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd,
Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0œ57,
–– –– 1..2, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl `mc hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd4 ` qdronmrd sn sgqdd bqhshbr)‘‘
Bnlo`q`shud Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr 0&1(4 130œ4.,
–– `mc Sgdkdm) J, 1..4, ——Hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd hm u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl)‘‘ oòdq oqdo`qdc
enq oqdrdms`shnm sn sgd ?mmt`k Lddshmf ne sgd ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd ?rrnbh`shnm)
V`rghmfsnm) CB) Rdosdladq 0) 1..4,
033 ana gZmbjØ
GZmbjØ) A, 1..0, ——Qduhrhshmf sgd Eqdmbg lncdk4 bnnqchm`shnm `mc qdrsqtbsqthmf hm Eqdmbg
hmctrsqx)‘‘ hm O, ?, G`kk `mc C, Rnrjhbd) dcr,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k
Entmc`shnmr ne Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 2.6œ25,
–– 1..8, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl4 hmsqnctbhmf sgd cda`sd)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) Cda`shmf U`qhdshdr
ne Bòhs`khrl2 ? Qd`cdq, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc Fnxdq) L, 1..4, ——Cdfqddr ne eqddcnl4 qdsghmjhmf sgd hmrshstshnm`k `m`kxrhr ne
dbnmnlhb bg`mfd‘‘ hm F, Lnqf`m) Q, Vghskdx) `mc D, Lndm) dcr,) Bg`mfhmf Bòhs`khrlr:
Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Rxrsdlr ne Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnm, Nwenqc4
Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 42œ66,
–– Qgncdr) L,) `mc SgZsbgdq) L,) dcr, 1..6, Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs)
Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
–– `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 0885, ——Bnnqchm`shnm `mc qdrsqtbstqhmf hm k`qfd Eqdmbg Vqlr4 sgd dunkt¨
shnm ne Eqdmbg hmctrsqx hm sgd 087.r)‘‘ chrbtrrhnm Oòdq 85¨2.2) Vhrrdmrbgèsrydmsqtl Adqkhm,
GZrrdk) ?, 1..6, ——Vg`s cndr atrhmdrr v`ms; Kàntq l`qjds qdenqlr hm BLDr `mc hsr
oqnakdlr)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2
BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc Qdgcdq) A, 1..0, ——Hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd hm sgd Fdql`m v`fd a`qf`hmhmf rxrsdl4 sgd
qnkd ne ahf bnlo`mhdr)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsrenqrbgtmf) Vnqjhmf Oòdq
.0.8) Cdbdladq,
GZx) B, 1..4, ——Svn b`m ok`x `s sg`s f`ld–nq b`m sgdx; U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl) u`qhdshdr
ne hmrshstshnm`khrl)‘‘ hm C, Bn`sdr) dc,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl) U`qhdshdr ne ?ooqn`bgdr,
Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd¨L`blhkk`m) 0.5œ10,
Gdqqhfdk) F, 0885, Hmctrsqh`k Bnmrsqtbshnmr2 Sgd Rntqbdr ne Fdql`m Hmctrsqh`k Onvdq,
–– `mc Vhssjd) U, 1..4, ——U`qhdshdr ne udqshb`k chrhmsdfq`shnm4 sgd fkna`k sqdmc snv`qcr
gdsdqnfdmdntr rtookx qdk`shnmr `mc sgd qdoqnctbshnm ne ch9dqdmbd hm TR `mc Fdql`m
l`mte`bstqhmf)‘‘ hm F, Lnqf`m) Q, Vghskdx) `mc D, Lndm) dcr,) Bg`mfhmf Bòhs`khrlr:
Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Rxrsdlr ne Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnm, Nwenqc4
Ghkedqchmf) Q, 080. Z0870[, Ehm`mbd Bòhs`k, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd `mc Jdf`m O`tk,
Gnkkhmfrvnqsg) Q,) `mc Anxdq) Q,) dcr, 0886, Bnmsdlonq`qx Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Dladccdcmdrr
ne Hmrshstshnmr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GÆomdq) L, 1..0, ——Bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd hm sq`mrhshnm4 sdm dlohqhb`k Vmchmfr nm rg`qdgnkcdq
u`ktd `mc hmctrsqh`k qdk`shnmr hm Fdql`mx)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsr¨
enqrbgtmf) Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq) .0.4) Nbsnadq,
–– 1..4, ——Vg`s gùd vd kd`qms; Bnlokdldms`qhsx) bngdqdmbd `mc hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd)‘‘
Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 2&1(4 272œ6,
–– 1..5, ——Vg`s hr nqf`mhydc bòhs`khrl; Sgd svn chldmrhnmr ne mnm¨khadq`k bòhs`khrl)‘‘
oòdq oqdrdmsdc sn sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bdmsqd enq Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr bnmedqdmbd nm
——Hmrshstshnm`k Dldqfdmbd) Rsàhkhsx `mc Bg`mfd)‘‘ Bnodmg`fdm Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk) Itmd 0œ1,
–– `mc Jqdlodk) K, 1..2, ——Sgd onkhshbr ne sgd Fdql`m bnlo`mx mdsvnqj)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨
Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsrenqrbgtmf) Vnqjhmf Oòdq .2.8) Rdosdladq,
Gnvdkk) B, 1..2, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl4 `mc sgdm sgdqd v`r nmd;‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshbr 25
&0(4 0.2œ13,
Hmmdr) ?, 1..4, ——Rs`sd qdsqd`s `mc cdlnbq`bx)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd vnqjrgno nm ——Onrs¨
bnlltmhrs Rs`sd `mc Rnbhdsx4 Sq`mrm`shnm`k `mc M`shnm`k Onkhshbr)‘‘ L`wvdkk Rbgnnk)
Rxq`btrd Tmhudqrhsx, Rdosdladq 2. œ Nbsnadq 0) 1..4,
Hudqrdm) S, 1..4, Bòhs`khrl) Cdlnbq`bx `mc Vdke`qd, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx

Oqdrr,
–– 1..6, ——Dbnmnlhb rgnbjr `mc u`qhdshdr ne fnudqmldms qdronmrdr)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-)
L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr
`mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– Qnrdmaktsg) E,) `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 1..4, ——Chunqbd `mc sgd fdmcdq chuhrhnm ne kànq hm
bnlo`q`shud odqrodbshud)‘‘ hm K, LbB`kk) `mc ?, Nqkn9) dcr,) ——Fdmcdq) bk`rr `mc bòhs`khrl)‘‘
Rnbh`k Onkhshbr Rodbh`k Hrrtd 01&1(4 105œ31,
–– `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 1..5, ——Dkdbsnq`k hmrshstshnmr) o`qshdr `mc sgd onkhshbr ne bk`rr4 vgx
rnld cdlnbq`bhdr chrsqhatsd lnqd sg`m nsgdqr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 0..&1(4
054œ70,
IZbjrnm) F,) `mc Cddf) Q, 1..5, ——Gnv l`mx u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl; Bnlo`qhmf sgd bnl¨
o`q`shud hmrshstshnm`k `m`kxrhr ne bòhs`khrs chudqrhsx)‘‘ L`wÖk`mbj¨Hmrshsts et£q Fdrdkkrbgèsr¨
enqrbgtmf) Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq .5.1) Bnknfmd,
–– GÆomdq) L,) `mc Jtqcdkatrbg) ?, 1..4, ——Bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd `mc dloknxddr hm
Fdql`mx4 bg`mfhmf khmj`fdr) bnlokdldms`qhshdr `mc sdmrhnmr)‘‘ hm G, Fnrodk `mc
?, Odmckdsnm) dcr,) Bnqonq`sd Fnudqm`mbd `mc Kàntq L`m`fdldms2 ?m Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnl¨
o`qhrnm, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 73œ010,
Inmdr) D,) `mc Qgncdr) L, 1..5, ——Dtqnod `mc sgd fkna`k bg`kkdmfd)‘‘ hm O, Gdxvnnc) D, Inmdr)
L, Qgncdr) `mc T, Rdcdkldhdq) dcr,) Cdudknoldmsr hm Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr, Mdv Xnqj4 O`kfqùd¨
L`blhkk`m) 02œ23,
Jdqq) B,) Ctmkno) I, S,) GZqahrnm) E, G,) `mc Lxdqr) B, ?, 0853, Hmctrsqh`khrl `mc Hmctrsqh`k
L`m, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
JhmcdqlZm) C, 1..4, ——Oqdrrtqd eqnl vhsgnts) rtaudqrhnm eqnl vhsghm4 sgd svnöqnmfdc
Fdql`m dloknxdq n9dmrhud)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr 2&3(4 321œ52,
Jhmf) K, 1..6, ——Bdmsq`k Dtqnod`m bòhs`khrl hm bnlo`q`shud odqrodbshud)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-)
L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr
`mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Jnfts) A,) `mc VZkjdq) F, 1..0, ——Sgd rl`kk vnqkc ne Fdql`mx `mc sgd ctqàhkhsx ne m`shnm`k
mdsvnqjr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Rnbhnknfhb`k Qduhdv 55&2(4 206œ24,
Jthrdk) Q, E, 0870, Bòhs`khrl `mc sgd Rs`sd hm Lncdqm Eq`mbd2 Qdmnu`shnm `mc Dbnmnlhb
L`m`fdldms hm sgd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
KZmd) B, 1..2, ——Bg`mfdr hm bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd ne Fdql`m bnqonq`shnmr4 bnmudqfdmbd sn
sgd ?mfkn¨?ldqhb`m lncdk;‘‘ DRQB Bdmsqd enq Atrhmdrr Qdrd`qbg) Tmhudqrhsx B`laqhcfd)
Vnqjhmf Oòdq Mn, 148,
–– 1..4, ——Hmrshstshnm`k sq`mrenql`shnm `mc rxrsdl bg`mfd4 bg`mfdr hm sgd bnqonq`sd
fnudqm`mbd ne Fdql`m bnqonq`shnmr‘‘ hm F, Lnqf`m) Q, Vghskdx) `mc D, Lndm) dcr,)
Bg`mfhmf Bòhs`khrlr: Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Rxrsdlr ne Dbnmnlhb
Nqf`mhy`shnm, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 67œ0.8,
Kdux) I, 1..., Snbptduhkkd‘r Qdudmfd2 Chkdll`r ne Hmrshstshnm`k Qdenql hm Onrs¨Chqhfhrsd Eq`mbd,
–– 1..4, ——Qdcdoknxhmf sgd rs`sd4 khadq`khy`shnm `mc rnbh`k onkhbx hm Eq`mbd)‘‘ hm Adxnmc
Bnmshmthsx2 Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd hm ?cu`mbdc Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhdr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0.2œ15,
Khmcadbj) ?,) `mc Rmnvdq) C, I, 0878, Sgd HmrhcdqŃtsrhcdq Sgdnqx ne Dloknxldms `mc
Tmdloknxldms, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
LbBZkk) K,) `mc Nqknee) ?,) dcr, 1..4`, ——Hmsqnctbshnm sn Rodbh`k Hrrtd ne Rnbh`k Onkhshbr4
—Fdmcdq) bk`rr) `mc bòhs`khrl,‘ ‘‘ Rnbh`k Onkhshbr 01&1(4 048œ58,
–– –– 1..4a, ——Fdmcdq) bk`rr `mc bòhs`khrl)‘‘ Rnbh`k Onkhshbr Rodbh`k Hrrtd 01&1(,
035 ana gZmbjØ
LZqshm) B, I, 1..4, ——Adxnmc anmd rsqtbstqd4 ghrsnqhb`k hmrshstshnm`khrl `mc sgd rsxkd ne
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg)‘‘ hm C, Bn`sdr) dc,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl) U`qhdshdr ne ?ooqn`bgdr,
Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd¨L`blhkk`m) 52œ71,
Lnkhmn) N - ,) `mc Qgncdr) L, 1..6, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne `citrsldms hm lhwdc l`qjds
dbnmnlhdr4 ` rstcx ne Ro`hm `mc Hs`kx)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,)
Adxnmc U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqn¨
od`m Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Mnqsg) C, B, 088., Hmrshstshnmr) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd, B`laqhcfd4
Nkrnm) L, 0854, Sgd Knfhb ne Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm2 Otakhb Fnncr `mc sgd Sgdnqx ne Fqntor,
OZmhsbg) K,) `mc Fhmchm) R, 1..4, ——Dtqn¨Bòhs`khrl `mc ?ldqhb`m dlohqd)‘‘ hm C, Bn`sdr) dc,)
U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl) U`qhdshdr ne ?ooqn`bgdr, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd¨L`blhkk`m) 028œ48,
Ohnqd) L,) `mc RZadk) B, 0873, Sgd Rdbnmc Hmctrsqh`k Chuhcd, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb,
Onmstrrnm) I, 1..4, ——U`qhdshdr `mc bnllnm`khshdr ne bòhs`khrl)‘‘ hm C, Bn`sdr) dc,) U`qhdshdr ne
Bòhs`khrl) U`qhdshdr ne ?ooqn`bgdr, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd¨L`blhkk`m) 052œ77,
QZcnrduhb) R, 1..4, ——?qd rxrsdlr ne hmmnu`shnm hm Bdmsq`k `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod hmdXbhdms;‘‘
oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd bnmedqdmbd nm ——Cxm`lhbr ne Hmctrsqx `mc Hmmnu`shnm4 Nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr) Mdsvnqjr `mc Rxrsdlr)‘‘ Bnodmg`fdm) Itmd 16œ8,
Qdfhmh) L, 1..2, ——C`k mdn¨bnqonq`shuhrln `kkd u`qhds`_ cdh bòhs`khrlh‘‘) Rs`sn d ldqb`sn 24
273œ82,
Qgncdr) L, 0877, ——Sgd rs`sd `mc sgd lncdqmhr`shnm ne Eqdmbg hmctrsqx)‘‘ hm I, F`9mdx) dc,)
Eq`mbd `mc Lncdqmhy`shnm, ?kcdqrgns4 ?udatqx) 55œ84,
–– 1..., ——Qdrsqtbstqhmf sgd Aqhshrg vdke`qd rs`sd4 adsvddm cnldrshb bnmrsq`hmsr `mc fkna`k
hlodq`shudr)‘‘ hm E, V, Rbg`qoe `mc U, Rbglhcs) dcr,) Vdke`qd `mc Vnqj hm sgd Nodm Dbnmnlx2
Chudqrd Qdronmrdr sn Dbnmnlhb Bg`kkdmfdr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 08œ57,
–– 1..4, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl `mc vdke`qd rs`sdr)‘‘ Mdv Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 0.&2(4 252œ6.,
–– `mc uZm ?odkcnnqm) A, 0886, ——Bòhs`khrl udqrtr bòhs`khrl hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod)‘‘ hm
L, Qgncdr) O, Gdxvnnc) `mc U, Vqhfgs) dcr,) Cdudknoldmsr hm Vdrs Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr,
Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m Oqdrr Ksc) 060œ78,
–– –– 0887, ——Bòhs`k tmantmc; Sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne Dtqnod`m bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 4&2(4 3.5œ16,
Qnfnvrjh) Q, 0878, Bnlldqbd `mc Bn`khshnmr2 Gnv Sq`cd ?9dbsr Cnldrshb Onkhshb`k ?khfm¨
ldmsr, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
QtdcZ) C, 1..4, ——Hmrhcdqœntsrhcdq onkhshbr hm hmctrsqh`khydc cdlnbq`bhdr4 sgd bg`kkdmfd sn
rnbh`k cdlnbq`shb o`qshdr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 88&0(4 50œ63,
Rbglhcs) U, 0885, Eqnl Rs`sd sn L`qjds: Sgd Sq`mrenql`shnm ne Eqdmbg Atrhmdrr `mc Fnudqm¨
ldms, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1..1, Sgd Etstqdr ne Dtqnod`m Bòhs`khrl, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1..2, ——Eqdmbg bòhs`khrl sq`mrenqldc) xds rshkk ` sghqc u`qhdsx ne bòhs`khrl)‘‘ Dbnmnlx
`mc Rnbhdsx 21&3(4 415œ43,
Rbglhssdq) O, 0870, ——Hmsdqdrs hmsdqldch`shnm `mc qdfhld fnudqmàhkhsx hm bnmsdlonq`qx
Vdrsdqm Dtqnod `mc Mnqsg ?ldqhb`)‘‘ hm R, Adqfdq) dc,) Nqf`mhyhmf Hmsdqdrsr hm Vdrsdqm
Dtqnod, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 174œ226,
Rgnmehdkc) ?, 0854, Lncdqm Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Bg`mfhmf A`k`mbd ne Otakhb `mc Oqhu`sd Onvdq,
Knmcnm4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rhdadqs) G, 1..3, ——Fdql`mx‘r rnbh`k l`qjds dbnmnlx4 gnv rtrs`hmàkd hr sgd vdke`qd rs`sd;‘‘
?ldqhb`m Hmrshstsd enq Bnmsdlonq`qx Fdql`m Rstchdr.Fdql`mœ?ldqhb`m Ch`knftd
Vnqjhmf Oòdq Rdqhdr) gsso4..vvv,hev¨jhdk,cd.ota.rhdadqs.oce.V`rghmfsnm1..2,oce
Rnrjhbd) C, 0888, ——Chudqfdms oqnctbshnm qdfhldr4 bnnqchm`sdc `mc tmbnnqchm`sdc l`qjds

dbnmnlhdr hm sgd 087.r `mc 088.r)‘‘ hm G, Jhsrbgdks) O, K`mfd) F, L`qjr) `mc I, C, Rsdogdmr)
dcr,) Bnmshmthsx `mc Bg`mfd hm Bnmsdlonq`qx Bòhs`khrl, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0.0œ23,
–– 1..4, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl `mc bqnrr¨m`shnm`k fdmcdq ch9dqdmbdr)‘‘ hm K, LbB`kk `mc
?, Nqkn9) dcr,) ——Fdmcdq) bk`rr `mc bòhs`khrl)‘‘ Rnbh`k Onkhshbr Rodbh`k Hrrtd 01&1(4 06.œ8,
Rsqddbj) V, 1..4`, ——Qdinhmcdq4 nm sdqlhmnknfx) etmbshnm`khrl) &ghrsnqhb`k( hmrshstshnm`khrl
`mc khadq`khy`shnm)‘‘ Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 2&2(4 466œ76,
–– 1..4a, ——Qdpthqdldmsr enq ` trdetk bnmbdos ne bnlokdldms`qhsx)‘‘ Rnbhn¨Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv
2&1(4 252œ5,
–– 1..8, Qdënqlhmf Bòhs`khrl2 Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd hm sgd Fdql`m Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx,
–– `mc Sgdkdm) J, 1..4, ——Hmsqnctbshnm4 hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd hm `cu`mbdc onkhshb`k dbnm¨
nlhdr‘‘ hm V, Rsqddbj `mc J, Sgdkdm) dcr,) Adxnmc Bnmshmthsx2 Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd hm
?cu`mbdc Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhdr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0œ28,
Rvdmrnm) O, 0878, E`hq Rg`qdr2 Tmhnmr) O`x `mc Onkhshbr hm Rvdcdm `mc Vdrs Fdql`mx, Hsg`b`)
MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
SgZsbgdq) L, 1..3, ——U`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl hm `m hmsdqm`shnm`khydc vnqkc4 cnldrshb hmrshst¨
shnm`k bg`mfd hm Dtqnod`m sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 26&6(4 0œ2.,
–– 1..4, ——Sgd sghqc enqbd; Hmcdodmcdms qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr `mc dkdbsdc onkhshbh`mr hm
Dtqnod)‘‘ Fnudqm`mbd2 ?m Hmsdqm`shnm`k Intqm`k ne Onkhbx) ?clhmhrsq`shnm `mc Hmrshstshnmr 07
&2(4 236œ63,
–– 1..6, ——Qdenqlhmf m`shnm`k qdftk`snqx hmrshstshnmr4 sgd DT `mc bqnrr¨m`shnm`k u`qhdsx hm
Dtqnod`m mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr)‘‘ hm A, G`mbjd-) L, Qgncdr) `mc L, Sg`sbgdq) dcr,) Adxnmc
U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 BnmWhbs) Bnmsq`chbshnmr `mc Bnlokdldms`qhshdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m
Dbnmnlx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Sgdkdm) J,) `mc Jtld) H, 1..5, ——Bn¨nqchm`shnm `r ` onkhshb`k oqnakdl hm bn¨nqchm`sdc l`qjds
dbnmnlhdr)‘‘ Fnudqm`mbd2 ?m Hmsdqm`shnm`k Intqm`k ne Onkhbx) ?clhmhrsq`shnm `mc Hmrshstshnmr
08&0(4 00œ31,
–– `mc UZm Vhimadqfdm B, 1..2, ——Sgd o`q`cnw ne fkna`khy`shnm4 kànq qdk`shnmr hm
Fdql`mx `mc adxnmc)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 25&7(4 748œ7.,
Uhsnkr) R, 1..3, ——Bg`mfdr hm Fdql`mx‘r a`mjä`rdc Vm`mbh`k rxrsdl4 ` u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl
odqrodbshud)‘‘ Vhrrdmrbgèsrydmsqtl Adqkhm) Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq RO HH 1..3œ.2,
VZsrnm) L, 1..2, ——Qhb`qch`m onkhshb`k dbnmnlx `mc sgd —u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl‘ òoqn`bg4
rodbh`khy`shnm) sq`cd `mc bnlo`q`shud hmrshstshnm`k `cu`ms`fd)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Dtqnod`m
Onkhshbr 0&1(4 116œ3.,
Vghskdx) Q, 1..4, ——Gnv m`shnm`k `qd atrhmdrr rxrsdlr; Sgd qnkd ne rs`sdr `mc bnlokdldms`qx
hmrshstshnmr hm rs`mc`qchyhmf rxrsdlr ne dbnmnlhb bnnqchm`shnm `mc bnmsqnk `s sgd m`shnm`k
kdudk‘‘) hm F, Lnqf`m) Q, Vghskdx) `mc D, Lndm) dcr,) Bg`mfhmf Bòhs`khrlr: Hmsdqm`shnm`k¨
hy`shnm) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd) `mc Rxrsdlr ne Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnm, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 08.œ120,
–– 0888, Chudqfdms Bòhs`khrlr2 Sgd Rnbh`k Rsqtbstqhmf `mc Bg`mfd ne Atrhmdrr Rxrsdlr,
Vnnc) R, 1..0, ——Atrhmdrr) fnudqmldms) `mc o`ssdqmr ne kàntq l`qjds onkhbx hm Aqhs`hm `mc sgd
Edcdq`k Qdotakhb ne Fdql`mx)‘‘ hm O, ?, G`kk `mc C, Rnrjhbd) dcr,) U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd
Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 136œ63,
YxrlZm) I, 0872, Fnudqmldmsr) L`qjdsr `mc Fqnvsg2 Ehm`mbh`k Rxrsdlr `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne
Hmctrsqh`k Bg`mfd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
oZqs hhh
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B N L O? P ?S H U D
ATRHMDRR
RXRSDLR
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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bgZosdq 00
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ATRHMDRR
P D O P D R D M S?S H N M
HM V?RGHMFSNM) CB
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
shlnsgx vdqmdq
fqZgZl vhkrnm
Sgd FdmdqXk Ohbstqd

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vqhshmf hm 0853) Odsdq Cqtbjdq e`lntrkx cdrbqhadc ahf atrhmdrr `r ` kd`chmf) he mns
sgd kd`chmf) hmrshstshnm ne ?ldqhb`m rnbhdsx, Cqtbjdq v`r vqhshmf `s sgd dmc ne `
fnkcdm `fd enq TR atrhmdrr) vgdm `qftàkx hsr onrhshnm hm TR rnbhdsx v`r rn rsqnmf
sg`s hs chc mns mddc sn lnahkhyd uhfnqntrkx sn oqnsdbs hsr onkhshb`k hmsdqdrsr, Nohmhnm
onkkr qdonqsdc fqd`s otakhb bnmVcdmbd hm lìnq bnqonq`shnmr `mc sgdhq kd`cdqr, Otakhb
hmsdqdrs fqntor vdqd lnqd nq kdrr àrdms eqnl sgd V`rghmfsnm rbdmd `mc sgd annj
sg`s l`mx bqdchs enq qduhuhmf dmuhqnmldms`khrl) Q`bgdk B`qrnm‘r Rhkdms Roqhmf) g`c
nmkx itrs addm otakhrgdc, Onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr qdonqsdc sg`s atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm hm
V`rghmfsnm v`r tmhloqdrrhud) odqgòr adb`trd mns ltbg onkhshb`k d9nqs g`c addm
mddcdc &A`tdq) Onnk) `mc Cdwsdq 0852(, Hm sgd xd`qr sg`s enkknvdc) ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr
dwodqhdmbdc fqd`sdq bqhshbhrl `mc ` rg`qo e`kk hm otakhb bnmVcdmbd, Atrhmdrr v`r kdrr
àkd sn s`jd hsr onrhshnm hm ?ldqhb`m rnbhdsx enq fq`msdc &Vhkrnm 0870: Unfdk 0878(, Hsr
onkhshb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm hmbqd`rdc hm pt`mshsx `mc pt`khsx hm sgd 087.r `mc 088.r
sgntfg) sn sgd onhms sg`s sgdqd v`r khsskd cntas enqsx xd`qr k`sdq sg`s Cqtbjdq‘r
bnlldms rshkk òokhdc sn onkhshbr, Gnvdudq) hm sgd v`jd ne sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc qdk`sdc
151 shlnsgx vdqmdq fqZgZl vhkrnm
bqhrdr ne 1..7) hs òod`qr sg`s atrhmdrrdr‘ d9nqsr hm V`rghmfsnm mnv vhkk ad fd`qdc
mns snv`qc qds`hmhmf sgdhq oqnlhmdmbd ats) hm l`mx v`xr) snv`qc dmrtqhmf sgdhq udqx
rtquhu`k,
?s kd`rs mtldqhb`kkx) atrhmdrr g`r snvdqdc nudq sgd ?ldqhb`m hmsdqdrs fqnto
rbdmd hm qdbdms cdb`cdr, Atrhmdrrdr dloknx ` ghfg oqnonqshnm ne `kk sgd knaaxhrsr hm
V`rghmfsnm) CB) `mc oqnuhcd ` ghfg oqnonqshnm ne sgd b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr
l`cd ax nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr, A`rdc nm ` rtqudx sgdx bnmctbsdc hm sgd d`qkx 087.r)
Rbgknyl`m `mc Shdqmdx &0875( bnmbktcdc sg`s atrhmdrr `bbntmsdc enq md`qkx sgqdd¨
pt`qsdqr &61 odq bdms( ne `kk nqf`mhy`shnmr qdoqdrdmsdc hm V`rghmfsnm, ?r A`tl¨
f`qsmdq `mc Kddbg &0887( rtll`qhyd) k`sdq rstchdr gùd bnmVqldc sghr mtldqhb`k
cnlhm`mbd ne sgd V`rghmfsnm hmsdqdrs fqnto rbdmd ax atrhmdrrdr, Hm ` k`sdq vnqj
A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Kddbg &1..0( entmc sg`s atrhmdrrdr `bbntmsdc enq 45 odq bdms ne
`kk ne sgd rodmchmf nm knaaxhmf) `mc sgd Bdmsdq enq Qdronmrhud Onkhshbr &1..2(
qdonqsdc sg`s ax 1...) atrhmdrrdr vdqd rodmchmf !0,2 ahkkhnm sn knaax Bnmfqdrr)
Vesddm shldr sgd sns`k rodmchmf ne rhmfkd¨hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc enqsx¨dhfgs shldr sgd
rodmchmf ne kànq fqntor, Hmcddc) sgd mtladq ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shudr hm
V`rghmfsnm g`r addm hmbqd`rhmf `s ` e`hqkx qòhc q`sd, Gdhmy ds `k, &0882( entmc
sg`s hmchuhct`k atrhmdrrdr gùd adbnld lnqd chqdbskx hmunkudc hm CB rhmbd sgd
086.r) rtookdldmshmf sgdhq sq`chshnm`k qdoqdrdms`shnm sgqntfg od`j `mc hmctrsqx
`rrnbh`shnmr ax ghqhmf sgdhq nvm qdoqdrdms`shudr `mc nodmhmf sgdhq nvm nXbdr, Sgd
mtladq ne bnqonq`shnmr qdoqdrdmsdc hmbqd`rdc eqnl 1)4.. hm 0870 sn ànts 3)... hm
1..0) `mc sgd mtladq ne sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr qdoqdrdmsdc hm CB `krn hmbqd`rdc) eqnl
8.. sn 0)1.. nudq sgd r`ld odqhnc,
Atrhmdrrdr sgtr bnloqhrd ` k`qfd oqnonqshnm ne sgd sns`k hmsdqdrs fqnto rxrsdl,
Sghr hr mns mdbdrr`qhkx sn `qftd sg`s atrhmdrrdr cnlhm`sd sgd hmsdqdrs fqnto rxrsdl)
kds `knmd sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl `r ` vgnkd: sgdqd `qd bdqs`hmkx rntqbdr ne onvdq `mc
hmWtdmbd nsgdq sg`m knaaxhmf `mc b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr, Hs hr sn r`x mdudqsgdkdrr)
sg`s atrhmdrr hr ax e`q sgd k`qfdrs bnlonmdms ne sgd hmsdqdrs fqnto rxrsdl `mc sgd CB
onkhbx bnlltmhsx,
Rdudq`k aqn`c fdmdq`khy`shnmr ànts sgd m`stqd ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm hm
V`rghmfsnm vntkc bnll`mc fdmdq`k `fqddldms, Ehqrs) atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm hr
nqf`mhy`shnm`kkx eq`fldmsdc `mc bnlodshshud &Adqqx 0886(, Hm bnmsq`rs sn sgd
rhst`shnm hm bntmsqhdr rtbg `r Iò`m) Rvdcdm) Fdql`mx) nq dudm sgd TJ) sgdqd hr
mn nmd ancx nq rl`kk rds ne anchdr sg`s b`m ok`trhakx bk`hl sn ad sgd `tsgnqhs`shud
unhbd ne atrhmdrr, Sgd nqf`mhy`shnm sg`s bnldr sgd bknrdrs) sgd Bg`ladq ne Bnl¨
ldqbd) hr fdmdq`kkx hcdmshVdc vhsg rl`kk atrhmdrr vghkd sgd M`shnm`k ?rrnbh`shnm ne
L`mte`bstqdqr &M?L() `r hsr shskd rtffdrsr) qdoqdrdmsr nmkx o`qs ne atrhmdrr, Sgd
Atrhmdrr Qntmcsàkd qdoqdrdmsr udqx k`qfd Vqlr) `mc sgd M`shnm`k Edcdq`shnm ne
Hmcdodmcdms Atrhmdrr &MEHA( bnlodsdr vhsg sgd Bg`ladq sn ad sgd unhbd ne rl`kk
atrhmdrr,
Rdbnmc) sgdqd hr mn ghdq`qbghb`k qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr, Od`j
`rrnbh`shnmr rtbg `r sgd M?L nq sgd Bg`ladq ne Bnlldqbd cn mns gùd `tsgnqhsx
nudq sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr qdoqdrdmshmf rodbhVb hmctrsqhdr, Vhsg udqx edv dwbdoshnmr–
lnrs mnsàkx sgd ?ldqhb`m Bgdlhrsqx Bntmbhk &Oq`j`rg 1...(–sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr
atrhmdrr qdoqdrdmsZshnm 152
gùd mn `tsgnqhsx sn nudqrdd) qdftk`sd) nq bnllhs hmchuhct`k bnqonq`shnmr, Sgd

rnudqdhfm tmhs hm ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr hr sgd Vql, Od`j `mc sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr `qd
nqf`mhy`shnmr sg`s dwhrs hm ` bnlodshshud dmuhqnmldms `mc rddj sn qdbqths bnqonq¨
`shnmr `r ldladqr ax n9dqhmf sgdl rdquhbdr) ` o`ssdqm ne adgùhnq `jhm sn sg`s ne
lnrs hmsdqdrs fqntor &rdd) d,f,) Nkrnm 0854(, Sgd bnmsq`rs vhsg mdn¨bnqonq`shrs
atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr cdrbqhadc dkrdvgdqd hm sghr unktld hr rs`qj,
Sghqc) od`j `mc sq`cd nqf`mhy`shnmr `qd mns sgd nmkx rntqbd ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdm¨
s`shnm hm V`rghmfsnm, K`qfd bnqonq`shnmr hmbqd`rhmfkx gùd sgdhq nvm ——hm¨gntrd‘‘
knaaxhrsr hm ` fnudqmldms`k `9`hqr tmhs: `ksgntfg) sghr sqdmc u`qhdr ax hmctrsqx `mc
Vql rhyd) sgdqd v`r ` l`qjdc hmbqd`rd adsvddm 0880 `mc 1..0 `bqnrr hmctrsqhdr hm sgd
dlog`rhr Vqlr ok`bdc tonm ghqhmf hm¨gntrd knaaxhrsr &Aq`cx ds `k, 1..6(, Bnqonq¨
`shnmr l`x rtookdldms nq qdok`bd sgdrd knaaxhrsr vhsg ntsrhcd qdoqdrdms`shudr sgdx
ghqd, Sq`chshnm`kkx ntsrhcd qdoqdrdms`shnm b`ld eqnl dwodmrhud) oqdrshfhntr) `mc
onkhshb`kkx vdkk¨bnmmdbsdc k`v Vqlr rtbg `r ?qmnkc `mc Onqsdq, Hm qdbdms cdb`cdr `
uhfnqntr oqnedrrhnm ne bnmsq`bs knaaxhmf g`r cdudknodc) kd`chmf sn sgd bqd`shnm ne
Vqlr rtbg `r sgd Khuhmfrsnmd Fqnto nq Bòhsnk ?rrnbh`sdr, Sgdrd Vqlr `qd nesdm
bqd`sdc `mc kdc ax enqldq kdfhrk`snqr nq bnmfqdrrhnm`k rs`9dqr `mc `hl sn gùd ansg
Cdlnbq`shb `mc Qdotakhb`m o`qsmdqr &R`khratqx 0875: Rnknlnm 0876(, ? rhlhk`q
o`ssdqm ne aho`qshr`mrgho b`m ad rddm vhsghm sgd Bnmfqdrr4 btqqdms kdfhrk`snqr nesdm
vnqj sn `cu`mbd nq cdedmc atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr dudm vgdm hs lhfgs rddl hmbnmrhrsdms
vhsg sgdhq hcdnknfx sn cn rn, Enq dw`lokd) khadq`k Cdlnbq`sr nesdm vnqj sn rdbtqd
cdedmrd bnmsq`bsr enq bnqonq`shnmr knb`sdc hm sgdhq chrsqhbs nq rs`sd,
Entqsg) atrhmdrr fqntor `qd nesdm o`qs ne rgnqs¨khudc bn`khshnmr sg`s b`m khmj
atrhmdrrdr vhsg nsgdq sxodr ne nqf`mhy`shnmr nq ohs nmd fqnto ne atrhmdrrdr `f`hmrs
`mnsgdq &Gtk` 0888(, S`w kdfhrk`shnm) hm o`qshbtk`q) g`r ` ghfg onsdmsh`k sn rds nmd fqnto
ne atrhmdrrdr `f`hmrs `mnsgdq &L`qshm 0880(, Enq dw`lokd) bòhs`k¨hmsdmrhud Vqlr `qd
khjdkx sn v`ms ch9dqdms s`w `kknv`mbdr sn sgnrd sg`s `qd kànq hmsdmrhud, Qdrd`qbg
cdodmcdms atrhmdrrdr &rtbg `r og`ql`bdtshb`kr( `qd `krn khjdkx sn gùd chrshmbs hmsdq¨
drsr `mc fn`kr,
VgXs Vd Cn–Xmc Cnm‘s–Jmnv Xants

VgXs Atrhmdrr Cndr hm VXrghmfsnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd sq`cd¨n9 hm oqnctbhmf ` rtll`qx ne atrhmdrrdr‘ `bshuhshdr hm CB sg`s bnll`mcr

fdmdq`k `bbdos`mbd hr sg`s hs oqnuhcdr tr edv cds`hkr ànts vg`s atrhmdrrdr `bst`kkx cn
hm oq`bshbd, Hmudrshf`shmf cddodq rshkk `kknvr tr sn l`jd lnqd rodbhVb bk`hlr ànts
vg`s atrhmdrrdr cn) ats hs `krn dwonrdr sgd ldsgncnknfhb`k chXbtkshdr `mc sgd khlhsr
ne sghr qdrd`qbg,
Ehqrs) `r vd gùd rddm) atrhmdrrdr knaax, ?ksgntfg lnrs knaaxhmf rstchdr `qd
enbtrdc nm knaaxhrsr hm fdmdq`k `mc mns nm atrhmdrr knaaxhrsr hm o`qshbtk`q) sgd e`bs
sg`s atrhmdrr knaaxhrsr `qd rtbg ` ghfg oqnonqshnm ne sgd sns`k mtladq ne knaaxhrsr
l`jdr hs khjdkx sg`s Vmchmfr ne sgdrd rstchdr vhkk hmcddc òokx sn atrhmdrr, Bnmsq`qx
sn sgd rgnbj intqm`khrl uhdv ne knaaxhmf &rdd) d,f,) Ahqma`tl `mc Ltqq`x 0876()
lnrs onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr sdmc sn rdd hs `r `m `hc sn adssdq onkhbx¨l`jhmf, Atrhmdrr
knaaxhrsr) hm o`qshbtk`q) l`x ad àkd sn oqnuhcd hmenql`shnm `mc sdbgmhb`k fthc`mbd
sg`s nsgdq hmsdqdrsr &A`tdq) Onnk) `mc Cdwsdq 0852: Gdhmy ds `k, 0882( nq sgd onkhshb`k
o`qshdr &G`mrdm 0880( l`x mns ad àkd sn rg`qd, Sghr hmenql`shnm l`x) hm rgnqs) ad `
——rtarhcx‘‘ sg`s hmsdqdrs fqntor oqnuhcd sn kdfhrk`snqr &G`kk `mc Cd`qcnq9 1..5(,
Sgd sq`chshnm`k ohbstqd ne knaaxhrsr rtffdrsdc sg`s sgdx s`kj nmkx sn sgdhq `kkhdr `mc
`qftdc sg`s sgdx fn sgqntfg ` q`mfd ne bnms`bsr) rs`qshmf ax lddshmf vhsg kdfhrk`snqr
sn f`tfd sgdhq `sshstcd snv`qcr sgd hmsdqdrs fqnto `mc oqnbddchmf k`sdq nm sn
cdkhudqhmf sgdhq ldrr`fd sn sgnrd sg`s `qd qdbdoshud sn hs &Lhkaq`sg 0852(, Vgdm
Lhkaq`sg vqnsd) sgdqd vntkc gùd addm fdmdq`k `fqddldms sg`s sgd nkc `c`fd sg`s
——Bnmfqdrr `s vnqj hr Bnmfqdrr hm bnllhssddr‘‘ v`r bnqqdbs) dmàkhmf knaaxhrsr sn
enbtr nm ` khlhsdc mtladq ne kdfhrk`snqr hm `mx onkhbx `qd`, ?ksgntfg sgd rs`sdldms
vntkc mns ad `bbdosdc snc`x `s e`bd u`ktd) sgd bnllhssdd `mc rtabnllhssdd rs`fdr
qdl`hm sgd adrs shld enq knaaxhrsr sn hmWtdmbd kdfhrk`shnm adenqd hs bnldr to enq `
unsd nm sgd Wnnq, Gnim`bjh `mc Jhla`kk &0887( dwoknqdc gnv knaaxhrsr rsq`sdfhyd
ànts g`mckhmf bnllhssdd ldladqr, Sgdx entmc sg`s sgd hmhsh`k enbtr hr nm `kkhdr)
o`qshbtk`qkx sgnrd hm kd`cdqrgho onrhshnmr nm bnllhssddr) ats sg`s he shld `mc
qdrntqbdr odqlhs &ghfgkx khjdkx enq bnqonq`shnmr() sgdx dwsdmc sgdhq knaaxhmf sn
kdfhrk`snqr vgnrd `sshstcd snv`qc sgd hmsdqdrs hr lnqd `lahftntr, Sghr rtffdrsr
rnld bg`mfd eqnl sgd Vmchmfr ne onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr sg`s hm sgd oqd¨qdenql Bnmfqdrr
ne sgd d`qkx 085.r rtbbdrretk knaaxhmf v`r a`rdc nm ` bknrd knmf¨sdql qdk`shnmrgho ne
sqtrs vhsg kdfhrk`snqr &A`tdq) Onnk) `mc Cdwsdq 0852: Lhkaq`sg 0852(, Sghr hr mns sn r`x
sg`s knaaxhrsr cn mns rshkk enbtr sgdhq fqd`sdrs d9nqsr nm kdfhrk`snqr `kqd`cx oqdchr¨
onrdc sn rtoonqs sgdl &Vqhfgs 0885(, ?esdq `kk) sghr rsq`sdfx hr mns hqq`shnm`k4 dudm
fnnc `kkhdr l`x mddc sn ad lnahkhydc `mc l`x ad tm`v`qd ne sgd hlokhb`shnmr ne ` ahkk
enq sgd atrhmdrr nq nsgdq hmsdqdrs sg`s sgdx rtoonqs) `mc nmbd lnahkhydc) `kkhdr lhfgs
rshkk mddc duhcdmbd `mc `qftldmsr sn trd sg`s atrhmdrr knaaxhrsr b`m rtookx,
Shfgsdq knaax qdfhrsq`shnm qtkdr `mc qdpthqdldmsr enq qdonqsr gùd `kknvdc onkhs¨
hb`k rbhdmshrsr hm qdbdms xd`qr sn rstcx sgd `bshuhshdr ne knaaxhrsr lnqd rxrsdl`shb`kkx
sgqntfg sgd bqd`shnm `mc trd ne k`qfd c`s` rdsr, Qdbdms rstchdr cn mns chrotsd sgd
hlonqs`mbd ne sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm knaaxhrsr `mc kdfhrk`snqr) dudm he sgdhq
Vmchmfr vhsg qdf`qc sn sgd d9dbsr ne knaaxhmf qdl`hm `lahftntr &rdd) d,f,) ?mrnk`¨
adgdqd) cd Ehftdhqdcn) `mc Rmxcdq 1..2(, Gnvdudq) nsgdqr rtffdrs sg`s sq`chshnm`k
s`bshbr rgntkc ad rtookdldmsdc vhsg `m hmsdfq`sdc onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx sg`s hmunkudr
sqxhmf sn hmWtdmbd otakhb nohmhnm) sgd ldch`) `mc ` kdfhrk`snq‘r bnmrshstdmsr) o`q¨
shbtk`qkx sgnrd vgn l`x ad `bshud hm ghr nq gdq b`lo`hfmr &Jnkkl`m 0887: Fnkcrsdhm
0888(, Knaaxhmf ——hmrhcd sgd Adksv`x‘‘ &sg`s hr) vhsghm V`rghmfsnm) CB( hr mnv nesdm
rtookdldmsdc ax b`lo`hfmr ntsrhcd sgd Adksv`x, Sghr sqdmc hm knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx hr ne
bntqrd etkkx bnmrhrsdms vhsg aqn`cdq sqdmcr hm sgd ?ldqhb`m onkhshb`k rxrsdl rtbg `r
sgd rghes snv`qcr ——sgd odql`mdms b`lo`hfm‘‘ `r ` lncd ne fnudqmhmf &Nqmrsdhm `mc
L`mm 1...( `mc sgd hlonqs`mbd ne sgd rsq`sdfx ne ——fnhmf otakhb‘‘ sn oqdrhcdmsr
&Jdqmdkk 0875(, Rlhsg &1...( dlog`rhydr sgd hlonqs`mbd ne otakhb nohmhnm sn

atrhmdrr rtbbdrr hm V`rghmfsnm: dudm ` rsqnmf d9nqs ax atrhmdrr `r ` vgnkd hm
V`rghmfsnm) CB) vhkk e`hk he atrhmdrr cndr mns `krn rtbbddc hm vhmmhmf nudq otakhb
nohmhnm,
Hs hr fdmdq`kkx `rrtldc sg`s lnrs knaaxhmf hr enbtrdc nm Bnmfqdrr) `mc md`qkx `kk
k`qfd¨rb`kd rstchdr ne CB knaaxhmf enbtr lnqd nq kdrr dwbktrhudkx nm hmsdqdrs fqnto
knaaxhmf ne Bnmfqdrr, Gnvdudq) hmsdqdrs fqntor `krn s`qfds sgd dwdbtshud aq`mbg,
?adqa`bg `mc Qnbjl`m &1...( qdonqs sg`s ghfg oqnonqshnmr ne ansg onkhshb`k
òonhmsddr `mc sgd lnrs rdmhnq bhuhk rdqu`msr vgn qdonqs sn sgdl gùd vddjkx nq
lnqd bnms`bs vhsg hmsdqdrs fqntor: hmcddc enq sgd bhuhk rdqu`msr sghr eqdptdmbx ne
bnms`bs v`r ghfgdq sg`m vhsg `mx o`qs ne sgd fnudqmldms hsrdke) hmbktchmf sgd Vghsd
Gntrd `mc sgdhq nvm cdo`qsldms gd`c &005(, Sghr qdk`shudkx nodm `bbdrr enq knaaxhrsr
sn sgd dwdbtshud cndr mns b`qqx nudq sn sgd Dwdbtshud NXbd ne sgd Oqdrhcdms &DNO(
hsrdke sgntfg: enq `r Odsdqrnm &0881( qdonqsr) kdrr sg`m 0. odq bdms ne CB knaaxhrsr
bk`hl eqdptdms `mc bnnodq`shud bnms`bs vhsg `mx o`qs ne sgd DNO,
Rdbnmc) atrhmdrrdr fhud lnmdx, Ctd sn sgd bnlo`q`shudkx ghfg bnrs ne ?ldqhb`m
onkhshb`k b`lo`hfmr) lnmdx vntkc òod`q sn ad nmd ne sgd fqd`sdrs `cu`ms`fdr sg`s
atrhmdrr g`r hm onkhshbr) `mc hsr noonmdmsr gùd bnmrhrsdmskx sqhdc sn khlhs sgd `lntms
sg`s d`bg hmsdqdrs fqnto `mc hmchuhct`k b`m bnmsqhatsd, Dpt`kkx nesdm) lnmdx) khjd
v`sdq lnuhmf cnvmghkk) g`r entmc `ksdqm`shud qntsdr hmsn onkhshbr `r qdftk`shnmr nq
a`qqhdqr gùd addm dqdbsdc, Enkknvhmf qdudk`shnmr ànts hkkdf`k bnqonq`sd fhesr sn
b`lo`hfmr hm sgd V`sdqf`sd gd`qhmfr) sgd 0863 Edcdq`k Dkdbshnmr B`lo`hfm Ehm`mbd
?bs rodbhVdc sg`s bnqonq`shnmr bntkc l`jd cnm`shnmr sn b`lo`hfmr nmkx eqnl
Onkhshb`k ?bshnm Bnllhssddr &O?Br( sg`s vdqd rdo`q`sdc eqnl sgd bnqonq`shnm‘r
a`rhb rsqtbstqd `mc qdbdhudc sgdhq lnmdx `r bnmsqhatshnmr eqnl rsnbjgnkcdqr) dwdbt¨
shudr) nq) nm ` qdrsqhbsdc a`rhr) òod`kr sn dloknxddr hm fdmdq`k, Hs v`r d`rx sn hl`fhmd
gnv lnmdx bntkc ad qntsdc sn sgd O?B sgqntfg bnmsqhatshnmr eqnl `lahshntr `mc
bnnodq`shud dwdbtshudr vgnrd r`k`qhdr bntkc ad hmbqd`rdc sn e`bhkhs`sd sgdhq àhkhsx sn
bnmsqhatsd,
Hmcddc) atrhmdrr òod`qdc sn gùd ` rsqnmf g`mc hm sghr dmuhqnmldms, Vqhfgs‘r
&0885( `m`kxrhr ne Edcdq`k Dkdbshnm Bnllhrrhnm &EDB( c`s` eqnl 0881 rgnvr sg`s
òoqnwhl`sdkx 30 odq bdms ne O?Br vdqd bnqonq`sd ronmrnqdc `mc sg`s sgdrd O?Br
vdqd qdronmrhakd enq nudq 20 odq bdms ne `kk cnm`shnmr eqnl O?Br) `mc Eq`my‘r &1..4(
knmfdq¨sdql rstcx &0872œ1..1( ne sgd r`ld c`s` rgnvr sg`s bnqonq`sd O?Br &mns
hmbktchmf sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr( l`cd to 20 odq bdms ne `kk O?Br `mc 30 odq bdms ne `bshud
O?Br &sgnrd `bst`kkx l`jhmf cnm`shnmr(,
Ats nmd khlhs nm atrhmdrr‘r hmWtdmbd hr sgd khlhs nm sgd `lntms O?Br bntkc
bnmsqhatsd sn ` b`lo`hfm–!4)..., Sghr hr ` rl`kk oqnonqshnm ne sgd bnrs ne ` rdqhntr
b`lo`hfm enq ` Gntrd nq Rdm`sd rd`s, Ctqhmf sgd 088.r) gnvdudq) khlhsr nm O?B
bnmsqhatshnmr vdqd qdmcdqdc `klnrs hmbnmrdptdmsh`k ax ` qòhc hmbqd`rd hm sgd
oq`bshbd ne l`jhmf k`qfd o`xldmsr &——rnes lnmdx‘‘( eqnl sgd fdmdq`k etmcr ne bnq¨
onq`shnmr sn onkhshb`k o`qshdr) `kkdfdckx enq ——o`qsx athkchmf‘‘ `bshuhshdr, Sghr v`r `m
dwdloshnm rodbhVb`kkx `kknvdc ax EDB hmsdqoqds`shnmr ne sgd 0863 k`v hm nqcdq sn
ankrsdq vg`s vdqd sgdm rddm `r cdbkhmhmf o`qsx nqf`mhy`shnmr) ats hs v`r d`rhkx àtrdc,
O`qsx athkchmf etmcr bntkc d`rhkx ad qdchqdbsdc hmsn b`lo`hfmr sn rtoonqs rodbhVb
b`mchc`sdr, Sghr oq`bshbd v`r dmcdc ax sgd LbB`hmœEdhmfnkc ?bs) vghbg `krn q`hrdc
sgd `lntms sg`s hmchuhct`kr b`m bnmsqhatsd sn b`lo`hfmr eqnl !0)... sn !1)4..,
Knaaxhrsr mnv hmbqd`rhmfkx bnkkdbs bgdbjr enq sghr `lntms eqnl hmchuhct`kr vhsghm
bnqonq`shnmr `mc ——atmckd‘‘ sgdl hmsn ` rhfmhVb`ms bnmsqhatshnm, ?esdq `kk) !1)4..
eqnl d`bg ne svdmsx dwdbtshudr bqd`sdr ` fhes &!4.)...( sg`s cv`qer sgd `lntms ` O?B
b`m bnmsqhatsd, Lnmdx b`m `krn ad bnmsqhatsdc sn rn¨b`kkdc 416r) `cunb`bx nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr sg`s) dwbdos vhsghm ` lnmsg ne `m dkdbshnm) b`m b`lo`hfm eqddkx enq ` b`mchc`sd
`r knmf `r sgdx nodq`sd hmcdodmcdmskx ne sgd b`mchc`sd‘r nvm b`lo`hfm, Hm LbBnmmdkk
u EDB &1..1) 43. TR 82() sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs togdkc sgd bnmrshstshnm`khsx ne khlhshmf
`cudqshrdldmsr ax rtbg fqntor bknrd sn `m dkdbshnm sg`s dwokhbhskx rtoonqsdc &nq
noonrdc( ` b`mchc`sd, Gnvdudq) sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs hm EDB u Vhrbnmrhm Qhfgs sn Khed
&1..6) 440 TR 338( rsqtbj cnvm LbB`hmœEdhmfnkc‘r `ssdlosr sn khlhs hrrtd `cudqs¨
hrdldmsr ax 416r vhsghm rhwsx c`xr ne sgd dkdbshnm) dudm sgntfg sgd hrrtd `cudqshrd¨
ldmsr lhfgs gùd vdkk `m hlo`bs nm hsr ntsbnld,
Hm rohsd ne sgd khlhsdc qnkd sg`s O?Br gùd ok`xdc hm b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd) fqd`s
bnmsqnudqrx g`r q`fdc ànts sgd hlo`bs ne O?Br hm fdmdq`k `mc atrhmdrr O?Br hm
o`qshbtk`q, Cn O?Br atx unsdr hm V`rghmfsnm; He mns) vgx cn sgdx fhud lnmdx; Nm
sgd oqhmbhokd sg`s odnokd–`mc bdqs`hmkx bnqonq`shnmr–cn mns rodmc lnmdx enq mn
qd`rnm) hs vntkc rddl nauhntr sg`s O?B bnmsqhatshnmr `qd fhudm enq ` otqonrd,
Gnvdudq) rstchdr gùd fdmdq`kkx e`hkdc sn Vmc duhcdmbd sg`s O?Br atx unsdr &Vqhfgs
0885(, Hm sgd vnqcr ne Qhbg`qc Rlhsg) ——sgd qd`k rsnqx) `r ohdbdc snfdsgdq eqnl cnydmr
ne rbgnk`qkx rstchdr) rddlr sn ad sg`s hmsdqdrs fqnto bnmsqhatshnmr gùd e`q kdrr
hmWtdmbd sg`m hr bnllnmkx sgntfgs‘‘ &08844 80(, Rlhsg `m`kxydr b`qdetkkx dhfgs
pt`mshs`shud rstchdr ne sgd hlo`bs ne b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr `mc Vmcr sg`s sgdx
fdmdq`sd udqx bnmWhbshmf `mc lncdrs bnmbktrhnmr, A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Kddbg &0887(
gùd ` udqx rhlhk`q hloqdrrhnm ne sgd qdrtksr ne pt`mshs`shud rstchdr) `mc Rnq`te &0881(
hr chrlhrrhud ne sgd d`rx `rrtloshnm rn nesdm l`cd ax intqm`khrsr `mc `bshuhrsr sg`s
b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr otqbg`rd Bnmfqdrrhnm`k unsdr,
Kdfhrk`snqr‘ hcdnknfhb`k oqdchronrhshnmr) o`qsx oqdrrtqdr) dkdbsnq`k bnmrhcdq`shnmr)
`mc `lahshnm l`x `kk ad lnqd hlonqs`ms &Jhmfcnm 0878(, Kdfhrk`snqr l`x gùd lnqd
hlonqs`ms qd`rnmr sn unsd enq nq `f`hmrs ` ahkk sg`m ` bnmsqhatshnm ne !4)...,
Gnvdudq) hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s sgdqd hr mn cdVmhshud oqnne ne sgd mdf`shud–sg`s
b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr gùd mn hlo`bs, ?r ansg A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Kddbg &0887( `mc
Rlhsg &0884( mnsd) hs l`x vdkk ad sg`s b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn gùd
`m hlo`bs tmcdq rnld bnmchshnmr sg`m tmcdq nsgdqr, Sgd lnrs eùnqàkd bhqbtl¨
rs`mbdr enq hmWtdmbd hmbktcd rhst`shnmr bnllnm sn hrrtdr `9dbshmf atrhmdrr4 sdbg¨
mhb`k bnlokdwhsx) k`bj ne `v`qdmdrr ax sgd fdmdq`k otakhb ànts sgd hrrtd hmunkudc)
k`bj ne rsqnmf uhdvr nm sgd o`qs ne sgd kdfhrk`snq) `mc sgd àrdmbd ne `m noonrhmf
hmsdqdrs fqnto,
Rtoonrhmf) gnvdudq) sg`s sgd fdmdq`k bnmbktrhnm sg`s b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr cn mns
atx unsdr hm Bnmfqdrr hr bnqqdbs) vgx cn bnqonq`shnmr–`mc nsgdq hmsdqdrs fqntor–
ansgdq sn fhud sgdl; ?mrnkàdgdqd) Rmxcdq) `mc Sqho`sgh &1..1( `mc G`mrdm `mc
Lhsbgdkk &1...( mnsd sgd bknrd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm l`jhmf b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr
`mc dmf`fhmf hm knaaxhmf: `r ?mrnkàdgdqd ds `k, &1..1( mnsd) 75 odq bdms ne O?B
dwodmchstqdr `qd l`cd ax hmsdqdrs fqntor sg`s knaax hm V`rghmfsnm, Sghr rddlr
bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd nesdm¨l`cd `qftldms sg`s O?B bnmsqhatshnmr `qd l`cd sn hloqnud
sgd noonqstmhshdr enq `bbdrr &G`kk `mc V`xl`m 088.(, Hmcddc) hmsdqdrs fqnto nXbh`kr
nesdm bnlok`hm oqhu`sdkx sg`s onkhshbh`mr `qd `rrhctntr hm cdl`mchmf O?B bnmsqhat¨
shnmr `mc) vgdm sgdx vdqd `kknvdc) ——rnes lnmdx‘‘ cnm`shnmr) hm d9dbs) ——rg`jhmf cnvm‘‘
`mc hlonrhmf `m ——`bbdrr s`w‘‘ nm knaaxhrsr &Rhsjn9 1..2(,
Sghr gdkor sn dwok`hm nmd ne sgd lnqd chrshmbshud ed`stqdr ne atrhmdrr O?Br, Tmkhjd
sgd O?Br ne ansg ——b`trd‘‘ fqntor `mc kànq tmhnmr) `r Gdqqmrnm &1..6( mnsdr)
atrhmdrr O?Br fhud lnmdx sn ansg Qdotakhb`mr `mc Cdlnbq`sr, Ltbg sn sgd chrl`x
ne Qdotakhb`mr) bnqonq`shnmr gùd `kv`xr fhudm ` rhfmhVb`ms `lntms sn khadq`k `mc
lncdq`sd Cdlnbq`sr) mns itrs sn bnmrdqu`shudr &Vhkrnm 0870(, Vgx; Sgd lnrs
ok`trhakd dwok`m`shnm hr sg`s bnqonq`shnmr adgùd oq`fl`shb`kkx dudm he sgdx gùd `
bnmrdqu`shud rntk &Qnldq `mc Rmxcdq 0883(, He Cdlnbq`sr `qd hm onvdqetk onrhshnmr)
sgdm bnqonq`shnmr vhkk atx `bbdrr sn sgdl, Nmbd sgd Qdotakhb`mr g`c f`hmdc bnmsqnk
ne Bnmfqdrr èsdq sgd 0883 lhcsdql dkdbshnmr) bnqonq`shnmr vdqd eqdd sn bnmbdmsq`sd
sgdhq fhuhmf lnqd nm Qdotakhb`mr) oqnaàkx `r sgdx vntkc `kv`xr gùd oqdedqqdc, Enq
sgdhq o`qs) Qdotakhb`m kd`cdqr rtbg `r Snl CdK`x sqhdc sn hlonrd o`qshr`m chrbhokhmd
nm bnqonq`shnmr, Hm sgd ——J Rsqdds Oqnidbs)‘‘ &m`ldc èsdq sgd V`rghmfsnm) CB) rsqdds
nm vghbg l`mx bnqonq`shnmr `mc knaaxhrsr gùd sgdhq nXbdr( CdK`x snkc bnqonq¨
`shnmr sg`s he sgdx vhrgdc sn gùd hmWtdmbd hm sgd mdv Qdotakhb`m Bnmfqdrrdr) sgdx
ltrs fhud nmkx sn Qdotakhb`mr) ghqd Qdotakhb`mr `r sgdhq knaaxhrsr) `mc rtoonqs
Qdotakhb`m onkhbx fn`kr, Sgnrd vgn khud ax sgd rvnqc chd ax hs `krn: sgd knfhb ne sgd
J Rsqdds Oqnidbs rtffdrsr sg`s èsdq sgd Cdlnbq`sr f`hmdc bnmsqnk ne Bnmfqdrr hm 1..5)
sgd òoqnoqh`sd rsq`sdfx enq bnqonq`shnmr vntkc ad sn rghes `kk sgdhq rtoonqs sn sgdl
`mc `v`x eqnl Qdotakhb`mr, Sgdqd `qd hmchb`shnmr sg`s sghr l`x ad gòodmhmf, Sgd
Mdv Xnqj Shldr qdonqsdc nm Nbsnadq 18) 1..6) sg`s bnmsqhatshnmr sn Cdlnbq`sr ax
sgd gd`ksg hmctrsqhdr–hmbktchmf og`ql`bdtshb`k bnqonq`shnmr–vdqd gdùhkx nts¨
qtmmhmf bnmsqhatshnmr sn Qdotakhb`mr, Sgd dwok`m`shnm òo`qdmskx v`r sg`s adb`trd
sgd Cdlnbq`shb b`mchc`sdr enq oqdrhcdms &Bkhmsnm) Na`l`) dsb,( vdqd oqnonrhmf
lìnq gd`ksgb`qd qdenqlr) gd`ksgb`qd atrhmdrrdr edks sgd mddc sn l`jd bnmsqhatshnmr
sg`s vntkc oqnuhcd `bbdrr sn sgdl `mc sgdqdenqd sgd noonqstmhsx sn hmWtdmbd sgdhq
sghmjhmf,
Sghqc) atrhmdrr hr mns qdktbs`ms sn fn sn bntqs sn fds hsr v`x, Hmsdqdrs fqnto trd ne
sgd bntqsr hr vdkk¨jmnvm) `mc sgdqd hr fnnc duhcdmbd sg`s sgd lnqd `lhbtr btqh`d
aqhder sg`s fqntor Vkd) sgd ghfgdq sgd oqnaàhkhsx sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs vhkk `bbdos `
o`qshbtk`q b`rd &B`kcdhq` `mc Vqhfgs 0877(, Lnrs ne sgd chrbtrrhnm nm hmsdqdrs fqnto
trd ne sgd bntqsr hr khmjdc sn cq`l`shb hrrtdr ne hmchuhct`k qhfgsr–ànqshnm) f`x
qhfgsr) `Xql`shud `bshnm–ats atrhmdrrdr `qd gdùhdq trdqr ne sgd bntqsr, Edcdq`k
`clhmhrsq`shud k`v &sgd ?clhmhrsq`shud Oqnbdctqdr ?bs `mc rs`stsdr fnudqmhmf hmch¨
uhct`k qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr( oqnuhcdr sg`s qdftk`shnmr hrrtdc ax edcdq`k `fdmbhdr b`m
ad bg`kkdmfdc hm edcdq`k òod`kr bntqsr mns nmkx nm sgd fqntmcr sg`s sgdx lhròokx
sgd rs`stsd tmcdq vghbg sgdx vdqd l`cd ats `krn nm sgd fqntmcr sg`s sgd duhcdmbd
trdc sn itrshex sgdhq `cnoshnm v`r hm`cdpt`sd, Rtbg b`rdr fdmdq`kkx fn rsq`hfgs sn sgd
edcdq`k òod`kr bntqsr) o`qshbtk`qkx sn sgd CB Bhqbths Bntqs ne ?ood`kr) vghbg

Bnmfqdrr g`r l`mc`sdc rgntkc gd`q b`rdr eqnl l`mx `fdmbhdr, Rnld 3. odq bdms
ne sgd vnqjkn`c ne CB Bhqbths Bntqs bnmrhrsr ne rtbg b`rdr &A`mjr 0888(, ?r sgd
Rtoqdld Bntqs q`qdkx Vmcr qnnl nm hsr cnbjds sn qduhdv rtbg b`rdr) sgd qd`khsx hr sg`s
sgd òod`kr bntqs hr khjdkx sn gùd ansg sgd Vqrs `mc k`rs vnqc nm vgdsgdq ` qdftk`shnm
rs`mcr nq e`kkr &Gtlogqhdr `mc Rnmfdq 0888(, Hm sgdnqx) bntqsr rgnv cdedqdmbd sn
dwodqs qdftk`snqr: hm qd`khsx) èsdq sgd tortqfd ne itchbh`k `bshuhrl hm fdmdq`k hm sgd
085.r) itcfdr oqnudc udqx vhkkhmf sn nudqqhcd dwodqs qdftk`snqr) dudm vgdm sgd rs`stsdr
rddldc sn fhud qdftk`snqr chrbqdshnm ax oqnuhchmf sg`s sgdx rgntkc ad nudqqtkdc nmkx
vgdm sgd rtoonqshmf duhcdmbd v`r rn rkhfgs `r sn l`jd sgdhq `bshnmr rddl ——`qahsq`qx
`mc bòqhbhntr,‘‘ ? rdbnmc `mc ghfgdq rs`mc`qc) ——rtars`mshud duhcdmbd nm sgd qdbnqc)‘‘
oqnuhcdc sg`s itcfdr rgntkc ad bnmuhmbdc sgdlrdkudr sg`s sgd duhcdmbd v`r
bnlodkkhmf–hm oq`bshbd) gnvdudq) sgd svn rs`mc`qcr ne itrshVb`shnm adb`ld aktqqdc
q`sgdq pthbjkx &Rsdv`qs 0864(,
Hm qdbdms xd`qr) ` ——bntmsdq¨qdenql`shnm‘‘ g`r s`jdm ok`bd hm vghbg ` lnqd bnmrdq¨
u`shud) oqnätrhmdrr Rtoqdld Bntqs g`r qnkkdc a`bj rnld ne sgd oqnbdctq`k qtkdr sg`s
g`c `kknvdc otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor sn oqdrr qdftk`snqr sn `bs &Rgòhqn 1..4(, Enq
dw`lokd) hm Bgduqnm TR? u M`shnm`k Qdrntqbdr Cdedmrd Bntmbhk &0873) 356 TR 726()
sgd Bntqs nqcdqdc knvdq bntqsr sn fhud cdedqdmbd sn `fdmbhdr‘ hmsdqoqds`shnmr ne sgdhq
rs`stsnqx onvdqr, Enqstm`sdkx enq atrhmdrr) odqgòr) sgd qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr rtard¨
ptdmskx vdqd bnmsqnkkdc dhsgdq ax Qdotakhb`m `clhmhrsq`shnmr nq) hm sgd b`rd ne sgd
Bkhmsnm `clhmhrsq`shnm) nmd bnllhssdc sn Vmchmf kdrr `cudqr`qh`k òoqn`bgdr sn
qdftk`shnm, Hm ` rhlhk`q cdudknoldms) sgd nmbd dwo`mrhud cdVmhshnm ne rs`mchmf sg`s
`kknvdc otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor sgqntfg sgd bntqsgntrd cnnq v`r m`qqnvdc hm Ktinm u
Cdedmcdqr ne Vhkckhed &0881) 4.3 TR 444(,
Hs hr mns bkd`q–eqnl atrhmdrr‘r onhms ne uhdv–sg`s sgdrd qdudqr`kr enq otakhb
hmsdqdrs fqntor mdbdrr`qhkx qdctbd sgd àhkhsx ne atrhmdrr sn trd sgd bntqsr sn bg`kkdmfd
qdftk`snqr: èsdq `kk) mn nmd cntasr sgdhq rs`mchmf sn rtd hm rtbg b`rdr, Lnqdnudq)
itcfdr nm sgd bqtbh`k CB Bhqbths Bntqs rddl khjdkx sn bnmshmtd sn trd sgd rtoonrdckx
ch9dqdms rs`mc`qcr ne qduhdv hmsdqbg`mfdàkx `mc `qd ltbg lnqd khjdkx sn nudqstqm `
qdftk`snqx `fdmbx vgdm hs l`jdr ` mdv qtkd sg`m vgdm hs dmenqbdr nmd, Hm nsgdq
vnqcr) sgd cdedqdmbd sn qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr hm rs`stsnqx hmsdqoqds`shnm l`mc`sdc hm
Bgduqnm cndr mns rddl sn ad `bbnlo`mhdc ax ——duhcdmsh`qx‘‘ cdedqdmbd sn qdftk`snqx
`fdmbhdr hm cdsdqlhmhmf vgdsgdq sgd e`bsr rtoonqs ` oqnonrdc qdftk`shnm &B`qtrnm
`mc Ahsydq 1..3(,
Sgd hlonqs`mbd ne sgd bntqsr sn atrhmdrr ansg hm fdmdq`k `mc hm o`qshbtk`q `r
ld`mr ne bnmsqnkkhmf sgd qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr mdbdrr`qhkx l`jdr sgd onkhshbr ne itchbh`k
òonhmsldmsr hlonqs`ms sn atrhmdrr, Hm o`qshbtk`q) `r Bqnrr `mc Shkkdq &0887(
cdlnmrsq`sd) sgdqd hr ` rtars`msh`k qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd o`qshr`mrgho ne itcfdr
nm sgd edcdq`k òod`kr bntqsr `mc sgdhq qd`bshnmr sn cdbhrhnmr ax qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr,
Qdftk`snqx onkhshbr lhfgs adbnld lnqd bg`kkdmfhmf enq atrhmdrr he sgdqd vdqd `
Cdlnbq`s hm sgd Vghsd Gntrd enq ` rtrs`hmdc odqhnc) o`qshbtk`qkx he gd nq rgd
òonhmsdc ansg lnqd khadq`k itcfdr sn sgd òod`kr bntqsr `mc lnqd `ffqdrrhud
qdftk`snqr sn sgd `fdmbhdr,
Entqsg) atrhmdrr `ssdlosr sn hmWtdmbd otakhb nohmhnm, Rlhsg &1...( hmcddc

adkhdudr sg`s sghr hr sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms s`bshb enq atrhmdrr, He sgd otakhb hr gnrshkd)
mns dudm ` tmhsdc rs`mc ax atrhmdrr vhkk oqdu`hk hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf &Lhsbgdkk 0886(, ?r
Rlhsg &1...( `mc Vdrs) Gdhsg) `mc Fnncvhm &0885( cdrbqhad) atrhmdrr g`r entfgs hsr
bnqmdq uhfnqntrkx hm sgd a`sskd ne hcd`r trhmf ` vhcd u`qhdsx ne s`bshbr4 enq dw`lokd) nhk
bnlo`mhdr gùd ok`bdc `cudqshrdldmsr `qfthmf sgdhq onhms ne uhdv nm sgd no¨dc
o`fdr ne oqdrshfhntr mdvroòdqr rtbg `r sgd Mdv Xnqj Shldr) `mc bnqonq`sd o`qshbh¨
o`msr hm lhc¨088.r m`shnm`k gd`ksgb`qd cda`sd s`qfdsdc sgd chrsqhbsr ne odqrt`càkd
ldladqr ne Bnmfqdrr vhsg sdkduhrhnm `cudqshrdldmsr sg`s ptdrshnmdc sgd oqnonrdc
qdenqlr, Bnqonq`shnmr `krn `ssdlos sn btkshu`sd ` fnnc hl`fd sg`s b`m ad trdc `r
onkhshb`k snnk ax dmbntq`fhmf dloknxddr sn tmcdqs`jd unktms`qx vnqj hm sgd bnl¨
ltmhsx `mc ax l`jhmf bnmsqhatshnmr sn bg`qhshdr &Mdhgdhrdk 0883: Rhlr 1..2(,
Ansg atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc hmchuhct`k bnqonq`shnmr gùd hmbqd`rdc rtars`msh`kkx
sgdhq bò`bhsx sn dmf`fd hm fq`rrqnnsr b`lo`hfmhmf &Jnkkl`m 0887: Fnkcrsdhm 0888(,
Hmcddc) sgd dmnqlntrkx rtbbdrretk ats bnmsqnudqrh`k qds`hkdq) V`k¨L`qs) cdrohsd enq xd`qr
k`bjhmf ` rsqnmf bò`bhsx sn qdronmc sn otakhb qdk`shnmr sgqd`sr) mnv g`r bqd`sdc ` ——v`q
qnnl‘‘ lncdkdc nm sgnrd hm oqdrhcdmsh`k b`lo`hfmr `mc rs`9dc hs vhsg onkhshb`kkx
dwodqhdmbdc nodq`snqr qd`cx sn s`jd nm `mx hrrtd sg`s dldqfdc bnmbdqmhmf sgd bnlo`mx,
Sghr bnqonq`sd `bshuhsx hr mn knmfdq lnshu`sdc rhlokx ax onkhshb`k bnmrhcdq`shnmr,
Odqgòr adb`trd ne dmg`mbdc `v`qdmdrr ne sgd bnlldqbh`k u`ktd ne aq`mc hl`fd)
bnqonq`shnmr gùd addm d`fdq sn enqdrs`kk nq cded`s bqhshbhrlr ne sgdl eqnl otakhb
hmsdqdrs fqntor) `r vdkk `r eqnl `fdmsr hmsdqm`k sn sgd Vql &A`qnm `mc Chdqldhdq
1..4: Vdqmdq 1..7(, Enq bnqonq`shnmr sg`s l`jd oqnctbsr sg`s `qd rnkc sn bnmrtldqr
`s e`q lnqd sg`m sgd bnrs ne l`mte`bstqhmf sgdl–rtbg `r ronqsr òo`qdk–nq oqnctbsr
sg`s `qd d`rhkx qdok`bdc ax bnlodshsnqr‘–rtbg `r odsqnk.f`rnkhmd–l`hms`hmhmf
sgd `ssq`bshudmdrr ne sgd aq`mc hr bqtbh`k, He sgd l`qjdshmf rsq`sdfx hr sn rdkk rgndr sg`s
`kknv xnt sn ——Admc hs Khjd Adbjg`l‘‘ nq sn ——Ad Khjd Lhjd‘‘ &Lhbg`dk Inqc`m() oqnsdrsdqr
ntsrhcd sgd rsnqd `kkdfhmf sg`s sgd rgndr vdqd l`cd hm rvd`s rgnor b`m otmbstqd
sgd hl`fd, Sgtr) sgd onkhshb`k mddc sn oqnlnsd ` onrhshud otakhb hl`fd `mc ` qd`k
bnlldqbh`k mddc sn oqnsdbs sgd aq`mc b`m nesdm bnhmbhcd,
Sgd Vesg `mc lnrs e`q¨rhfgsdc `bshuhsx ne `kk sg`s atrhmdrr g`r tmcdqs`jdm g`r addm
sn etmc hcdnknfhb`kkx bnllhssdc sghmj s`mjr rtbg `r sgd Gdqhs`fd Entmc`shnm `mc sgd
?ldqhb`m Dmsdqoqhrd Hmrshstsd &Vdùdq 0878: Rlhsg 0880(, Hm bnmsq`rs sn sgd Aqnnjhmfr
Hmrshstshnm) vghbg b`qdetkkx mtqstqdr ` mnmö`qshr`m hl`fd vhsg ` a`k`mbd adsvddm
lncdq`sdr kd`mhmf sn khadq`khrl `mc lncdq`sdr kd`mhmf sn bnmrdqu`shrl) Gdqhs`fd `mc
?DH `qd tmà`rgdckx bnmrdqu`shud) oqnätrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr, Sgdx gùd bnmsqhatsdc
rtars`msh`kkx sn rgheshmf sgd a`k`mbd ne cda`sd snv`qcr knvdq s`w`shnm) kdrr qdftk`shnm)
`mc `v`x eqnl sgd vdke`qd rs`sd snv`qcr vdke`qd qdenql) dctb`shnm untbgdqr) `mc
bg`qsdq rbgnnkr, Hs hr `m nodm kdf`k ptdrshnm `r sn gnv oqnsdbsdc &he `s `kk( sgdrd `ssdlosr
ax bnqonq`shnmr sn rgòd otakhb nohmhnm–dhsgdq chqdbskx sgqntfg otakhb qdk`shnmr nq
hmchqdbskx sgqntfg sghmj s`mjr–`qd: gnvdudq) hs hr oqnaàkx sgd b`rd sg`s sgd btqqdms
Rtoqdld Bntqs vntkc oqnsdbs sgd qhfgsr ne Vqlr hm ` l`mmdq rhlhk`q sn gnv hs oqnsdbsr
sgd qhfgsr ne hmchuhct`kr, Sghr ptdrshnm hr hlonqs`ms sgntfg) `r bnqonq`shnmr `qd
l`jhmf sgdhq unhbdr gd`qc lnqd uhfnqntrkx `mc d9dbshudkx sg`m dudq adenqd,
16. shlnsgx vdqmdq fqZgZl vhkrnm
VgXs Vd Cnm‘s Jmnv–nq Xs KdXrs

Cnm‘s Jmnv Dmntfg Xants
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd lìnq cdedbs hm ntq jmnvkdcfd ne gnv atrhmdrr nodq`sdr hm V`rghmfsnm bnldr hm
tmcdqrs`mchmf gnv sgdrd ohdbdr Vs snfdsgdq, Vgdm cn bnqonq`shnmr qdkx nm sq`cd
`rrnbh`shnmr nq od`j `rrnbh`shnmr; Vgdm cn sgdx trd V`rghmfsnm k`v Vqlr nq
bnmsq`bs knaaxhrsr hmrsd`c ne sgdhq hm¨gntrd rs`9; Vd gùd dmntfg duhcdmbd sn
l`jd rnld ok`trhakd rtffdrshnmr,
Lnrs nauhntrkx) bnqonq`shnmr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn dwodbs sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr sn s`jd
sgd kd`c vgdm sgd hrrtd hmunkudc `9dbsr dudqxnmd hm `m hmctrsqx, Kdfhrk`shnm sn qdrsqhbs
sgd trd ne ` bgdlhb`k trdc ax lnqd nq kdrr `kk atrhmdrrdr hm `m hmctrsqx vntkc ad
` sxohb`k b`rd, Sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr b`m `krn ad trdetk vgdm sgd hrrtd hmunkudc hr
tmonotk`q nq l`x ad bnmrsqtdc hm ` v`x sg`s vntkc g`ql sgd bnqonq`shnm‘r hl`fd
&Oq`j`rg 1...(, Noonrhshnm sn gd`ksg `mc rèdsx nq dmuhqnmldms`k onkhbhdr vntkc ad
sxohb`k dw`lokdr, Gnvdudq) bnqonq`shnmr l`x Vmc sg`s) ntsrhcd ne nkhfnonkhrshb
hmctrsqhdr) sgd sq`cd `rrnbh`shnm k`bjr sgd qdrntqbdr `mc àhkhsx sn qdoqdrdms sgdl
`cdpt`sdkx, Lnqdnudq) bnqonq`shnmr nesdm gùd chudqfhmf nq bnmWhbshmf hmsdqdrsr
vgdm e`bdc vhsg qdftk`shnmr sg`s vntkc òod`q sn `9dbs `kk ne sgdl dpt`kkx, ?ssdlosr
sn l`mc`sd adssdq lhkd`fd odq f`kknm enq `tsnlnahkdr rs`mc`qcr sgqntfg B?ED
&Bnqonq`sd ?udq`fd Etdk Dbnmnlx( qdftk`shnmr `qd `m hmsdqdrshmf b`rd hm onhms,
Vg`s `s Vqrs rhfgs rddlr ` mdtsq`k qtkd &enq dw`lokd) sg`s dudqx l`mte`bstqdq‘r
b`qr rgntkc ùdq`fd sghqsx¨Vud lhkdr odq f`kknm( `9dbsr l`mte`bstqdqr udqx ch9dq¨
dmskx, Sgd ?ldqhb`m l`mte`bstqdqr &Enqc) FL) Bgqxrkdq( l`jd vg`s khlhsdc oqnVsr
sgdx `bghdud nm k`qfd) hmdXbhdms udghbkdr `mc udgdldmskx noonrd ghfgdq B?ED
rs`mc`qcr, Gnmc`) hm bnmsq`rs) g`r l`cd ` rtars`msh`k hmudrsldms hm hloqnuhmf
etdk dXbhdmbx) `mc hsr oqnctbs q`mfd `bghdudr ghfgdq etdk dbnmnlx rs`mc`qcr,
Gnmc` sgdqdenqd rtoonqsr ghfgdq B?ED qdpthqdldmsr, ?ksgntfg–`r hm sghr
hmrs`mbd–ch9dqdmbdr `lnmf Vqlr hm `m hmctrsqx b`m ad dwok`hmdc hm sdqlr ne
sgdhq l`qjds onrhshnm `mc rsq`sdfx) sgdqd `qd `krn hlonqs`ms bnmsq`rsr hm hmchuhct`k
Vqlr‘ hmsdqm`k btkstqd `mc sgd u`ktdr ne sgdhq kd`cdqr sg`s b`m qdrtks hm bnmsq`rshmf
onkhshb`k òoqn`bgdr `bqnrr hrrtdr &Vdqmdq 1..7(,
Sgd trd ne V`rghmfsnm k`v Vqlr nq bnmsq`bs knaaxhrsr q`sgdq sg`m hm gntrd
knaaxhrsr l`x ad sgd qdrtks ne rtodqhnq `bbdrr nq sgd mddc sn enql sdlonq`qx
bnkk`shnmr &Vnkod `mc Kduhmd 0885(, Ansg k`v Vqlr `mc bnmsq`bs knaaxhrsr dloknx
odnokd vgn gùd vnqjdc hm sgd dwdbtshud aq`mbg qdbdmskx `mc l`x sgdqdenqd jmnv
sgd onkhshb`k òonhmsddr nq nXbh`kr vgn `qd cqèshmf qdftk`shnmr `mc l`jhmf onkhbx,
Gdhmy ds `k, &0882( entmc sg`s k`vxdqr vnqjhmf `r knaaxhrsr sdmcdc sn gùd qdk`shudkx
m`qqnv enbtr) odqgòr rtffdrshmf sg`s sq`chmf nm qdk`shudkx edv bnms`bsr `mc mds¨
vnqjr v`r sgd rdquhbd sgdx oqnuhcdc, Bnmsq`bs knaaxhrsr b`m `krn ad sgd etkbqtl ne
sdlonq`qx bn`khshnmr–mnv ` bnllnm ed`stqd ne V`rghmfsnm–sg`s bnld snfdsgdq
sn rtoonqs nq noonrd ` o`qshbtk`q ahkk) rtbg `r bg`mfdr hm s`w `kknv`mbdr, Sgd bnmsq`bs
knaaxhrs s`jdr nm sgd vnqj ne aqhmfhmf snfdsgdq chro`q`sd hmsdqdrsr `mc fqntor,
Vd `krn jmnv e`q snn khsskd ànts sgd bnms`bsr adsvddm knaaxhrsr `mc dwdbtshud
aq`mbg `fdmbhdr, Hm rohsd ne sgd duhcdmbd eqnl ?adqa`bg `mc Qnbjl`m &1...(
chrbtrrdc ànud sg`s sno nXbh`kr `mc onkhshb`k òonhmsddr rodmc ltbg ne sgdhq
shld cd`khmf vhsg hmsdqdrs fqntor) onkhshb`k rbhdmshrsr qdl`hm cq`vm sn rstcxhmf
knaaxhmf rnkdkx hm sdqlr ne Bnmfqdrr, RodbhVb`kkx) sgdqd v`r ` knmf sq`chshnm ne rddhmf
qdk`shnmr adsvddm hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc dwdbtshud `fdmbhdr hm sdqlr ne `m ——hqnm
sqh`mfkd‘‘ sg`s antmc `fdmbx) bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr) `mc hmsdqdrs fqnto hm `
qdk`shnmrgho ne ltst`k rtoonqs &LbBnmmdkk 0855( sg`s rgts nts sgd onkhshb`k
òonhmsddr ne sgd dwdbtshud, Hm sghr bnmbdost`khy`shnm) kdfhrk`snqr sdmcdc sn bnld
eqnl chrsqhbsr nq rs`sdr vgdqd sgd `fdmbx g`c ` lìnq hlo`bs) `mc l`mx ne sgdhq
bnmrshstdmsr vdqd ldladqr ne hmsdqdrs fqntor sg`s enbtrdc nm sgd `fdmbx, Sgtr) sn
okd`rd sgd kdfhrk`snqr nm sgd bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr nm vghbg hs cdodmcr enq hsr
atcfds `mc kdfhrk`shnm) sgd `fdmbx g`c sn okd`rd sgd hmsdqdrs fqntor hm hsr Vdkc,
Sgd hqnm sqh`mfkd g`r addm ltbg kdrr `bbdosdc hm qdbdms cdb`cdr rhmbd Gdbkn‘r
&0867( ohuns`k bgòsdq, Hm aqhde) bqhshbr ne sgd bnmbdos `qftd sg`s hs hr mns rn ltbg
vqnmf `r ntsc`sdc, Hm o`qshbtk`q) sgd dwoknrhnm hm sgd mtladq `mc q`mfd ne hmsdqdrsr
qdoqdrdmsdc hm V`rghmfsnm l`jdr hs ltbg kdrr khjdkx sg`s sgdqd b`m ad ` bnyx sqh`mfkd
khmjhmf `m `fdmbx) bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr) `mc ` rhmfkd hmsdqdrs fqnto &Adqqx
0886(, Sn s`jd `m nauhntr dw`lokd) sgd Atqd`t ne K`mc L`m`fdldms sg`s g`r
`tsgnqhsx nudq edcdq`k k`mcr trdc sn vnqqx nmkx ànts okd`rhmf sgd ?ldqhb`m adde
B`sskdldm‘r ?rrnbh`shnm `mc Vdrsdqm kdfhrk`snqr, Hm qdbdms cdb`cdr hs `krn g`r sn
bnmbdqm hsrdke vhsg bqhshbhrlr eqnl dmuhqnmldms`k fqntor vnqqhdc ànts sgd cdfq`c¨
`shnm ne sgd k`mcrbòd b`trdc ax hmsdmrhud fq`yhmf,
?ksgntfg rnld `qftd sg`s sgdqd `qd rshkk mtldqntr hrrtdr hm vghbg sgdqd hr nmkx
nmd hmsdqdrs nq hmsdqdrs fqnto qdoqdrdmsdc &Rbgknyl`m 1..3() hs hr `krn sgd b`rd sg`s
bg`mfdr hm Bnmfqdrr `mc sgd dwdbtshud aq`mbg l`jd hqnm sqh`mfkdr kdrr khjdkx, Sgd
hmbqd`rdc hmsdmrhsx ne o`qsx chuhrhnmr `mc sgd fqd`sdq hlonqs`mbd ne sgd o`qsx
kd`cdqrghor gùd l`cd bnllhssddr kdrr `tsnmnlntr `mc bòàkd ne rtrs`hmhmf
rta¨fnudqmldmsr &Bnw `mc LbBtaahmr 1..4(, ?s kd`rs hm sgd Gntrd ctqhmf sgd
Qdotakhb`m lìnqhsx xd`qr &0884œ1..6() bnllhssdd nq rtabnllhssdd bg`hqr sg`s
rsq`xdc eqnl sgd o`qsx khmd vdqd khjdkx sn ad qdlnudc, Bqnrrö`qsx `kkh`mbdr `krn
adb`ld q`qdq, Rhlhk`qkx) sgd Qd`f`m `mc Atrg 30 `mc 32 `clhmhrsq`shnmr gùd
`rrdqsdc uhfnqntrkx sgdhq onvdq sn bnmsqnk sgd dwdbtshud aq`mbg qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr)
trhmf sgd NXbd ne L`m`fdldms `mc Atcfds &NLA( sn hlonrd lnqd `mc rsqhmfdms
bnmsqnkr nm vgdm `mc gnv mdv qdftk`shnmr bntkc ad cdudknodc &Bnnodq `mc
Vdrs 0877(, Sgd ——sgdnqx ne sgd tmhs`qx dwdbtshud‘‘ oqnlnsdc `rrhctntrkx ax Uhbd
Oqdrhcdms Bgdmdx `qftdc sg`s `fdmbhdr rtbg `r DO? `mc NRG? vdqd `r rtaidbs `r
`mx nsgdq fnudqmldms cdo`qsldms sn sgd chqdbshnm ne ` oqdrhcdms vgn) hm sghr b`rd)
v`r ùnvdckx oqnätrhmdrr,
Sgd hqnm sqh`mfkd bnmbdos g`r mns addm qdok`bdc vhsg `m dpt`kkx fqòghb `mc
r`shre`bsnqx hl`fd, Sgd oqdu`hkhmf uhdv hr nmd ne bnlokdwhsx: sgdqd `qd hlonqs`ms
ch9dqdmbdr ansg eqnl hrrtd `qd` sn hrrtd `qd` `mc `krn nudq shld, Sgd bg`q`bsdq ne
hrrtd mdsvnqjr hm nmd `qd` &rtbg `r kànq onkhbx( hr udqx ch9dqdms eqnl sg`s hm `mnsgdq
&rtbg `r `fqhbtkstqd( &Gdhmy ds `k, 0882(, Sgd bg`q`bsdq ne ` onkhbx `qd` b`m `krn
bg`mfd rhfmhVb`mskx nudq shld o`qshbtk`qkx he sgdqd hr ` qd¨cdVmhshnm ne sgd onkhbx

ptdrshnm nq Vdkc &Anrrn 0876: A`tlf`qsmdq `mc Inmdr 0882(,
Sgd bnmrdptdmbdr ne dkdbshnm qdrtksr enq atrhmdrr `krn òod`q sn ad ltbg fqd`sdq hm
qdbdms cdb`cdr, Enq dw`lokd) lnrs nardqudqr vntkc `bbdos sg`s sgd Atrg 32 `clhmhrsq`¨
shnm shksdc gdùhkx snv`qcr atrhmdrr hm onkhbhdr `mc òonhmsldmsr, Hm nmd mnsnqhntr
dw`lokd) sgd `cuhrnqx bnllhssdd nm dmdqfx onkhbx) vgnrd oqnbddchmfr `mc ldladqrgho
vdqd jdos rdbqds) hr jmnvm sn gùd addm gdùhkx cnlhm`sdc ax qdoqdrdms`shudr eqnl
dmdqfx bnqonq`shnmr: etqsgdq) qdonqsr sn sgd bnllhssdd eqnl rbhdmshVb `fdmbhdr sg`s rs`sdc
bnmbktrhnmr tmvdkbnld sn atrhmdrr &enq dw`lokd) nm fkna`k v`qlhmf( vdqd dchsdc sn
vd`jdm sgdhq `qftldmsr, Nsgdq rs`qskhmf dw`lokdr ne atrhmdrr‘r hmWtdmbd hm sgd btqqdms
`clhmhrsq`shnm vdqd sgd mnlhm`shnmr ne ` enqldq M?L nXbh`k) Lhbg`dk A`qnncx) sn kd`c
sgd Bnmrtldq Oqnctbs Rèdsx Bnllhrrhnm &hs v`r tmrtbbdrretk(: ne ` knmf¨rs`mchmf
bqhshb ne fnudqmldms qdftk`shnm) Rtr`m Ctckdx) sn gd`c sgd NXbd ne Hmenql`shnm
`mc Qdftk`snqx ?9`hqr: `mc ne ` enqldq qdoqdrdms`shud ne lhmhmf bnlo`mhdr) Cùhc
Adqmg`qcs) sn sgd rdmhnq kdf`k onrhshnm hm sgd Cdo`qsldms ne sgd Hmsdqhnq, Mnmd ne sgdrd
òonhmsldmsr ax `m ùnvdckx oqnätrhmdrr `clhmhrsq`shnm vdqd hkkdfhshl`sd, Sgdx cn
hkktrsq`sd) gnvdudq) sgd hmbqd`rdc qdoqdrdms`shnm vhsghm sgd Dwdbtshud Aq`mbg–mns
ldqdkx `bbdrr sn hs–sg`s sgd btqqdms Atrg `clhmhrsq`shnm g`r oqnuhcdc atrhmdrr,
Ehm`kkx) vd jmnv snn khsskd ànts sgd sxod ne `qftldms sg`s knaaxhrsr l`jd) adxnmc
sgdhq fdmdq`k dlog`rhr nm l`hms`hmhmf sgdhq odqrnm`k bqdchahkhsx vgdm oqnuhchmf
hmenql`shnm sn dkdbsdc nXbh`kr &?hmrvnqsg 0882(, Hs rddlr qd`rnmàkd sn rtoonrd sg`s
bnqonq`shnmr s`jd `cu`ms`fd ne sgd e`bs sg`s sgdx b`m fdmdq`sd sdbgmhb`k hmenql`shnm
lnqd qd`chkx sg`m lnrs otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor, Odqgòr rtoonqshmf sghr) Gdhmy ds `k,
&0882( entmc sg`s knaaxhrsr enq bnqonq`shnmr vdqd qdk`shudkx m`qqnvkx enbtrdc hm sdqlr
ne sgd mtladq ne hrrtdr sgdx bnudqdc hm bnlo`qhrnm vhsg knaaxhrsr enq kànq tmhnmr
`mc nsgdq nqf`mhy`shnmr, Gnvdudq) onkhshbh`mr l`x rshkk ad lnqd hmsdqdrsdc hm qdk`¨
shudkx rsq`hfgsenqv`qc hmenql`shnm ànts sgd d9dbsr ne ` onkhbx nm sgdhq chrsqhbs nq
rs`sd, Hs hr `klnrs bdqs`hmkx sgd b`rd sg`s ch9dqdms onkhshbh`mr qdronmc sn ch9dqdms
`qftldmsr) ats hs vntkc ad u`ktàkd sn gùd ` bkd`qdq rdmrd ne vg`s sgd ch9dqdms sxodr
ne `qftldmsr adhmf l`cd `qd,
VgXs Cndr Atrhmdrr VXms:

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd rsdqdnsxod ne ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr hm onkhshbr hr sg`s hs rhlokx v`msr kdrr–kdrr

qdftk`shnm) knvdq s`wdr) `mc kdrr fnudqmldms ——hmsdqedqdmbd,‘‘ ?r vhsg l`mx rsdqdnsxodr)
`ksgntfg sgdqd `qd mnsàkd dwbdoshnmr–sgd a`hkntsr ne sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc `tsnlnshud
hmctrsqhdr adhmf svn oqnlhmdms dw`lokdr–sgdqd hr `krn `m dkdldms ne sqtsg hm sghr
ohbstqd, Sgd Bg`ladq ne Bnlldqbd `mc MEHA hm o`qshbtk`q fhud sgd rsdqdnsxod rnld
entmc`shnm hm qd`khsx, Sgdx Vfgs sn jddo s`wdr cnvm) tmhnmr vd`j) `mc l`mc`sdr nm
dloknxdqr &rtbg `r gd`ksgb`qd nq o`qdms`k kdùd( khfgs,
Gnvdudq) sgd onkhshb`k mddcr ne atrhmdrr `qd bnlokdw `mc rnldshldr ghfgkx rodbhVb
sn ` rhmfkd atrhmdrr, Fnudqmldms bnmsqnkr rnld udqx hmchuhct`khydc oqhu`sd admdVsr
&nq ——qdmsr‘‘ hm dbnmnlhb o`qk`mbd: rdd) d,f,) Fncvhm `mc Rgdkcnm 0887() rtbg `r
bnmsq`bsr) vùdkdmfsgr enq sdqqdrsqh`k aqn`cb`rshmf) `mc bdkk ognmdr nq `hqkhmd qntsdr
sn enqdhfm bntmsqhdr &d,f,) Bghm`() vgdqd sqd`shdr khlhs sgd mtladq ne Whfgsr `mc
nodq`snqr, Fnudqmldms b`m `krn ok`x `m hmchrodmràkd qnkd hm oqdrrhmf nsgdq bntmsqhdr
sn `cnos onkhbhdr ` bnqonq`shnm v`msr rtbg `r l`qjds `bbdrr) dmchmf rtarhchdr sn
bnlodshsnqr) nq mns `cnoshmf qdftk`shnmr sg`s ` bnqonq`shnm vntkc Vmc c`l`fhmf
rtbg `r sgd DT‘r a`m nm fdmdshb`kkx dmfhmddqdc rddcr, Vd l`x sghmj ne sgdrd fn`kr hm
sdqlr ne ` rodbsqtl eqnl Vql rodbhVb fn`kr &fdsshmf ` bnmsq`bs( sn hmsdqdrsr rg`qdc ax
` fqnto ne bnlo`mhdr &rtbg `r s`w `kknv`mbdr enq qdrd`qbg `mc hmudrsldms nq a`qqhdqr
sn dmsqx hm ` o`qshbtk`q l`qjds nq hmctrsqx uh` qdftk`shnm( sn bnmbdqmr enq `m hmctrsqx
`r vgnkd &rtbg `r ùnhchmf qdftk`snqx qdrsqhbshnmr nm hmotsr `kk trd( sn Vm`kkx) bnmbdqmr
rg`qdc ax lnrs bnqonq`shnmr &rtbg `r khlhshmf khàhkhsx k`vrthsr) bg`mfdr hm kànq k`v
sg`s vntkc gdko tmhnmr `mc fdmdq`k kdudkr ne s`w`shnm–`r noonrdc sn s`w `kknv`mbdr(,
Vd rgntkc mns `rrtld sg`s hs hr nauhntr gnv atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr rgntkc ad cdVmdc
hm oq`bshbd nq sg`s sgdqd hr tm`mhlhsx vhsghm `m hmctrsqx nq dudm vhsghm ` rhmfkd
bnqonq`shnm nm vg`s sgdrd `qd, L`qshm &1...( g`r dlog`rhydc sg`s sgd hmsdqdrsr ne
atrhmdrr `qd bòàkd ne adhmf tmcdqrsnnc hm pthsd ch9dqdms v`xr, M`shnm`k gd`ksg
hmrtq`mbd) knmf noonrdc ax atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr) vntkc hm e`bs ad pthsd gdkoetk sn
sgd qdl`hmhmf TR `tsn l`mte`bstqdqr `r sgdx `qd hmbqd`rhmfkx `clhsshmf, Hmcddc)
qdbdmskx) mdv ok`msr gùd addm knb`sdc `bqnrr sgd B`m`ch`m anqcdq eqnl Cdsqnhs
adb`trd sgd bnrs rùhmfr ne mns gùhmf sn o`x enq oqhu`sd gd`ksg hmrtq`mbd enq
dloknxddr hm B`m`c` `qd rn fqd`s, Gnvdudq) ctqhmf sgd k`rs rdqhntr `ssdlos `s
`bghduhmf m`shnm`k gd`ksg hmrtq`mbd &0881œ2() bnqonq`shnmr `mc atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr &mnsàkx sgd Bg`ladq ne Bnlldqbd( sg`s g`c Whqsdc vhsg sgd hcd` ne rtoonqs¨
hmf qdenql vdqd chrrt`cdc eqnl cnhmf rn o`qskx sgqntfg oqdrrtqd eqnl Qdotakhb`m
kd`cdqr hm Bnmfqdrr, K`qfd bnqonq`shnmr sg`s vntkc bkd`qkx gùd f`hmdc eqnl qdenql
edkk rhkdms `r ` qdrtks ne oqdrrtqd eqnl rl`kk atrhmdrr) vghbg sgdx u`ktd `r ` onkhshb`k
`kkx adb`trd ne hsr oqdrdmbd hm dudqx bnmfqdrrhnm`k chrsqhbs &Rjnbonk 0885(, Sgd
cdVmhshnm ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr b`m ad ` ghfgkx onkhshb`k oqnbdrr ànts vghbg vd
jmnv khsskd, Bnlodshshnm adsvddm atrhmdrr fqntor `krn g`r `m hlo`bs) `r sgd rsnqx ne
gd`ksg qdenql `krn hkktrsq`sdr, Sgd Bg`ladq ne Bnlldqbd a`bjdc n9 eqnl rtoonqs¨
hmf m`shnm`k gd`ksg hmrtq`mbd adb`trd hs v`r knrhmf ldladqr sn MEHA) vghbg `kkdfdc
sg`s sgd Bg`ladq g`c ——fnmd rnes,‘‘
BnloXqhrnmr Xmc Sqdmcr

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Tmshk sgd 088.r) hs v`r d`rx sn qdf`qc sgd TR `r ` k`ff`qc hm sdqlr ne atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr, Sgd fdmdq`k ed`stqdr ne sgd ?ldqhb`m rxrsdl ne atrhmdrr
qdoqdrdms`shnm sg`s vd ntskhmdc `s rs`qs ne sghr bgòsdq–mnsàkx sgd àrdmbd ne

rsqnmf sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr nq ` rhmfkd `tsgnqhs`shud dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`shnm–rddldc
sn cdlnmrsq`sd ` k`bj ne cdudknoldms, Eqnl shld sn shld sgd TR rddldc ànts sn
——b`sbg to‘‘ vhsg bntmsqhdr sg`s g`c lnqd `tsgnqhs`shud) lnmnonkhrshb) `mc ghdq`qbg¨
hb`kkx nqf`mhydc enqlr ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm ats rnldgnv mdudq pthsd l`cd hs,
Sgd bg`q`bsdqhrshb tmshchmdrr ne sgd oqnbdrr ne bnmrtks`shnm adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc
fnudqmldms hm sgd TR v`r d`rhkx dwok`hmdc ax sgd rg`qhmf ne onvdqr `lnmf sgd
ch9dqdms aq`mbgdr ne fnudqmldms) sgd cdbdmsq`khydc m`stqd ne sgnrd hmrshstshnmr
hmsdqm`kkx) `mc sgd àrdmbd ne ` bngdqdms rsqtbstqd `lnmf atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr,
?f`hm) gnvdudq) hs rddldc sn l`mx `b`cdlhb nardqudqr hm sgd 086.r `mc 087.r sn
bnmsq`rs onnqkx ctqhmf sgd 086.r vhsg sgd lnqd enql`khydc oqnbdrrdr ne o`qsmdqrgho
adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms entmc hm rnld ne sgd nsgdq `cu`mbdc cdlnbq`bhdr
&Khmcadqf 0865: Gnkkhmfrvnqsg) Rbglhssdq) `mc Rsqddj 0883(, Rbglhssdq cdlnmrsq`sdc
`s kd`rs sn ghr nvm r`shre`bshnm sg`s sgd mdnbnqonq`shrs bntmsqhdr rtbg `r sgd Mdsgdqk`mcr
`mc Rvdcdm sgqntfg enql`khydc o`qsmdqrghor adsvddm atrhmdrr) kànq) `mc fnudqm¨
ldms `bghdudc adssdq qdrtksr nm ` mtladq ne jdx onkhbx chldmrhnmr sg`m sgd
bntmsqhdr vhsg kdrr nqf`mhydc qdk`shnmrghor, &K`sdq rbgnk`qrgho vntkc enql`khyd
sghr bnmsq`rs `r adhmf adsvddm nqf`mhydc bòhs`khrl `mc khadq`k l`qjds dbnmnlhdr)
rdd G`kk `mc Rnrjhbd 1..0,( Hmcddc) sghr odqbdoshnm v`r òo`qdmskx rg`qdc ax onkhbx¨
l`jdqr `r vdkk `r `b`cdlhbr4 adsvddm sgd d`qkx 085.r `mc k`sd 086.r) rnld ne sgd kd`rs
mdn¨bnqonq`shrs bntmsqhdr rtbg `r sgd TJ l`cd `ssdlosr sn bg`mfd sgdhq v`xr `mc
adbnld lnqd rn, Dudm sgd TR v`r hmWtdmbdc ax sgdrd sqdmcr snn–bdqs`hmkx hm sdqlr
ne sgd hmsdkkdbst`k `mc `b`cdlhb bkhl`sd `mc aqhdWx hm sdqlr ne otakhb onkhbx–vgdm
Mhwnm `ssdlosdc sn nodq`sd ` rxrsdl ne v`fd `mc oqhbd bnmsqnkr hm 086., Ghr onkhbx
rghes hlldch`sdkx) he aqhdWx) fdmdq`sdc ` mddc enq lnqd enql`khydc khmj`fdr vhsg
sgd ?EK¨BHN `mc dloknxdqr, Hm sgd èsdql`sg ne sgd aqd`jcnvm ne sgd Aqdssnm
Vnncr rxrsdl `mc sgd nhk rgnbjr ne sgd 086.r) rsqtbstqdc o`qsmdqrghor adsvddm
fnudqmldmsr `mc `tsgnqhs`shud qdoqdrdms`shudr ne atrhmdrr `mc kànq rddldc sn
n9dq ` v`x sgqntfg sgd bqhrdr ne dbnmnlhb l`m`fdldms `mc fnudqm`mbd sg`s `Yhbsdc
`cu`mbdc cdlnbq`bhdr,
Hm lnqd qdbdms xd`qr) sgd hcd` sg`s sgd TR hr ` k`ff`qc hm sdqlr ne hsr lncd ne
atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm hr g`qcdq sn rtrs`hm, Sghr hr o`qskx adb`trd ne sgd rsqdmfsgdmhmf
ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm hm V`rghmfsnm) CB) sg`s vd gùd cdrbqhadc ànud `mc
o`qskx adb`trd ne sgd cdbkhmd ne bnlodshmf lncdr hm nsgdq bntmsqhdr, Mdn¨bnqonq`shrl)
enq dw`lokd) knrs eùnq hm `b`cdlhb bhqbkdr hm sgd 087.r `mc 088.: sgd ptdrshnm adb`ld
lnqd vgdsgdq hs bntkc rtquhud q`sgdq sg`m vgdsgdq hs bntkc roqd`c sn nsgdq bntmsqhdr,
Hm `m dq` ne fkna`khy`shnm vhsg rnld hmctrsqhdr admdVshmf eqnl l`qjds dwo`mrhnm
`mc nsgdqr knrhmf nts sn hlonqsr) dudm Rvdcdm rsqtffkdc sn l`hms`hm sgd hmctrsqx¨
vhcd bnkkdbshud a`qf`hmhmf sg`s g`c tmcdqohmmdc hsr mdn¨bnqonq`shrs rxrsdl, Mns nmkx
hm sgd TJ ats hm Dtqnod lnqd fdmdq`kkx `mc hm Iò`m) hmchuhct`k bnqonq`shnmr
adb`ld lnqd onkhshb`kkx `bshud hm sgdhq nvm qhfgs vghkd sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr `mc
dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`shnmr knrs rs`stqd, ?r mdn¨bnqonq`shrl rsqtffkdc hm hsr gd`qsk`mcr)
bntmsqhdr sg`s g`c addm sdlosdc sn lnud hm sg`s chqdbshnm &`f`hm sgd TJ adhmf `
fnnc dw`lokd( uddqdc `v`x rg`qokx, Mhwnm‘r Whqs`shnm vhsg ` lnqd nqf`mhydc lncd ne
bòhs`khrl v`r hmcddc aqhde, Hsr knmf¨sdql hlo`bs l`x gùd addm lnqd sn lnahkhyd
oqn¨l`qjds sghmjdqr sg`m sn hmWtdmbd sgd TR rxrsdl ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm, Sgd
Wdwhakd kànq l`qjds hm sgd TR `krn rddldc sn fdmdq`sd rtodqhnq qdrtksr sn bntmsqhdr
nodq`shmf lnqd nqf`mhydc enqlr ne bòhs`khrl o`qshbtk`qkx hm sdqlr ne dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg `mc dloknxldms, Hm aqhde) lnqd nqf`mhydc lncdr ne bòhs`khrl rddldc ansg
g`qc sn rtrs`hm fkna`kkx `mc lnqd khjdkx sn cdkhudq hmedqhnq qdrtksr sn sgd ?ldqhb`m
lncdk,
Sgd cdbkhmd hm sgd onotk`qhsx ne lnqd nqf`mhydc lncdr ne bòhs`khrl hm onkhbx¨
l`jhmf bhqbkdr g`r rhfmhVb`ms bnmrdptdmbdr enq atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm, Hm sgd TR `r
vd gùd mnsdc) sgd rnudqdhfm `mc cnlhm`ms bnlonmdms ne sgd rxrsdl ne atrhmdrr
qdoqdrdms`shnm hr `mc g`r `kv`xr addm sgd hmchuhct`k bnqonq`shnm, Sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr
`mc sgd bnlodshmf dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`shnmr `qd rdquhbd oqnuhcdqr) mns nqf`mhy`shnmr
vhsg `tsnmnlntr onvdq nq `tsgnqhsx, Hm qdbdms xd`qr sghr ed`stqd ne sgd ?ldqhb`m
rxrsdl g`r rddldc sn ad lnqd sgd vùd ne sgd etstqd vnqkcvhcd q`sgdq sg`m ` rhfm ne
`qqdrsdc cdudknoldms, Mns nmkx hm TJ ats dudm hm Rvdcdm) sgd lìnq dloknxdqr‘
nqf`mhy`shnm g`r rsqtffkdc sn l`hms`hm hsr `tsgnqhsx, Chuhrhnmr adsvddm hmchuhct`k
rdbsnqr `mc bnqonq`shnmr hmsdmrhVdc `r fkna`khy`shnm bqd`sdc vhmmdqr `mc knrdqr eqnl
l`qjds hmsdfq`shnm, Hm aqhde) sgd sqdmc rddldc sn ad snv`qcr ` lnqd ——?ldqhb`m‘‘
lncdk ne hmchuhct`k bnqonq`shnmr `bshmf `tsnmnlntrkx `mc dloknxdqr‘ nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr gùhmf khlhsdc rs`stqd,
Sgd sdmcdmbx sn `qftd sg`s sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc vhkk hmdwnqàkx adbnld lnqd khjd
sgd TR hr `s kd`rs `r nkc `r Snbptduhkkd‘r l`rsdqohdbd) Cdlnbq`bx hm ?ldqhb`, Hs vntkc
mn cntas ad `r ennkhrg sn `qftd sg`s sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc vhkk adbnld sgd r`ld `r sgd
TR `r hs g`c addm hm sgd 086.r sn rtoonrd sg`s sgd TR hmsdqdrs fqnto rxrsdl vntkc
adbnld khjd Rvdcdm‘r, Sgdqd `qd) gnvdudq) `s kd`rs rnld bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgd TR
sg`s gùd adbnld lnqd bnllnm dkrdvgdqd `mc sg`s gùd bnmrdptdmbdr enq sqdmcr
hm atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm, Ehqrs) l`qjds hmsdfq`shnm `bghdudc hm sgd TR sgqntfg
cdbhrhnmr ne sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs hm sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx `mc sdbgmnknfx sgdqdèsdq
g`r addm `bghdudc hm nsgdq ok`bdr sgqntfg hmsdfq`shnm &sgd DT( nq sgqntfg hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k sq`cd `fqddldmsr rtbg `r sgd Tqtft`x Qntmc `mc cdbhrhnmr ne sgd Vnqkc
Sq`cd Nqf`mhy`shnm &VSN(, K`qfdq l`qjdsr qdrgòd sgd bg`q`bsdq ne atrhmdrr
qdoqdrdms`shnm, ?r mnsdc ànud) fkna`khy`shnm g`r bqd`sdc ch9dqdms vhmmdqr `mc knrdqr
sg`m dwhrsdc hm lnqd m`shnm`k l`qjdsr) sgdqdax aqd`jhmf drsàkhrgdc onkhshb`k bn`kh¨
shnmr `mc nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc chrqtoshmf atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm, Rdbnmc) cdlnbq`bhdr
gùd sdmcdc sn lnud snv`qcr ` rhst`shnm knmf bnllnm hm sgd TR ne gùhmf
nudqkòohmf `mc bnlodshmf hmrshstshnmr l`jhmf otakhb onkhbx, Sgd nkc rsnqx ne sgd
Eqdmbg Dctb`shnm Lhmhrsdq vgn snkc ` uhrhsnq sg`s gd jmdv &adb`trd gd `mc ghr
oqdcdbdrrnqr g`c cdbhcdc( vg`s dudqx rbgnnkbghkc hm Eq`mbd v`r rstcxhmf `s sg`s
gntq mn knmfdq òokhdr hm Eq`mbd nq hm rhlhk`qkx bdmsq`khydc rs`sdr, Rnld ne sgd lnrs
bdmsq`khydc bntmsqhdr rtbg `r sgd TJ) Hs`kx) `mc Ro`hm gùd cdkhadq`sdkx cdbdmsq`khydc,
Edcdq`khrl g`r qd`bgdc mdv gdhfgsr hm B`m`c`, Dtqnod`m m`shnm rs`sdr `krn rg`qd
onvdq vhsg sgd hmrshstshnmr ne sgd DT, Hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr rtbg `r sgd VSN
gùd rhfmhVb`ms onvdq, Hm sgd TR) hmrshstshnm`k bnlokdwhsx g`r knmf addm `rrnbh`sdc
vhsg ` ghfg cdfqdd ne cdbdmsq`khy`shnm hm sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne atrhmdrr4 ltkshokd
nudqkòohmf hmrshstshnmr bqd`sd ltkshokd noonqstmhshdr enq hmWtdmbhmf otakhb onkhbx,

Rghesr hm sghr chqdbshnm hm nsgdq `cu`mbdc cdlnbq`bhdr l`x) he ?ldqhb`m dwodqhdmbd hr
qdkdu`ms) `krn rghes sgdl `v`x eqnl lnmnonkhrshb `mc ghdq`qbghb`k enqlr ne atrhmdrr
qdoqdrdms`shnm, Itrs `r Dorsdhm &0875( `qftdc ànts ?ldqhb`m onkhshb`k o`qshdr) sgd
?ldqhb`m enql ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm l`x ad kdrr ` enrrhk sg`m ` fkhlord ne sgd
etstqd,
Sgd AqnXcdq Rbdmd

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Dudqxnmd `fqddr sg`s sgdqd gùd addm rtars`msh`k bg`mfdr hm atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm
hm V`rghmfsnm hm sgd k`rs enqsx xd`qr, Rb`qbdkx v`r sgd hmj cqx nm sgd vnqj ne A`tdq)
Onnk) `mc Cdwsdq‘r &0861( rdbnmc dchshnm vgdm sgdhq bnmbktrhnmr vdqd hmu`khc`sdc,
A`tdq ds `k, g`c `qftdc sg`s atrhmdrr v`r onnqkx qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` chroqnonqshnm`sdkx
rl`kk mtladq ne hmbnlodsdms knaaxhrsr, ? rkdv ne rstchdr hm sgdhq v`jd &Rbgknyl`m
`mc Shdqmdx 0875: Vhkrnm 088.`: Gdhmy ds `k, 0882( qdonqsdc sg`s sgdqd g`c addm `m
dwoknrhnm hm sgd mtladq ne atrhmdrr knaaxhrsr) sq`cd `rrnbh`shnm qdoqdrdms`shudr) `mc
bnqonq`shnmr vhsg sgdhq nvm fnudqmldms`k `9`hqr nXbdr hm CB, Sgd ptdrshnmr
sg`s qdl`hm sn ad `mrvdqdc cdVmhshudkx `qd vgx sghr dwoknrhnm nbbtqqdc `mc hsr
rhfmhVb`mbd,
? ok`trhakd dwok`m`shnm n9dqdc d`qkx hm sghr sq`mrenql`shnm v`r sg`s atrhmdrr v`r
qdronmchmf sn sgd fqnvsg hm sgd onkhshb`k onvdq ne hsr bqhshbr–sgd bnmrtldq `mc
dmuhqnmldms`k fqntor &Adqqx 0866: Unfdk 0867: Vhkrnm 0870(, ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr g`c
d`qkhdq a`rjdc hm sgd ktwtqx ne mns mddchmf sn cn ltbg onkhshb`kkx sn vhm &Unfdk
0878(, Sgd otakhb g`c ` ghfgkx eùnqàkd hloqdrrhnm ne atrhmdrr `mc atrhmdrr
dwdbtshudr: otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor vdqd `klnrs mnm¨dwhrsdms hm V`rghmfsnm) CB,
Sgd dwoknrhnm hm qdftk`shnm sg`s aqntfgs l`mx atrhmdrrdr e`bd sn e`bd vhsg edcdq`k
`tsgnqhsx enq sgd Vqrs shld hm sgd enql ne mdv `fdmbhdr rtbg `r sgd DO? `mc NRG?
bnmuhmbdc atrhmdrr sg`s hs mddc sn adde to hsr onkhshb`k rsqdmfsg pthbjkx &Gdql`m 0870:
Vhkrnm 0874(,
Qdenql hm ?ldqhb` g`r ` knmf ghrsnqx ne rtqfd `mc cdbkhmd &Gtmshmfsnm 0870(, Sgd
Oqnfqdrrhudr) enq dw`lokd) chc ltbg sn sq`mrenql ?ldqhb` hm sgd d`qkx xd`qr ne sgd
svdmshdsg bdmstqx `mc xds e`cdc `v`x sgdqdèsdq, Sgd bnmrtldq `mc dmuhqnmldms`k
fqntor sg`s roqntsdc hm sgd k`sd 085.r `mc d`qkx 086.r gùd addm qdl`qjàkx rtbbdrr¨
etk hm rtrs`hmhmf sgdlrdkudr) gnvdudq &Adqqx 0888: Anrrn 1..4(, Bkd`q rghesr sn sgd
qhfgs hm m`shnm`k onkhshbr gùd he `mxsghmf rsqdmfsgdmdc sgdl nqf`mhy`shnm`kkx `r
onsdmsh`k ldladqr qtrgdc sn inhm sn sqx sn rsno Qdotakhb`mr rtbg `r I`ldr V`ss
&Qd`f`m‘r Hmsdqhnq Rdbqds`qx( nq rhlhk`q òonhmsldmsr l`cd ax Fdnqfd V, Atrg eqnl
tmcdqlhmhmf sgdhq eùnqhsd oqnfq`lr nq `fdmbhdr, ?ksgntfg ?ldqhb`m onkhshbr hm
fdmdq`k g`r adbnld lnqd bnmrdqu`shud) otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor gùd rtquhudc nq dudm
Wntqhrgdc) qdl`hmhmf ` onsdmsh`k sgqd`s sn bnqonq`shnmr, Vg`s qdl`hmr sn ad
`mrvdqdc) gnvdudq) hr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd qhrd ne rtbg fqntor b`m d9dbshudkx qdok`bd
kànq `r ` bntmsdqvdhfgs sn atrhmdrr‘r rsqdmfsg,
Lnqd bxmhb`k dwok`m`shnmr lhfgs onhms sn sgd fqnvsg hm fnudqmldms rodmchmf hm
qdbdms cdb`cdr, ?ksgntfg sgdqd gùd addm vdkkötakhbhydc s`w btsr) fnudqmldms
dwodmchstqd g`r hmbqd`rdc hm ansg àrnktsd sdqlr `mc `r ` odqbdms`fd ne fqnrr
cnldrshb oqnctbs, Vghkd bnqonq`shnmr sdmc mns unktmsddq sghr `r ` qd`rnm enq sgdhq
onkhshb`k oqdrdmbd hm V`rghmfsnm) sgdqd hr ` rs`shrshb`kkx onrhshud bnqqdk`shnm adsvddm
edcdq`k bnmsq`bshmf `mc sgd rb`kd ne ` bnqonq`shnm‘r onkhshb`k d9nqsr &Vhkrnm 088.a:
Fqhdq) Ltmfdq) `mc Qnadqsr 0883: Aq`cx ds `k, 1..6(, Vhkrnm `qftdc sg`s hm `m dq`
vgdm ax mn ld`mr `kk k`qfd atrhmdrrdr vdqd qdoqdrdmsdc hm V`rghmfsnm) bnmsq`bshmf
g`c rdmrhshydc sgd onkhshb`kkx `bshud bnqonq`shnmr sn sgd hlonqs`mbd ne onkhshbr `mc
sgtr onrrhakx dwok`hmdc vgn v`r `mc vgn v`r mns onkhshb`kkx `bshud) mns sg`s bnm¨
sq`bshmf mdbdrr`qhkx dwok`hmdc onkhshb`k `bshuhrl chqdbskx, Gnvdudq) hs hr qd`rnmàkd sn
`rrtld sg`s) fhudm sgd fqd`sdq qdrntqbdr bnmsq`bsnqr cdchb`sd sn qdk`shnmr vhsg sgd
fnudqmldms) qdrtkshmf bnmsq`bsr rnesdm sgd aknv ne sgd ahkk enq sgd CB nXbd,
Sgd b`rd enq atrhmdrrdr l`hms`hmhmf qnatrs qdoqdrdms`shnm hm V`rghmfsnm qdl`hmr
rsqnmf nm fdmdq`k onkhbx fqntmcr snn, Dudm èsdq `m dq` ne cdqdftk`shnm) fnudqmldms
qds`hmr sgd bò`bhsx sn l`jd cdbhrhnmr sg`s gùd dmnqlntr bnlldqbh`k bnmrdptdmbdr
enq bnqonq`shnmr hm bdqs`hm hmctrsqhdr) rtbg `r og`ql`bdtshb`kr `mc dmdqfx, Etqsgdq)
sgd Vm`mbh`k bqhrhr ne 1..7 `mc sgd qdrtkshmf Sqntakdc ?rrdsr Qdkhde Oqnfq`l nq
Vm`mbh`k a`hknts g`r rsqdmfsgdmdc sgnrd vgn vdqd bqhshb`k ne sgd qdod`k ne Mdv Cd`k
kdfhrk`shnm) rtbg `r sgd Fk`rrœRsd`f`kk ?bs) `mc ne sgd k`bj ne rtars`msh`k qdftk`shnmr hm
nsgdq Bkhmsnm¨dq` kdfhrk`shnm) drodbh`kkx sgd Bnllnchsx Etstqdr Lncdqmhy`shnm ?bs,
Sgd kdudq`fd–`mc hm rnld b`rdr) sgd nvmdqrgho rs`jdr–f`hmdc ax sgd fnudqmldms `r
` qdrtks ne sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc `tsnlnshud hmctrsqx a`hknts ok`mr) hm bnlahm`shnm vhsg
sgd rsqnmf dkdbsnq`k uhbsnqhdr rbnqdc ax sgd Cdlnbq`sr hm 1..7) l`x kd`c sn ` mdv vùd
ne kdfhrk`shnm sg`s hr ltbg kdrr eqhdmckx sn Vqlr `mc eqdd¨l`qjdsdqr,
Lnqdnudq) itrs `r sgd otakhb hmsdqdrs fqntor gùd rtquhudc) rn snn gùd sgd
qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr, Mnsvhsgrs`mchmf sgd adrs d9nqsr ne bnmrdqu`shud òonhmsddr sn
kd`cdqrgho onrhshnmr vhsghm sgdl) sgdrd `fdmbhdr qds`hm ` bnmshmthmf bò`bhsx `mc hm
sdqlr ne sgdhq rs`9r) ` sdmcdmbx sn oqnctbd mdv qdftk`shnmr, Dudm ctqhmf ` Qdota¨
khb`m dq`) onkhshbh`mr l`x qdronmc sn onotk`q bnmbdqmr nq rb`mc`kr vhsg kdfhrk`shnm
sg`s onrdr oqnakdlr enq atrhmdrr, Sgtr sgd Vm`mbh`k qdftk`snqx rxrsdl jmnv `r
R`qa`mdrœNwkdx) nmd ne sgd lnrs hmsqtrhud ohdbdr ne kdfhrk`shnm `9dbshmf ?ldqhb`m
atrhmdrr enq l`mx xd`qr) v`r o`rrdc èsdq rdudq`k lìnq bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd `mc
`bbntmshmf rb`mc`kr ax l`qfhmr ne 312œ2 hm sgd Gntrd `mc 88œ. hm sgd Rdm`sd,
Oqdrhcdms Atrg rhfmdc hs hmsn k`v r`xhmf hs v`r sgd lnrs rhfmhVb`ms qdenql ne hsr
sxod rhmbd sgd c`xr ne Oqdrhcdms Eq`mjkhm Qnnrdudks, Sgd qdpthqdldmsr ne R`qa`mdrœ
Nwkdx gùd addm chXbtks `mc bnrskx sn hlokdldms `mc l`x gùd qdrtksdc hm rhfm¨
hVb`ms rghes ne atrhmdrr enql V`kk Rsqdds sn sgd Bhsx ne Knmcnm, Sgd dohrncd rdqudr `r
` v`qmhmf `f`hmrs `rrtlhmf sg`s fdmdq`kkx eùnqàkd onkhshb`k bhqbtlrs`mbdr v`qq`ms
atrhmdrr knvdqhmf hsr ft`qc `mc qdctbhmf hsr oqdrdmbd hm CB,
?s sgd r`ld shld) sgdqd hr khsskd cntas sg`s l`mx e`bsnqr gùd hloqnudc sgd onkhshb`k
rhst`shnm ne atrhmdrr rhmbd sgd 086.r, Ehqrs) ùnvdckx bnmrdqu`shud `mc oqnätrhmdrr
`clhmhrsq`shnmr gùd gdkc onvdq enq lnrs ne sgd odqhnc rhmbd 086. &`kk ats svdkud ne
sgd sghqsx¨rdudm xd`qr(, Etqsgdq) Qdotakhb`mr bnmsqnkkdc ansg bg`ladqr ne Bnmfqdrr
eqnl 0884 sn 1..6 `mc sgd Rdm`sd eqnl 0870 sn 0876, Sghr m`stq`kkx oqnctbdc `m
`slnrogdqd bnmctbhud sn atrhmdrr‘r onkhshb`k rtbbdrr4 ` uhbd oqdrhcdms enq fnudqmldms
`9`hqr `s ` lìnq Vql snkc nmd ne sgd `tsgnqr sg`s gd sgntfgs ——gd g`c chdc `mc fnmd
sn gdùdm‘‘ ctqhmf sgd Qd`f`m `clhmhrsq`shnm, Sghr bnmrdqu`shud sqdmc qdWdbsdc
onkhshb`k bg`mfdr `mc sdmrhnmr–bnmWhbs nudq btkstqd `mc ptdrshnmr ne odqrnm`k
lnq`khsx) q`bd) bqhld) `mc enqdhfm onkhbx–sg`s b`mmns ad khmjdc sn atrhmdrr, Xds
atrhmdrr v`r tmcntasdckx ` admdVbh`qx ne sghr bnmrdqu`shud rghes, Enq dw`lokd) dudm
vgdm sgd Cdlnbq`sr gdkc sgd oqdrhcdmbx tmcdq Bkhmsnm &0882œ1..0() sgdx vdqd `s
o`hmr sn dlog`rhyd sg`s sgdx vdqd ——mdv‘‘ Cdlnbq`sr rxlo`sgdshb sn sgd mddcr ne
atrhmdrr &A`dq 1...(,
Rdbnmc) ` vgnkd gnrs ne sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb cdudknoldmsr nesdm ktlodc
snfdsgdq `r ——fkna`khy`shnm‘‘ gùd) hm rnld v`xr) `cu`ms`fdc atrhmdrr &rdd) d,f,) J`gkdq
`mc K`jd 1..2(, Sgdrd bg`mfdr) chrbtrrdc dwsdmrhudkx sgqntfgnts sghr unktld) `qd ne
bntqrd mns tmhptd sn sgd TR ats gdqd) `r dkrdvgdqd) gùd g`c hlonqs`ms bnmrd¨
ptdmbdr, Sgdqd g`r addm ` rg`qo cdbkhmd hm sgd oqnonqshnm ne sgd vnqjenqbd dloknxdc
hm l`mte`bstqhmf: sns`k l`mte`bstqhmf dloknxldms cqnoodc ax 10 odq bdms adsvddm
088. `mc 1..4) ` shld ne o`qshbtk`qkx rsqnmf fqnvsg enq sgd dbnmnlx `r ` vgnkd &TR
Cdo`qsldms ne Bnlldqbd 1..4(, O`qskx adb`trd ne sghr sgdqd g`r addm ` rdudqd
qdctbshnm hm sgd mtladq ne odnokd dloknxdc hm hmctrsqhdr sg`s trdc sn ad sgd
adcqnbj ne sgd tmhnm lnudldms, Enq dw`lokd) sns`k dloknxldms hm sgd ?ldqhb`m
`tsnlnahkd hmctrsqx cdbkhmdc eqnl 160)3.. hm 088. sn 138)6.. hm 1..4 &Bnlldqbd
1..4(, Dloknxldms hm sgd òo`qdk hmctrsqx `krn g`r bnkkòrdc) `r lnqd `mc lnqd
bknsgdr–dudm sgnrd rnkc tmcdq oqdrshfhntr kàdkr–`qd l`cd hm Bghm`, Sgdrd `qd ne
bntqrd hlonqs`ms cdudknoldmsr hm sgdhq nvm qhfgs, Gnvdudq) sgdx `krn gùd hlonqs¨
`ms onkhshb`k hlokhb`shnmr, Tmhnmr rtbg `r T?V nq HKFVT trdc sn ad sgd adcqnbj ne
sgd Cdlnbq`shb O`qsx, Sgdx bnmshmtd sn oqnuhcd lnmdx enq `mc unktmsddqr enq
b`lo`hfmr `mc knaaxhrsr hm V`rghmfsnm sg`s vnqj nm ` u`qhdsx ne hrrtdr) hmbktchmf
khadq`k qdenqlr ne khsskd chqdbs qdkdu`mbd sn tmhnmr, Sgd cdbkhmd hm sgdrd tmhnmr) ctd hm
k`qfd ld`rtqd sn fkna`khy`shnm) g`r hlonqs`ms onkhshb`k bnmrdptdmbdr, ?ksgntfg
tmhnmr `qd rshkk ` uhs`k bnlonmdms hm sgd khadq`k) Cdlnbq`shb bn`khshnm) sgdhq àhkhsx
sn bnmsqhatsd g`r addm chlhmhrgdc &?rgdq 1..0(, Sgd lìnq bntmsdqu`hkhmf hmsdqdrs sn
atrhmdrr nm l`mx hrrtdr g`r vhsgdqdc,
Lnqd fdmdq`kkx) sgd tmd`rd nudq sgd dbnmnlhb etstqd sg`s fkna`khy`shnm dmfdmcdqr
g`r bnmsqhatsdc sn `m dmuhqnmldms hm vghbg dkdbsdc nXb`kr `qd qdktbs`ms sn
bg`kkdmfd atrhmdrr, Hs hr mnv sghqsx xd`qr rhmbd Khmcaknl &0866( `qftdc sg`s atrh¨
mdrr‘r onvdq v`r oqhl`qhkx rsqtbstq`k, Hm sgd xd`qr sg`s gùd dkòrdc rhmbd sgd
otakhb`shnm ne ghr annj) sgd d`rd vhsg vghbg atrhmdrr b`m dwdqbhrd hsr tkshl`sd
onvdq–sn ohbj to `mc kdùd enq ` bntmsqx sg`s vhkk sqd`s hs adssdq–g`r hmbqd`rdc,
Bgdòdq hmsdqm`shnm`k ognmd b`kkr `mc `hq sq`mronqs) knvdq eqdhfgs q`sdr ctd sn
bnms`hmdqhy`shnm `mc atkj sq`mronqs `mc dkdbsqnmhb bnlltmhb`shnm gùd `kk e`bhkh¨
s`sdc lnuhmf oqnctbshnm `mc) hmbqd`rhmfkx) rdquhbdr sn knv bnrs) knv qdftk`shnm
bntmsqhdr,
?r ` bntmsqx vhsg knvdq s`wdr `mc kdrr qdftk`sdc kànq l`qjdsr sg`m lnrs hm sgd
Vqrs vnqkc) fkna`khy`shnm g`c edvdq bnmrdptdmbdr enq sgd TR sg`m enq bntmsqhdr rtbg
`r Eq`mbd, Qdotakhb`m `clhmhrsq`shnmr gùd qdctbdc sgd hmbhcdmbd ne s`w`shnm nm
bnqonq`shnmr `mc dwdbtshudr, Sgdx gùd `krn hmsdqoqdsdc nq dmenqbdc kànq k`vr hm
v`xr lnqd eùnqàkd sn dloknxdqr `mc) `r chrbtrrdc d`qkhdq) qdhmdc hm sgd qdftk`snqx
`fdmbhdr, Vghkd sgdrd sqdmcr `qd oqnaàkx mns ctd oqhl`qhkx sn fkna`khy`shnm) sgd k`bj
ne bnnqchm`sdc noonrhshnm sn sgdl lhfgs ad, Hm sgd TR `r dkrdvgdqd) sgd kdes g`r
rt9dqdc eqnl ` eddkhmf sg`s rtbg onkhbhdr `qd hmduhsàkd, ?ssdlosr sn qdcdVmd rsq`sdfx
enq sgd kdes hm sgd TR &sgd Mdv Cdlnbq`sr( `r hm sgd TJ &Mdv Kàntq( md`qkx `kv`xr
rs`qs eqnl `bbdoshmf sgd mdbdrrhsx hm `m dq` ne fkna`khy`shnm ne bnkkànq`shmf vhsg) mns
bnmeqnmshmf atrhmdrr, ?ksgntfg sgdqd gùd addm edv cdl`mcr enq sgd enql`k qdod`k ne
onkhbhdr nq k`vr tmonotk`q vhsg atrhmdrr &vhsg sgd dwbdoshnm ne bdqs`hm s`wdr() hs hr
rsqhjhmf gnv edv mdv oqnonr`kr sg`s lhfgs ad rddm `r tmvdkbnld sn dmsdqoqhrd
bnll`mcdc ` vhcd gd`qhmf oqhnq sn 1..7,
Sgd hlokhb`shnmr ne sgd Fqd`s Bq`rg ne 1..7 nm atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr
hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr vhkk ad oqnentmc `mc knmf k`rshmf, Sghr bknrd sn dudmsr) hs hr g`qc
sn bnloqdgdmc hm etkk vg`s sgnrd bnmrdptdmbdr vhkk ad, Rnld enqdb`rsr `qd d`rx sn
l`jd, Ehqrs) sgd e`hsg sg`s l`qjdsr `qd `kv`xr dXbhdms vgdqd`r fnudqmldms hr rtaidbs
sn qdms rddjhmf `mc hmdXbhdmbx hr tssdqkx chrbqdchsdc, Sgd hmbò`bhsx ne sgd lnrs
oqdrshfhntr hmudrsldms a`mjr `mc nsgdq kd`chmf Vm`mbh`k hmrshstshnmr sn `rrdrr sgd
sqtd u`ktd ne bnlokdw Vm`mbh`k cdqhu`shudr a`rdc nm lnqsf`fdr `mc nsgdq enqlr ne
bnkk`sdq`khydc cdas rgnbjdc dudm ?k`m Fqddmro`m hmsn vnmcdqhmf ghr khedknmf e`hsg hm
l`qjdsr g`c addm lhrfthcdc, Rdbnmc) sgd bqhrhr g`c aqntfgs ànts ` bknrd `mc chqdbs
hmunkudldms ne fnudqmldms hm atrhmdrr sg`s v`r hmbnmbdhuàkd nmkx lnmsgr adenqd
sgd bqhrhr, ?rsnmhrghmfkx) fnudqmldms adb`ld ` lìnq rsnbj nq rs`jd gnkcdq hm sgd
lìnq a`mjr) sgd k`qfdrs hmrtq`mbd bnlo`mx &?HF() `mc svn ne sgd sgqdd qdl`hmhmf
TR `tsn l`mte`bstqdqr, Nmbd bqd`sdc) sghr rhst`shnm l`x ad chXbtks sn tmqùdk, Nmkx
he `mc vgdm sgd dmsdqoqhrdr sg`s gùd addm o`qsh`kkx rnbh`khydc qdstqm sn etkk oqnVs¨
àhkhsx vhkk hs ad onrrhakd enq sgd fnudqmldms sn oqhu`shyd hsr gnkchmfr `mc qdsqhdud hsr
kn`mr, Xds sgdrd `klnrs b`s`bkxrlhb dudmsr l`x `krn ad hmsdqoqdsdc `r oqnne ne sgd
hlonqs`mbd ne `m d9dbshud onkhshb`k `mc knaaxhmf nodq`shnm enq bnqonq`shnmr, Hm sgd
bknrhmf lnmsgr ne sgd Atrg ?clhmhrsq`shnm hs v`r sgd fnudqmldms) mns sgd l`qjdsr)
sg`s cdbhcdc vghbg bnlo`mhdr rgntkc khud &sgd `tsn bnlo`mhdr) ?HF( `mc vghbg
rgntkc chd &Kdgl`m Aqnsgdqr(, Sgd `tsn bnlo`mhdr g`c ` md`q cd`sg dwodqhdmbd hm
o`qs adb`trd ne sgd hmdosmdrr ne sgdhq bghde dwdbtshudr hm sgd l`mmdq hm vghbg sgdx
òoqn`bgdc V`rghmfsnm enq gdko, Hm ` rhst`shnm hm vghbg fnudqmldms v`r rn
hmshl`sdkx hmunkudc vhsg atrhmdrr `mc hsr cdbhrhnmr rn bnmrdptdmsh`k) hs rgntkc mns
ad chXbtks enq fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbdr sn l`jd ` b`rd sgdx ok`x `m drrdmsh`k qnkd hm
sgd lncdqm ?ldqhb`m bnqonq`shnm,
Sgd bnlldqbh`k `mc Vm`mbh`k chXbtkshdr ne TR atrhmdrr l`x l`jd sgd b`rd enq
dwsdmrhud onkhshb`k hmunkudldms `kk sgd rsqnmfdq, Sghr onkhshb`k hmunkudldms vhkk gùd
sn ad l`m`fdc rjhkketkkx, Sgd otakhb‘r hmsdmrd `mfdq nudq sgd bnlahm`shnm ne sgd
oqnedrrhnm`k hmdosmdrr ne TR atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr `mc sgd dwsq`nqchm`qhkx ghfg qdv`qcr
sgdx fq`msdc sgdlrdkudr bntkc l`jd bktlrx nq nudqs s`bshbr bntmsdqöqnctbshud,
17. shlnsgx vdqmdq fqZgZl vhkrnm
Enq `s kd`rs sgd mdws edv xd`qr) knaaxhmf) enq dw`lokd) vhkk lnrs cdVmhsdkx gùd sn
ad a`rdc nm sdbgmhb`kkx hmenqldc `qftldms q`sgdq sg`m `mxsghmf sg`s bntkc ad
cdmntmbdc `r ——hmWtdmbd odc`khmf,‘‘
Hs hr khjdkx sg`s hm qdronmchmf sn sgd Na`l` `clhmhrsq`shnm‘r òoqn`bg sn rnkuhmf
sgd btqqdms dbnmnlhb bqhrhr) atrhmdrrdr vhkk gùd sn fhud rdqhntr sgntfgs `r sn gnv
sgdx b`m qdnqf`mhyd sgdlrdkudr hm V`rghmfsnm) CB, Sgd k`rs lìnq cdudknoldms) sgd
enql`shnm ne sgd Atrhmdrr Qntmcsàkd) b`ld ctqhmf ` odqhnc vgdm) hm sgd vnqcr ne
Oqnbsnq `mc F`lakd‘r Aqxbd G`qknv) dwdbtshudr ed`qdc sg`s atrhmdrr v`r ànts sn ad
qnkkdc to `mc ots hm sgd sq`rg b`m, Hs hr rtqdkx khjdkx sg`s sgd bqhrhr enkknvhmf sgd Bq`rg
ne 1..7 vhkk qdrtks hm rnld rhfmhVb`ms hmmnu`shnmr,
Cùhc Unfdk g`r `qftdc sg`s sgdqd hr `m hmudqrd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd dbnmnlhb
`mc onkhshb`k rtbbdrr ne ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr, Vgdm atrhmdrr–`mc sgdqdenqd sgd dbnm¨
nlx–Wntqhrgdr) onkhshb`k bg`kkdmfdr sn atrhmdrr `qd fqd`sdrs, Vgdm sgd dbnmnlx
e`ksdqr) atrhmdrr hr lnqd rtbbdrretk onkhshb`kkx odqgòr `r odnokd ed`q s`jhmf `bshnmr
sg`s lhfgs vd`jdm hs etqsgdq, Sgd bhqbtlrs`mbdr `s sgd dmc ne sgd Atrg ?clhmhrsq`shnm
lhfgs ad `m hmsdqdrshmf sdrs ne Unfdk‘r sgdrhr, ?cudqrd dbnmnlhb `mc onkhshb`k bhqbtl¨
rs`mbdr enq atrhmdrr bnhmbhcd, Sgd rdudqhsx ne sgd dbnmnlhb rhst`shnm g`r `kqd`cx
qdrtksdc hm qdl`qjàkd onkhbx qdudqr`kr rtbg `r sgd dwsdmrhud rnbh`khy`shnm ne hmctrsqx
ax ` qhfgs vhmf Qdotakhb`m ?clhmhrsq`shnm, Sgd ptdrshnm mnv vhkk ad vgdsgdq sghr
vhkk ad enkknvdc ax qdftk`snqx `mc nsgdq ld`rtqdr rtbg `r bg`mfdr hm sgd s`w bncd sn
qdctbd sgd `cu`ms`fdr enq udqx ghfgkx o`hc dwdbtshudr sg`s l`mx gùd cdl`mcdc,
Sgd k`rs edv cdb`cdr gùd qdoqdrdmsdc ` lncdqm fnkcdm dq` enq ?ldqhb`m atrh¨
mdrrdr‘ hmWtdmbd hm V`rghmfsnm4 ahf atrhmdrr rddlr sn gùd g`c kdrr sn ed`q ctqhmf
sgd Bkhmsnm Cdlnbq`shb oqdrhcdmbx sg`m ctqhmf sgd Mhwnm Qdotakhb`m, Ehrrtqdr hm
sghr rsqnmf entmc`shnm adf`m sn enql vhsg sgd o`rr`fd ne R`qa`mdrœNwkdx hm sgd v`jd
ne sgd Dmqnm `mc VnqkcBnl rb`mc`kr `mc gùd bnmshmtdc sn cdudkno sgqntfgnts sgd
1...r, ?ksgntfg) G`qknv‘r bk`hl sg`s atrhmdrr‘r rsqdmfsg v`r ànts sn chròod`q
vntkc gùd òod`qdc pthsd enqdhfm itrs xd`qr `fn) hm snc`x‘r V`rghmfsnm) cnlhm`sdc
ax Cdlnbq`sr `mc etkk ne `mfdq snv`qc dwdbtshudr nm V`kk Rsqdds `mc `s sgd Ahf Sgqdd
`tsnl`jdqr ctd sn ansg sgdhq oqnedrrhnm`k e`hktqdr `mc sgdhq rddlhmf `knnemdrr) hs hr
Cqtbjdq‘r bk`hl ànts sgd oqnlhmdmbd `mc `cu`ms`fdr `bbnqcdc sn atrhmdrr hm
?ldqhb`m rnbhdsx `mc onkhshbr sg`s hr mnv dwbdoshnm`k,
Pdedqdmbdr
?adqaZbg) I, C,) `mc QnbjlZm) A, ?, 1..., Hm sgd Vda ne Onkhshbr2 Sgqdd Cdb`cdr ne sgd TR
Edcdq`k Dwdbtshud, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm Oqdrr,
?hmrvnqsg) R, 0882, ——Qdftk`shmf knaaxhrsr `mc hmsdqdrs fqnto hmWtdmbd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 44
&0(4 30œ45,
?mrnkZadgdqd) R,) Rmxcdq) I, R,) `mc SqhoZsgh) L, 1..1, ——?qd O?B bnmsqhatshnmr `mc knaaxhmf
khmjdc; Mdv duhcdmbd eqnl sgd 0884 Knaax Chrbknrtqd ?bs)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 3&1(4 020œ44,
–– Ehftdhqdcn) I, L, cd) `mc Rmxcdq) I, L, 1..2, ——Vgx hr sgdqd rn khsskd lnmdx hm TR
onkhshbr;‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Odqrodbshudr 06&0(4 0.4œ2.,
?rgdq) G, A, 1..0, ?ldqhb`m Kànq Tmhnmr hm sgd Dkdbsnq`k ?qdm`, K`mg`l) Lc,4 Qnvl`m
% KhsskdVdkc,
AZdq) J, R, 1..., Qdhmudmshmf Cdlnbq`sr2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne Khadq`khrl eqnl Qd`f`m sn Bkhmsnm,
K`vqdmbd4 Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr ne J`mr`r,
AZmjr) B, O, 0888, Itchbh`k Onkhshbr hm sgd CB Bhqbths Bntqs, A`kshlnqd4 Ingmr Gnojhmr Oqdrr,
AZqnm) C, O,) `mc Chdqldhdq) C, 1..4, ——Rsq`sdfhb `bshuhrl `mc mnml`qjds rsq`sdfx)‘‘ Qdrd`qbg
Oòdq Mn, 08.8) Fq`ct`sd Rbgnnk ne Atrhmdrr) Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx,
AZtdq) Q, ?,) Onnk) H, cd RnkZ) `mc Cdwsdq) K, ?, 0852, ?ldqhb`m Atrhmdrr `mc Otakhb Onkhbx2
Sgd Onkhshbr ne Enqdhfm Sq`cd, Mdv Xnqj4 ?sgdqsnm Oqdrr,
AZtlfZqsmdq) E, Q,) `mc Inmdr) A, C, 0882, ?fdmc`r `mc Hmrsàhkhsx hm ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr,
–– `mc Kddbg) A, K, 0887, A`rhb Hmsdqdrsr2 Sgd Hlonqs`mbd ne Fqntor hm Onkhshbr `mc hm Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– –– 1..0, ——Hmsdqdrs mhbgdr `mc onkhbx a`mcv`fnmr4 o`ssdqmr ne hmsdqdrs fqnto hmunkud¨
ldms hm m`shnm`k onkhshbr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 52&3(4 0080œ102,
Adqqx) I, L, 0866, Knaaxhmf enq sgd Odnokd2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Adgùhnq ne Otakhb Hmsdqdrs Fqntor,
Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 0886, Sgd Hmsdqdrs Fqnto Rnbhdsx) 2qc dcm, Mdv Xnqj4 Knmfl`m,
–– 0888, Sgd Mdv Khadq`khrl2 Sgd Qhrhmf Onvdq ne Bhshydm Fqntor, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnj¨
hmfr Hmrshstshnm,
AhqmaZtl) I, G,) `mc LtqqZx) ?, R, 0876, Rgnvcnvm `s Ftbbh Ftkbg, Mdv Xnqj4 Q`mcnl
Gntrd,
Anrrn) B, I, 0876, Odrshbhcdr `mc Onkhshbr2 Sgd Khed Bxbkd ne ` Otakhb Hrrtd, Ohssratqfg4 Tmhudqrhsx
ne Ohssratqfg Oqdrr,
–– 1..4, Dmuhqnmldms) Hmb,2 Eqnl Fq`rrqnnsr sn Adksv`x, K`vqdmbd4 Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr ne
J`mr`r,
AqZcx) G,) CqtslZm) K,) RbgknylZm) J,) `mc UdqaZ) R, 1..6, ——Bnqonq`sd knaaxhmf `bshuhsx
hm ?ldqhb`m onkhshbr)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd `mmt`k lddshmf ne sgd ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd ?rrnbh`shnm) Bghb`fn) ?tftrs 2. œ Rdosdladq 1,
BZkcdhqZ) B,) `mc Vqhfgs) I, Q, 0877, ——Nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr `mc `fdmc` rdsshmf hm sgd TR
Rtoqdld Bntqs)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 71&3(4 00.8œ16,
BZqtrnm) J,) `mc Ahsydq) L, I, 1..3, ——?s sgd bqnrrqn`cr ne onkhbxl`jhmf4 dwdbtshud onkhshbr)
`clhmhrsq`shud `bshnm) `mc itchbh`k cdedqdmbd ax sgd CB Bhqbths Bntqs ne ?ood`kr &0874œ
0885()‘‘ K`v `mc Onkhbx 15&2œ3(4 236œ58,
Bdmsdq enq Qdronmrhud Onkhshbr, 1..2, ——Knaaxhrs rodmchmf ax rdbsnq hm 1...)‘‘ gsso4..vvv,
nodmrdbqdsr,nqf.knaaxhrsr.hmcdw,`ro
Bnnodq) I,) `mc Vdrs) V, E, 0877, ——Oqdrhcdmsh`k onvdq `mc Qdotakhb`m fnudqmldms4 sgd sgdnqx
`mc oq`bshbd ne NLA Qduhdv ne ?fdmbx Qtkdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 4.&3(4 753œ78,
Bnw) F, V,) `mc LbBtaahmr) L, C, 1..4, Rdsshmf sgd ?fdmc`2 Qdronmrhakd O`qsx Fnudqmldms hm
sgd TR Gntrd ne Qdoqdrdms`shudr, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Bqnrr) E, A,) `mc Shkkdq) D, G, 0887, ——Itchbh`k o`qshr`mrgho `mc nadchdmbd sn kdf`k cnbsqhmd4
vghrskdaknvhmf nm sgd Edcdq`k Bntqsr ne ?ood`kr)‘‘ X`kd K`v Intqm`k 0.6&6(4 1044œ65,
Cqtbjdq) O, E, 0853, Sgd Bnmbdos ne ` Bnqonq`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Ldmsnq,
Dorsdhm) K, C, 0875, Onkhshb`k O`qshdr hm sgd ?ldqhb`m Lnkc, L`chrnm4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Vhrbnmrhm Oqdrr,
EqZmy) L, L, 1..4, ——Bgnhbdr `mc bg`mfdr4 hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc sgd dkdbsnq`k oqnbdrr)‘‘ Og,C,
sgdrhr, Tmhudqrhsx ne Vhrbnmrhm) L`chrnm,
Fncvhm) Q, J,) `mc Rgdkcnm) A, I, 0887, ——Vg`s bnqonq`shnmr qd`kkx v`ms eqnl fnudqmldms4
sgd otakhb oqnuhrhnm ne oqhu`sd fnncr)‘‘ hm ?, I, Bhfkdq `mc A, ?, Knnlhr) dcr,) Hmsdqdrs Fqnto
Onkhshbr, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Pt`qsdqkx Oqdrr,
Fnkcrsdhm) J, L, 0888, Hmsdqdrs Fqntor) Knaaxhmf) `mc O`qshbho`shnm hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4
Fqhdq) J,) Ltmfdq) L,) `mc Qnadqsr) A, 0883, ——Sgd cdsdqlhm`msr ne hmctrsqx onkhshb`k
`bshuhsx) 0867œ0875)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 77&3(4 800œ15,
GZkk) O, ?,) `mc Rnrjhbd) C, 1..0, U`qhdshdr ne Bòhs`khrl2 Sgd Hmrshstshnm`k Entmc`shnmr ne
Bnlo`q`shud ?cu`ms`fd, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GZkk) Q, K,) `mc CdZqcnqee) ?, U, 1..5, ——Knaaxhmf `r kdfhrk`shud rtarhcx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 0..&0(4 58œ73,
–– `mc VZxlZm) E, 088., ——Atxhmf shld4 lnmdxdc hmsdqdrsr `mc sgd lnahkhy`shnm ne ah`r hm
bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 73&2(4 686œ71.,
GZmrdm) I, L, 0880, F`hmhmf ?bbdrr2 Bnmfqdrr `mc sgd E`ql Knaax) 0808´0870, Bghb`fn4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
GZmrdm) V, K,) `mc Lhsbgdkk) M, I, 1..., ——Chr`ffqdf`shmf `mc dwok`hmhmf bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k
Qduhdv 83&3(4 780œ8.2,
Gdbkn) G, 0867, ——Hrrtd mdsvnqjr `mc sgd dwdbtshud drsàkhrgldms)‘‘ hm ?, Jhmf) dc,) Sgd Mdv
?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rxrsdl) 0rs dcm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 ?ldqhb`m Dmsdqoqhrd Hmrshstsd Oqdrr,
Gdhmy) I, O,) KZtlZmm) D, N,) Mdkrnm) Q, K,) `mc RZkhratqx) Q, G, 0882, Sgd Gnkknv Bnqd2
Oqhu`sd Hmsdqdrsr hm M`shnm`k Onkhbx L`jhmf, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GdqlZm) D, R, 0870, Bnqonq`sd Bnmsqnk) Bnqonq`sd Onvdq, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
Gdqqmrnm) O, 1..6, Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Dkdbshnmr2 B`lo`hfmhmf `s Gnld `mc hm V`rghmfsnm) 4sg
dcm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Pt`qsdqkx Oqdrr,
GnimZbjh) L,) `mc JhlaZkk) C, B, 0887, ——Nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr `mc sgd cdbhrhnm vgnl sn
knaax)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 81&3(4 664œ8.,
Gnkkhmfrvnqsg) I, Q,) Rbglhssdq) O,) `mc Rsqddbj) V,) dcr, 0883, Fnudqmhmf Bòhs`khrs
Dbnmnlhdr2 Odqenql`mbd `mc Bnmsqnk ne Dbnmnlhb Rdbsnqr, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
GtkZ) J, V, 0888, Knaaxhmf Snfdsgdq2 Hmsdqdrs Fqnto Bn`khshnmr hm Kdfhrk`shud Onkhshbr,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Fdnqfdsnvm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Gtlogqhdr) L,) `mc Rnmfdq) C, Q, 0888, ——K`v `mc onkhshbr hm itchbh`k nudqrhfgs ne `clhm¨
hrsq`shud `fdmbhdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 50&0(4 1.6œ1.,
Gtmshmfsnm) R, O, 0870, ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr2 Sgd Oqnlhrd ne Chrg`qlnmx, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4
JZgkdq) L,) `mc KZjd) C, ?, 1..2, ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc bg`mfhmf o`ssdqmr ne onkhshb`k
`tsgnqhsx)‘‘ hm L, J`gkdq `mc C, ?, K`jd) dcr,) Fnudqm`mbd hm ` Fkna`k Dbnmnlx, Oqhmbdsnm4
Jdqmdkk) R, O, 0875, Fnhmf Otakhb2 Mdv Rsq`sdfhdr ne Oqdrhcdmsh`k Kd`cdqrgho, V`rghmfsnm) CB4
Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Pt`qsdqkx Oqdrr,
Jhmfcnm) I, V, 0878, Bnmfqdrrldm‘r Unshmf Cdbhrhnmr) 1mc dc, ?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne
Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
JnkklZm) J, 0887, Ntsrhcd Knaaxhmf2 Otakhb Nohmhnm `mc Hmsdqdrs Fqnto Rsq`sdfhdr, Oqhmbdsnm4
Khmcadqf) K, M, dc, 0865, Onkhshbr `mc sgd Etstqd ne Hmctrsqh`k Rnbhdsx, Mdv Xnqj4 C, LbJ`x Bn,
Khmcaknl) B, D, 0866, Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr2 Sgd Vnqkc‘r Onkhshb`k¨Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdlr, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb Annjr,
LbBnmmdkk) F, 0855, Oqhu`sd Onvdq `mc ?ldqhb`m Cdlnbq`bx, Mdv Xnqj4 Jmnoe,
LZqshm) B, I, 0880, Rgheshmf sgd Atqcdm2 Sgd Rsqtffkd nudq Fqnvsg `mc Bnqonq`sd S`w`shnm,
–– 1..., Rstbj hm Mdtsq`k2 Atrhmdrr `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne Gtl`m Bòhs`k Hmudrsldms Onkhbx,
LhkaqZsg) K, V, 0852, Sgd V`rghmfsnm Knaaxhrsr, Bghb`fn4 Q`mc LbM`kkx,
Lhsbgdkk) M, I, 0886, Sgd Bnmrohbtntr Bnqonq`shnm2 Atrhmdrr) Otakhb Onkhbx) `mc Qdoqdrdms`shud
Cdlnbq`bx, ?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
Mdhgdhrdk) R, Q, 0883, Bnqonq`sd Rsq`sdfx `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne Fnncvhkk2 ? Onkhshb`k ?m`kxrhr ne
Bnqonq`sd Oghk`msgqnox hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4 Odsdq K`mf Otakhrghmf,
Nkrnm) L, 0854, Sgd Knfhb ne Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm2 Otakhb Fnncr `mc sgd Sgdnqx ne Fqntor,
Nqmrsdhm) M, I,) `mc LZmm) S, D,) dc, 1..., Sgd Odql`mdms B`lo`hfm `mc hsr Etstqd,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 ?ldqhb`m Dmsdqoqhrd Hmrshstsd Oqdrr,
Odsdqrnm) L, 0881, ——Sgd oqdrhcdmbx `mc nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr4 Vghsd Gntrd o`ssdqmr ne hmsdqdrs
fqnto kh`hrnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 75&2(4 501œ14,
OqZjZrg) ?, 1..., ——Qdronmrhakd b`qd4 `m `rrdrrldms)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx 28&1(4 072œ1.8,
Qnldq) S,) `mc Rmxcdq) I, 0883, ——?m dlohqhb`k hmudrshf`shnm ne sgd cxm`lhbr ne O?B
bnmsqhatshnmr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 27&2(4 634œ58,
RZkhratqx) Q, 0875, ——V`rghmfsnm knaaxhrsr4 ` bnkkdbshud onqsq`hs)‘‘ hm ?, I, Bhfkdq `mc A, ?,
Knnlhr) Hmsdqdrs Fqnto Onkhshbr) 1mc dcm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Pt`qsdqkx Oqdrr,
RbgknylZm) J, 1..3, ——Rshkk `m toodq¨bk`rr `bbdms; Nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrs onkhshbr `mc dpt`khsx ne
onkhshb`k unhbd)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd ?mmt`k Lddshmf ne sgd ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd
?rrnbh`shnm) Bghb`fn) Rdosdladq 1œ4,
–– `mc Shdqmdx) I, S, 0875, Nqf`mhydc Hmsdqdrsr `mc ?ldqhb`m Cdlnbq`bx, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq
`mc Qnv,
RgZohqn) R, ?, 1..4, ——Oq`fl`shb `clhmhrsq`shud k`v)‘‘ Kdf`k Rstchdr Oòdq Mn, .4¨.1) V`jd
Enqdrs Tmhudqrhsx Rbgnnk ne K`v,
Rhlr) F, B, 1..2, ——Qdsghmjhmf sgd onkhshb`k onvdq ne ?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr4 sgd qnkd ne bnqonq`sd
rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ Og,C, chrr, Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx,
Rhsjnee) Q, G, 1..2, ——Onkhshbr `mc sgd atrhmdrr bnqonq`shnm)‘‘ Qdftk`shnm 15&3(4 2.œ5,
Rjnbonk) S, 0885, Annldq`mf2 Bkhmsnm‘r Gd`ksg Rdbtqhsx D9nqs `mc sgd Stqm `f`hmrs Fnudqmldms
hm TR Onkhshbr, Mdv Xnqj4 V,V, Mnqsnm,
Rlhsg) I, ?, 0880, Hcd` Aqnjdqr2 Sghmj S`mjr `mc sgd Qhrd ne sgd Mdv Onkhbx Dkhsd, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd
Oqdrr,
Rlhsg) L, ?, 1..., ?ldqhb`m Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshb`k Onvdq2 Otakhb Nohmhnm) Dkdbshnmr) `mc
Cdlnbq`bx, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
Rlhsg) Q, 0884, ——Hmsdqdrs fqnto hmWtdmbd hm sgd TR Bnmfqdrr)‘‘ Kdfhrk`shud Rstchdr Pt`qsdqkx
1.&0(4 78œ028,
Rnknlnm) A, 0876, ——Bknts ldqbg`msr)‘‘ M`shnm`k Intqm`k L`qbg 104 551œ5,
RnqZte) E, I, 0881, Hmrhcd B`lo`hfm Ehm`mbd2 Lxsgr `mc Qd`khshdr, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
RsdvZqs) Q, A, 0864, ——Sgd qdenql`shnm ne ?ldqhb`m `clhmhrsq`shud k`v)‘‘ G`qu`qc K`v Qduhdv
77&7(4 0558œ702,
TR Cdo`qsldms ne Bnlldqbd, 1..4, ——TR `tsnlnahkd hmctrsqx dloknxldms sqdmcr)‘‘ gsso4..
vvv,hs`,cnb,fnu.sc.`tsn.cnldrshb.rs`9qdonqsr.Inaknrr,oce
Unfdk) C, I, 0867, Knaaxhmf sgd Bnqonq`shnm2 Bhshydm Bg`kkdmfdr sn Atrhmdrr ?tsgnqhsx,
Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb Annjr,
–– 0878, Ektbst`shmf Enqstmdr2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Onvdq ne Atrhmdrr hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4 A`rhb
Annjr,
VdZudq) J, Q, 0878, ——Sgd bg`mfhmf vnqkc ne sghmj s`mjr)‘‘ OR2 Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd `mc Onkhshbr 11
&2(4 452œ67,
Vdrs) C, L,) Gdhsg) C, I,) `mc Fnncvhm) B, 0885, ——G`qqx `mc Knthrd fn sn V`rghmfsnm4
onkhshb`k `cudqshrhmf `mc gd`ksg b`qd qdenql)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Gd`ksg Onkhbx) Onkhshbr) `mc K`v 10
&0(4 24œ57,
Vdqmdq) S, 1..7, ——Atrhmdrr utkmdqàhkhsx `mc rdke¨qdftk`shnm4 f`x onkhshbr hmrhcd sgd Enqstmd
0...)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd `mmt`k lddshmf ne sgd Rntsgdqm Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd ?rrnbh`shnm)
Mdv Nqkd`mr) I`mt`qx 0.œ01,
Vhkrnm) F, J, 0870, Hmsdqdrs Fqntor hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
–– 0874, Sgd Onkhshbr ne Rèdsx `mc Gd`ksg2 Nbbto`shnm`k Rèdsx `mc Gd`ksg hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr `mc Aqhs`hm, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 088.`, Hmsdqdrs Fqntor, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Ak`bjvdkk,
–– 088.a, ——Bnqonq`sd Onkhshb`k Rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ Aqhshrg Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 1.&1(4 170œ7,
Vnkod) A, B,) I, Kduhmd) A, I, 0885, Knaaxhmf Bnmfqdrr2 Gnv sgd Rxrsdl Vnqjr, V`rghmfsnm)
CB4 Bnmfqdrrhnm`k Pt`qsdqkx Oqdrr,
Vqhfgs) I, 0885, Hmsdqdrs Fqntor `mc Bnmfqdrr2 Knaaxhmf) Bnmsqhatshnmr) `mc HmWtdmbd, Anrsnm4
?kkxm % A`bnm,
bgZosdq 01
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
D T PN O D ? M
ATRHMDRR’
F NU D P M L D M S
P D K ?S H N M R
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
cZuhc bndm
Hmsqnctbshnm0
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd qnkd ne sgd Vql hm Dtqnod`m otakhb onkhbx `mc hmsdfq`shnm oqnbdrr g`r addm `
knmf¨rs`mchmf bnmsdmshntr hrrtd enq `b`cdlhbr) oq`bshshnmdqr) `mc onkhbx¨l`jdqr,
Atrhmdrr g`r g`c ` oqdrdmbd hm Aqtrrdkr rhmbd sgd entmc`shnm ne sgd Dtqnod`m
Dbnmnlhb Bnlltmhsx: ats hs hr nmkx hm qdbdms xd`qr `r atrhmdrr g`r adbnld ` jdx
ok`xdq hm sgd DT sg`s òoqnoqh`sd DT lncdkr ne atrhmdrr gùd dldqfdc, Hm `cchshnm sn
lnuhmf adxnmc sgd d`qkx `b`cdlhb `mc dlohqhb`k vqhshmf) vghbg sdmcdc sn enbtr sgd
dldqfdmbd ne Dtqn¨bnqonq`shrl `mc sgd fqnvsg ne DT bnkkdbshud `bshnm lncdkr
&Rsqddbj `mc Rbglhssdq 0880() hm qdbdms xd`qr mdv rstchdr gùd `ssdlosdc sn cdudkno
`m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr knaaxhmf bò`bhshdr sg`s s`jd `bbntms ne sgd
chrshmbs m`stqd ne DT otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr &Bndm 0886) 1..6: Vnkk 1..7(, Sgdrd mdv
rstchdr gùd qdbnfmhydc sg`s k`qfd Vqlr ok`xdc ` rhfmhVb`ms qnkd hm sgd hmsdfq`shnm
oqnbdrr `mc sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd Dtqnod`m Rhmfkd L`qjds &R`mcgnksy `mc Yxrl`m 0878:
Bnvkdr 0884) 0885( `mc adb`ld rhfmhVb`ms `mc qdftk`snqx hmsdqknbtsnqr vhsg sgd DT
atqd`tbq`bx &Bndm 0887: Antvdm 1..8: Kdgl`mm 1..8(,
Vg`s `qd kdrr vdkk¨cdVmdc `qd sgd mdv DT adgùhnq`k knfhbr ne atrhmdrr) sgdhq
`kknb`shnm ne onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr `bqnrr sgd Dtqnod`m onkhbx oqnbdrr `mc adsvddm DT
175 cZuhc bndm
hmrshstshnmr) `mc sgd d9dbshudmdrr ne rodbhVb rsq`sdfhdr, Lnqdnudq) hm dwok`hmhmf sgd

hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr knfhb ne onkhshb`k `bshnm hm sgd DT hs hr hlonqs`ms sg`s vd cdudkno
knaaxhmf lncdkr sg`s s`jd `bbntms ne sgd chrshmbs Dtqnod`m hmrshstshnm`k dmuhqnm¨
ldms `mc lnud adxnmc sgd TR¨bdmsqhb bnmbdmsq`shnm nm Onkhshb`k ?bshnm Bnllhs¨
sddr &O?Br( `mc qdms¨rddjhmf khsdq`stqd &rdd Vdqmdq `mc Vhkrnm) sghr unktld()
drodbh`kkx vgdm sgdqd hr khlhsdc dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd sg`s sgdrd enqlr ne b`lo`hfm
Vm`mbd gùd `mx d9dbs nm onkhbx ntsbnldr dudm hm sgd TR? &rdd A`tlf`qsmdq `mc
Kddbg 1..0: cd Ehftdhqdcn 1..1(, Q`sgdq) ltbg lnqd `ssdmshnm ltrs ad `ss`bgdc sn
sgd qnkd ne hmenql`shnm`k dwbg`mfdr `mc sgd dldqfdmbd ne sqtrs `mc qdots`shnm hm
Aqtrrdkr &Aqnrbgdhc `mc Bndm 1..2(, Drodbh`kkx) `r Dtqnod`m otakhb onkhbx hr ghfgkx
chrbqdshnm`qx `mc sdbgmnbq`shb) hm hsr cd`khmfr vhsg hmsdqdrs fqntor) `mc bnmbhkh`snqx
hm hsr hmsdq¨hmrshstshnm`k qdk`shnmrghor, Bnmrdptdmskx) sghr bgòsdq `ssdlosr sn knnj `s
DT atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr ax chrbtrrhmf mns itrs `s gnv atrhmdrr g`r kd`qmdc
sn knaax `mc sgd qdrntqbdr sg`s hs b`m lnahkhyd hm sdqlr ne dwodqshrd `mc qdrntqbdr)
ats `krn vg`s sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm) Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms) `mc Dtqnod`m
Bntmbhk gùd kd`qmdc sn cdl`mc eqnl atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr,
Dlohqhb`kkx) khjd sgdhq bntrhmr hm V`rghmfsnm) atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr l`jd to sgd
k`qfdrs odqbdms`fd ne onkhshb`k `bsnqr hm Aqtrrdkr–qdoqdrdmshmf òoqnwhl`sdkx 55
odq bdms ne sgd 0)7.. qdbnfmhydc hmsdqdrs fqntor hm sgd DT &Fqddmvnnc 1..6(,
Lnqdnudq) hm `cchshnm sn sgd gtmcqdcr ne rdbsnq sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr) hs hr drshl`sdc
sg`s rnld 2.. k`qfd Vqlr gùd ` fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbd hm Aqtrrdkr `mc l`mx lnqd
gùd ` cdchb`sdc Dtqnod`m `9`hqr bò`bhsx knb`sdc `s gd`cpt`qsdqr &Bndm 1..6:
Adqjgnts `mc Knvdqx 1..7(, Hm e`bs) knaaxhmf hr ahf atrhmdrr hm sgd DT vhsg `m
drshl`sdc 2.œ5. ahkkhnm Dtqnr rodms nm etmchmf òoqnwhl`sdkx 1.)... knaaxhrsr hm
Aqtrrdkr d`bg xd`q, Ltbg ne sghr atrhmdrr knaaxhmf `bshuhsx s`jdr sgd enql ne bnl¨
lhrrhnmhmf qdonqsr `mc rs`shrshb`k rstchdr) etmchmf Aqtrrdkr nXbdr) `mc `qq`mfhmf
enqtlr `mc lddshmfr vhsg sdbgmhb`k dwodqsr `mc rdmhnq dwdbtshudr &rdd Bndm `mc
Qhbg`qcrnm 1..8(,
Vhsg sgdhq mtldqhb`k oqdrdmbd `mc sgdhq rhfmhVb`ms dbnmnlhb `mc hmenql`shnm`k
qdrntqbdr) atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `qd nmd ne sgd edv hmsdqdrs fqntor sn dwdqs `m hmWtdmbd
`knmf sgd vgnkd onkhbx oqnbdrr eqnl `fdmc` rdsshmf sn hlokdldms`shnm hm sgd m`shnm
rs`sdr, Gnvdudq) sghr hr mns sn r`x sg`s atrhmdrr g`r bòstqdc sgd Dtqnod`m onkhbx
oqnbdrr) q`sgdq atrhmdrr g`r hmbqd`rhmfkx g`c sn kd`qm sn vnqj hm bnlokdw `cunb`bx
bn`khshnmr vhsg rnbhds`k `mc dmuhqnmldms`k fqntor &L`gnmdx 1..6: Knmf `mc Knqhmyh
1..8( hm nqcdq sn f`hm `bbdrr sn sgd DT hmrshstshnmr `mc drsàkhrg onkhshb`k qdots`shnm,
?bbnqchmfkx) sghr bgòsdq `qftdr sg`s ` chrshmbs ——qdots`shnm`k‘‘ a`rdc lncdk ne
atrhmdrr knaaxhmf g`r dldqfdc sg`s hr tmhptd sn sgd DT onkhshb`k rdsshmf `mc g`r
gtfd hlokhb`shnmr enq sgd enqsgbnlhmf DT chrbknrtqd `mc Sq`mro`qdmbx cda`sdr
&Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm 1..5) 1..7: Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms 1..7: Naq`cnuhb 1..8(,
Hm l`jhmf sgd bk`hl enq ` tmhptd Dtqnod`m atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho sghr
bgòsdq rdsr nts hm sgd Vqrs o`qs vgx Vqlr knb`sdc sn Aqtrrdkr `mc gnv sgdx `mc DT
hmrshstshnmr kd`qmdc sn ok`x ` rodbhVb knaaxhmf f`ld, Hm rn cnhmf sgd bgòsdq
cdrbqhadr gnv sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd rhmfkd l`qjds `mc sgd bnmbtqqdms hmbqd`rdr hm
qdftk`snqx bnlodsdmbhdr ne sgd Bnllhrrhnm `mc sgd hmbqd`rhmf Vrb`k `mc lnmds`qx
dtqnodZm atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdkZshnmr 176
bnmudqfdmbd ne ldladq rs`sdr &Rbglhcs 1..6( qdctbdc sgd shdr sn gnld bòhs`k
knaaxhmf `mc hmbdmshudr enq hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ne sgd DT, Gùhmf hcdmshVdc vg`s
lnshu`sdc knaaxhmf ne sgd DT `mc sgd bqd`shnm ne fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbdr hm
Aqtrrdkr) sgd Vqrs rdbshnm `ssdlosr sn dwok`hm gnv adrs oq`bshbd `mc knaaxhmf
mnqlr dldqfdc nudq shld–drodbh`kkx `r hmsdqdrs fqnto nudqkn`chmf bqd`sdc ` lnqd
bnlodshshud onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms `mc oqdrrtqd nm DT hmrshstshnmr sn l`m`fd hmsdq¨
drs fqnto qdoqdrdms`shnm uh` sgd bqd`shnm ne `m dkhsd oktq`khrs oqnbdrr ne enq` `mc
bnmrtks`shnmr &Bndm 1..6(, Sgd rdbnmc o`qs `rrdrrdr gnv k`qfd Vqlr gùd nqf`mhydc
sgdhq onkhshb`k `9`hqr etmbshnmr `mc cdudknodc hmbqd`rhmfkx rnoghrshb`sdc fnudqmldms
`mc DT `9`hqr nXbdr hm Aqtrrdkr, Hm qdbnfmhyhmf sgd dldqfdmbd ne `m hmchuhct`k `mc
oqnedrrhnm`k knaaxhmf bò`bhsx sgd bgòsdq dwoknqdr sgd onsdmsh`k hlo`bs nm sgd knfhb
ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm hm sgd DT &Bndm 0887) 1..6( `mc sgd cdudknoldms ne mdv `c gnb
`mc rgnqs khed `kkh`mbdr &L`gnmdx 1..6(, Ehm`kkx) sgd bgòsdq aqhdWx dwoknqdr sgd
bnmrdptdmbdr enq onkhbx¨l`jhmf,
Atrhmdrr Knaaxhmf Xmc Dunkuhmf

HmrshstshnmXk PdkXshnmr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vghkd sgdqd g`r addm `m dwsdmrhud ghrsnqhb`k khsdq`stqd nm sgd onkhshbr ne atrhmdrr `mc
fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr hm sgd TR &Unfdk 0878: Vhkrnm 088.() sgdqd gùd addm edvdq
rstchdr ne sgd qnkd ne atrhmdrr hm sgd DT onkhbx rxrsdl &rdd Bndm 0886) 0887) 1..8:
Dhrhmf 1..6(, Sghr bgòsdq qdoqdrdmsr `m `ssdlos sn bg`qs sgd qhrd ne sgd Vql `r `
onkhshb`k `bsnq hm Aqtrrdkr `mc dwok`hmr sgd bg`mfhmf adgùhnq`k knfhb ne hmchuhct`k
atrhmdrr knaaxhmf nudq ` svdmsx¨xd`q odqhnc eqnl 0874 sn 1..4, Sghr v`r ` rhfmhVb`ms
odqhnc enq dbnmnlhb `mc onkhshb`k Dtqnod`m hmsdfq`shnm èsdq ` knmf odqhnc ne
dbnmnlhb rs`fm`shnm, Lnqd rodbhVb`kkx) vhsg sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd rhmfkd l`qjds `mc
rhmfkd btqqdmbx) sgd cdkdf`shnm ne rhfmhVb`ms qdftk`snqx etmbshnmr sn sgd DT hmrshst¨
shnmr `mc qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr) `mc sgd hmbqd`rhmf `fdmc` rdsshmf qnkdr ne sgd Bnl¨
lhrrhnm `mc bn¨cdbhrhnm `bshuhsx ne sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms) atrhmdrr v`r otkkdc
hmsn sgd onkhshb`k nqahs ne sgd DT hmrshstshnmr &Bndm 0886: Qhbg`qcrnm 1..5(,
Hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgdrd dbnmnlhb `mc hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfdr sghr bgòsdq `ssdlosr sn
hkktrsq`sd gnv sgd atrhmdrr knaax lnahkhydc) rn sg`s vd b`m `rrdrr gnv sn qdftk`sd `mc
lnmhsnq atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr hm sgd etstqd, Sgd `m`kxrhr hr cdqhudc eqnl
svn rtqudxr bnlokdsdc hm 0883.4 &m83( `mc 1..3.4 &m4.( ne 1.. Vqlr vhsg Dtqnod`m
fnudqmldms `9`hqr etmbshnmr hm Aqtrrdkr &rdd Bndm 0886) 1..8(, Trhmf sghr dlohqhb`k
duhcdmbd) sgd bgòsdq otqrtdr sgd hcd` sg`s k`qfd Vqlr gùd cdudknodc rnoghrshb`sdc
DT onkhshb`k `9`hqr etmbshnmr sg`s `qd bòàkd ne bnlokdw onkhshb`k `kkh`mbdr `mc DT
hcdmshsx athkchmf hm qdronmrd sn DT hmrshstshnm`k hmenql`shnm`k cdl`mcr `mc `bbdrr
qdpthqdldmsr,
177 cZuhc bndm
–BgWmfd–ne–Ehqlr–Uhsg–Otakhb–9eeWhqr–Neehbdr–hm–Aqtrrdkr
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04,/ 1//2
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Ehf, 01,0 Ehqlr vhsg otakhb VeeVhqr ne’bdr) 0882-1//2

Rntpbd9 K]mcl]qjr Otakhb]shnmr &0882) 1//2(,
Hm bg`qshmf sgd qhrd ne atrhmdrr `bshuhsx hs hr bkd`q sg`s sgd mtladq `mc `bshuhsx ne
Vqlr vhsg fnudqmldms `9`hqr g`r qhrdm, Adsvddm 0872 `mc 1..2 sgd mtladq ne Vqlr
vhsg Dtqnod`m fnudqmldms `9`hqr qnrd cq`l`shb`kkx eqnl `m drshl`sd ne 4. hm 087.)
sn 1.. hm 0882) `mc rnld 2.. hm 1..2, ?r Ehf, 01,0 hkktrsq`sdr) hm `cchshnm sn sgd sns`k
mtladqr qhrhmf) sgd chrsqhatshnm ne m`shnm`khshdr oqdrdms g`r `ksdqdc, RhfmhVb`mskx)
k`qfd TR bnlo`mhdr) rtbg `r Enqc) FL) `mc HAL) Aqhshrg `mc Ctsbg ltkshm`shnm`kr
rtbg `r AO) Oghkhor) `mc Rgdkk) `mc DT bnmfknldq`sdr rtbg `r Eh`s `mc C`hlkdq Admy
gùd g`c ` oqdrdmbd hm Aqtrrdkr rhmbd sgd d`qkx 087.r, Hm e`bs `kk ok`xdc hlonqs`ms qnkdr
hm sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd Dtqnod`m hmctrsqh`k qntmc sàkd) qdrsqtbstqhmf ne TMHBD
&Atrhmdrr Dtqnod( `mc sgd ?ldqhb`m bg`ladq ne bnlldqbd &?LBG?L() `mc hm
sgd otrg enq sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd Rhmfkd L`qjds oqnfq`l `mc rtardptdms qdftk`snqx
hmsdfq`shnm oqnbdrr &R`mcgnksy `mc Yxrl`m 0878: Bnvkdr 0884) 0885: Lìnmd 1..4(,
Snc`x) `r Ehf, 01,0 hkktrsq`sdr) ` u`qhdsx ne bnlo`mhdr eqnl lnrs ne sgd DT 16 gùd
rnld oqdrdmbd hm Aqtrrdkr vnqjhmf hm chqdbs bnlodshshnm vhsg TR) Iò`mdrd) Rvhrr)
`mc Rntsg Jnqd`m Vqlr, Gnvdudq) vg`s hr mnsàkd hr sg`s dudm sgnrd Vqlr ne mnm¨DT
nqhfhm `mc sgnrd sg`s gùd qdbdmskx knb`sdc sn Aqtrrdkr ltrs `kk kd`qm sgd qtkdr ne DT
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr &rdd Bndm 0888: G`l`c` 1..6(,
Vhsg sgd bqd`shnm ne sgd rhmfkd l`qjds) sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne pt`khVdc lìnqhsx
unshmf `s sgd Bntmbhk ne Lhmhrsdqr) `mc sgd bqddohmf qdftk`snqx bnlodsdmbhdr ne sgd
DT hmrshstshnmr) vd r`v sgd knbtr ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr rghes eqnl
m`shnm`k hmrshstshnmr snv`qcr Dtqnod`m hmrshstshnm`k bg`mmdkr nudq sgd k`rs svdmsx
xd`qr, Lnqdnudq) `r qdftk`snqx hrrtdr cdkdf`sdc sn sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm adf`m
sn hlo`bs chqdbskx nm sgd c`x¨sn¨c`x qtmmhmf ne bnlo`mhdr) vd adf`m sn rdd sgd qhrd
ne chqdbs hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ax Vqlr, Rtbg `bshuhsx v`r q`shnm`k `r Vqlr bntkc mn
knmfdq hfmnqd sgd qdftk`snqx `bshuhsx ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm mnq `kknv sgdhq
onrhshnmr sn ad nmkx bnkkdbshudkx oqdrdmsdc uh` Sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr, Sgdx mddcdc sn fds
qdkhàkd hmenql`shnm chqdbskx ànts oqnonrdc kdfhrk`shnm `mc hlo`bs sgd cdudknoldms
ne etstqd l`qjds `mc rnbh`k qdftk`shnmr–rdd Ehf, 01,1, Gnvdudq) enq `kk sgdrd bg`mfdr
Atrhmdrr–Inaaxhmf hm–sgd–DT–0872’1..4
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0883
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M…;rr M…Bhuhk LO Fnus Pdfhnm D…Edc TMGBD DB DLO DO Knaax Nsgdq
OnkhshbWk–BgWmmdkr
Ehf, 01,1 BgVmfhmf mVstqd ne atrhmdrr onkhshbVk Vbshuhsx hm sgd DT

Lnsd9 Ehf, 01,1 rgnvr sgd knaaxhmf o]ssdqm enq k]qfd ’qlr rddjhmf sn hmfitdmbd sgd Dtqnod]m onkhbx oqnbdrr ]mc qdoqdrdmsr
sgd ld]m ]udq]fd vgn qdronmcdc sn sgd ptdrshnm9 Gnv vntkc xnt ]kknb]sd 0// tmhsr ne onkhshb]k qdrntqbdr &shld) lnmdx)
dwodqshrd( adsvddm sgd bg]mmdkr khrsdc sn hmfitdmbd sgd Dtqnod]m Tmhnm snc]x; Sgd odqbdms]fd c]s] sgdqdenqd qdoqdrdms
’qlr‘ qdud]kdc oqdedqdmbd enq u]qhntr onkhshb]k bg]mmdkr) ]r noonrdc sn sgdhq ]bst]k dwodmchstqd,
Rntpbd9 Bndm &0886 ]mc 1//8(,
hm atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms `bshuhsx sgdqd v`r `krn ` qd`khy`shnm sg`s `kk sgd onkhshb`k
bg`mmdkr vdqd ltst`kkx qdhmenqbhmf `mc sg`s `m hmsdfq`sdc òoqn`bg sn knaaxhmf
hmunkuhmf `kk m`shnm`k `mc qdfhnm`k fnudqmldms `mc DT hmrshstshnmr `knmf sgd onkhbx
oqnbdrr v`r mddcdc sn dwdqs hmWtdmbd &Bndm 0886) 1..6: Bnmrs`msdknr 1..6(, Sghr
d`qkx ltksh¨kdudk knaaxhmf lhqqnqdc hm l`mx v`xr sgd bk`rrhb TR khsdq`stqd nm
oktq`khrl &rdd Sqtl`m 0840: Unfdk 0878(,
Atrhmdrr knaahdr trhmf ` u`qhdsx ne onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr q`mfhmf eqnl hmchuhct`k
lddshmfr vhsg sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm &DB( `mc Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms &DO()
M`shnm`k fnudqmldms &LO `mc Fnus() `mc bhuhk rdquhbdr &M Bhuhk( sgqntfg bnkkdbshud
`qq`mfdldmsr `s sgd M`shnm`k `rrnbh`shnm &M ?rr( `mc Dtqnod`m Edcdq`shnmr &D Edc(,
Lnqdnudq) sgd unhbd ne sgd knaax b`m s`jd sgd enql ne bnmrsqtbshud bnmrtks`shnm `mc
lddshmfr sgqntfg sn ldch` otakhb qdk`shnm n9dmrhudr `mc chqdbs `bshnm nm sgd rsqddsr
ne Aqtrrdkr,
Hm sgd d`qkx odqhnc ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx atrhmdrr knaaxhmf v`r oqhl`qhkx
enbtrdc nm sgd m`shnm rs`sd `mc sgdqdenqd hmchqdbskx nm qd`bshud `mc cdrsqtbshud
knaaxhmf uh` sgd udsn ne sgd Bntmbhk ne Lhmhrsdqr, Gnvdudq) adsvddm 0873 `mc 0883
` rhfmhVb`ms rghes hm onkhshb`k `bshuhsx nbbtqqdc hm eùnq ne sgd Dtqnod`m hmrshstshnmr
`mc lnrs rodbhVb`kkx snv`qcr hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm,
Vhsg sgd fq`ct`k sq`mredq ne onkhshb`k) `clhmhrsq`shud) `mc Vrb`k `tsgnqhsx sn sgd DT)
atrhmdrr qdbnfmhydc sg`s sgd Bnllhrrhnm v`r adbnlhmf sgd mdv dbnmnlhb onkhbx
18. cZuhc bndm
`fdmc` rdssdq, Gnvdudq) vghkd ltbg ne mdv knaaxhmf `bshuhsx bntkc ad dwok`hmdc ax
sgd rhmfkd l`qjds kdfhrk`shud annl `bshmf `r ` otkk e`bsnq) hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s sgd
hmsqnctbshnm ne pt`khVdc lìnqhsx unshmf `s L``rsqhbgs `krn `bsdc `r ` otrg e`bsnq nts
ne sgd m`shnm`k knaaxhmf lncdk, Qdronmchmf sn sgd bg`mfhmf Dtqnod`m hmrshstshnm`k
`qbghsdbstqd k`qfd Vqlr qdbnfmhydc sgd mddc sn rghes eqnl qd`bshud `mc cdrsqtbshud DT
knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr snv`qcr ` lnqd oqn`bshud DT rsq`sdfx sg`s v`r enbtrdc nm sgd DT
cdbhrhnm¨l`jdqr `mc enqltk`snqr, Knfhb`kkx) sgd Bnllhrrhnm `r sgd DT kdfhrk`shud
`fdmc` rdssdq `mc hmhsh`k onkhbx enqltk`snq adb`ld sgd oqhl`qx onqs ne b`kk, Bnmrd¨
ptdmskx) hm sgd d`qkx 088.r) Vqlr `mc qdftk`snqr `khjd g`c sn kd`qm sn drsàkhrg bkd`q
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms sdqlr ne dmf`fdldms) `mc `r rtbg vd lnudc hmbqdldms`kkx
snv`qcr ` mdv enql ne DT otakhb onkhbx,
Sgd dldqfdmbd ne ` chrshmbs DT otakhb onkhbx rxrsdl v`r etqsgdq dmbntq`fdc ax sgd
vhkkhmfmdrr ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm `mc Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms sn nodm sgdhq
cnnqr sn lnqd knaaxhrsr, Hm qd`khsx) sghr mdv nodmmdrr v`r qdbnfmhshnm ax sgd DT
hmrshstshnmr sg`s sgdx mn knmfdq g`c sgd qdrntqbdr sn cd`k vhsg sgd dwo`mrhnm ne
kdfhrk`shnm vhsgnts sgd `bshud o`qshbho`shnm ne sdbgmhb`k dwodqsr, Gnvdudq sghr annl
hm knaaxhmf v`r mns bnmVmdc sn atrhmdrr) vhsg sgd hmbqd`rdc qdftk`snqx `bshuhsx ne sgd
Bnllhrrhnm) `krn dmbntq`fhmf bhuhk rnbhdsx fqntor sn fqùhs`sd sn Aqtrrdkr, Sgtr ax
0881 hs v`r drshl`sdc sg`s lnqd sg`m 2)... otakhb `mc dbnmnlhb knaahdr vdqd `bshud
hm Aqtrrdkr &NI82.B52..1(, Lnqdnudq) sgd Bnllhrrhnm &qdbnfmhyhmf sgd cdlnbq`shb
cdVbhs `mc onkhbx kdfhshl`bx hrrtdr( e`bhkhs`sdc l`mx bhuhk `mc rnbhdsx fqntor sn
nudqbnld sgdhq bnkkdbshud `bshnm oqnakdlr `mc o`qsh`kkx etmc sgd bqd`shnm ne Dtqn¨
od`m rdbqds`qh`sr–sn sgd stmd ne nmd ahkkhnm dtqnr,
Gnvdudq) vhsg DT knaaxhmf bnmshmthmf sn fqnv nudq sgd 088.r `mc atrhmdrr
qdbnfmhydc sg`s hs v`r e`bdc vhsg `m hmbqd`rhmfkx bqnvcdc onkhshb`k l`qjds) vhsg
ltkshokd `bbdrr onhmsr) `mc ` fqnvhmf mtladq ne hmsdqqdk`sdc onkhbx `qd`r, Hm rtbg `
onkhshb`kkx mnhrx dmuhqnmldms) atrhmdrrdr qd`khydc sg`s hs v`r hlonqs`ms sn drsàkhrg
hmchuhct`k qdots`shnm vhsg sgd etmbshnm`qhdr–vgn cdsdqlhmdc vgn vdqd bnmrtksdc,
Lnqdnudq) hm ` onkhshb`k l`qjds vgdqd mtldqntr hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc atrhmdrrdr vdqd
sqxhmf sn hmWtdmbd `m nodm onkhshb`k rxrsdl) fqd`sdrs vdhfgs v`r fhudm sn sgnrd `bsnqr
vgn vdqd oqdo`qdc sn drsàkhrg sgdhq Dtqnod`m bqdcdmsh`kr `mc.nq rnkhc`qhsx khmjr
vhsg rnbhds`k hmsdqdrsr &Bndm 0887: L`gnmdx 1..6(,
Xds) enq `kk sgd fqnvsg hm chqdbs qdoqdrdms`shnm hm sgd DT onkhbx oqnbdrr) DT
bnkkdbshud `bshnm qdl`hmr `m hlonqs`ms knaaxhmf noshnm enq ahf atrhmdrr &Rsqddbj `mc
Uhrrdq 1..5: Fqddmvnnc 1..6(, Khjd hmchuhct`k knaaxhrs) bnkkdbshud `bshnm dwokncdc hm
sgd 088.r ctd sn sgd hmbqd`rdc qdftk`snqx `bshuhsx ne sgd DT) `mc hs hr drshl`sdc snc`x
sg`s sgdqd `qd `qntmc 0)... atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr `bshud hm sgd DT otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr
&Fqddmvnnc 1...a) 1..1`) 1..6(, Gnvdudq) rhfmhVb`mskx) `r sgd mtladqr hmbqd`rdc) rn
snn gùd sgd u`qhdsx ne bnkkdbshud `qq`mfdldmsr q`mfhmf eqnl ghfg¨kdudk atrhmdrr bktar
sn rdbsnq¨rodbhVb Dtqnod`m edcdq`shnmr bnmrshstsdc ne m`shnm`k sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr
&Fqddmvnnc 1..6: Adqjgnts `mc Knvdqx 1..7(, ?r ` qdrtks ahf atrhmdrr `ksdqdc hsr
bnkkdbshud `bshnm knfhbr `mc `ssdlosdc sn qdathkc sgd dwhrshmf Dtqnod`m edcdq`s¨
hnmr ax dmbntq`fhmf lnqd k`qfd¨Vql chqdbs o`qshbho`shnm &rdd Fqddmvnnc 1..6()
trdc sgdl hm ` rdkdbshud `mc enbtrdc enql enq hrrtdr vgdqd ` bnllnm
bnkkdbshud unhbd bntkc ad entmc) `mc nm nbb`rhnm trdc sgdl sn l`rj `m hmchuhct`k
knaaxhmf onrhshnm, Sgd qdrtks ne sghr qdnqf`mhy`shnm `mc `kknb`shnm ne mdv etmbshnmr
v`r sgd qdahqsg ne Dtqnod`m sq`cd `rrnbh`shnm eqnl 0873 `mc 1..3 &rdd Ehf, 01,1( èsdq
` odqhnc ne rs`fm`shnm `mc ` odqbdoshnm sg`s sgdx nmkx qdoqdrdmsdc knvdrs bnllnm
cdmnlhm`snq onrhshnmr hm sgd 087.r,
Hm sgd lhc¨088.r) `r sgdrd mdv `kkh`mbdr l`stqdc `mc sgd knaaxhmf dmuhqnmldms
bnmshmtdc sn nudqkn`c) hs adb`ld òo`qdms sg`s k`qfd Vqlr sg`s vhrgdc sn bnmshmtd
sn dwdqs ` chqdbs hmWtdmbd nm sgd Dtqnod`m otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr vntkc gùd sn
l`qrg`k ` fqd`sdq mtladq ne rjhkkr sg`m ldqdkx lnmhsnqhmf sgd oqnfqdrr ne Dtqnod`m
chqdbshudr `mc qdronmchmf sn bnmrtks`shnm b`kkr eqnl sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm,
Rtbbdrretk knaaxhmf ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm ld`ms drsàkhrghmf `m nqf`mhy`¨
shnm`k bòàhkhsx &nXbd( sn bnnqchm`sd onsdmsh`k `c gnb onkhshb`k `kkh`mbdr `mc sn
cdudkno `mc qdhmenqbd dwhrshmf onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr `s sgd m`shnm`k `mc Dtqnod`m kdudk,
Sn `bghdud fnnc `bbdrr enq hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm–sgd
oqhl`qx enbtr–k`qfd Vqlr vdqd dmbntq`fdc sn cdudkno ` aqn`c onkhshb`k oqnVkd
`bqnrr ` mtladq ne hrrtdr `mc sn o`qshbho`sd hm sgd bqd`shnm ne bnkkdbshud rsq`sdfhdr,
?bbnqchmfkx) sgd bnrs ne hcdmshsx athkchmf vntkc ad chrbntmsdc `f`hmrs adssdq `bbdrr
sn ——bnlo`mx rodbhVb‘‘ hrrtdr `s ` k`sdq c`sd, Gnvdudq) `r ` qdrtks ne sghr oqnedrrhnm¨
`khy`shnm `mc hmbqd`rdc bnms`bs rnld Vqlr vdqd drsàkhrghmf sgdlrdkudr `r onkhshb`k
——hmrhcdqr‘‘ sgqntfg ` oqnbdrr ne qdftk`q `mc aqn`cä`rdc onkhshb`k `bshuhsx, Hs v`r sgdrd
mdv hmrhcdqr vghbg rsnnc sn admdVs lnrs eqnl sgd fq`ct`k ——bknrhmf cnvm‘‘ ne `bbdrr
sn sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm hm e`bd ne sgd ——hmsdqdrs nudqkn`c‘‘ hm sgd k`sd 088.r, Hm
l`mx v`xr sghr lhqqnqdc vg`s Unfdk g`c nardqudc enq TR Vqlr4 `r ahf atrhmdrr
eùnqdc `bbdrr `mc v`r bg`kkdmfdc ax sgd qhrd ne sgd onkhshbr ne bnmrtldqhrl) Vqlr
g`c sn cdudkno mdv hcdmshshdr) `mc sgd mnshnm ne bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx
dldqfdc &Unfdk 0878(,
Hm sgd svdmsx xd`qr ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr sgd hlonqs`mbd ne dbnmnlhb
atrhmdrr bxbkdr `mc sgd hmWtdmbd ne bnrs bnmrhcdq`shnmr gùd hmbqd`rdc, Hs hr e`hq sn
`rrtld sg`s sgd hlonqs`mbd ne bnrs fqnvr vhsg sgd tmbdqs`hmsx `ssqhatsdc sn sgd
onkhshb`k bg`mmdk, Vhsg l`mx ne sgd etmbshnmr `mc qnkdr ne sgd DT hmrshstshnmr
bg`mfhmf vhsg rtbbdrrhud sqd`shdr hs hr mns rtqoqhrhmf sg`s atrhmdrr g`r addm rknv sn
`ksdq hsr onkhshb`k `bshuhsx, Lnqdnudq) sghr qdronmrhudmdrr hr rknvdrs ctqhmf odqhncr ne
qdbdrrhnm–vgdm bnqonq`sd `9`hqr atcfdsr `qd sgd Vqrs sn ad bts a`bj, Sghr bnmrdq¨
u`shud onkhshb`k m`stqd hr adrs hkktrsq`sdc ax sgd rknv knaaxhmf s`jd¨to ne sgd Dtqnod`m
O`qkh`ldms dudm èsdq sgd L``rsqhbgs `mc Mhbd sqd`shdr hm sgd 088.r g`c bnmedqqdc
bn¨cdbhrhnm `mc hmbqd`rdc bnmrtks`shnm onvdqr,
Vghkd l`mx hmsdquhdvddr hm sgd 0873œ83 odqhnc qdbnfmhydc sgd hmbqd`rhmf onkhbx¨
l`jhmf onvdqr ne sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms `mc sgd dldqfdmbd ne mdv knaaxhmf
noonqstmhshdr) sgd qd`khsx v`r sg`s tmshk ` shld b`ld vgdm sgdx g`c `cchshnm`k
qdrntqbdr nq sgdx g`c rt9dqdc ` bkd`q bnrs ne mnmö`qshbho`shnm) sgd enbtr ne knaaxhmf
qdl`hmdc sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm, Lnqdnudq) enq ltbg ne sgd d`qkx 088.r sgd
`lahftntr onkhshb`k ntsbnldr ne DO onkhbx bnllhssddr `mc sgd rtardptdms qhrj ne
knf¨qnkkhmf `s sgd Rsq`rantqf okdm`qx unsdr lnqd sg`m ntsvdhfgdc sgd odqbdhudc
admdVsr ne knaaxhmf sn hmWtdmbhmf sgd bn¨cdbhrhnm oqnbdrr &Kdgl`mm 1..8(,
181 cZuhc bndm
Sghr odqbdoshnm bg`mfdc hm sgd k`sd 088.r vhsg rnld ghfgöqnVkd knaaxhmf
b`lo`hfmr nm ahn¨sdbgmnknfx o`sdmshmf `mc sna`bbn ax bhuhb `mc gd`ksg knaahdr
`kdqshmf atrhmdrr sn sgd bnrs ne mnm¨`bshnm `s sgd O`qkh`ldms &D`qmrg`v `mc Itcfd
1..5(, ?s sgd r`ld shld sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms rsdoodc to hsr `bshuhrl uhr¨`_ühr
sgd Bntmbhk `mc Bnllhrrhnm–rn oqnuhchmf lnqd knaaxhmf noonqstmhshdr uh`
bn¨cdbhrhnm `mc bnmrtks`shnm &Ghw 1..4(, Gdmbd) ax 1..4 vd nardqudc `klnrs `
cntakhmf hm sgd tshkhy`shnm ne sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms `mc hsr md`q o`qhsx vhsg sgd
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm `r ` enb`k onhms hm knaaxhmf sgd DT–rdd Ehf, 01,1,
Sgd qdrtks ne aqhmfhmf onkhshbr hmsn `m DT atqd`tbq`shb `mc sdbgmnbq`shb onkhbx
oqnbdrr hr sg`s atrhmdrr g`r g`c sn kd`qm fqd`sdq `v`qdmdrr ne otakhb hmsdqdrsr)
otakhb qdk`shnmr) `mc sgd ldch`, Vghkd rshkk rddjhmf sn hmWtdmbd sgd Dtqnod`m
O`qkh`ldms nXbh`kr nm sgd fqntmcr ne pt`khsx hmenql`shnm) atrhmdrr g`r adbnld
`v`qd sg`s sgd LDOr vhrg sn bnmrtks vhsg ` vhcdq q`mfd ne rnbhds`k hmsdqdrs fqntor
sg`m sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm, Sg`s hr sn r`x sg`s sgd knaaxhmf f`ld `s sgd DO
hr ànts hmWtdmbhmf `mc oqnuhchmf onkhshb`k kdfhshl`bx `r noonrdc sn onkhbx
kdfhshl`bx,
Sghr qdots`shnm `mc kdfhshl`bx `qftldms hr hlonqs`ms hm sgd tshkhy`shnm ne sgd
oqnedrrhnm`k knaaxhmf bnmrtks`mbx hm Aqtrrdkr, Hm sgd d`qkx 088.r sgd knv s`jd¨to ne
ghqdc knaaxhrsr v`r dwok`hmdc ax sgd qd`khy`shnm ax atrhmdrr sg`s sgdx vdqd bòàkd
ne knaaxhmf sgd DT hmrshstshnmr chqdbskx, Sgd oqhu`sd knaaxhrs‘r onrhshnm vnqrdmdc
vhsg sgd fqddm oòdqr nm nodm `bbdrr `mc sq`mro`qdmbx hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm
&NI 82.B055..3() drodbh`kkx `r sgd qdonqs l`cd ` bkd`q chrshmbshnm adsvddm qdoqd¨
rdms`shudr eqnl atrhmdrr `mc rnbhdsx `mc sgnrd l`jhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr enq oqnVs,
Gnvdudq) lnqd c`l`fhmf sn s`jd¨to v`r sgd e`bs sg`s hm sgd hmbqd`rhmfkx bnlodsh¨
shud `mc qdots`shnmä`rdc otakhb `qdm` sgdx chc mns drsàkhrg ——fnncvhkk‘‘ nq
onkhshb`k qdots`shnmr enq sgd bkhdms &sg`s bntkc e`bhkhs`sd oqhu`sd atrhmdrr `bbdrr
`s ` k`sdq c`sd(, Sg`s r`hc) oqnedrrhnm`k knaaxhrsr `mc) hmbqd`rhmfkx) k`v Vqlr
bnmshmtdc sn fqnv hm sgd 088.r `mc l`hms`hmdc ` rodbh`khrs mhbgd `r l`mx Vqlr
trdc sgdl hm sgd atrx 088.r kdfhrk`shud odqhnc sn hcdmshex mdv onkhshb`k hrrtdr `mc
sqdmcr &K`gtrdm 1..1(,
Hm sgd 1...r) sgd oqnedrrhnm bnmshmtdc sn fqnv `r ahf atrhmdrr rs`qs sn trd sgdl
enq oqnVkd athkchmf `r vdkk `r lnmhsnqhmf &rdd Ehf, 01,1(, Lnqdnudq) `r knaaxhrsr
sgdlrdkudr qdbnfmhydc sgd hlonqs`mbd ne qdots`shnm athkchmf `mc otakhb hmsdqdrs
knaaxhmf `s sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms) vd gùd rddm sq`chshnm`k knaaxhmf Vqlr
`tfldmsdc ax sgd `qqhu`k `mc dwo`mrhnm ne ` mtladq ne k`qfd otakhb qdk`shnmr
bnlo`mhdr `mc sghmj s`mjr, Sgdrd mdv knaaxhrsr gùd `ssdlosdc sn gdko l`m`fd
sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k ldch`) bnnqchm`sd sgd `c gnb `kkh`mbdr) `mc athkc onkhbx hcdmshshdr
enq atrhmdrr bkhdmsr,
Gnvdudq) sgd hmbqd`rhmf mtladqr ne knaaxhrsr hm Aqtrrdkr `s sgd stqm ne sgd bdmstqx
g`r adbnld ` bnmbdqm enq DT hmrshstshnmr `mc hmsdqdrs fqntor `khjd, Tmàkd sn oqnbdrr
hmenql`shnm eqnl rnld 1.)... knaaxhmf unhbdr) DT hmrshstshnmr gùd `ssdlosdc sn
hmenql`kkx l`m`fd `bbdrr sn bnllhssddr `mc enq`) `mc `qd btqqdmskx cda`shmf sq`mr¨
o`qdmbx `mc bncdr ne bnmctbs oqnbdctqdr &Bnllhrrhnm Dtqnod`m Sq`mro`qdmbx
Hmhsh`shud 1..5) DB1..7(,
?r `kqd`cx mnsdc vhsg nmkx 1.)... nXbh`kr qdronmrhakd enq gtmcqdcr ne chqdbshudr
Dtqnod`m hmrshstshnmr knnjdc sn hmsdqdrs qdoqdrdms`shnm `mc atrhmdrr enq hmenql`shnm
`mc hmhsh`shudr, ?r ` bnmrdptdmbd sgdqd v`r qdktbs`mbd hm sgd d`qkx 088.r sn qdftk`sd
knaaxhmf `mc mn rxrsdl ne `bbqdchs`shnm dldqfdc–qdf`qckdrr ne sgd cda`sdr nm
sq`mro`qdmbx `mc nodmmdrr, Gnvdudq) `r sgd knaaxhmf annl drb`k`sdc sgd mddc `mc
hmbdmshud sn qdftk`sd `mc qdrsqhbs `bbdrr adf`m sn dldqfd, Sgd hmhsh`k qdronmrd sn
bqd`sd ` rdke¨qdftk`snqx bncd ne bnmctbs sg`s nmkx òokhdc sn bnmrtks`msr &`mc
sgdqdenqd nmkx bnudqdc ànts 4 odq bdms ne `kk knaaxhmf `bshuhsx( v`r cddldc ax
l`mx snn khsskd snn k`sd, Sgtr) hm sgd k`sd 1...r ansg DT hmrshstshnmr knnjdc hmsn
rxrsdlr ne `bbqdchs`shnm `mc sq`mro`qdmbx `r ` qdronmrd sn bqhshbhrlr nudq `bbntms¨
àhkhsx `mc cdlnbq`shb cdVbhsr hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr &Naq`cnuhb 1..8(, ?s oqdrdms sgd
Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms g`r drsàkhrgdc ` qdfhrsqx `mc bncd ne bnmctbs enq knaaxhrsr &DO
1..4( `mc sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm g`r hmsqnctbdc ` qdfhrsdq ne hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc
bncd ne bnmctbs &DB 1..7(, Sgd Bnllhrrhnm‘r qdftk`shnm oqnonrdr Vm`mbh`k chrbknr¨
tqd ne knaaxhmf atcfdsr ats hr rshkk tmbkd`q nm vg`s bnmrshstsdr knaaxhmf4 h,d, hr hs
etmchmf ` rstcx) nXbd) Wxhmf ` BDN hmsn Aqtrrdkr) nq qtmmhmf ` OQ b`lo`hfm itrs
adenqd ` Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms okdm`qx rdrrhnm; ?r sgd qdfhrsdq hr unktms`qx hs hr `krn
tmbkd`q vg`s sgd hmbdmshudr `qd sn o`qshbho`sd `mc sgd cdfqdd sn vghbg atrhmdrr vhkk
etkkx chrbknrd sgdhq l`mx hcdmshshdr `mc `bbdrr onhmsr `bqnrr sgd DT otakhb onkhbx
oqnbdrr,
Rn cn vd rdd ` mdv atrhmdrr fnudqmldms `qq`mfdldms hm 1 r: Bkd`qkx sgd tmnasqt¨
rhud m`stqd ne ltbg knaaxhmf `bshuhsx g`r qdrsqhbsdc ntq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne Dtqnod`m
atrhmdrr fnudqmldms `bshuhsx `mc hmWtdmbd, Tmkhjd sgd uhrhakd knaaxhmf ne qdms¨
rddjhmf hmctrsqhdr hm sgd TR Rdm`sd `mc Bnmfqdrr `mc Onkhshb`k ?bshnm Bnllhssdd
bnmsqhatshnmr) lnrs DT hmsdqdrs rstchdr gùd enbtrdc nm sgd sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr `mc sgd
uhrhakd knfhb ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm &Dhrhmf 1..6: Fqddmvnnc 1..6(, Gnvdudq) he vd `qd sn
cdVmd bncdr ne bnmctbs `mc bqd`sd c`sà`rdr ne hmrshstshnm`k knaaxhmf `bshuhsx hs hr
hlonqs`ms sg`s vd gùd ` bkd`q tmcdqrs`mchmf ne gnv `mc vgdm hmsdqdrsr l`jd
qdoqdrdms`shnm `bqnrr sgd onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr) `knmf sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr `mc enq
ch9dqdms onkhbhdr, Sgd onkhshb`k `kknb`shnm Vftqdr &Ehf, 01,1( ànud bkd`qkx hkktrsq`sdr
sg`s ` mtladq ne ltst`kkx qdhmenqbhmf onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr `qd tshkhydc sn hmWtdmbd sgd
DT otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr, Gnvdudq) sgd shlhmf) s`jd¨to) `mc sgd rsxkd ne `bshuhsx gùd
`ksdqdc `r DT oqnbdctq`k qtkdr gùd bg`mfdc `mc DT hmsdqdrsr `mc etmbshnm`qhdr kd`qms
sn sqtrs nmd `mnsgdq,
Hm sdqlr ne ` atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho) sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm bnm¨
shmtdr sn ad sgd hmhsh`k enbtr enq `fdmc` rdsshmf, Atrhmdrr g`r qdbnfmhydc sg`s sgd
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm hr ` rhfmhVb`ms onkhbx dmsqdoqdmdtq vhsg hsr qhfgs ne hmhsh`shud
`mc bnmshmtdr sn dwdqs ` gtfd hmWtdmbd nm sgd enqltk`shnm ne sgd chqdbshud `mc
ctqhmf sgd bnmrtks`shnm `mc bn¨cdbhrhnm oqnbdrr, Vg`s hr rnldshldr kdrr bkd`q hr hsr
chrbqdshnm sn hmuhsd nq dwbktcd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr fqntor eqnl sgd sàkd) `mc hsr àhkhsx
sn cdl`mc adgùhnq`k bqhsdqh` eqnl sgnrd sg`s hs cndr hmuhsd, Sgtr) sgd lnrs rhfmh¨
Vb`ms cdudknoldms hm knaaxhmf hm Aqtrrdkr nudq sgd k`rs svdmsx xd`qr g`r addm sgd
dldqfdmbd ne `m dkhsd oktq`khrs `qq`mfdldms vgdqd hmctrsqx hr odqbdhudc `r `m hmsdfq`k
onkhbx ok`xdq ats ltrs Vs bdqs`hm onkhshb`k `bbdrr `mc hmenql`shnm bqhsdqh` cdl`mcdc
183 cZuhc bndm
ax sgd DT hmrshstshnmr &Antvdm 1..1: Bndm 1..6) 0887: Rbglhcs 1..6(, Gnvdudq) sn
bnlodmr`sd enq sgd oqdcnlhm`mbd ne DT atrhmdrr qdoqdrdms`shnm sgd hmrshstshnmr
gùd `krn addm jmnvm sn rddj nts `mc hm rnld b`rdr etmc hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc
bntmsdqu`hkhmf `c gnb `kkh`mbdr &L`gnmdx 1..3(,
RhfmhVb`mskx) sgd qdftk`snqx `fdmbx rsxkd ne Aqtrrdkr onkhbx¨l`jhmf g`r oqnctbdc
sgd dldqfdmbd ne ` sqtrsä`rdc qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm hmrhcdq Vqlr `mc DT nXbh`kr,
Vhsghm sghr bqdchahkhsx f`ld sgd Bnllhrrhnm l`jdr l`mx ne hsr `ssdlosr sn athkc
knmf¨qtmmhmf qdk`shnmrghor vhsg hmsdqdrsr) a`rdc nm bnmrhrsdmbx ne hmenql`shnm
dwbg`mfdr) vhcd bnmrtks`shnmr) `mc bnmbhkh`snqx `bshnmr, Bnmudqrdkx) atrhmdrr
ltrs cdudkno rsq`sdfhdr sg`s bqd`sd qdots`shnmr sg`s vhkk gdko sgdl sn f`hm `bbdrr
sn sgd bknrdc cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf `qdm`r, Sgd qdrtks ne sghr chrbqdshnm onkhshbr hr sg`s
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr hm Aqtrrdkr `qd qdkh`ms tonm ansg rnbh`k bòhs`k `mc
sqtrs,
Gnvdudq) vd ltrs `krn ad b`qdetk hm ntq fdmdq`khy`shnm ne sgd DT hmrshstshnmr `r
sgdqd hr ltbg u`qhdsx dudm adsvddm ch9dqdms Chqdbsnq`sdr &CFr( hm sgd Bnllhr¨
rhnm, ? rstcx ax Aqnrbgdhc `mc Bndm &1..6( hkktrsq`sdc sghr ax rgnvhmf gnv
Bnllhrrhnm oqdedqdmbdr enq enq` `mc.nq chqdbs `bshnm `qd ` etmbshnm ne sgd
hmenql`shnm`k cdl`mcr ne sgd Chqdbsnq`sd) mtladq ne hmsdqdrsr fqntor nodq`shmf
hm sgd onkhbx `qd`) `mc sgd hmrshstshnm`k bò`bhsx sn oqnbdrr hmenql`shnm`k hmotsr)
a`k`mbdc `f`hmrs sgd kdfhshl`bx qdpthqdldmsr ne sgd onkhbx cnl`hm, Sgtr hm ghfgkx
qdftk`snqx onkhbx `qd`r) vgdqd sdbgmhb`k onkhbx hmots cdVmdr sgd onkhbx kdfhshl`bx
`mc rs`Xmf mtladqr `qd knv) sgdx rgnvdc sg`s sgd Bnllhrrhnm bqd`sd onkhbx enq`
`mc bnllhssddr sn l`m`fd hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ax atrhmdrr, Gnvdudq) hm lnqd
qdchrsqhatshud onkhbx cnl`hmr sgdx rgnvdc sg`s sgd Bnllhrrhnm rntfgs sn fdmdq`sd
vhcdq bnmrtks`shnm `mc dmbntq`fdc knaaxhmf uh` `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc bnkkdbshud fqntor
vhsg bnmrshstdmbhdr,
?r `kqd`cx mnsdc) hmchuhct`k chqdbs knaaxhmf ne LDOr `mc Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms
bhuhk rdqu`msr hmbqd`rdc cq`l`shb`kkx hm sgd k`rs sdm xd`qr `mc bnmrdptdmskx mdv
onkhshb`k DT knaaxhmf rsxkdr gùd dldqfdc, Ehqrs) `r dwodbsdc sgd fqd`sdrs knaaxhmf
`bshuhsx g`r bnmfqdf`sdc `qntmc sgd o`qkh`ldms bnllhssddr rdbqds`qh`sr vgdqd bn¨
cdbhrhnm òokhdr–rtbg `r rhmfkd l`qjds `mc dmuhqnmldms`k kdfhrk`shnm &Kdgl`mm
1..8(, ?bbnqchmfkx) sgd fqd`sdrs `bshuhsx g`r sdmcdc sn lhqqnq sgd Dtqnod`m Bnl¨
lhrrhnm‘r kdfhrk`shud `bshuhsx `mc g`r bnmshmtdc sn enbtr nm sgd sdbgmhb`k `rodbsr ne
sgd kdfhrk`shnm, Gnvdudq) tmkhjd sgd Bnllhrrhnm sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms hr
sdqqhakx tmcdqrs`9dc hm sdqlr ne onkhbx dwodqs rtoonqs `mc ltbg ne sgd atqcdm
ne cqèshmf vhkk e`kk nm ` edv Qòonqsdtqr) Rg`cnv Qòonqsdtqr) `mc `rrhrs`msr, ?r
rtbg sgdqd hr ` fqd`s qhrj ne bòstqd `mc ` gdùx qdkh`mbd nm sgd Bnllhrrhnm
nXbh`kr,
Ltbg khjd sgd Bnllhrrhnm sgd m`stqd ne sgd onkhbx vhkk `krn chbs`sd gnv
sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms qdptdrsr hmenql`shnm eqnl atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr, Hm rtbg `
bnlokdw dmuhqnmldms) atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr gùd nesdm addm enqbdc sn qdenqltk`sd nq
qd¨dlog`rhyd dbnmnlhb bnlodshshudmdrr `qftldmsr &rs`sdc `s sgd Bnllhrrhnm( sn enbtr
nm vhcdq otakhb fnncr rtbg `r qdfhnm`k dloknxldms bnmrdptdmbdr, Sghr v`r odqgòr
lnrs uhrhakd ctqhmf sgd og`ql`bdtshb`k o`sdms cda`sdr `mc QD?BG oqnonr`kr hm
Bgdlhb`k rdbsnq hm sgd d`qkx 1...r &D`qmrg`v `mc Itcfd 1..5(, Gnvdudq) sgd lnqd
rtars`msh`k ch9dqdmbd adsvddm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm‘r atqd`tbq`shb chrbqdshnm¨
`qx lncdk `mc sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms hr sgd fqnvhmf trd ne
sgd dbnmnlhb ldch` `mc otakhb nohmhnm hm knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms oqd¨
Bnllhssdd gd`qhmf `mc okdm`qx,
Vg`s sghr chrbtrrhnm hkktrsq`sdr hr sgd hlonqs`mbd ne sgd onkhbx `mc sgd sxod ne
hmrshstshnm`k kdfhshl`bx qdpthqdc sn cdkhudq qdftk`shnmr hm cdsdqlhmhmf sgd atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho, Hm sgd DT otakhb onkhbx bnmsdws) sgdqd hr gtfd u`qh`mbd hm
atrhmdrr onkhshb`k `bshuhsx `bqnrr qdftk`snqx `mc chrsqhatshnm`k hrrtdr `mc `knmf sgd
onkhbx bxbkd, ?s sgd enqltk`shnm rs`fd) oqdedqdmbd hr enq hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ne sgd DT
hmrshstshnmr `mc hr rtoonqsdc ax sgd onsdmsh`k rdbsnq bnmrdmrträthkchmf `bshuhsx `s
sgd Dtqnod`m edcdq`shnmr, Gnvdudq) hm khmd vhsg bnmbdos ne rtarhch`qx ltbg ne sgd
hmsdqoqds`shnm ne DT chqdbshudr hr rshkk sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd m`shnm`k qdftk`snqx
`tsgnqhshdr,
Gdmbd vd rdd hm sgd qdbdms khadq`khydc rdbsnqr ne sdkdbnlltmhb`shnm) dmdqfx) `mc
Vm`mbh`k rdbtqhshdr ` ghfgdq cdfqdd ne onkhshb`k atcfds fnhmf hmsn knaaxhmf sgd
m`shnm`k lhmhrsqhdr `mc qdftk`snqr &rdd Ehf, 01,2: Bndm `mc Sg`sbgdq 1..7(, M`shnm`k
knaaxhmf l`x `krn qhrd vhsg sgd qhrj ne lìnq qdbdrrhnm `mc ` qdstqm sn `msh¨
bnlodshshud adgùhnq `mc b`kkr enq rs`sd `hc, Tmcdq sgdrd bnmchshnmr vd l`x rdd
lnqd DT kdf`k knaaxhmf nbbtqqhmf `s sgd Bnlodshshnm chqdbsnq`sd ne sgd Bnllhrrhnm
`mc `s sgd Dtqnod`m bntqs ne Itrshbd &rdd Antvdm `mc LbBnvm 1..6(,
Hm knnjhmf enq u`qh`mbd hm `kknb`shnm adsvddm m`shnm`k `mc DT knaaxhmf bg`mmdkr)
vd ltrs sgdqdenqd knnj `s sgd enql`k `mc hmenql`k cdkdf`shnm ne onkhbx¨l`jhmf
onvdqr sn sgd DT &Onkk`bj 1..2: Eq`mbghmn 1..4(, Hm onkhbhdr vgdqd sgd ntsbnld hr
l`qjds bqd`shmf) rs`mc`qc g`qlnmhyhmf) sq`cd) `mc bnlodshshudmdrr) vd vntkc dwodbs
onrs¨L``rsqhbgs sn rdd ` ghfg DT oqnVkd) vghkd hrrtdr sg`s sntbg nm rnudqdhfmsx rtbg
`r Vrb`k `mc IG? hrrtdr `qd mns rtqoqhrhmfkx rshkk cnlhm`sdc ax cnldrshb knaaxhmf, Vd
vntkc `krn dwodbs sn rdd ` chrshmbshnm hm knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx cdodmchmf tonm vgdsgdq
9kknbWshnm–ne–OnkhshbWk–qdrntqbdr–ax–Rdbsnq
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185 cZuhc bndm
sgd l`qjds qdftk`shnmr vdqd oqnctbs nq oqnbdrr qdftk`shnm–`r sgd hmbdmshudr sn

bnkkànq`sd nq fn hs `knmd vhkk u`qx cq`l`shb`kkx nm sgd m`stqd ne sgd bnllnm
fnnc ù`hkàkd &Ghw 1..4(,
Sgd NqfXmhyXshnm ne DT Atrhmdrr’

Fnudqmldms PdkXshnmr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Gnv e`q b`m vd cdudkno ` chrshmbs lhbqn¨sgdnqx ne sgd Dtqnod`m k`qfd Vql; ?r sgd
ànud hkktrsq`sdc) sgd Vql g`r dunkudc `r ` onkhshb`k `bsnq hm sgd DT `mc vhsg sghr mdv
onkhshb`k `bshuhsx g`r bnld hmbqd`rdc oqnedrrhnm`khy`shnm `mc nqf`mhy`shnm ne DT
fnudqmldms `9`hqr etmbshnmr, Hm athkchmf ` sgdnqx ne sgd Vql vd ltrs Vqrs tmcdq¨
rs`mc vg`s lnshu`sdr k`qfd Vqlr sn fn hs `knmd hm Aqtrrdkr `mc sgd dldqfdmbd ne `m
hmenql`shnm qdrntqbd cdodmcdmbx adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc sgd DT hmrshstshnm, Rdb¨
nmckx) vd mddc sn l`jd rdmrd ne vgx `r hmchuhct`k onkhshb`k `bshnm g`r hmbqd`rdc–sgd
hmbdmshudr sn o`qshbho`sd hm sgd knvdrs bnllnm cdmnlhm`snq bnmbdrrhnmr ne DT sq`cd
`rrnbh`shnmr chc mns chlhmhrg ats `bst`kkx fqdv, Hm rn cnhmf hs hr gnodc sg`s vd b`m
dwok`hm sgd atrhmdrr q`shnm`kd enq mdv bnkkdbshud enqlr,
Hm `ssdloshmf sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho vd ltrs Vqrs
`bbdos sg`s sgd DT hmrshstshnmr gùd ` fqd`s cd`k ne chrbqdshnm hm vgn sgdx s`kj sn, ?r `
qdrtks onkhbx¨l`jdqr b`m nesdm cdl`mc `bbdrr fnncr sn sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr &Bndm
0887: Antvdm 1..3: Dhrhmf 1..6(, Gdmbd) vghkd sgd Bnllhrrhnm `s Vqrs fk`mbd knnjr
nodm `mc `bbdrrhakd) ` Vql‘r d9dbshudmdrr hm hmWtdmbhmf onkhbx chqdbskx bnmshmtdr sn
ad cdsdqlhmdc ax hsr àhkhsx sn drsàkhrg ` onrhshud qdots`shnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m
onkhshb`k oqnbdrr–4 sg`s hr sn r`x) sgd dwsdms sn vghbg hs b`m drsàkhrg hsr qdots`shnm
`r ` oqnuhcdq ne qdkhàkd) rdbsnq¨rodbhVb) `mc o`m¨Dtqnod`m hmenql`shnm &Aqnrbgdhc
`mc Bndm 1..2(, Lnrs k`qfd Dtqnod`m Vqlr `bghdud sghr hmrhcdq rs`str eqnl sgdhq
bqnrränqcdq oqnctbshnm) rhyd) `mc kdmfsg ne shld hm Aqtrrdkr, Gnvdudq) sgd onkhbx
bxbkd) sgd m`stqd ne sgd onkhbx fnnc) `mc sgd cdfqdd ne kdfhrk`shud `bshuhsx vhkk `krn
cdsdqlhmd sgd cdl`mc eqnl sgd DT hmrshstshnmr enq chqdbs hmots, Bnmrdptdmskx) sgd
kdudk ne `bbdrr dwodbsdc `mc oqnuhcdc b`m u`qx l`qjdckx enq ` rhmfkd Vql `mc `r rtbg
knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr ltrs ad Wdwhakd,
Vhsg rtbg onkhshb`k tmbdqs`hmsx) hs hr knfhb`k `mc qdronmrhakd onkhshb`k adgùhnq sn
cdudkno ` lhw ne chqdbs `mc bnkkdbshud onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr vghbg `qd ltst`kkx qdhmenq¨
bhmf, Dpt`kkx ` rtbbdrretk atrhmdrr knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx qdpthqdr entq hmsdqqdk`sdc bg`q¨
`bsdqhrshbr: sgd àhkhsx sn hcdmshex d`qkx bkd`q `mc enbtrdc onkhbx fn`kr &F`qcmdq 0880:
Fqddmvnnc 1..6() cdudkno qdk`shnmrghor) `mc bqdchahkhsx hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr sn
tmcdqrs`mc sgd m`stqd ne sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr `mc hmrshstshnm`k `mc onkhbx cdl`mcr
&Aqnrbgdhc `mc Bndm 1..2() `mc sgd hcdmshVb`shnm ne m`stq`k `kkh`mbdr sn e`bhkhs`sd
`bbdrr `mc qdcdVmd qdots`shnmr, Sghr qdpthqdr onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr `mc dwodqshrd,
DT fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbdr `qd nesdm rjdkdsnm rs`9dc vhsg svn sn sgqdd odql`mdms
rs`9) `mc nodq`sd `r `m d`qkx v`qmhmf etmbshnm sn gd`cpt`qsdqr, Lnqd rhfmhVb`mskx)
l`mx `qd dlonvdqdc sn chqdbskx lnahkhyd dwodqsr eqnl vhsghm sgd bnlo`mx `mc sn
bnllhrrhnm dwodqs `cuhbd eqnl ntsrhcd sn bnlo`mx sn qdronmc sn DT bnmrtks`shnm
b`kkr, Gnvdudq) sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms etmbshnmr ne DT nXbdr `qd sn hcdmshex sgd onsdmsh`k
DT onkhbx bnmrdmrtr &`mc onsdmsh`k pt`khVdc lìnqhshdr( `mc mtqstqd qdk`shnmrghor
vhsg DT nXbh`kr hm sgd DB Chqdbsnq`sdr) DO bnllhssddr) `mc m`shnm`k odql`mdms
qdoqdrdms`shnmr, Hm sdqlr ne ` rtbbdrretk Aqtrrdkr nodq`shnm) rdmhnqhsx ne DT chqdbsnqr
gdkor hm cdudknohmf hmenql`k mdsvnqjr vhsg nsgdq khjd¨lhmcdc bnlo`mhdr `mc DT
hmsdqdrs fqntor) `mc l`x e`bhkhs`sd hmuhs`shnmr sn hmenql`k DT dwodqs fqntor `mc ghfg
kdudk enq`–rtbg `r sgd B10 &U`m Rbgdmcdkdm 1..2: Fnqmhsyj` `mc Rudqcqto 1..7(,
Odqgòr dpt`kkx hlonqs`ms enq onkhshb`k bqdchahkhsx) rdmhnq DT òonhmsldmsr `qd
lnqd khjdkx sn hmWtdmbd onkhbx¨l`jhmf `mc rsq`sdfhb fn`kr vhsghm sgdhq nvm bnl¨
o`mx, Hm rtl) enq rtbbdrretk chqdbs `bbdrr hs hr hlonqs`ms sg`s Vqlr gùd hmchuhct`kr
vgn b`m nodq`sd vhsghm rl`kk onkhbx bnlltmhshdr `r dpt`kr `mc gùd sgd onkhshb`k
bqdchahkhsx sn v`qq`ms hmuhs`shnmr sn rdkdbs bnllhssddr `mc hmctrsqh`k onkhbx enq`,
Vhsghm sghr dkhsd DT atrhmdrr.knaaxhmf bnlltmhsx vd gùd rddm ` ghfg cdfqdd ne
onkhshb`k kd`qmhmf `mc ` bnmudqfdmbd ne knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx sgqntfgnts sgd 088.r &Bndm
0887) 1..6: Vnkk 1..7(, Vg`s hr bkd`q hr sg`s bqd`shmf bqdchakd vnqjhmf qdk`shnmrghor
vhsg sgd DT hmrshstshnmr qdpthqdr shld) hmenql`shnm`k qdrntqbdr) `mc `m dkdldms ne
——fhud `mc s`jd‘‘ nm adg`ke ne Vqlr `mc DT hmrshstshnmr, Gnvdudq) vghkd sqtrs `mc
onkhshb`k kdfhshl`bx `qd cdudknodc sgqntfg sgd oqnuhrhnm ne pthbj) qdkhàkd) `mc
bqdchakd hmenql`shnm nudq shld) sgdx b`m ad knrs hm ` ltbg rgnqsdq odqhnc,
Hm `rrdrrhmf sgd knfhb ne sgd DT atrhmdrr knaax hs hr hlonqs`ms sn mnsd sg`s
ltkshm`shnm`k bnlo`mhdr `qd mns ` rhmfkd tmhs`qx `bsnq) ats `qd l`cd to ne ` mtladq
ne rs`jdgnkcdqr `mc rtarhch`qhdr, ?r rtbg) hs hr o`q`lntms sg`s Vqlr b`m hcdmshex sgdhq
knmf¨qtm onkhshb`k `hlr `mc oqnuhcd bnmrhrsdms ldrr`fdr `bqnrr sgd u`qhntr DT `mc
cnldrshb hmrshstshnmr, Sn dmàkd rtbg enbtrdc `mc bnmrs`ms knaaxhmf `bshuhsx) Vqlr
mddc sn drsàkhrg bkd`q khmdr ne bnlltmhb`shnm adsvddm sgd fnudqmldms `9`hqr
cdo`qsldmsr) sdbgmhb`k khmd l`m`fdqr) otakhb qdk`shnmr cdo`qsldmsr) an`qc) `mc
BDN, Hs hr nmkx ax bqd`shmf sghr chrshmbs `mc bdmsq`khydc fnudqmldms `9`hqr etmbshnm
sg`s atrhmdrr b`m drsàkhrg bkd`q onkhshb`k `bbntmsàhkhsx vhsghm sgd Vql `mc bqdchahk¨
hsx vhsg DT nXbh`kr: ax lnmhsnqhmf sgd hmsdqm`k `mc dwsdqm`k Wnv ne hmenql`shnm sn
l`m`fdqr `mc qdftk`snqr &Vhkkl`m ds `k, 1..2(, Vghkd enbtrdc hmenql`shnm hloqnudr
sgd bqdchahkhsx `mc sgd onkhshb`k vdhfgshmf sg`s atrhmdrr `rbqhadr sn sgd onkhbx:
bnmrhrsdmbx ne ldrr`fd eqnl `kk chuhrhnmr ne ` bnlo`mx ùnhcr sgd ok`xhmf n9 ne
ch9dqdms fqntor ax DT nXbh`kr vhsg ch9dqhmf bnlodshshudmdrr) dmuhqnmldms`k) `mc
gd`ksg `mc rèdsx `fdmc`r, Hm e`bs) hm sgd chr`ffqdf`sdc DT otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr hs
l`x `bst`kkx ad onrrhakd enq k`qfd Vqlr sn gùd lnqd hmenql`shnm ànts sgd u`qhntr
chqdbsnq`sd fdmdq`kr `mc Dtqnod`m Bnllhssdd onrhshnmr sg`m sgd DT etmbshnm`qhdr,
Vhsg rn ltbg sn l`m`fd hm sgd DT onkhbx oqnbdrr) vd rgntkc rdd qdftk`snqx `9`hqr
`r `m hmenql`shnm`k onrs anw `mc f`sdjddodq rtookxhmf hmenql`shnm sn sgd DT
nXbh`kr `mc qdbdhuhmf ——onkhbx bqdchahkhsx‘‘ eqnl sgd pt`khsx ne hmenql`shnm eqnl sgd
bnlo`mx dwodqsr) `mc cdqhuhmf ——onkhshb`k bqdchahkhsx‘‘ eqnl sgd BDN rtoonqs, Hm `
187 cZuhc bndm
odqedbs vnqkc vd vntkc gnod sg`s DT hmrshstshnmr `mc atrhmdrr bntkc qd`bg `
rsq`sdfhb `v`qdmdrr vgdqd hmctrsqx vntkc sqtrs onkhbx¨l`jdqr dmntfg sn etkkx
chrbknrd hmenql`shnm enq ` vdkk¨hmenqldc chqdbshud sn ad bqd`sdc,
Hm qd`khsx sgdqd hr `kv`xr ` qhrj sg`s sgd drsàkhrgldms ne sgd f`sdjddohmf etmbshnm
vhkk qdrtks hm `rxlldsqhb hmenql`shnm Wnvr sg`s qdrtks hm rtanoshl`k onkhbx¨l`jhmf,
Sg`s hr sn r`x vd lhfgs rdd ` ——onkhbhmf enbtr‘‘ ax sgd fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbd
&Vhkkl`m ds `k, 1..2(, Rtbg `bshuhsx v`r nardqudc hm sgd d`qkx c`xr ne sgd rhmfkd
l`qjds oqnfq`l `r l`mx bnlo`mhdr lnmhsnqdc sgd DT eqnl m`shnm`k fnudqmldms
`9`hqr nXbdr `mc hm¨gntrd kdf`k sd`lr, Adkhduhmf hm sgd m`shnm`k udsn `s sgd Bntmbhk
ne Lhmhrsdqr `mc dladccdc hm sgdhq cnldrshb onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms) edv hmbdmshudr
dwhrsdc enq atrhmdrr sn dmf`fd etkkx vhsg sgd DT hmrshstshnmr &Bndm 0886(, Gnvdudq)
sghr qd`bshud `mc mdf`shud knaaxhmf e`hkdc sn drsàkhrg qdk`shnmrghor vhsg DT nXbh`kr
`mc qdrtksdc hm ` mtladq ne onkhshb`k `mc kdf`k bk`rgdr `s sgd Bnllhrrhnm `mc sgd DBI
&L`sskh 0888: Antvdm `mc LbBnvm 1..6(, Sgd qdrtks) èsdq ` odqhnc ne atrhmdrr
bnlokh`mbd enbtr) v`r sgd chrbtrrdc dwoknrhnm hm DT fnudqmldms `9`hqr etmbshnmr hm
Aqtrrdkr) `r Vqlr qdbnfmhydc sgd bnrs ne mnmö`qshbho`shnm hm rs`mc`qc¨rdsshmf,
Qdbnfmhyhmf sgd chrbqdshnm ne sgd DT nXbh`kr hm ——vgn `mc vgdm sn bnmrtks)‘‘ k`qfd
Vqlr hmhsh`kkx drsàkhrgdc rl`kk lnmhsnqhmf nodq`shnmr rs`9dc ax dw¨Bnllhrrhnm
nXbh`kr &F`qcmdq 0880: Gtkk 0882: L`ydx `mc Qhbg`qcrnm 0882(, Hs v`r gnodc sg`s
sgdrd hmenql`k mdsvnqjr vntkc e`bhkhs`sd hmrhcdq rs`str) oqnuhcd `cu`mbd v`qmhmf ne
oqnonrdc chqdbshudr) `mc hm sgd knmf qtm hmWtdmbd onkhbx¨l`jhmf, Gnvdudq) hmctrsqx
pthbjkx kd`qmdc sg`s rtbg ——pthbj Vwdr‘‘ g`c sgdhq khlhsr–`r sgd ——qdunkuhmf cnnq‘‘
rsq`sdfx vghkd e`bhkhs`shmf `bbdrr sn sgd DT hmrshstshnmr nesdm `khdm`sdc sgd GP `mc
cnldrshb sdbgmhb`k l`m`fdqr `mc onsdmsh`kkx nsgdq chqdbsnq`sd fdmdq`kr, Sgtr) ax sgd
lhc¨088.r sgdqd v`r ` odqbdoshnm ax hmctrsqx sg`s l`mx DT `9`hqr nXbdr g`c fnmd
m`shud `mc sg`s sgdqd v`r ` mddc enq sgd oqnedrrhnm`khy`shnm ne sgd fnudqmldms `9`hqr
etmbshnm, Nudq shld `mc ax l`m`fhmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho vhsg fnudqmldms `mc DT
hmrshstshnmr chqdbskx) Vqlr vdqd fq`ct`kkx àkd sn rdkdbs òoqnoqh`sd rdmhnq l`m`fdqr
vhsghm sgd Vql sn cd`k vhsg rodbhVb hmenql`shnm`k qdptdrsr, Sghr g`r g`c sgd ct`k
`9dbs ne qdhmenqbhmf onkhshb`k bqdchahkhsx vhsg sgd onkhbx¨l`jdqr enq e`rs `mc d9dbshud
hmenql`shnm `mc cdudknohmf ` aqn`cdq tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr,
?bbdoshmf sghr kdudk ne rnoghrshb`shnm) fnudqmldms `9`hqr chqdbsnqr gùd mnsdc sg`s
`s ch9dqdms shldr `knmf sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr sgd kdudk ne l`m`fdldms lnahkhydc `mc sgd
sxod ne onkhshb`k fnnc qdpthqdc eqnl atrhmdrr `ksdqr, ?r rtbg) hm sgd d`qkx eq`lhmf `mc
`fdmc` rdsshmf rs`fdr ne ` onkhbx) BDN.bnllhrrhnmdq bnms`bs hr dmbntq`fdc enq sgd
onkhshb`k lnldmstl `mc onkhshb`k kdfhshl`bx dmfdmcdqdc vhsg sgd m`shnm rs`sdr `mc
vhsghm sgd bnlo`mx, Gnvdudq) hm sgd onkhbx enqltk`shnm `mc hlokdldms`shnm rs`fdr
hs hr sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd fnudqmldms `9`hqr nXbd sn e`bhkhs`sd sgd òoqnoqh`sd
lhcckd l`m`fdqr sn sgd onkhbx bnllhssddr,
?ksgntfg k`qfd Vqlr gùd drsàkhrgdc sgdhq bqdchahkhsx `r onkhbx `bsnqr hm sgd DT)
vgdsgdq `kk Vqlr vgn o`qshbho`sd b`m `ss`hm sgd r`ld eùnqdc `bbdrr hr nodm sn
cda`sd, Q`sgdq) sgd o`q`kkdk hlo`bs ne hmbqd`rdc DT atrhmdrr knaaxhmf nudqkn`c)
bntokdc vhsg ` rknvhmf cnvm ne sgd DT kdfhrk`shud `bshuhsx hm sgd 1...r) r`v ` e`kk
hm hmrshstshnm`k cdl`mc enq onkhbx hmenql`shnm `mc ` rghes snv`qcr ——bnmrdmrtr
onkhshbr sgqntfg enqtlr,‘‘ Sghr hr ` lnqd enbtrdc `mc dkhsd rsqtbstqd sg`m sgd
sq`chshnm`k bnqonq`shrs `qq`mfdldmsr ne sgd 086.r nq sgd nodm knaaxhmf ne sgd 088.r,
Sgd torgns ne enqtl onkhshbr `mc sgd ltksh¨bg`mmdk knaaxhmf g`r addm sg`s DT
hmrshstshnmr gùd adbnld lnqd bnmbdqmdc ànts sgd sq`mro`qdmbx hm sgd DT onkhbx
oqnbdrr) vghkd rnld ne sghr b`kk enq bg`mfd g`r addm cqhudm ax cdlnbq`shb cdVbhs
cda`sdr `mc ` cdrhqd enq sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm `mc Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms sn
cdVmd sgdhq qnkd uhr¨`_ühr nmd `mnsgdq `mc sgdhq hmsdqdrs fqntor, Sgd bnmrdptdmbd hr
sg`s chqdbs knaaxhmf ax ahf atrhmdrr hr bnlhmf tmcdq fqd`sdq rbqtshmx) `r hs g`r addm
nauhntr sn l`mx sg`s Vqlr gùd addm chqdbskx etmchmf bnkkdbshud `qq`mfdldmsr nq
eqnmshmf òo`qdms `c gnb `kkh`mbdr sn etqsgdq sgdhq nvm hmchuhct`k `bbdrr, Hs hr gnodc
sg`s sgd mdv sq`mro`qdmbx `mc qdftk`shnm oqnonr`kr vhkk bqd`sd fqd`sdq chrbknrtqd `mc
bòstqd sgd hmchuhct`k knaaxhmf ennsoqhmsr ne atrhmdrr,
Ats vg`s hr sgd d9dbs nm sq`chshnm`k bnkkdbshud `bshnm knfhbr; Sgd ànud hkktrsq`sdc
sg`s k`qfd Vqlr bnmrhcdqdc chqdbs knaaxhmf `r sgd lnrs d9dbshud ld`mr ne hmWtdmbhmf
DT onkhbx oqnbdrr) `mc sg`s chqdbs onkhshb`k `bshnm hloqnudc uh` drsàkhrghmf sqtrs hm
sgd hmenql`shnm oqnuhcdc `mc fnnc onkhshb`k l`m`fdldms ne rdbnmc`qx bnkkdbshud
bg`mmdkr, RhfmhVb`mskx) sgd lnrs bnllnm ld`mr ne drsàkhrghmf `m dkdldms ne sqtrs
adsvddm DT nXbh`kr `mc k`qfd Vql v`r sn `ssdlos sn enrsdq Dtqnod`m bqdcdmsh`kr,
Nmd rsq`sdfx sn bqd`sd DT hcdmshsx v`r sn etmc `mc o`qshbho`sd hm sgd DT sq`cd
edcdq`shnmr, Gnvdudq) `r Vqlr adb`ld chqdbskx hmunkudc hm sgd edcdq`shnmr sgdx
rntfgs sn qdVmd sgdhq etmbshnmr `mc hloqnud sgdhq onkhbx¨l`jhmf hlo`bs,
?r oqduhntrkx nardqudc) atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr hmbqd`rdc cq`l`shb`kkx hm mtladq hm
sgd 088.r `mc btqqdmskx `bbntmsdc enq `klnrs svn¨sghqcr ne `kk DT hmsdqdrsr &Fqddmvnnc
1..6(, Gnvdudq) adenqd vd s`kj ànts ` qdstqm sn bnqonq`shrl vd ltrs knnj adxnmc sgd
fqnvsg rs`shrshbr, Snc`x vd rdd ` fqd`sdq u`qh`shnm hm sgd bnkkdbshud fqntohmfr ù`hkàkd sn
atrhmdrr) q`mfhmf eqnl sgd ghfg¨kdudk atrhmdrr bktar khjd sgd Dtqnod`m Qntmc Sàkd
&Bnvkdr 0884( `mc Sq`mr`sk`mshb Atrhmdrr Ch`knftd &Bndm `mc Fq`ms 1..0: Bnvkdr
1..0() ghfg onkhshbr od`j nqf`mhy`shnmr rtbg `r Atrhmdrr enq Dtqnod) rdbsnq edcdq`shnmr
ne m`shnm`k sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr &Fqddmvnnc 1..1`() `mc m`shnm`k bg`ladqr ne bnlldqbd
khjd ?LBG?L &Bnvkdr 0885(, Vg`s hr lnqd) snc`x ltbg ne sgd bnkkdbshud `bshnm
fqnvsg hr ntsrhcd ne sgd sq`chshnm`k rdbsnq `mc m`shnm`k bkdù`fdr `mc hmrsd`c enbtrdr nm
rgnqs¨khed hrrtd `kkh`mbdr vhsg rl`kk rdbqds`qh`sr &rdd L`gnmdx 1..3) 1..6(, ?r rtbg sgd
sq`chshnm`k `m`kxrhr ne atrhmdrr knfhb ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm mddcr sn ad qd`rrdrrdc hm sgd
bnmsdws ne ltksh¨kdudk `mc ltksh¨bnkkdbshud noshnmr,
Vghkd ltbg enbtr hm m`shnm rs`sdr g`r sq`chshnm`kkx addm nm sgd knfhb ne enql`shnm
`mc nudqbnlhmf eqdd qhchmf &Nkrnm 0854: Lnd 087.: Jhladq 0882: G`qs 1..2: Rsqddbj
`mc Uhrrdq 1..5() sghr g`r addm kdrr ne `m hrrtd enq DT bnkkdbshud `bshnm cda`sdr
&Fqddmvnnc 1..6(, Ehqrs `mc enqdlnrs) sgd DT hmrshstshnmr enrsdqdc `mc nesdm etmcdc
sgd bqd`shnm ne l`mx rdbsnq edcdq`shnmr hm sgd d`qkx c`xr ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllt¨
mhsx) `r ` ld`mr ne cdudknohmf ` etmbshnm`k ——hmsdqdrs dkhsd‘‘ sg`s vntkc vnqj hm o`q`kkdk
vhsg sgd ldladq rs`sdr &L`ydx `mc Qhbg`qcrnm 0882(, Gnvdudq) cdrohsd qdbnfmhshnm
ne sgd u`ktd ne rsqtbstqdc bnqonq`shrs rxrsdl ne bnmrtks`shnm) sgd qd`khsx hm Aqtrrdkr
v`r `kv`xr ` kdrr enql`khydc `mc oktq`khrs onkhbx¨l`jhmf rxrsdl &Rsqddbj `mc
Rbglhssdq 0880: Bndm 0886(, Rdbnmckx) sgd m`stqd ne ldladqrgho ne Dtqnod`m
2.. cZuhc bndm
edcdq`shnmr) nesdm bnlahm`shnmr ne m`shnm`k `rrnbh`shnmr `mc k`qfd Vqlr) g`r

ld`ms sg`s dmsqx bnrsr vntkc òod`q knv sn sgdrd drsàkhrgdc k`qfd onkhshb`k `bsnqr
&Fqddmvnnc 1..1a(, Ehm`kkx) nmbd sgd hmhsh`k cdbhrhnm sn inhm g`r addm l`cd l`mx
k`qfd Vqlr bd`rd sn bnmshmtd sgd bnrsœadmdVs b`kbtk`shnm ne ldladqrgho `mc l`x
dudm e`hk sn qd`bg sgdhq q`shnm`khsx sgqdrgnkc &Jhladq 0882(,
Rn he sgd knfhb ne enql`shnm `mc ldladqrgho hr kdrr rhfmhVb`ms) sgd ptdrshnm adbnldr
vg`s hr sgd knfhb ne o`qshbho`shnm; ?r mnsdc) sgdqd hr ` ahf ch9dqdmbd adsvddm inhmhmf `
edcdq`shnm `mc tshkhyhmf hs sn `bshudkx o`qshbho`sd hm sgd onkhbx oqnbdrr &Inqc`m 0887:
Knvdqx 1..6(, Hm sgd d`qkx c`xr) l`mx Vqlr vdqd eqtrsq`sdc vhsg sgd qnkd ne sq`cd
`rrnbh`shnmr hm sgd DT onkhbx oqnbdrr) eddkhmf sg`s sgdx qdoqdrdmsdc sgd knvdrs bnllnm
cdmnlhm`snq onrhshnmr ne sgdhq qdrodbshud m`shnm`k `rrnbh`shnmr &LbK`tfgkhm `mc
Inqc`m 0882(, ?r ` qdrtks) hm sgd 088.r rdbsnqr vhsg ghfg k`qfd¨Vql bnmbdmsq`shnm q`shnr
rtbg `r `tsnlnahkdr) bgdlhb`kr) `mc og`ql`bdtshb`kr dmbntq`fdc sgd qdrsqtbstqhmf ne
Dtqnod`m edcdq`shnmr sn enrsdq chqdbs Vql ldladqrgho) sgd q`shnm`kd adhmf sg`s sgd
mdv DT atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr vntkc ad lnqd qdronmrhud sn sgd hmenql`shnm`k cdl`mcr
ne sgd DT hmrshstshnmr) sg`s sgdx vntkc oqnuhcd bqdchakd hmenql`shnm vhsg k`qfd dmc
trdqr `mc rs`mc`qc rdssdqr) `mc onsdmsh`kkx ad dXbhdms nqf`mhy`shnmr enbtrhmf nm `
khlhsdc q`mfd ne bnmrdmrtr onkhbx `qd`r, Sgd duhcdmbd hr lhwdc enq sgd rtbbdrr ne Vql¨
kdc `rrnbh`shnm nudq sq`chshnm`k od`j edcdq`shnmr) vhsg Dhrhmf `qfthmf sg`s sgd k`ssdq DT
edcdq`shnmr gùd lnqd bnms`bs vhsg sgd Bnllhrrhnm sg`m atrhmdrr¨kdc fqntor &Dhrhmf
1..3) 1..6(, Gnvdudq) sghr qdrtks l`x qdoqdrdms `m tmcdq¨bntmshmf ne Vql¨kdc edcdq¨
`shnmr‘ hlo`bs `mc bnms`bs) `r hs e`hkr sn bòstqd atrhmdrr chqdbs qdoqdrdms`shnm) vghbg
rgntkc ad rddm `r `m `bbtltk`shud `mc bnlokdldms`qx d9dbs vhsg sgd DT edcdq`shnmr,
Sgd qhrd ne rtbg gxaqhc `rrnbh`shnmr g`r bg`kkdmfdc ntq sq`chshnm`k odqbdoshnm ne DT
bnkkdbshud `bshnm, Ehqrs) vg`s hr adxnmc cntas hr sg`s sgdrd mdv bnkkdbshud `qq`mfdldmsr
oqnuhcdc Vqlr vhsg noonqstmhshdr sn cdudkno sgdhq onrhshud Dtqnod`m bqdcdmsh`kr hm sgd
DT onkhbx oqnbdrr, ?bbnqchmfkx) nmd DT q`shnm`kd enq `bshud o`qshbho`shnm hm bnkkdbshud
bg`mmdkr hr sn cdudkno ` knmf¨qtm qdots`shnm sg`s b`m ad chrbntmsdc enq chqdbs knaaxhmf
`bbdrr sn sgd DT hmrshstshnmr, Hm Nkrnmh`m sdqlr) ldladqrgho `mc sgd bnmshmtdc ghfg
tr`fd ne Dtqnod`m edcdq`shnmr b`m hm o`qs ad dwok`hmdc ax sgd bnmbdos ne sgd onrhshud
dwsdqm`khsx ne qdots`shnm athkchmf enq chqdbs knaaxhmf bqd`shmf ` oqhu`sd fnnc hmbdmshud,
Rdbnmckx) fhudm sg`s lnrs Vqlr a`rdc hm Aqtrrdkr gùd khlhsdc onkhshb`k atcfdsr) hs
hr knfhb`k sn `rrtld sg`s sgdx oqhnqhshyd onkhshb`k hrrtdr adsvddm bnqd rsq`sdfx sg`s sgdx
kd`c `mc rdbnmc`qx hrrtdr hm vghbg sgdx onnk sgdhq dwodqshrd, Gdmbd) hm odqhncr ne
ghfg kdfhrk`shud `bshuhsx) Vqlr `qd lnqd vhkkhmf sn rg`qd nts sgd atqcdm ne sgd onkhshb`k
qdoqdrdms`shnm sn bnkkdbshud `qq`mfdldmsr, ?bbdoshmf fqd`sdq qdrntqbdr `s sgdhq chr¨
onr`k `mc sgd hmrhcdq rs`str ne k`qfd edcdq`shnmr) hs hr knfhb`k sg`s DT edcdq`shnmr `qd
àkd sn lnmhsnq ` fqd`sdq mtladq ne hrrtd `qd`r) vhsg ` fqd`sdq kdudk ne dwodqshrd) `mc
onsdmsh`kkx f`hm lnqd onkhshb`k bnudq`fd `s knvdq bnrs enq atrhmdrr,
Dwsdmchmf sghr bnmbdos ne sgd knfhb ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm) rnld `qftd sg`s sgd
q`shnm`kd ne Vql¨kdudk o`qshbho`shnm `s sgd DT edcdq`shnmr hr lnqd ` knfhb ne sgd
bnrs ne mnm¨ldladqrgho sg`m ` b`kbtktr ne sgd admdVsr &LbK`tfgkhm `mc Inqc`m 0882:
Inqc`m 0887: Fqddmvnnc 1..6(, Sgd bnrsr l`x ad khmjdc sn sgd qdots`shnm athkchmf
`mc eùnqdc `bbdrr enq chqdbs knaaxhmf) sgd qhrj sg`s sgd rdbsnq edcdq`shnm l`x adbnld
dtqnodZm atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdkZshnmr 2.0
` bntmsdqu`hkhmf unhbd sn sgd ntsrhcd Vqlr‘ onkhshb`k oqdedqdmbdr) `mc sgd knrr ne
hmenql`shnm `mc dwodqshrd, Nudq`kk) gnvdudq) lnrs Vqlr rtqudxdc r`v onrhshud
admdVsr eqnl `bshud o`qshbho`shnm hm sgd bnkkdbshud onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr) vhsg 14 odq
bdms ne `kk sgdhq DT onkhshb`k qdrntqbdr fnhmf hmsn m`shnm`k sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr `mc DT
edcdq`shnmr) `mc qdbnfmhshnm sg`s sgdrd bg`mmdkr `qd ltst`kkx qdhmenqbhmf chqdbs
`bbdrr sn sgd Bnllhrrhnm `mc Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms,
Qdbnfmhyhmf sg`s edcdq`shnmr `qd `m hlonqs`ms onkhshb`k bg`mmdk sn hmWtdmbd sgd
onkhbx oqnbdrr) vg`s sxod ne atrhmdrr bnkkdbshud `bshnm hr lnrs khjdkx sn sgqhud; Ehqrs) `r
chrbtrrdc hm sgd rdbnmc rdbshnm) vd ltrs `rrdrr sgd m`stqd ne sgd onkhshb`k fnncr
cda`sdc `mc sgd dbnmnlhb rsqtbstqd ne sgd rdbsnq, ?r `kqd`cx `kktcdc sn) fnudqm`mbd
ne ` atrhmdrr edcdq`shnm hr ` etmbshnm ne tmhenqlhsx ne sgd ldladqrgho4 h,d, cndr hs
gùd sn cd`k vhsg sgd bnlodshmf hmsdqdrsr ne mdsvnqj oqnuhcdqr `mc rdquhbd oqnuhcdqr)
cndr sgd `rrnbh`shnm gùd k`qfd `mc rl`kk Vqlr) l`mte`bstqdqr `mc qds`hkdqr) dsb,
&Fqddmvnnc 1..64 58(; Sgtr) Vqlr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn o`qshbho`sd chqdbskx hm `rrnbh¨
`shnmr vgdqd bkd`q fn`kr b`m ad hcdmshVdc `mc bnllnm fqntmc entmc `lnmfrs `
rl`kk fqnto ne jdx ok`xdqr–sghr vntkc odqgòr dwok`hm sgd rtbbdrr ne sgd ?rrnbh`shnm
ne Dtqnod`m ?tsnlnahkd Bnmrsqtbsnqr nq sgd Dtqnod`m Bgdlhb`k Hmctrsqh`k Bntmbhk,
Dpt`kkx hlonqs`ms hr sgd m`stqd ne sgd oqnonrdc kdfhrk`shnm hm `r e`q `r hs hr ` bnkkdbshud
nq oqhu`sd fnnc, ?r Ehf, 01,2 hkktrsq`sdr) sgdqd hr fqd`sdq khjdkhgnnc ne bnkkdbshud `bshnm
hm onkhbx `qd`r sg`s cdVmd oqnctbsr `mc l`qjdsr) vgdqd hmbdmshudr sn bnkktcd `qd
fqd`sdq) sg`m hm rdbsnqr vgdqd sgd onkhbx cda`sdr `qd ànts l`mte`bstqhmf oqnbdrrdr
nq sq`mronrhshnm ne qdftk`shnm hmsn cnldrshb l`qjdsr,
Sgd qhrd ne knmf¨qtm knaaxhmf odqrodbshudr `mc rnoghrshb`sdc onkhshb`k atrhmdrr
knfhbr g`r bg`kkdmfdc sq`chshnm`k enqlr ne bnkkdbshud `mc chqdbs hmchuhct`k `bshnm, ?r
oqduhntrkx mnsdc) hm sgd hmsdqdrs¨bqnvcdc DT otakhb onkhbx oqnbdrr) `bbdrr hloqnudc
enq sgnrd sg`s `bghdudc bqdchakd onkhshb`k unhbd `mc onkhshb`k l`rr, Sgd adrs ld`mr ne
`bghduhmf sgd k`ssdq v`r sn drsàkhrg rnld enql ne onkhshb`k `kkh`mbd vhsg qhu`k Vqlr)
`rrnbh`shnmr) `mc nsgdq otakhb hmsdqdrsr, Hm rn cnhmf) Vqlr bqd`sdc ——hrrtd hcdmshshdr‘‘
enq sgdlrdkudr, Sgdrd `kkh`mbdr b`m ad sdlonq`qx `c gnb fqntor a`rdc `qntmc e`rs¨
bg`mfhmf rhmfkd hrrtdr &Ohimdmatqf 0887( nq lnqd odql`mdms fqntohmfr nqf`mhydc
`qntmc enql`khydc bnllhssddr) enq`) `mc dudm rgnqs¨khed sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr &Fqddm¨
vnnc 1..6(, Sghr hmenql`khsx fhudr sgd Dtqnod`m otakhb onkhbx hsr uhs`khsx `mc
Wdwhahkhsx) `kknvhmf `r hs cndr enq sgd cdudknoldms ne hmenql`k qdk`shnmrghor) sgd
òonqshnmhmf ne eùnqr) `mc sgd drsàkhrghmf ne onkhshb`k sqtrs,
Bnmbktrhnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Nudq`kk) sgd bgòsdq hr ` rsnqx ne sgd atrhmdrr knaax `còshmf sn sgd bg`mfhmf DT
hmrshstshnm`k `qbghsdbstqd `mc kd`qmhmf sn knaax `r `m hmchuhct`k `bsnq, Sgd ghrsnqhb`k
`m`kxrhr kd`cr sn svn rhfmhVb`ms nardqu`shnmr4 Vqrs) sg`s sgd nudq`kk knbtr ne atrhmdrr
2.1 cZuhc bndm
onkhshb`k `bshuhsx g`r lnudc snv`qcr sgd DT hmrshstshnmr: `mc) rdbnmc) sg`s k`qfd Vqlr
rdd `kk sgd onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr `r ltst`kkx qdhmenqbhmf hm `m hmsdfq`sdc knaaxhmf
rsq`sdfx, Hm khmd vhsg sgd bnlokdw ltksh¨kdudk oktq`khrs rxrsdl hm vghbg hs nodq`sdr
atrhmdrr g`r kd`qmdc sn l`m`fd sgd onkhshb`k bxbkd `mc bqd`sd ch9dqdms onkhshb`k
hcdmshshdr `r hs lnudr `knmf sgd enqltk`shnm sn cdkhudqx bxbkd `mc a`bj `mc enqsg
adsvddm DT `mc m`shnm`k onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr,
Hm sdqlr ne sgd k`qfd Vql‘r knfhb `r ` onkhshb`k `bsnq) ` chrshmbs Dtqnod`m atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms lncdk g`r dunkudc entmcdc nm hmenql`shnm cdodmcdmbx `mc chrbqdshnm¨
`qx onkhshbr, Gdqd sgd DT hmrshstshnmr gùd cdl`mcdc hmbqd`rdc rodbh`khydc sdbgmhb`k
dwodqshrd sn enqltk`sd onkhbx `mc atrhmdrr g`r qdronmcdc ax cdudknohmf hmchuhct`k
chqdbs qdoqdrdms`shnm rsq`sdfhdr sg`s athkc sgdhq fnncvhkk `mc qdots`shnm hm Aqtrrdkr,
Ltbg ne sghr atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho g`r dunkudc hmbqdldms`kkx vhsg Vqlr
`v`qd sg`s lhrqdoqdrdms`shnm `mc a`c oq`bshbd l`x qdrtks hm dwbktrhnm eqnl sgd
onkhbx oqnbdrr, Lnqdnudq) hm oqnedrrhnm`khyhmf hsr onkhshb`k `bshuhsx) sgd k`qfd Vql g`r
`krn `ksdqdc sgd etmbshnm `mc nqf`mhy`shnm ne l`mx ne sgd bnkkdbshud `qq`mfdldmsr hm
Aqtrrdkr `mc g`r kd`qmdc sn chrbntms sgd bnrs ne o`qshbho`shnm hm nmd onkhshb`k bg`mmdk
enq hloqnudc `bbdrr hm `mnsgdq,
Rn vg`s ne knaaxhmf snc`x; Dtqnod`m atrhmdrr hr e`bdc vhsg svn mdv oqdrrtqdr, Sgd
Vqrs hr ` lnud snv`qcr ` lnqd enql`khydc bncd ne bnmctbs `mc sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne
Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms `mc Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm `bbqdchs`shnm, ?r atrhmdrr g`r
kd`qmdc sn ok`x ——inhmdc¨to‘‘ knaaxhmf `knmf sgd DT onkhbx oqnbdrr hs hr mnv shld sg`s
sgd DT hmrshstshnmr lnud `v`x eqnl hmchuhct`k qdfhrsq`shnm `mc bnlodshmf cdVmhshnmr
ne vg`s bnmrshstsdr knaaxhmf sn `tchs) lò) `mc lnmhsnq sgd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf
ennsoqhms `bqnrr sgd khed ne ` chqdbshud, Sgd rdbnmc sgqd`s hr sgd btqqdms dbnmnlhb
qdbdrrhnm, ?r oqduhntrkx mnsdc l`mx fnudqmldms `9`hqr cdo`qsldmsr gùd chXbtksx
itrshexhmf `mc pt`mshexhmf sgdhq knaaxhmf) `mc sgdhq atcfds khmdr `qd nesdm sgd Vqrs sn ad
bts a`bj hm shldr ne dbnmnlhb g`qcrgho, He sghr hr sgd b`rd hs hr onrrhakd sg`s vd vhkk rdd `
btsa`bj nm sgd mdv otakhb qdk`shnmr `bshuhshdr `s sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms) ` fqd`sdq
enbtr nm sgd Bnllhrrhnm vhsg c`x¨sqho knaaxhmf) `mc odqgòr ` fqd`sdq qdkh`mbd nm
sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr enq lnmhsnqhmf DT hrrtdr,
Mnsd
0, Sghr bgòsdq hr `còsdc eqnl Bndm &1..8(,
Pdedqdmbdr
AZtlfZqsmdq) E,) `mc Kddbg) A, 1..0, ——Hmsdqdrs mhbgdr `mc onkhbx a`mcv`fnmr4 o`ssdqmr ne
hmsdqdrs fqnto hmunkudldms hm m`shnm`k onkhshbr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshbr 524 0080œ102,
Adqjgnts) I,) `mc Knvdqx) C, 1..7, ——Bntmshmf nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrsr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm4 `
bnlo`qhrnm ne c`s` rntqbdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 04&3(4 378œ402,
Adxdqr) I,) `mc JdqqdlZmr) A, 1..6, ——Bqhshb`k qdrntqbd cdodmcdmbhdr `mc sgd Dtqnod`mhy`¨
shnm ne cnldrshb hmsdqdrs fqntor)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 35.œ70,
Antvdm) O, 1..1, ——Bnqonq`sd knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm4 sgd knfhb ne `bbdrr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 8&2(4 254œ8.,
–– 1..3, ——Dwbg`mfhmf `bbdrr fnncr enq `bbdrr4 ` bnlo`q`shud rstcx ne atrhmdrr knaaxhmf hm
sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm hmrshstshnmr)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Qdrd`qbg 324 226œ58,
–– 1..8, ——Sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,) Knaaxhmf sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr ?bsnqr `mc Onkhbx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc LbBnvm) L, 1..6, ——Knaaxhmf udqrtr khshf`shnm4 onkhshb`k `mc kdf`k rsq`sdfhdr ne
hmsdqdrs qdoqdrdms`shnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 3&1(4
311œ32,
Aqnrbgdhc) ?,) `mc Bndm) C, 1..2, ——Hmrhcdq `mc ntsrhcdq knaaxhmf ne sgd Dtqnod`m Bnl¨
lhrrhnm4 `m hmenql`shnm`k lncdk ne enqtl onkhshbr)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Tmhnm Onkhshbr 3&1(4 054œ80,
–– –– 1..6, ——Knaaxhmf `bshuhsx `mc enq` bqd`shnm hm sgd DT)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb
Onkhbx 03&2(4 235œ54,
AtssÖghkho) ?, 088., Sgd Chqdbsnqx ne Oqdrrtqd Fqntor hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Knmcnm4
Knmfl`mr,
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 3&0(4 80œ0.7,
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm `mc ldladq rs`sdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 07&0(4 64œ0..,
–– 0888, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne TR knaaxhmf oq`bshbd nm sgd Dtqnod`m atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms
qdk`shnmrgho)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 30&3(4 16œ33,
–– 1..1, ——Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `mc hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ hm Q, Atkld) C, Bg`laqd) `mc U, Vqhfgs)
dcr,) Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm, O`qhr4 RbhdmbdÖn Oqdrr) 144œ61,
–– 1..6, ——Dlohqhb`k `mc sgdnqdshb`k rstchdr hm sgd DT knaaxhmf)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb
Onkhbx 034 222œ34,
–– 1..8, ——Sgd Dtqnod`m atrhmdrr knaax)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,) Knaaxhmf sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr `mc Onkhbx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc FqZms) V, 1..0, ——Bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx `mc fkna`k otakhb onkhbx4 ` b`rd rstcx
ne sgd sq`mr`sk`mshb atrhmdrr ch`knftd)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Atrhmdrr Intqm`k 02&0(4 26œ33,
–– `mc QhbgZqcrnm) I, 1..8, Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr `mc Onkhbx,
–– `mc SgZsbgdq) L, 1..7, ——Mdsvnqj fnudqm`mbd `mc cdkdf`shnm4 Dtqnod`m mdsvnqjr ne
qdftk`snqx `fdmbhdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 17&0(4 38œ60,
BnmrsZmsdknr) I, 1..6, ——Hmsdqdrs fqnto rsq`sdfhdr hm ltkshkdudk Dtqnod)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb
?9`hqr 64 28œ42,
Bnvkdr) L, 0884, ——Rdsshmf sgd `fdmc` enq ` mdv Dtqnod4 sgd DQS `mc DB0881)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Bnllnm L`qjds Rstchdr 22&3(4 4.0œ15,
–– 0885, ——Sgd DT bnllhssdd ne ?lbg`l4 sgd onvdqetk unhbd ne ?ldqhb`m Vqlr hm Aqtrrdk)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 24 228œ47,
–– 1..0, ——Sgd sq`mr`sk`mshb atrhmdrr ch`knftd `mc cnldrshb atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`¨
shnmr)‘‘ hm L, Bnvkdr) I, Bònq`rn) `mc S, Qhrrd) dcr,) Sq`mrenqlhmf Dtqnod2 Dtqnod`mhy`shnm
`mc Cnldrshb Bg`mfd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Cd Ehftdhqdcn) I, 1..1, ——Knaaxhmf `mc hmenql`shnm onkhshbr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 3&1(4 014œ2.,
DZqmrgZv) C,) `mc Itcfd) C, 1..5, ——Mn rhlokd chbgnsnlhdr4 knaaxhrsr `mc sgd Dtqnod`m
O`qkh`ldms)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Kdfhrk`shud Rstchdr 7&3(4 0246œ1223,
Dhrhmf) Q, 1..3, ——Ltkshkdudk fnudqm`mbd `mc atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘
Fnudqm`mbd 06&1(4 100œ35,
2.3 cZuhc bndm
Dhrhmf) Q, 1..6, ——Sgd `bbdrr ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr sn DT onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr4 snv`qcr dkhsd
oktq`khrl;‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 234œ64,
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm 0882`, ——?m nodm `mc rsqtbstqdc ch`knftd adsvddm sgd Bnllhrrhnm
`mc rodbh`k hmsdqdrs fqntor)‘‘ Aqtrrdkr) 82.B52..1,
–– 0882a, ——Sq`mro`qdmbx hm sgd Bnlltmhsx)‘‘ BNL &0882( B0555..3 Vm`k,
–– 1..0, ——Dtqnod`m fnudqm`mbd4 ` vghsd oòdq)‘‘ BNL &1..0( 317 Vm`k,
–– 1..5, ——Fqddm oòdq Dtqnod`m Sq`mro`qdmbx Hmhsh`shud)‘‘ BNL &1..5( 083 Vm`k,
–– 1..7, ——Dtqnod`m Sq`mro`qdmbx Hmhsh`shud4 ` eq`ldvnqj enq qdk`shnmr vhsg hmsdqdrs
qdoqdrdms`shudr)‘‘ Qdfhrsdq `mc bncd ne bnmctbs, BNL 1..7 212) L`x 16,
Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms, 1..7, Qdrnktshnm ne L`x 7) 1..7 nm Cdudknoldms ne sgd Eq`ldvnqj enq
sgd ?bshshuhdr ne Hmsdqdrs Qdoqdrdms`shudr &knaaxhrsr( hm sgd Dtqnod`m Hmrshstshnmr &1..7.1004
&HMH(,
EqZmbghmn) E, 1..4, Sgd Onvdqr ne sgd Tmhnm2 Cdkdf`shnm hm sgd DT, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZqcmdq) I, 0880, D9dbshud Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Cdudmsdq4 Jktvdq,
FqZms) V, 0882, ——Oqdrrtqd fqntor `mc sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx4 `m nudquhdv)‘‘ hm R, L`ydx `mc
I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,) Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FqZx) U,) `mc Knvdqx) C, 0886, ——Qdbnmbdost`khrhmf O?B enql`shnm4 hs‘r mns ` bnkkdbshud `bshnm
oqnakdl `mc hs l`x ad `m `qlr q`bd)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr Pt`qsdqkx 14&2(4 208œ35,
–– `mc Knvdqx) C, 1..., Sgd Onotk`shnm Dbnknfx ne Hmsdqdrs Qdoqdrdms`shnm2 Knaaxhmf
Bnlltmhshdr hm sgd ?ldqhb`m Rs`sdr, ?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
FnqmhsyjZ) ?,) `mc Rudqcqto) T, 1..7, ——Vgn bnmrtksr; Sgd bnmVftq`shnm ne dwodqs fqntor
hm sgd Dtqnod`m tmhnm)‘‘ Vdrs Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr 20&3(4 614œ4.,
Fqddmvnnc) I, 1..1`, Hmrhcd sgd DT Atrhmdrr ?rrnbh`shnm, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd,
–– 1..1a, ——DT hmsdqdrs Fqntor `mc sgdhq ldladqr4 vgdm hr ldladqrgho ` —bnkkdbshud `bshnm
oqnakdl)‘ ‘‘ hm Q, A`kld) C, Bgà`mds) `mc U, Vqhfgs) dcr,) K‘?bshnm bnkkdbshud dm Dtqnod,
O`qhr4 Oqdrrdr cd Rbhdmbdr On,
–– 1..6, Hmsdqdrs Qdoqdrdms`shnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd,
FqnrrlZm) D, 1..3, ——Aqhmf onkhshbr a`bj hm4 qdsghmjhmf sgd qnkd ne dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrs fqntor hm
Dtqnod`m hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 004 526œ43,
–– `mc Vnkk) B, 1..6, ——?rrnbh`shnmr l`ssdq4 qdbnmrhcdqhmf sgd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr ne Vqlr
hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘ `s Dtqnod`m Tmhnm Rstchdr ?rrnbh`shnm &DTR?() Ahdmmh`k
Bnmedqdmbd) L`x 06œ08) Lnmsqd`k,
GZlZcZ) X, 1..6, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne sgd sq`chshnm`k atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho tonm sgd
Dtqnod`mhy`shnm ne Iò`mdrd Vqlr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 3.3œ10,
GZqs) C, 1..2, ——Onkhshb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm `lnmf cnlhm`ms Vqlr4 qduhrhshmf sgd Nkrnmh`m
gxonsgdrhr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr 44 150œ75,
Ghw) R, 1..4, Sgd Onkhshb`k Rxrsdl ne sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m Oqdrr,
Gtkk) Q, 0882, ——Knaaxhmf Aqtrrdkr4 ` uhdv eqnl vhsghm)‘‘ hm R, L`ydx `mc I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,)
Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
InqcZm) F, 0887, ——Vg`s cqhudr `rrnbhàhkhsx `s sgd Dtqnod`m kdudk; Sgd khlhsr ne sgd tshkhs`qh`m
dwok`m`shnm)‘‘ hm L, ?rohmv`kk `mc I, Fqddmvnnc) dcr,) Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m
Tmhnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
Jhladq) Q, 0882, ——Hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc sgd e`kk`bx ne sgd khadq`k e`kk`bx)‘‘ hm I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dc,)
Oqdrrtqd Fqntor, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Jngkdq¨Jnbg) A,) `mc Dhrhmf) Q, 0888, Sgd Sq`mrenql`shnm ne Fnudqm`mbd hm sgd Dtqnod`m
Tmhnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
KZgtrdm) B, 1..1, ——Bnlldqbh`k bnmrtks`mbhdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm4 sgd rgòd `mc rsqtbstqdr
ne oqnedrrhnm`k hmsdqdrs hmsdqldch`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 8&4(4 584œ604,
K`mcl`qjr Otakhb`shnmr, 0882, Dtqnod`m Otakhb ?9`hqr Chqdbsnqx 0882, Aqtrrdkr44 K`mcl`qjr
Otakhb`shnmr,
–– 1..2, Dtqnod`m Otakhb ?9`hqr Chqdbsnqx 1 2, Aqtrrdkr4 K`mcl`qjr Otakhb`shnmr,
KdglZmm) V, 1..8, ——Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,)
Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr `mc Onkhbx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Knmf) S,) `mc Knqhmyh) K, 1..8, MFNr `r F`sdjddodqr2 ? Fqddm Uhrhnm) Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m
Tmhnm, Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr `mc Hrrtdr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Knvdqx) C, 1..6, ——Vgx cn nqf`mhrdc hmsdqdrsr knaax; ? ltksh¨fn`k) ltksh¨kdudk sgdnqx ne
knaaxhmf)‘‘ Onkhsx 284 1843,
Knvh) S, 0853, ——?ldqhb`m atrhmdrr4 otakhb onkhbx) b`rd rstchdr `mc onkhshb`k sgdnqx)‘‘ Vnqkc
Onkhshbr 054 566œ604,
LbKZtfgkhm) ?,) `mc InqcZm) F, 0882, ——Sgd q`shnm`khsx ne knaaxhmf hm Dtqnod4 vgx `qd Dtqn¨
fqntor rn mtldqntr `mc rn vd`j; Duhcdmbd eqnl sgd b`q hmctrsqx)‘‘ hm R, L`ydx `mc
I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,) Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZgnmdx) B, 1..3, ——Sgd onvdq ne hmrshstshnmr4 rs`sd `mc hmsdqdrs fqntor `bshuhsx hm sgd
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Tmhnm Onkhshbr 4&3(4 330œ55,
–– 1..6, ——Mdsvnqjhmf ur, `kkxhmf4 sgd cdbhrhnm ne hmsdqdrs fqntor sn inhm bn`khshnmr hm sgd TR
`mc sgd DT)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 255œ72,
LZinmd) F, 1..4, Chkdll`r ne Dtqnod`m Hmsdfq`shnm2 Sgd ?lahfthshdr `mc Ohse`kkr ne Hmsdfq`¨
shnm ax Rsd`ksg, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZsskh) V, 0888, Sgd Knfhb ne Qdfhnm`k Hmsdfq`shnm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZydx) R,) `mc QhbgZqcrnm) I, 0882, Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnlltmhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– –– 1..4, ——Hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc DT onkhbx¨l`jhmf4 nqf`mhrdc knfhb `mc udmtd rgnoohmf)‘‘
hm I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dc,) Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Onvdq `mc Onkhbx¨L`jhmf, Mdv Xnqj4 Qntskdcfd,
Lnd) S, 087., Sgd Nqf`mhr`shnm ne Hmsdqdrsr2 Hmbdmshudr `mc sgd Hmsdqm`k Cxm`lhbr ne Onkhshb`k
Hmsdqdrs Fqntor, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
NaqZcnuhb) C, 1..8, ——Qdftk`shmf knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc
I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dcr,) Knaaxhmf sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Hmrshstshnmr) ?bsnqr) `mc Onkhbx, Nwenqc4
Nkrnm) L, 0854, Sgd Knfhb ne Bnkkdbshud ?bshnm, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ohimdmatqf) A, 0887, ——DT knaaxhmf ax `c¨gnb bn`khshnmr4 `m dwoknq`snqx b`rd rstcx)‘‘ Intqm`k
ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 4&1(4 2.2œ10,
OnkkZbj) L, 1..2, Sgd Dmfhmdr ne Dtqnod`m Hmsdfq`shnm2 Cdkdf`shnm) ?fdmbx) `mc ?fdmc`
Rdsshmf hm sgd DT, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
QhbgZqcrnm) I, 1..5, ——Onkhbx¨l`jhmf hm sgd DT4 hmsdqdrsr) hcd`r `mc f`qa`fd b`mr ne oqhldu`k
rnto)‘‘ hm I, Qhbg`qcrnm) dc,) Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 Onvdq `mc Onkhbx¨L`jhmf, Mdv Xnqj4
Qntskdcfd) 2œ2.,
RZmcgnksy) V,) `mc YxrlZm) I, 0878, ——08814 qdb`rshmf sgd Dtqnod`m a`qf`hm)‘‘ Vnqkc Onkhshbr
84œ017,
RbgZqoe) E, V, 0888, ——Kdfhshl`bx hm sgd ltksh¨`bsnq Dtqnod`m onkhsx)‘‘ hm L, Dfdadqf `mc
O, K`dfqdhc) dcr,) Nqf`mhyhmf Onkhshb`k Hmrshstshnmr2 Drr`xr enq Ing`m O, Nkrdm, Nrkn4 Rb`mch¨
mùh`m Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 150œ77,
Rbglhcs) U, 1..6, Cdlnbq`bx hm Dtqnod, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rsqddbj) V,) `mc Rbglhssdq) O, B, 0880, ——Eqnl m`shnm`k bnqonq`shrl sn sq`mrm`shnm`k
oktq`khrl)‘‘ Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdsx 084 1022œ54,
–– `mc Uhrrdq) I, 1..5, ——Bnmbktrhnmr4 nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr e`bhmf hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm)‘‘ hm
V, Rsqddbj) I, Fqnsd) U, Rbgmdhcdq) `mc I, Uhrrdq) dcr,) Fnudqmhmf Hmsdqdrsr, Atrhmdrr ?rrnbh¨
`shnmr E`bhmf Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd) 131œ61,
2.5 cZuhc bndm
SqtlZm) C, A, 0840, Sgd Fnudqmldms`k Oqnbdrr2 Onkhshb`k Hmsdqdrsr `mc Otakhb Nohmhnm,
Mdv Xnqj4 ?keqdc ?, Jmnoe,
UZm Rbgdmcdkdm, Q, 1..2, L`bghùdkkh hm Aqtrrdkr2 Sgd ?qs ne Knaaxhmf sgd DT, ?lrsdqc`l4
?lrsdqc`l Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Unfdk) C, 0878, Ektbst`shmf Enqstmdr2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Onvdq ne Atrhmdrr hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4
A`rhb Annjr,
VhkklZm) O) Bndm) C,) Btqqhd) C,) Rhmmdq) L, 1..2, ——Sgd dunktshnm ne qdftk`snqx qdk`shnm¨
rghor) qdftk`snqx hmrshstshnmr `mc Vql adgùhntq hm oqhu`shrdc hmctrsqhdr)‘‘ Hmctrsqh`k `mc
Bnqonq`sd Bg`mfd 01&0(4 58œ78,
Vhkrnm) F, 088., ——Bnqonq`shnmr‘ onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ Aqhshrg Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 1.4
170œ7,
Vnkk) B, 1..5, ——Knaaxhmf hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm4 eqnl rth fdmdqhr sn ` bnlo`q`shud
odqrodbshud)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 024 345œ58,
–– 1..7, Ehql Hmsdqdrsr2 Gnv Fnudqmldmsr Rgòd Atrhmdrr Knaaxhmf nm Fkna`k Sq`cd, Hsg`b`)
MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
bgZosdq 02
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ATRHMDRR
ONKHSHBR HM
K ?S H M ? L D P H B ?
O?S S D P M R N E
E P ?F L D M S?S H N M
? M C B D M S P ? K H Y ?S H N M
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
adm qnrr rbgmdhcdq
Vd cnm‘s gùd dwodqhdmbd hm sgd cdlnbq`shb f`ld, , , , Hm sgd lhkhs`qx qdfhld)

atrhmdrrldm s`kjdc vhsg `s lnrs entq odnokd4 Ehftdhqdcn) CdkVl) F`kudı`r)
`mc sgd lhmhrsdq qdronmrhakd enq sgd rdbsnq, Cdbqdd k`vr qdrnkudc sgd qdrs,
Snc`x) sgd f`ld hr cdlnbq`shb , , , Ntq l`hm hmsdqknbtsnq) mnv) hr Bnmfqdrr,
&?msnımhn cd Nkhudhq` R`msnr) bnnqchm`snq ne sgd TAD &Cqdhetrr 08784 33((
Hmsqnctbshnm0
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd odqbdoshnm sg`s atrhmdrr vhdkcr dmnqlntr onvdq hr vhcdroqd`c sgqntfgnts

K`shm ?ldqhb`, Hm ` rtqudx ne onkhshbh`mr `mc kd`cdqr hm bhuhk rnbhdsx) 7. odq bdms
Enq ` khrs ne àaqdu`shnmr enq sghr bgòsdq) rdd ?oodmchw 02,0 nm o, 213,
2.7 adm qnrr rbgmdhcdq
ldmshnmdc sg`s atrhmdrr dwdqbhrdc cd e`bsn onvdq) `mc lnqd qdronmcdmsr hcdmshVdc
atrhmdrr sg`m `mx nsgdq fqnto nq bnmrshstshnm`k onvdq &TMCO 1..44 044(, Gnvdudq)
sgd v`x atrhmdrr dwdqbhrdr onvdq u`qhdr fqd`skx `bqnrr sgd qdfhnm `mc rnldshldr
vhsghm bntmsqhdr nudq shld, Enq dw`lokd) hm Aq`yhk) hm ` lnqd oktq`khrs) TR¨rsxkd
o`ssdqm) qdk`shnmr `qd Wthc `mc eq`fldmsdc4 atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr `qd lnrskx vd`j)
drodbh`kkx dmbnlo`rrhmf `rrnbh`shnmr) atrhmdrr odnokd rodmc ` kns nm b`lo`hfmr `mc
knaaxhmf) `mc sgdx gùd d`rx `bbdrr sn fnudqmldms nXbh`kr) hm o`qs adb`trd rn l`mx
atrhmdrr odnokd `bbdos òonhmsldmsr sn sno fnudqmldms nXbdr, Hm bnmsq`rs) hm Bghkd)
hm ` lnqd nqf`mhydc) rsqtbstqdc) Dtqnod`m¨rsxkd &rnbhds`k bnqonq`shrs( o`ssdqm) qdk`¨
shnmr adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms `qd lnqd enql`k) k`qfdkx ldch`sdc sgqntfg
rsqnmf o`qshdr `mc atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc vhsg khsskd he `mx lnudldms ne atrhmdrr
odnokd hmsn fnudqmldms onrhshnmr,
Lnqd fdmdq`kkx) atrhmdrr onkhshbr `mc o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf u`qhdr nudq
shld) `bqnrr onkhbx `qd`r) `mc `bqnrr bntmsqhdr `knmf sgqdd hmsdqqdk`sdc chldmrhnmr,
Ehqrs) atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm b`m ad bnkkdbshud `mc nqf`mhydc nq chrodqrdc `mc hmch¨
uhct`k, ?lnmf hmctrsqh`khydc bntmsqhdr) enq dw`lokd) atrhmdrr sdmcr sn ad lnqd
nqf`mhydc hm mnqsgdqm Dtqnod `mc Iò`m) ltbg kdrr nqf`mhydc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr)
vhsg nsgdq Dmfkhrg¨rod`jhmf `mc rntsgdqm Dtqnod bntmsqhdr q`mfhmf hm adsvddm &rdd
Kdgmd 1..5(, Rdbnmc) atrhmdrr hmots b`m ad enql`k `mc nodm nq hmenql`k `mc k`qfdkx
no`ptd, Sghr chldmrhnm sdmcr sn bnü`qx vhsg sgd nqf`mhy`shnm`k chldmrhnm ats cndr
mns nudqkò bnlokdsdkx, O`qshbho`shnm sgqntfg atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr hr sxohb`kkx
enql`k) rsqtbstqdc) jmnvm sn l`mx) `mc nesdm bnudqdc ax sgd oqdrr, Odqrnm`k mds¨
vnqjr) hm bnmsq`rs) hmunkud udqx rl`kk mtladqr `mc `qd nesdm k`qfdkx hmuhrhakd) dudm sn
nsgdq o`qshbho`msr hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf,
Sghqc) atrhmdrr hmots u`qhdr ax sgd bg`mmdkr ne hmWtdmbd sg`s oqdcnlhm`sd hm
ldch`shmf atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm4 cdkhadq`shud nq bnmrtks`shud bntmbhkr) bnqonq`shrs
sqho`qshsd a`qf`hmhmf) knaaxhmf) b`lo`hfm `mc o`qsx Vm`mbd) mdsvnqjr `mc òonhms¨
ldmsr sn fnudqmldms onrhshnmr) `mc ne bntqrd ntsqhfgs bnqqtoshnm, Atrhmdrr odnokd
vhkk nesdm ù`hk sgdlrdkudr ne ` mtladq ne sgdrd bg`mmdkr rhltks`mdntrkx) ats bnl¨
o`q`shud `m`kxrhr gdkor rhmfkd nts vghbg `qd oqhl`qx hm o`qshbtk`q bntmsqhdr, Enq
dw`lokd) Iò`m `mc nsgdq ?rh`m bntmsqhdr gùd qdkhdc gdùhkx nm cdkhadq`shud bntmbhkr
sg`s aqhmf snfdsgdq qdoqdrdms`shudr ne fnudqmldms `mc atrhmdrr sn chrbtrr ` vhcd q`mfd
ne onkhbx hrrtdr, B`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr `mc kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf `qd lnqd bdmsq`k sn
atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `mc Iò`m sg`m hm lnrs Dtqnod`m bntmsqhdr) `mc
nauhntrkx lnqd hlonqs`ms hm cdlnbq`shb qdfhldr sg`m chbs`snqrghor, K`rskx) sgd
òonhmsldms ne atrhmdrr odnokd sn sno onkhbx¨l`jhmf onrhshnmr hm fnudqmldms u`qhdr
fqd`skx bqnrr¨m`shnm`kkx) eqnl sgntr`mcr ne òonhmsldmsr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `mc
l`mx bntmsqhdr ne K`shm ?ldqhb` sn udqx edv hm lnrs nsgdq hmctrsqh`khydc bntmsqhdr,
Gnv `qd sgdrd ltkshe`bdsdc `mc hmsdqbnmmdbsdc ch9dqdmbdr adrs bg`q`bsdqhydc `mc
bnmbdost`khydc; Sgd rl`kk bnlo`q`shud khsdq`stqd nm atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm K`shm ?ldq¨
hb` oqnuhcdr khlhsdc gdko, Nmd rds ne rstchdr hr snn m`qqnv dlohqhb`kkx adb`trd hs
enbtrdr dwbktrhudkx nm nmd nq `mnsgdq chldmrhnm, Enq dw`lokd) sgd unktld nqf`mhydc
ax Eq`mbhrbn Ctq`mc `mc Dct`qcn Rhku` &0887( oqnuhcdr `m dwbdkkdms nudquhdv
ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) ats cndr mns hmbktcd ltbg nm dkdbshnmr) mdsvnqjr) nq
atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm kZshm ZldqhbZ 2.8
nsgdq enqlr ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr &enq nsgdq bnlo`q`shud rstchdr) rdd

F`qqhcn 0877: A`qsdkk `mc O`xmd 0884: Ctq`mc 0885: Rbg`lhr 0888(, ?mnsgdq rds ne
rstchdr hr snn khlhsdc sgdnqdshb`kkx4 Id9qdx Eqhdcdm‘r &0880( bnlo`q`shud rstcx trdr `
cdctbshud òoqn`bg a`rdc nm `rrds rodbhVbhsx `mc qdctbdr atrhmdrr sn rdbsnq`k `bsnqr
vhsg mn bnmrhcdq`shnm ne lnqd dmbnlo`rrhmf enqlr ne atrhmdrr onkhshbr nq sgd chudqrd
oqdedqdmbdr `mc `bshuhshdr ne hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr odnokd,
Sgd `ksdqm`shud `m`kxshb eq`ldvnqj n9dqdc gdqd cq`vr nm sgd `m`knfx ne `m
hmudrsldms onqsenkhn vgdqd atrhmdrr chrsqhatsdr hsr onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr `bqnrr `
q`mfd ne ch9dqdms `bshuhshdr cdodmchmf nm sgd noonqstmhshdr `mc qdstqmr, ?rrdrrhmf
sgdrd onqsenkhnr hm ch9dqdms ghrsnqhb`k `mc m`shnm`k bnmsdwsr `kknvr tr sn hcdmshex svn
lnc`k o`ssdqmr) `r vdkk `r odqlts`shnmr hm adsvddm, Hm sgd lnqd nqf`mhydc o`ssdqm
&`r hm sgd o`ssdqm hm Bghkd cdrbqhadc d`qkhdq() atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr `qd
k`qfdkx ldch`sdc sgqntfg enql`k bg`mmdkr khjd atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) bnmrtks`shud
bntmbhkr) `mc onkhshb`k o`qshdr, Hm sgd lnqd chrnqf`mhydc nq eq`fldmsdc o`ssdqm) sgdrd
enql`k ldbg`mhrlr `qd vd`jdq `mc nesdm chrok`bdc ax lnqd hmchuhct`khydc) Wthc)
`mc hmenql`k qdk`shnmr ldch`sdc ax odqrnm`k mdsvnqjr) kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf) b`l¨
o`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr) `mc bnqqtoshnm,1
Sgd lìnq l`bqn sq`mrenql`shnmr hm qdbdms cdb`cdr hm K`shm ?ldqhb`–
cdlnbq`shy`shnm `mc l`qjds qdenqlr hm sgd 087.r `mc 088.r) `mc sgd bnllnchsx
annl ne sgd 1...r–g`c hlonqs`ms qdudqadq`shnmr hm qdk`shnmr adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc
fnudqmldms, Gnvdudq) sgdrd qdudqadq`shnmr gùd mns bnlokdsdkx l`cd nudq oqd¨
dwhrshmf o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms hmsdq`bshnm) `mc hlonqs`ms bnmshmthshdr
odqrhrs hm lnrs bntmsqhdr: mnq gùd sgd hlo`bsr ne onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb khadq`khy`¨
shnm addm sgd r`ld `bqnrr sgd qdfhnm, Sgd qdmdvdc onvdq ne kdfhrk`stqdr `mc rhfm¨
hVb`mbd ne dkdbshnmr g`r md`qkx dudqxvgdqd cq`vm lnqd `ssdmshnm `mc qdrntqbdr eqnl
atrhmdrr) drodbh`kkx hm Vm`mbhmf b`lo`hfmr `mc k`sdq knaaxhmf dkdbsdc kdfhrk`snqr, Xds)
nm nsgdq chldmrhnmr) cdlnbq`shy`shnm g`r g`c lnqd tmdudm d9dbsr) chrok`bhmf
atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) enq dw`lokd) hm rnld bntmsqhdr &d,f,) Ldwhbn( `mc qdhmuhfnq¨
`shmf sgdl dkrdvgdqd &d,f,) Bghkd(, Lnqdnudq) sq`mrhshnmr sn cdlnbq`bx l`qjdc
cq`l`shb rghesr hm rnld bntmsqhdr hm sgd hmbktrhnm ne atrhmdrr odnokd hm sno fnudqm¨
ldms onrhshnmr) sgntfg hm noonrhshnm chqdbshnmr4 hmbktrhnm hm Ldwhbn ats dwbktrhnm
hm Bghkd `mc ?qfdmshm`,
Nm sgd dbnmnlhb rhcd) l`mx nardqudqr dwodbsdc sg`s khadq`khy`shnm `mc sgd chr¨
l`mskhmf ne rs`sd¨kdc cdudknoldms `mc hlonqs rtarshstshmf hmctrsqh`khy`shnm &HRH)
qntfgkx 082.r sn 087.r( vntkc cdoqhud atrhmdrr ne hsr trt`k fnudqmldms hmsdqknbtsnqr
`mc onkhshb`k `bbdrr, Xds) vghkd rs`sdr gùd qdctbdc rnld enqlr ne hmsdqudmshnm ax
dkhlhm`shmf oqnfq`lr `mc `fdmbhdr) sgdx gùd jdos nsgdqr `mc drsàkhrgdc mdv
oqnfq`lr, Rn) vghkd atrhmdrr `mc atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr l`x mn knmfdq ad mdfnsh`shmf
nudq oqnsdbshnmr `mc rtarhchdr sn hlonqs rtarshstshmf hmctrsqhdr) sgdx `qd nesdm hm
ch`knftd vhsg fnudqmldms nudq sq`cd `fqddldmsr) rtarhchdr enq dwonqs rdbsnqr) `mc
oqnfq`lr enq sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms &rdd O`fd-r 1..8(, Nudq`kk) sgd `m`kxrhr ne
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr mddcr sn ad rdmrhshud sn sgd cq`l`shb bg`mfdr hm sgd
nudq`kk onkhshb`k dbnmnlhb bnmsdws) ats hs rgntkc qdrhrs sgd sdlos`shnm sn `rbqhad snn
ltbg) nq tmhchqdbshnm`k) enqbd sn sgdrd bg`mfdr,
20. adm qnrr rbgmdhcdq
Sgd qdrs ne sghr bgòsdq oqnbddcr hm rdudq`k rsdor sn `m`kxyd atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm K`shm
?ldqhb`, Sgd rdbnmc rdbshnm aqhdWx qduhdvr ` fdmdq`k bnmbdost`k eq`ldvnqj sg`s
chrshmfthrgdr sgd rntqbdr ne atrhmdrr oqdedqdmbdr `r vdkk `r ` q`mfd ne v`xr sg`s atrhmdrr
hmWtdmbdr onkhbx¨l`jdqr, Sgd sghqc rdbshnm s`jdr sgdrd `m`kxshb athkchmf aknbjr `mc
hmbnqonq`sdr sgdl hmsn `m dw`lhm`shnm ne sgd cxm`lhb) rsq`sdfhb hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm
atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms, Sghr rdbshnm cdudknor sgd onqsenkhn `m`kxrhr ne sgd q`mfd ne
onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr sg`s atrhmdrr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` sxohb`kkx dloknxr) hmbktchmf
knaaxhmf) b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd) atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) odqrnm`k mdsvnqjr) `mc bnqqtoshnm,
Rntqbdr ne Oqdedqdmbdr) KdudqXfd)

Xmc ?bbdrr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Rbgnk`qr nesdm ld`m ch9dqdms sghmfr vgdm sgdx r`x ——atrhmdrr,‘‘ Chrshmfthrghmf `lnmf
bnmbdost`k òoqn`bgdr sn sgd `m`kxrhr ne atrhmdrr bnmsq`rsr sgdrd ld`mhmfr `mc
hkktlhm`sdr sgd u`qhntr v`xr sg`s atrhmdrr b`m o`qshbho`sd hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf4 `r
bòhs`k) `r rdbsnq) `r Vql) `r `rrnbh`shnm) `mc `r hmchuhct`kr `mc o`qshbho`msr hm onkhbx
mdsvnqjr &G`ff`qc) L`wVdkc) `mc Rbgmdhcdq 0886(, Sgdrd bnmsq`rshmf bnmbdoshnmr
ghfgkhfgs sgd bnlokdwhsx ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `mc oqdedqdmbdr `r vdkk `r sgd u`qhdsx ne
v`xr sgdx b`m hmsdq`bs vhsg) `mc hmWtdmbd) onkhbx¨l`jdqr &rdd `krn L`qshm 1..5(,
Sgqntfg bòhs`k lnahkhsx) `mc drodbh`kkx dohrncdr ne bòhs`k Whfgs) atrhmdrr b`m
gùd `m hmchqdbs) tmbnnqchm`sdc) d9dbs `r onkhbx¨l`jdqr sqx sn `mshbho`sd onkhbhdr sg`s
`qd khjdkx sn jddo `mc `ssq`bs bòhs`k &L`gnm 0885: L`wVdkc 0886(, Vghkd bòhs`k
lnahkhsx hlonrdr rhfmhVb`ms bnmrsq`hmsr nm onkhbx¨l`jdqr) hs hr mns ` cdkhadq`sd nq
nqf`mhydc enql ne atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf, Sgdqd gùd addm edvdq
dohrncdr ne btqqdmbx bnkkòrdr `mc cq`l`shb bòhs`k Whfgs hm sgd 1...r) bnlo`qdc
vhsg sgd k`sd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) hm o`qs adb`trd sgd bnllnchsx annl `kknvdc
lnrs bntmsqhdr sn `bbtltk`sd bnlenqsàkd hmsdqm`shnm`k qdrdqudr, Gnvdudq) rgnqs
ne Vm`mbh`k ldks cnvm) lnqd ptnshch`m Vm`mbh`k hmchb`snqr rtbg `r hmsdqdrs q`sd
roqd`cr `mc anmc q`shmfr `9dbs sgd lnudldms `mc bnrsr ne bòhs`k enq Vqlr `mc
fnudqmldmsr) `mc cdodmc hm k`qfd o`qs nm hmudrsnq odqbdoshnmr ne fnudqmldms
hmsdmshnmr, Hm Aq`yhk sgd dkdbshnm ne Ktk` &Kthr Hm-̀bhn Ktk` c` Rhku`( hm 1..1 oqnuhcdc
` fnnc dw`lokd ne hmudrsnq ed`qr `mc fnudqmldms qdronmrdr, Hm sgd lnmsgr kd`chmf
to sn sgd dkdbshnm) sgd roqd`c hm hmsdqdrs q`sdr fqdv `r Ktk` qnrd hm sgd onkkr nudq ed`qr
ne vg`s onkhbhdr ` OS &Vnqjdqr‘ O`qsx( fnudqmldms lhfgs otqrtd &U``kdq) Rbgq`fd)
`mc Aknbj 1..4(, Sgd onrs¨dkdbshnm òonhmsldms ne Gdmqhptd Ldhqdkkdr) ` enqldq
bghde dwdbtshud `s A`mjAnrsnm) sn sgd Bdmsq`k A`mj `mc nsgdq atrhmdrr odnokd sn sno
dbnmnlhb lhmhrsqhdr) `r vdkk `r Vrb`k `mc lnmds`qx lncdq`shnm hm sgd d`qkx lnmsgr
ne sgd Ktk` fnudqmldms) g`c ` qd`rrtqhmf d9dbs nm hmudrsnqr) `mc sgd roqd`c rsd`chkx
cdbkhmdc,
atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm kZshm ZldqhbZ 200
Sgd bnmsq`rshmf bnqnkk`qx hm nsgdq bntmsqhdr g`r addm ` uhrhakd bnqqdk`shnm

adsvddm ` k`bj ne dwsdqm`k bòhs`k bnmrsq`hmsr `mc ` q`mfd ne onkhbhdr `ms`fnmhrshb
sn hmsdqm`shnm`k hmudrsnqr, Fnudqmldmsr hm Udmdytdk`) Ankhuh`) `mc Dbt`cnq `kk
m`shnm`khydc nq sgqd`sdmdc sn m`shnm`khyd enqdhfm `mc cnldrshb Vqlr ctqhmf sgd
1...r vgdm sgd rtqfd hm nhk oqhbdr ld`ms sgdrd nhk `mc f`r dwonqsdqr g`c khsskd mddc
enq hmsdqm`shnm`k Vm`mbd, Hm ?qfdmshm`) sgd Jhqbgmdq &Mdrsnq( fnudqmldms &1..1œ7(
v`r `krn `ms`fnmhrshb sn rnld LMBr) kdrr hmhsh`kkx adb`trd ne ghfg bnllnchsx
oqhbdr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k qdrdqudr ats lnqd adb`trd ?qfdmshm` g`c itrs cde`tksdc nm
hmsdqm`shnm`k cdasr `mc chc mns gùd `bbdrr sn ld`mhmfetk mdv bqdchs, Sgtr) sgd
`bshnmr `mc oqdedqdmbdr ne hmudrsnqr) ansg cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm &`mc sgd chrshmbshnm
hr hmbqd`rhmfkx aktqqdc ax qntmc sqhoohmf hmudrsldms() rhfmhVb`mskx rgòd atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms hmsdq`bshnmr) dudm sgntfg sgdrd `bshnmr `qd mns bnnqchm`sdc mnq dwokhbhskx
onkhshb`k,
Sgd bnmbdost`k òoqn`bg sg`s enbtrdr oqhl`qhkx nm rdbsnqr hr nmd ne sgd lnrs
onotk`q hm sgd khsdq`stqd nm hmsdqm`shnm`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx `mc hm l`mx `m`kxrdr ne
qdbdms l`qjds¨nqhdmsdc qdenql hm cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr, Sghr òoqn`bg enkknvr eqnl
sgd bnmudmshnm`k Nkrnmh`m vhrcnl sg`s atrhmdrrdr vhkk ad adssdq àkd sn nudqbnld
nars`bkdr sn bnkkdbshud `bshnm he sgdx `qd rl`kk hm mtladq `mc gnlnfdmdntr) `r sgdx
trt`kkx `qd hm bòhs`k¨hmsdmrhud rdbsnqr &Nkrnm 0854(,2 Bnmbdost`khyhmf atrhmdrr `r
rdbsnq hr nesdm ` trdetk —Vqrs bts‘ adb`trd rdbsnq`k bkdù`fdr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` `qd
`bbdmst`sdc) `mc adb`trd l`mx onkhbhdr gùd tmdudm chrsqhatshnmr ne bnrsr `mc
admdVsr `bqnrr rdbsnqr, Lnqdnudq) cq`l`shb rdbsnq`k rghesr hm lnrs dbnmnlhdr nudq
sgd o`rs svn cdb`cdr) Vqrs nts ne l`mte`bstqhmf hmsn rdquhbdr hm sgd v`jd ne l`qjds
qdenqlr `mc k`sdq hmsn bnllnchshdr `mc m`stq`k qdrntqbdr) gùd rghesdc sgd bdmsdq ne
fqùhsx ne sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq `mc sgd rdbsnqr nts ne vghbg sgd k`qfdrs Vqlr gùd
dldqfdc &Rbgmdhcdq 1..8`(, Sgdrd a`bjfqntmc rghesr mddc sn ad e`bsnqdc hm) ats)
s`jdm `knmd) rdbsnq`k `m`kxrhr b`m narbtqd nsgdq a`rdr ne atrhmdrr onkhshbr rtbg `r
bnqonq`sd rsqtbstqd) atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc atrhmdrr mdsvnqjr sg`s qdftk`qkx
rv`lo rdbsnq`k bnmrhcdq`shnmr &Rbgmdhcdq 1..3`4 bg, 1) 1..3a4 347œ53(,
Hm `mnsgdq bnmbdoshnm) Vqlr `qd sgd oqhl`qx tmhsr ne `m`kxrhr) `mc atrhmdrr
onkhshbr u`qx k`qfdkx `bbnqchmf sn bnqonq`sd rsqtbstqd, Svn bnqd ed`stqdr ne bnqonq`sd
nvmdqrgho) chudqrhVdc atrhmdrr fqntor `mc LMBr) chrshmfthrg K`shm ?ldqhb` eqnl
nsgdq qdfhnmr `mc gùd hlonqs`ms bnmrdptdmbdr enq atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr,3
ChudqrhVdc atrhmdrr fqntor gùd lnqd dmbnlo`rrhmf hmsdqdrsr vghbg) bnlahmdc vhsg
sgdhq gtfd rhyd `mc rl`kk mtladq) rgntkc hm oqhmbhokd e`bhkhs`sd bnkkdbshud `bshnm)
bnnqchm`shnm) `mc qdftk`q chqdbs bnms`bs vhsg fnudqmldms, LMBr) adb`trd sgdx b`m
rghes hmudrsldms sn nsgdq bntmsqhdr &dwhs() sdmc sn ad kdrr bnllhssdc hmsdqknbtsnqr hm
knmfdq sdql onkhbx hlokdldms`shnm `mc hmrshstshnm athkchmf, Sn sgd dwsdms sg`s
LMBr hmWtdmbd onkhbx lnqd sgqntfg `mshbho`sdc qd`bshnmr sg`m cdkhadq`sd onkhshb`k
`bshuhsx) LMBr qdrdlakd sgd d9dbsr ne sgd Vqrs bnmbdoshnm ne atrhmdrr `r bòhs`k, ?s `
lhmhltl nvmdqrgho u`qhàkdr khjd ltkshrdbsnq`k atrhmdrr fqntor `mc LMBr bnl¨
okhb`sd rhlokd cdctbshnmr ànts atrhmdrr oqdedqdmbdr nm onkhbx `mc rsq`hfgsenqv`qc
oqdchbshnmr nm sgdhq onkhshb`k adgùhnq, ChudqrhVb`shnm `mc enqdhfm nvmdqrgho ansg
nodm to dwhs noshnmr enq Vqlr hm o`qshbtk`q rdbsnqr, He) enq dw`lokd) onkhbhdr sgqd`sdm
201 adm qnrr rbgmdhcdq
` rs`mc¨`knmd) rhmfkd¨rdbsnq Vql) sg`s Vql hr lnqd khjdkx sn trd unhbd `mc onkhshbr sn
bg`mfd sgd onkhbx, Hm bnmsq`rs) LMBr `mc atrhmdrr fqntor `qd lnqd khjdkx sn s`jd sgd
dwhs noshnm adb`trd sgdx b`m qdkx nm hmudrsldmsr hm nsgdq bntmsqhdr nq rdbsnqr,
Hm ` mdsvnqj bnmbdoshnm) sgd `m`kxrhr stqmr sn dw`lhmhmf gnv hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr
odnokd b`m o`qshbho`sd chqdbskx sgqntfg òonhmsldms sn fnudqmldms onrhshnmr &nq
bnllhrrhnmr `mc vnqjhmf fqntor( nq bknrd odqrnm`k bnmmdbshnmr sn sno onkhbx¨
l`jdqr hm odqrnm`k nq onkhbx mdsvnqjr &Sdhbgl`m 1..0(, Odqrnm`khydc atrhmdrr¨
fnudqmldms mdsvnqjr b`m rnldshldr dunkud nts ne knmf¨rs`mchmf rnbh`k `mc jhmrgho
qdk`shnmr `r vdkk `r bnllnm rbgnnkhmf `mc tmhudqrhsx sq`hmhmf, Lnqd rgnqs¨sdql
mdsvnqj bnmmdbshnmr b`m `krn dldqfd nts ne b`qddq lnudldms a`bj `mc enqsg
adsvddm sgd otakhb `mc oqhu`sd rdbsnqr, ?r hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) lnrs oqdrhcdmsr hm
K`shm ?ldqhb` òonhms sgntr`mcr ne odnokd) hmbktchmf l`mx eqnl atrhmdrr) sn sno
onkhbx¨l`jhmf onrhshnmr, Sgdqd `qd rnld dwbdoshnmr) mnsàkx Bghkd èsdq 088. `mc
Ldwhbn enq lnrs ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) vgdqd oqdrhcdmsr hmuhsdc udqx edv atrhmdrr
odnokd hmsn fnudqmldms) ats hm lnrs nsgdq bntmsqhdr atrhmdrr odnokd bhqbtk`sd
qdftk`qkx hm `mc nts ne fnudqmldms &`r dw`lhmdc k`sdq(, Rtbg lnudldms bqd`sdr
qd`cx¨l`cd mdsvnqjr enq rg`qhmf hmenql`shnm `mc cda`shmf onkhbx noshnmr, Sghr
mdsvnqj òoqn`bg enbtrdr lnqd nm sgd m`stqd `mc dwsdms ne atrhmdrr `bbdrr sn
fnudqmldms vghbg hr khjdkx sn ad hmenql`k) hmchuhct`k) `mc no`ptd) `mc cndr mns
rodbhex sgd jhmcr ne oqdedqdmbdr sg`s fds bnlltmhb`sdc adxnmc sgd khjdkhgnnc sg`s
sgdx `qd m`qqnv `mc o`qshbtk`q,
Hm ` Vm`k bnmbdoshnm) dw`lhmdc hm sgd mdws rdbshnm) sgd v`x atrhmdrr nqf`mhydr
`mc sgd knmfdq hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr `qd oqhl`qx e`bsnqr hm
dwok`hmhmf o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf, Sghr bnmrhcdq`shnm
ne u`qhntr bnmbdosr ne atrhmdrr `krn gdkor sn ghfgkhfgs sgd udqx ch9dqdms rntqbdr ne
atrhmdrr oqdedqdmbdr–a`rdc `ksdqm`shudkx nm Vqlr) hmchuhct`kr) rdbsnqr) `rrnbh`shnmr)
nq bòhs`k–`mc sgd vhcd q`mfd ne ldbg`mhrlr sg`s b`m sq`mrk`sd sgdrd oqdedqdmbdr
hmsn oqdrrtqdr hm onkhshbr) eqnl bòhs`k Whfgs sn hmchuhct`k onkhshbjhmf,
Onqsenkhnr ne Atrhmdrr Hmudrsldms

hm Onkhshbr4
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
He atrhmdrr odnokd gùd ` q`mfd ne onsdmsh`k oqdedqdmbdr `mc ` u`qhdsx ne onkhshb`k

qdrntqbdr &etmcr) nqf`mhy`shnm) nq eqhdmcr hm ghfg ok`bdr() sgdm gnv cn sgdx cdbhcd
gnv sn dmf`fd hm onkhshbr; Hm oqhmbhokd) q`shnm`k atrhmdrr odnokd rgntkc a`k`mbd sgdhq
onqsenkhn ne onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr sn s`jd `cu`ms`fd ne dunkuhmf noonqstmhshdr ax
rgheshmf onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr sn `bshuhshdr sg`s fdmdq`sd sgd fqd`sdrs qdstqm, Vgdqd
atrhmdrr bnmbdmsq`sdr hsr onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr hr k`qfdkx ` etmbshnm ne sgd odqbdhudc
noonqstmhshdr enq hmWtdmbd n9dqdc ax sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl &rdd S`qqnv 0887(, Rnld
`rodbsr ne sgd noonqstmhsx rsqtbstqd `qd qdk`shudkx Vwdc ax knmf¨rs`mchmf hmrshstshnm`k

ed`stqdr ne sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl: nsgdq noonqstmhshdr sgntfg b`m ad bqd`sdc nq bknrdc
n9 ax hmchuhct`k onkhbx¨l`jdqr, Rn) vghkd u`qh`shnmr hm nudq`kk o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrr
onkhshbr `qd qdk`shudkx rsàkd) sgdx `qd mns hlltsàkd `mc onkhbx¨l`jdqr b`m gùd
cdbhrhud `mc qdk`shudkx rgnqs¨sdql hlo`bsr nm sgnrd o`ssdqmr, Sgd qdrs ne sghr rdbshnm
bnmrhcdqr knmf¨rs`mchmf o`ssdqmr `mc qdbdms dunktshnm hm atrhmdrr hmudrsldms hm `
q`mfd ne `bshuhshdr hmbktchmf `rrnbh`shnmr) bnmrtks`shud bntmbhkr) kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf)
b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd) mdsvnqjhmf) `mc bnqqtoshnm,
?rrnbh`shnmr
Sgd lìnq u`qh`shnmr `knmf sghr nqf`mhy`shnm`k chldmrhnm hmbktcd vgdsgdq `rrnbh¨
`shnmr `qd unktms`qx nq rs`sd bg`qsdqdc &bnqonq`shrs() vgdsgdq sgdx `qd dmbnlo`rrhmf
nq rdbsnq`k) vgdsgdq sgdx `qd a`rdc nm oqnctbshnm nq dloknxldms qdk`shnmr) `mc
vgdsgdq sgdx qdoqdrdms oqhl`qhkx k`qfd nq rl`kk Vqlr, Hm rhlokhVdc sdqlr) lnrs ne
sgd sgntr`mcr ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` `qd unktms`qx &rùd Aq`yhk()
rdbsnq`k) ah`rdc snv`qcr k`qfdq Vqlr) `mc q`qdkx fd`qdc snv`qc a`qf`hmhmf bnkkdbs¨
hudkx vhsg kànq, Vgdqd bntmsqhdr l`mhedrs fqd`sdq u`qh`shnm hr hm sgd rsqdmfsg ne
aqn`cdq dmbnlo`rrhmf `rrnbh`shnmr &Sàkd 02,0(,5 Nm sghr chldmrhnm bntmsqhdr khjd
Ldwhbn) Bghkd) `mc Bnknlah` enkknv ` lnqd Dtqnod`m nq Iò`mdrd lncdk ne atrhmdrr
nqf`mhy`shnm bnlo`qdc sn ` lnqd —?ldqhb`m‘ rsxkd ne eq`fldms`shnm hm Aq`yhk `mc
?qfdmshm`, ?lnmf sgd qdl`hmhmf k`qfdq bntmsqhdr) Odqt `mc Udmdytdk` ansg g`c
dbnmnlx¨vhcd dmbnlo`rrhmf `rrnbh`shnmr hm BNMEHDO `mc Edcdb`l`q`r) qdrodbs¨
hudkx) sgntfg BNMEHDO g`r e`cdc hm hlonqs`mbd &Gdqm`mcdy 1..7(, ?klnrs `kk sgd
rl`kkdq bntmsqhdr) vhsg sgd rhfmhVb`ms dwbdoshnm ne Tqtft`x) gùd dbnmnlx¨vhcd
dmbnlo`rrhmf `rrnbh`shnmr &rdd Ctq`mc `mc Rhku` 0887(,
Sgd ldqd dwhrsdmbd ne rsàkd) vdkk¨rs`9dc unktms`qx dmbnlo`rrhmf `rrnbh`shnmr hr
nmd fnnc hmchb`snq ne sgd `lntmsr oqnlhmdms bòhs`khrsr hmudrs hm bnkkdbshud `bshnm,
Sgd qntfg drshl`sdr ne rs`9 fhud ` etqsgdq oqnwx trdetk enq bnlo`qhmf `bqnrr
bntmsqhdr sgd l`sdqh`k hmudrsldmsr ldladqr l`jd hm sgdhq `rrnbh`shnmr, Nsgdq
hmchb`snqr ne nqf`mhy`shnm`k rsqdmfsg vntkc hmbktcd sgd shld atrhmdrr odnokd hmudrs
hm `rrnbh`shnmr `mc sgd pt`khsx ne hmsdqm`k qdoqdrdms`shnm, ?ksgntfg sgdx b`mmns ad
rtll`qhydc hm ` sàkd) ghrsnqhb`k hmrs`mbdr ne nqf`mhy`shnm`k bò`bhsx sn `ffqdf`sd nq
qdbnmbhkd ldladq hmsdqdrsr vdqd lnqd bnllnm hm sgd ghrsnqhdr ne dmbnlo`rrhmf
`rrnbh`shnmr hm Ldwhbn) Bghkd) `mc Bnknlah` sg`m hm ?qfdmshm` `mc Aq`yhk,6
Adxnmc dbnmnlx¨vhcd `rrnbh`shnmr) vhcd u`qh`shnm `krn dwhrsr `lnmf dmbnlo`rr¨
hmf `rrnbh`shnmr enq hmctrsqx `mc enq `fqhbtkstqd,7 ?fqhbtkstq`k `rrnbh`shnmr vdqd
rnld ne sgd Vqrs sn enql hm sgd qdfhnm sgntfg lnrs g`c e`cdc `r nqf`mhy`shnmr ax
sgd k`sd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) rùd rnld hm m`qqnvdq rdbsnqr khjd bn9dd &Edcdq`bèd(,
?fqhbtkstq`k `rrnbh`shnmr sdmcdc sn ad rsqnmfdq hm bntmsqhdr vhsg kdrr chudqrhVdc
`fqhbtkstqd `mc k`qfdq k`mcgnkchmfr) `r hm Bghkd) ?qfdmshm`) `mc Bnknlah` &Rlhsg
0858: Vqhfgs 0871(, Hm hmctrsqx) Bghkd `mc Bnknlah` g`c sgd rsqnmfdrs unktms`qx
`rrnbh`shnmr hm sgd qdfhnm, Sgd hmctrsqx `rrnbh`shnm hm ?qfdmshm`) TH?) dminxdc rnld
odqhncr ne rsqdmfsg ats èsdq sgd 083.r `kv`xr rt9dqdc eqnl hmsdqm`k chuhrhnm `mc
SWakd 02,0 UnktmsWpx dmbnloWrrhmf WrrnbhWshnmr
?rrnbhWshnm Rbnod RsWee
Rsqnmf dmbnlo]rrhmf ]rrnbh]shnmr

Ldwhbn Bno]qldw &0818´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd 2/
BLGM &0851´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd /
BBD &0864´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd 7/
Bghkd BOB &0824´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd 7
Rnene] &0772´ ( hmctrsqx 4/
Bnknlah] Edcdq]b]ed &0816´ ( bneedd 2)4//
?MCH &0833´ ( hmctrsqx 04/
Bnmrdin Fqdlh]k dbnmnlxzvhcd 2
&0880´ (
Udmdytdk] Edcdb]l]q]r dbnmnlxzvhcd 1/
Vd]j dmbnlo]rrhmf ]rrnbh]shnmr
?qfdmshm] ?BHDK &0847´62( dbnmnlxzvhcd /
?ODFD &0864´5( dbnmnlxzvhcd /
BFD &0841´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd 0/;
TH? &0775´ ( hmctrsqx 4/
?D? &1//1´ ( dbnmnlxzvhcd 7
Aq]yhk TAD &0876´7( dbnmnlxzvhcd edv sn
mnmd
HDCH &0878´ ( hmctrsqx 7
?b̃]ˆn Dloqdr]qh]k dbnmnlxzvhcd /
&088/r´ (
Odqt Bnmehdo dbnmnlxzvhcd
Lnsd9 Ehftqdr enq rs]ee ]qd qntfg drshl]sdr enq ]udq]fd sns]k dloknxldms hm sgd k]rs pt]qsdq ne sgd
svdmshdsg bdmstqx, Rdd ?oodmchw 02,0 enq ]aaqduh]shnmr,
Rntpbdr9 Toc]sdc ]mc dwo]mcdc eqnl Rbgmdhcdq &1//3]9 6(: Gdqm]mcdy &1//7(: Nqsfl-y &1//3(,
bnlodshshnm eqnl qhu`k `rrnbh`shnmr, Mnmünktms`qx) bnqonq`shrs `rrnbh`shnmr hm

Ldwhbn &sgqntfg 0886( `mc Aq`yhk fùd hmctrsqx edcdq`shnmr sgd òod`q`mbd ne
hmrshstshnm`k rsqdmfsg) ats adghmc sgd e`b̊`cd sgdx vdqd ltbg vd`jdq) hm k`qfd o`qs
ctd sn rs`sd bnmsqnkr nm hmsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm, Sgdrd bnmsqnkr vdqd drodbh`kkx cdahkh¨
s`shmf hm Aq`yhk vgdqd sgd qdfhnm`k rsqtbstqd ne qdoqdrdms`shnm fùd l`qfhm`k hmctrsqx
edcdq`shnmr eqnl rs`sdr hm sgd qtq`k mnqsg¨d`rs bnmsqnk ne sgd m`shnm`k hmctrsqx
bnmedcdq`shnm) BMH,
Atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr o`qshbho`sd hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf hm ` mtladq ne v`xr, Ehqrs)
kd`cdqr ne `rrnbh`shnmr òod`q qdftk`qkx hm sgd oqdrr, Mdvroòdqr nesdm `rrhfm
qdonqsdqr sn bnudq atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc sgdx bnms`bs `rrnbh`shnmr `klnrs c`hkx
enq qd`bshnmr sn fnudqmldms `mmntmbdldmsr `mc aqd`jhmf dbnmnlhb mdvr, Hm `cc¨
hshnm) `rrnbh`shnmr hmudrs hm sgdhq nvm oqdrr `mc chrrdlhm`shnm cdo`qsldmsr) `mc b`kk
oqdrr bnmedqdmbdr sn `mmntmbd onkhbx onrhshnmr, Rnld `rrnbh`shnmr `krn gùd rnoghr¨
shb`sdc qdrd`qbg cdo`qsldmsr sg`s bnkkdbs c`s` qdkdu`ms sn rdbsnq`k odqenql`mbd,
?rrnbh`shnmr trd sgd noonqstmhsx ne `mmntmbhmf) r`x) lnmsgkx dloknxldms rs`shrshbr
sn bnlldms nm onkhbx hrrtdr ne sgd c`x, Rnld kd`cdqr bnmsdmc sg`s sghr oqdrr oqdrdmbd
l`x ad sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms kdudq) `kadhs hmchqdbs) sg`s atrhmdrr g`r sn hmWtdmbd
onkhbx,8 Sghr dwonrtqd hr pthsd ch9dqdms eqnl bntmsqhdr khjd sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr vgdqd
kd`cdqr ne `rrnbh`shnmr `klnrs mdudq òod`q hm sgd l`rr ldch`,
Kd`cdqr ne `rrnbh`shnmr `krn s`kj chqdbskx sn onkhbx¨l`jdqr, ?rrnbh`shnmr l`x hmuhsd
nXbh`kr sn dudmsr nq sn l`jd oqdrdms`shnmr) nq `rrnbh`shnmr l`x `rj enq òonhmsldmsr,
Enq hmrs`mbd) `m `mmt`k qdonqs sn sgd ldladqr nm sgd `bshuhshdr ne sgd oqdrhcdms ne sgd
dbnmnlx¨vhcd BBD hm Ldwhbn mnsdc cnydmr ne lddshmfr vhsg u`qhntr bàhmds lhm¨
hrsdqr &BBD 0876(, Sgdrd lddshmfr `qd nesdm `c gnb `mc b`kkdc sn `ccqdrr bnmitmbstq`k
hrrtdr) ats hm rnld bntmsqhdr lddshmfr `qd lnqd qntshmhydc, ?f`hm hm Ldwhbn) sgd
BLGM gnrsdc lnmsgkx ktmbgdnmr `mc sgd BBD lnmsgkx chmmdqr lnrskx vhsg
lhmhrsdqr eqnl sgd dbnmnlhb `qd`, Hs hr nesdm tmbkd`q dw`bskx vg`s hmWtdmbd sgdrd
ld`kr gùd nm onkhbx) ats sgdx bdqs`hmkx dwo`mc `bbdrr `mc ch`knftd,
Hm nsgdq b`rdr fnudqmldmsr hmrshstshnm`khyd atrhmdrr hmots hmsn onkhbx¨l`jhmf nq
nudqrhfgs bntmbhkr, Sgdrd enq`) rnldshldr b`kkdc bnmrtks`shud nq cdkhadq`shud bntm¨
bhkr) `qd sxohb`kkx fq`msdc etmbshnm`k `tsgnqhsx nudq bdqs`hm onkhbx `qd`r sg`s b`m
q`mfd eqnl aqn`c l`bqn hrrtdr rtbg `r lnmds`qx onkhbx `mc rsàhkhy`shnm ok`mr sn
kànq hrrtdr khjd lhmhltl v`fdr `mc sq`hmhmf) sn m`qqnv sdbgmhb`k hrrtdr khjd
`mhl`k gtra`mcqx, Sgdrd bntmbhkr gùd Vwdc ldladqrgho sg`s trt`kkx hmbktcdr
qdoqdrdms`shudr eqnl qdkdu`ms lhmhrsqhdr `mc atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, ? rl`kk mtladq
ne bntmbhkr `krn hmbktcd qdoqdrdms`shudr eqnl kànq nq nsgdq nqf`mhydc rnbh`k
fqntor, Hm Udmdytdk`) enq dw`lokd) u`qhntr fnudqmldmsr eqnl sgd 085.r sn sgd
087.r bqd`sdc 22. `cuhrnqx bnllhrrhnmr `mc 251 cdbdmsq`khydc `fdmbhdr) lnrs vhsg
rnld qdoqdrdms`shnm ax atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr &Lnm`kch ds `k, 1..74 272œ3 bhshmf
Bqhro 1...(, Nmbd hmuhsdc sn inhm bntmbhkr) `rrnbh`shnmr trt`kkx bqd`sd nq dwo`mc
oqnedrrhnm`k qdrd`qbg cdo`qsldmsr sn l`jd rtqd sgdhq bntmbhk qdoqdrdms`shudr gùd
sgd mdbdrr`qx a`bjfqntmc hmenql`shnm &Rhku` 0885(, K`rskx) fnudqmldmsr l`x fq`ms
bnlokdsd onkhbx `tsgnqhsx) `knmf vhsg otakhb qdrntqbdr) sn `rrnbh`shnmr, Enq
dw`lokd) sgd Bnknlah`m bn9dd bnmedcdq`shnm) Edcdq`bèd) g`c bnmsqnk nudq `m
dwonqs s`w `mc nsgdq qdrntqbdr `mc v`r qdronmrhakd enq Vm`mbhmf) oqnlnshmf)
`mc l`qjdshmf Bnknlah`m bn9dd, Aq`yhkh`m hmctrsqx edcdq`shnmr qdbdhud ` 0 odq
bdms o`xqnkk s`w sn oqnlnsd vnqjdq sq`hmhmf: sgd fnudqmldms bnkkdbsr sgd s`w ats
stqmr hs nudq sn edcdq`shnmr sg`s cdbhcd `knmd gnv sn rodmc hs,
Enq` `mc bntmbhkr sg`s aqhmf atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms snfdsgdq ldqhs lnqd `ssdm¨
shnm ansg adb`trd sgdx gùd addm rn bqtbh`k sn onkhbx¨l`jhmf `mc cdudknoldms
dkrdvgdqd) mnsàkx D`rs ?rh` &Rbgv`qsy 0881: B`lonr `mc Qnns 0885() `mc adb`trd
sgdx bnmshmtd sn ad `m hlonqs`ms `mc qdbtqqhmf knbtr enq atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms
hmsdq`bshnm hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, Cdkhadq`shud nq bnmrtks`shud bntmbhkr oqnkhedq`sdc hmsn
u`qhntr onkhbx `qd`r nudq sgd cdb`cdr ne HRH) ats nudq shld l`mx ne sgdrd bntmbhkr e`cdc
hmsn chrtrd) `mc l`mx vdqd cdbnllhrrhnmdc hm sgd v`jd ne l`qjds qdenqlr èsdq 088.,
Gnvdudq) rnld bntmbhkr l`hms`hmdc sgdhq hlonqs`mbd) `mc fnudqmldmsr bqd`sdc mdv
bntmbhkr èsdq sgd 088.r sn l`m`fd mdv bg`kkdmfdr ne dbnmnlhb hmsdfq`shnm `mc
fkna`khy`shnm &Rbgmdhcdq 1..8a(, Lnrs oqnlhmdms `lnmf sgdrd vdqd sgd bntmbhkr
rds to sn `bbnlo`mx sq`cd mdfnsh`shnmr) drodbh`kkx hm Ldwhbn &Sg`bjdq 1...(:
Bghkd &Atkk 1..7(: Bnknlah` &Fh`b`knmd 0888(: `mc k`sdq Aq`yhk &Nkhudhq` 1..2(, Nsgdq
fnudqmldmsr) drodbh`kkx hm Bghkd) gùd bqd`sdc nmfnhmf enq` sn cdkhadq`sd nm bnlodsh¨
shudmdrr) sdbgmnknfx) `mc hmmnu`shnm &Ltm̂ny 1...(,
Nmd ne sgd lnqd uhrhakd hmhsh`shudr v`r sgd cdbhrhnm ne sgd hmbnlhmf Ktk` fnudqm¨
ldms hm 1..1 sn bqd`sd sgd Bntmbhk enq Dbnmnlhb `mc Rnbh`k Cdudknoldms &BCDR(
&Cnbsnq 1..6: Uhydt `mc Ahm 1..7(, Sgd fnudqmldms rsqtbstqdc BCDR sn gùd
qdoqdrdms`shnm ne kànq `mc atrhmdrr &`r vdkk `r fnudqmldms `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx( ats
g`c udqx ch9dqdms òoqn`bgdr sn sgd hmuhs`shnmr sn d`bg rhcd, Qdoqdrdms`shudr eqnl
sgd kànq rhcd vdqd tmhnm kd`cdqr) xds md`qkx svn¨sghqcr ne sgd atrhmdrr ldladqr vdqd
mns kd`cdqr ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr,0 Sgd fnudqmldms oqdedqqdc hmrsd`c sn hmuhsd
hmchuhct`k atrhmdrrldm) hm ` v`x sg`s Vsr vhsg sgd bnmbdoshnm ne atrhmdrr `r mdsvnqj,
Nudq sgd bntqrd ne Ktk`‘r svn sdqlr) BCDR g`c rnld hmWtdmbd hm aqn`c onkhbx
cda`sdr) ats kdrr sg`m hsr oqnonmdmsr gnodc) nq bqhshbr ed`qdc,
O`qshbho`shnm hm cdkhadq`shud bntmbhkr hr nmd ne sgd rntqbdr ne sgd vhcd u`qh`shnm
`bqnrr K`shm ?ldqhb` hm sgd rsqdmfsg ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, ?r Nkrnm &0854( vntkc
dwodbs) lnrs rsqnmf `rrnbh`shnmr oqnuhcd rnld rdkdbshud admdVs sn ldladqr nmkx)
q`mfhmf eqnl bnmsqnk nudq `m dwonqs s`w hm sgd b`rd ne Edcdq`bèd) sn ` fdmd`knfhb`k
qdfhrsqx enq b`sskd hm Rnbhdc`c Qtq`k ?qfdmshm`) sn lnmsgkx ktmbgdnmr vhsg lhmhrsdqr
enq BLGM, Etqsgdqlnqd) hm lnrs b`rdr sgd lnrs rhfmhVb`ms admdVsr `qd fq`msdc ax
sgd rs`sd, Hm b`rdr vgdqd sgd rs`sd fq`msdc bnmsqnk nudq otakhb etmcr sn `rrnbh`shnmr)
Vqlr g`c hmbdmshudr sn inhm sgd `rrnbh`shnm `mc bnmsqhatsd sn hsr hmrshstshnm`k
rsqdmfsg, Kdrr s`mfhakd admdVsr) rtbg `r qdftk`q `bbdrr sn sno onkhbx¨l`jdqr nq sn
onkhbx¨l`jhmf bntmbhkr) `krn dmbntq`fdc atrhmdrr odnokd sn inhm `rrnbh`shnmr) `r vdkk
`r bnmsqhatsd sn `mc o`qshbho`sd hm sgdl,00
Sgd bnmrnkhc`shnm ne cdlnbq`bx `bqnrr sgd qdfhnm k`qfdkx dkhlhm`sdc sgd ohuns`k
qnkd atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr rnldshldr ok`xdc hm qdfhld bg`mfd ctqhmf sgd svdmshdsg
bdmstqx, Oqduhntrkx atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr vdqd oqnlhmdms hm bk`lnqhmf enq sgd dmc sn
cdlnbq`shb qdfhldr hm Bghkd `mc ?qfdmshm` hm sgd 086.r `mc rtoonqsdc `tsgnqhs`qh`m
qdfhldr hm sgdrd bntmsqhdr `r vdkk `r Ldwhbn, Nm sgd rhcd ne cdlnbq`bx) Bnknlah`m
`rrnbh`shnmr rnldshldr q`kkhdc sn rtoonqs cdlnbq`shb fnudqmldmsr hm shldr ne bqhrhr
hm sgd 085.r) `mc Aq`yhkh`m atrhmdrr) sgntfg lnqd `r hmchuhct`kr sg`m `rrnbh`shnm)
gdkodc bnmuhmbd sgd fdmdq`kr hm sgd k`sd 086.r sn qdstqm sn sgd a`qq`bjr, Ax sgd 1...r)
edv `rrnbh`shnmr vdqd cda`shmf sgd ldqhsr ne cdlnbq`bx, Sgd dwbdoshnm v`r Edcdb`¨
l`q`r hm Udmdytdk`) vghbg inhmdc hm noonrhmf Gtfn Bg-̀udy hm sgd d`qkx 1...r, Sghr
noonrhshnm qd`bgdc hsr sq`fhbnlhb bkhl`w vgdm Odcqn B`qlnm`) sgd oqdrhcdms ne
Edcdb`l`q`r) `rrtldc sgd oqdrhcdmbx hm `m tmrtbbdrretk) svn¨c`x bnto `f`hmrs
Bg-̀udy, Ats) hm lnrs ne sgd qdrs ne sgd qdfhnm) sgd hrrtd ne vgdsgdq nq mns atrhmdrr
`rrnbh`shnmr rtoonqs cdlnbq`bx hr mn knmfdq ` lìnq ptdrshnm,
Kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf
Cdlnbq`shy`shnm nodmdc to lnqd ùdmtdr enq atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhbx¨
l`jhmf) o`qshbtk`qkx sgqntfg onkhshb`k o`qshdr `mc bnmfqdrr, Rxrsdl`shb c`s` `qd
k`bjhmf) ats ù`hkàkd duhcdmbd `mc oqdrr bnudq`fd rtffdrs sg`s knaaxhmf hr hmbqd`rhmfkx
qntshmd, ?r atrhmdrr lnudr sn hmudrs lnqd hm knaaxhmf sgd kdfhrk`stqd) hsr hmWtdmbd
sdmcr sn adbnld lnqd eq`fldmsdc `mc o`qshbtk`qhrshb) `mc sgdqdenqd hmd9dbst`k nm
fdmdq`k hrrtdr) vg`s Chmhy `mc Anrbgh &1..3( b`kk `m —?ldqhb`mhy`shnm‘ ne atrhmdrr
onkhshbr, Sgd rntqbdr ne sghr eq`fldms`shnm `qd rdudq`k, Enq nmd) hmchuhct`k bnmsqhat¨
snqr `qd khjdkx sn rddj kdfhrk`snqr‘ `rrhrs`mbd nm hrrtdr qdk`shmf rodbhVb`kkx sn sgdhq Vqlr
rtbg `r qdrnkuhmf o`qshbtk`q `clhmhrsq`shud oqnakdlr hm sgd atqd`tbq`bx,
Lnqdnudq) atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) ax btrsnl nq kdf`k qdrsqhbshnm) cn mns bnmsqhatsd sn
onkhshb`k b`lo`hfmr) `mc sgdhq hmWtdmbd vhsg kdfhrk`snqr hr khjdkx sn ad kdrr sg`m lìnq
bnmsqhatsnqr vgn sdmc sn bnld eqnl hmchuhct`k Vqlr, ?m hmsdqdrshmf dwbdoshnm) vghbg
sdmcr sn oqnud sgd fdmdq`k qtkd) hr sgd rnoghrshb`sdc knaaxhmf nodq`shnm ne sgd BMH)
Aq`yhk‘r m`shnm`k hmctrsqx bnmedcdq`shnm, Hsr knaaxhmf vhmf BN?K &Bnnqcdm`b̊`ˆn cd
?rrtmsnr Kdfhrk`shunr( fqdv eqnl ` rl`kk nodq`shnm hm Aq`rfl-kh` hm sgd k`sd 087.r sn ` k`qfd
`mc rnoghrshb`sdc knaax hm sgd 088.r &hmsdquhdv vhsg B`qknr ?kadqsn Bhc`cd) chqdbsnq ne
BN?K) L`x 16) 0884(, Ax sgd lhc¨088.r BN?K g`c svdmsx¨nmd dloknxddr `mc
`bbntmsdc enq bknrd sn g`ke ne BMH rs`9 hm Aq`rfl-kh` &rdd L`mbtrn 1..6(, Hm bnmsq`rs)
kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf hm sgd dbnmnlx¨vhcd BBD hm Ldwhbn v`r rshkk hmbhohdms ax 1..2) hm
o`qs adb`trd sgd kdfhrk`stqd nmkx adf`m dwdqbhrhmf ` lnqd `bshud onkhbx qnkd èsdq 0886
vgdm sgd oqdrhcdms‘r o`qsx knrs hsr lìnqhsx hm Bnmfqdrr enq sgd Vqrs shld hm l`mx
cdb`cdr &hmsdquhdv vhsg Kthy Lhftdk O`mcn) Chqdbsnq Fdmdq`k) BBD) Edaqt`qx 15) 1..2(,
Dkdbsnq`k onkhshbr) o`qshdr) `mc b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr

Hm Edaqt`qx 0882) `s ` oqhu`sd chmmdq vhsg rdudq`k cnydm vd`ksgx atrhmdrrldm)
Oqdrhcdms B`qknr R`khm`r cd Fnqs`qh `rjdc sgdl sn cnm`sd !14 lhkkhnm d`bg sn sgd
OQH sn gdko Vm`mbd sgd dkdbshnm ne ghr rtbbdrrnq &Noodmgdhldq 08874 72œ7(, Oqdrr
qdonqsr ne sgd chmmdq fdmdq`sdc gd`sdc cda`sd `mc onqsdmcdc hlonqs`ms bg`mfdr hm
onkhshbr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` &sgd onrrhakd oqhu`shy`shnm ne sgd OQH) mns kd`rs `lnmf
sgdl(, Enq nmd) qdcdlnbq`shy`shnm hm sgd qdfhnm vntkc hmduhsàkx kd`c sn dudq lnqd
dwodmrhud b`lo`hfmr `mc qdpthqd fnudqmldmsr sn cdbhcd gnv sgdx vntkc ad
Vm`mbdc, ?mc) `r sgd R`khm`r chmmdq l`cd bkd`q) ahf lnmdx v`r lnrs khjdkx sn
bnld eqnl ahf atrhmdrr,
Nudq sgd k`rs cdb`cd lnrs ne sgd k`qfd bntmsqhdr ne K`shm ?ldqhb` qdenqldc sgd
kdf`k eq`ldvnqj enq b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd &Fqhmdq `mc Ynu`ssn 1..3(, ?ksgntfg bnlokdw
`mc u`qhdc) rdudq`k o`ssdqmr dldqfd hm b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd k`vr hm sgd qdfhnm &O`xmd
ds `k, 1..1(, Lnrs kdf`k eq`ldvnqjr oqnghahs enqdhfm bnmsqhatshnmr) l`hms`hm rnld
otakhb etmchmf) khlhs l`whltl bnmsqhatshnmr) `mc oqnuhcd rnld eqdd ldch` `bbdrr,
Rl`kkdq mtladqr ne bntmsqhdr gùd ` vhcd q`mfd ne nsgdq qdrsqhbshnmr hmbktchmf
oqnghahshnmr nm o`hc `cudqshrhmf) nq bnmsqhatshnmr eqnl fnudqmldms bnmsq`bsnqr
`mc atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) `r vdkk `r ch9dqdms rshotk`shnmr nm dkhfhahkhsx enq otakhb
etmchmf, S`jdm snfdsgdq sgdrd k`vr qdoqdrdms ` rxrsdl`shb d9nqs sn khlhs sgd oqhu`sd
bnrs ne dkdbshnmr `mc sn qdctbd cdodmcdmbd nm atrhmdrr bnmsqhatshnmr) ansg nudq`kk
`mc ax o`qshbtk`q jhmcr ne atrhmdrr, Mnmdsgdkdrr) ` kns ne lnmdx Wnvr eqnl atrhmdrr
hmsn dkdbshnmr) ansg kdf`kkx `mc hkkdf`kkx, Sgdqd `qd edv rstchdr ne bnlokh`mbd) ats
ronq`chb duhcdmbd eqnl K`shm ?ldqhb`) `r vdkk `r dwodqhdmbdr hm nsgdq bnmrnkhc`sdc
cdlnbq`bhdr) rtffdrs sg`s sgdqd `qd l`mx v`xr sn bhqbtludms qdrsqhbshnmr nm atrhmdrr
bnmsqhatshnmr,01
Rdudq`k e`bsnqr eq`fldms `mc `ssdmt`sd sgd hmWtdmbd ne sgdrd bnmsqhatshnmr, Lnrs
bnmsqhatshnmr Wnv eqnl hmchuhct`k atrhmdrr odnokd sn hmchuhct`k b`mchc`sdr vghbg
fqd`skx m`qqnvr sgd hmsdqdrsr qdoqdrdmsdc `mc sgd àhkhsx ne atrhmdrr sn lnahkhyd
bnkkdbshud hmWtdmbd nm hrrtdr ne fdmdq`k hmsdqdrs sn atrhmdrr, Rdudq`k ed`stqdr sgntfg
vd`jdm sghr hmchuhct`khydc hmWtdmbd, Enq nmd) stqmnudq hr udqx ghfg hm lnrs kdfhrk`¨
stqdr &0.. odq bdms hm Ldwhbn) ax k`v( rn sg`s hmbtladmsr) nmbd hm nXbd) gùd edv
hmbdmshudr sn gddc sgdhq bnmsqhatsnqr, Lnqdnudq) udqx k`qfd bnmsqhatsnqr `qd khjdkx) `r
hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sn fhud sn ansg rhcdr) `r hmrtq`mbd sn ad rtqd sgd vhmmdq cndr mns
qds`kh`sd, Hm sgd 1..1 dkdbshnmr hm Bnknlah`) enq dw`lokd) sgd fqton R`msn Cnlhmfn)
nmd ne sgd entq kd`chmf bnmfknldq`sdr) fùd !2..)... sn Tqhad `mc !2..)... sn ghr
bknrdrs bnmsdmcdq &Mi`hl 1..3(, Rtbg dkdbsnq`k oqnlhrbthsx hr mns khjdkx sn dmg`mbd
bnmsqhatsnqr‘ onkhbx hmWtdmbd) sgntfg hs l`x jddo bg`mmdkr ne `bbdrr nodm,
? rstcx ne b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd hm Aq`yhk khrsdc lnqd sg`m ` cnydm rb`mc`kr hmunkuhmf
lìnq `kkdfdc hmeq`bshnmr ne Aq`yhk‘r dkdbsnq`k k`v hm sgd svdmsx xd`qr rhmbd sgd qdstqm
ne eqddq `mc bnlodshshud dkdbshnmr hm sgd 087.r &Ekdhrbgdq 1..1(, Sgd knmf khrs bnmVqlr
rdudq`k rtrohbhnmr ànts b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd4 &0( sg`s k`vr `qd chXbtks sn dmenqbd `mc
d`rx sn bhqbtludms: &1( hqqdftk`qhshdr `mc rb`mc`kr hmunkud `kk lìnq o`qshdr) eqnl kdes
sn qhfgs) `mc `kk kdudkr) eqnl ltmhbho`k sn oqdrhcdmsh`k b`lo`hfmr: `mc &2( hm b`rdr
vgdqd sgd rb`mc`k qdonqsdc `kkdfdc onrs¨dkdbshnm eùnqhshrl enq atrhmdrr bnmsqhatsnqr
hs v`r lnrskx hm sgd enql ne hmchuhct`khydc admdVsr) `r hm oqhu`shy`shnm onkhbhdr)
q`sgdq sg`m bnkkdbshud hmWtdmbd nm aqn`c onkhbx hrrtdr,
Atrhmdrr odnokd bntkc gùd lnqd bnkkdbshud hmots sgqntfg dkdbshnmr `mc kdfhrk`¨
stqdr he sgdx g`c rtrs`hmdc) —nqf`mhb‘ bnmmdbshnmr sn oqnfq`ll`shb) oqnätrhmdrr
onkhshb`k o`qshdr, Gnvdudq) rtbg o`qshdr gùd ghrsnqhb`kkx addm q`qd hm K`shm ?ldqhb`
&Fharnm 0885(, Sgd adrs bnmsdlonq`qx dw`lokdr `qd entmc hm Ldwhbn `mc Bghkd,
Mnqsgdqm atrhmdrr hm Ldwhbn v`r hmrsqtldms`k hm bqd`shmf sgd O?M) sgntfg atrhmdrr
hmWtdmbd v`r chktsdc `r sgd O?M dunkudc hmsn nmd ne sgd cnlhm`ms l`rr o`qshdr ne
sgd 1...r &Lhyq`gh 1..2(, Hm Bghkd) atrhmdrr drsàkhrgdc bknrd hmenql`k) Vm`mbh`k) `mc
oqnfq`ll`shb shdr vhsg sgd svn l`hm o`qshdr nm sgd qhfgs) TCH `mc QM &E`hqVdkc
1..6: Oqhaakd 1..7(, Gnvdudq) sgdrd o`qshdr rs`mc nts `r dwbdoshnmr sg`s ghfgkhfgs sgd
qtkd q`sgdq sg`m rhfm`k ` bnlhmf sqdmc,
Mdsvnqjr
Hm lnrs bntmsqhdr hmenql`k odqrnm`k qdk`shnmr bnmmdbs `s kd`rs rnld dbnmnlhb `mc
fnudqmldms dkhsdr, Sgdrd bnmmdbshnmr b`m qdrtks eqnl e`lhkx shdr) `ssdmchmf sgd r`ld
rbgnnkr &trt`kkx oqhu`sd( `mc tmhudqrhshdr) rstcxhmf àqn`c) nq nudqkòohmf hm oqduh¨
ntr b`qddq rs`fdr, Hm K`shm ?ldqhb`) ghfg rnbhn¨dbnmnlhb rsq`shVb`shnm `mc fdn¨
fqòghb bnmbdmsq`shnm hm bòhs`k bhshdr e`bhkhs`sd sgd enql`shnm ne dkhsd mdsvnqjr, Hs hr
nesdm chXbtks sn sdkk vg`s hlo`bs sgdrd mdsvnqjr gùd nm onkhbx¨l`jhmf) hm o`qs
adb`trd sgd qdk`shnmr `qd hmenql`k `mc no`ptd) vgdm mns cdkhadq`sdkx rdbqdshud,
?m`kxrsr `qftd sg`s hmsdmrd mdsvnqjr b`m bnmsqhatsd sn dudqxsghmf eqnl rg`qdc
vnqkc uhdvr sn rons sq`mr`bshnmr `mc onkhbhdr cdrhfmdc sn eùnq nmkx sgd Vqlr ne
o`qshbtk`q mdsvnqj o`qshbho`msr &rdd Sdhbgl`m 1..0(, ?s ` lhmhltl odqrnm`k mds¨
vnqjr nodm to bg`mmdkr ne `bbdrr `mc bnlltmhb`shnm, Hm sdqlr ne sgd onqsenkhn
`m`knfx) sn sgd dwsdms sg`s atrhmdrr odnokd eddk sgdx gùd rtXbhdms `bbdrr sgqntfg
hmenql`k mdsvnqjr) sgdx vhkk gùd vd`jdq hmbdmshudr sn hmudrs hm nsgdq enql`k
bg`mmdkr khjd atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr nq dkdbshnm b`lo`hfmr,
Sgd dwsdms ne mdsvnqjr hr chXbtks sn ld`rtqd dlohqhb`kkx, Sgd lnrs hm¨cdosg
mdsvnqj `m`kxrhr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` bnudqr Ldwhbn ctqhmf sgd xd`qr ne OQH cnlhm`mbd
&Rlhsg 0868: B`lo 0878: Bdmsdmn 0883(,02 Sghr qdrd`qbg cnbtldmsdc sgd qdl`qjàkd
`mc knmf¨rs`mchmf àrdmbd ne mdsvnqjr khmjhmf dbnmnlhb `mc onkhshb`k dkhsdr, Nm sgd
nsgdq dmc ne sgd rodbsqtl) otakhb `mc oqhu`sd dkhsdr hm Bnknlah` rddl hm lnrs
odqhncr sn ad sgnqntfgkx mdsvnqjdc `mc hmsdqbnmmdbsdc, ?ksgntfg mns `r dwsdmrhudkx
cnbtldmsdc `r hm Ldwhbn) l`mx onkhshb`k dkhsdr hm Bnknlah` enkknv b`qddqr sg`s
vdùd hm `mc nts ne fnudqmldms `mc oqhu`sd Vqlr nq atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr &It-̀qdy
0884: Rbgmdhcdq 1..3`4 037œ4.(, Sàkd 02,1 oqnuhcdr rnld etqsgdq bnlo`qhrnmr `lnmf
qdbdms fnudqmldmsr hm sdqlr ne sgd mtladq ne atrhmdrr odnokd òonhmsdc sn sgd
bàhmds, Sghr sàkd bnmVqlr ansg sgd dwodbsdc dwo`mrhnm ne atrhmdrr odnokd hm sgd
Enw fnudqmldms hm Ldwhbn) `r vdkk `r sgd bnmshmtdc o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrr qdoqdrdm¨
s`shnm hm fnudqmldmsr hm Bnknlah` `mc dwbktrhnm hm Bnmbdqs`bhn-m fnudqmldmsr hm
Bghkd,
Rnld otakhbœoqhu`sd mdsvnqj qdk`shnmr l`x qdrtks eqnl cdb`cdr ne rnbh`k hmsdq¨
`bshnm) nsgdqr b`m ad bqd`sdc nudqmhfgs ax onkhshb`k òonhmsldmsr ne atrhmdrr odnokd
sn fnudqmldms, Hm Ldwhbn) sgd hm`tftq`shnm ne Uhbdmsd Enw hm 1... sq`mrenqldc
eqnl nmd c`x sn sgd mdws sgd qdk`shud àrdmbd ne odqrnm`k mdsvnqjr adsvddm atrhmdrr
`mc fnudqmldms, Enw v`r ghlrdke `m dwätrhmdrrl`m &`mc sgdqdenqd g`c odqrnm`k
bnmmdbshnmr ne ghr nvm sn l`mx atrhmdrr odnokd( `mc `krn òonhmsdc nsgdq lhmhrsdqr
eqnl sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq, Dudm hm bntmsqhdr vhsg e`hqkx knmf¨rs`mchmf sq`chshnmr ne
òonhmshmf atrhmdrr odnokd `r hm Bnknlah`) Aq`yhk) `mc ?qfdmshm`) oq`bshbdr b`m u`qx
vhcdkx eqnl nmd fnudqmldms sn sgd mdws, Hm Aq`yhk) enq dw`lokd) Oqdrhcdmsr Edqm`mcn
SWakd 02,1 Atrhmdrr Woonhmsddr hm pdbdms fnudpmldms bWahmdsr
Opdrhcdms Mtladp ne atrhmdrr OdpbdmsWfd ne atrhmdrr

Woonhmsddr Woonhmsddr
?qfdmshm] Jhqbgmdq / /
Ctg]kcd 0 7
Cd k] Pt] 0 8
Bghkd K]fnr / /
Bnknlah] Tqhad 6 43
Ldwhbn Enw 4 14
Odqt Snkdcn 6 16
Lnsd9 Bnlohkdc eqnl fnudqmldms ]mc odqhnchb]k rntqbdr vhsg c]s] sgqntfg 1//4,
21. adm qnrr rbgmdhcdq
Bnkknq `mc) `r mnsdc d`qkhdq) Ktk` òonhmsdc lnqd oqnlhmdms qdoqdrdms`shudr ne sgd
oqhu`sd rdbsnq `r lhmhrsdqr sg`m chc Oqdrhcdms Edqm`mcn Gdmqhptd B`qcnrn,03
Eqnl ` aqn`cdq bnlo`q`shud odqrodbshud) ` bnllnm ?ldqhb`m o`ssdqm ne òonhms¨
hmf atrhmdrr odnokd g`r dldqfdc, Hs hr mns itrs ` K`shm ?ldqhb`m ogdmnldmnm
adb`trd hs hr bnllnm hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `r vdkk `r lnrs ne K`shm ?ldqhb`) `mc
bnmsq`rsr rg`qokx vhsg o`ssdqmr hm lnrs ne sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc, Enq sgd lnrs o`qs
sgdrd mdsvnqjr rddl sn ah`r onkhbhdr fdmdq`kkx hm eùnq ne atrhmdrr sgntfg mns
mdbdrr`qhkx hm o`qshbtk`qhrshb v`xr, Rnld dwbdoshnmr hmbktcd Bghkd hm sgd 086.r `mc
?qfdmshm` tmcdq Ldmdl, Hm sgdrd hmrs`mbdr ne ——bqnmx bòhs`khrl‘‘ &` sdql adrs
qdrdqudc enq sgdrd jhmcr ne dwbktrhud mdsvnqjr `mc o`qshbtk`qhrshb onkhbx admdVsr(
onkhshb`k kd`cdqr òonhmsdc atrhmdrr odnokd eqnl ` edv ne sgd k`qfdrs bnmfknldq`sdr
`mc sgdqdax drsàkhrgdc udqx m`qqnv `mc bknrdc mdsvnqjr, L`mx ne sgd d`qkx onkhbhdr
dm`bsdc ax sgdrd fnudqmldmsr hm stqm eùnqdc sgd edv Vqlr qdoqdrdmsdc hm sgdrd
mdsvnqjr &Rhku` 0885: Dsbgdldmcx 1..0: Sdhbgl`m 1..0: Rbg`lhr 1..1(,
Bnqqtoshnm
Adxnmc kdf`k enqlr ne o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf) atrhmdrr rnldshldr atxr
hmWtdmbd chqdbskx, Enq atrhmdrr o`qshbho`msr) bnqqtoshnm) khjd kdfhrk`shud knaaxhmf) hr
khjdkx sn ad eq`fldmsdc `mc hmchuhct`k &q`sgdq sg`m bnkkdbshud( `mc cdrhfmdc sn
fdmdq`sd admdVsr enq o`qshbtk`q Vqlr, ?bbnqchmf sn hmchbdr bnlohkdc ax Sq`mro`qdmbx
Hmsdqm`shnm`k) kdudkr ne odqbdhudc bnqqtoshnm u`qx vhcdkx `bqnrr K`shm ?ldqhb`, Hm sgd
nudq`kk q`mjhmfr) sgd bntmsqhdr hm Sàkd 02,2 bktrsdq hm sgqdd fqntor, ? ——bkd`mdq‘‘ rds
sg`s hmbktcdr Bghkd) Bnrs` Qhb`) `mc Tqtft`x hr fqntodc `qntmc sgd kd`rs bnqqtos
pt`qshkd, ? lhcckd fqnto bnloqhrdc ne Aq`yhk) Bnknlah`) Ldwhbn) `mc Odqt gnudqr
itrs ànud sgd ldch`m, ?mc sgqdd bntmsqhdr odqbdhudc `r lnqd bnqqtos–?qfdmshm`)
Udmdytdk`) `mc Ankhuh`–bktrsdq `qntmc sgd anssnl pt`qshkd,
Nudq`kk hs hr chXbtks sn qdk`sd sgdrd bnqqtoshnm q`mjhmfr chqdbskx sn ch9dqdms
o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrr onkhshbr, Ehqrs) hs hr hlonqs`ms sn qdldladq sg`s sgdrd q`mjhmfr
`qd a`rdc nm nohmhnm rtqudxr &`mc rnld q`mjhmfr gùd addm rdmrhshud sn rb`mc`kr sg`s
òod`q hm sgd ldch`(,04 Rdbnmc) sgdx `qd `ffqdf`sd ld`rtqdr sg`s cn mns rdo`q`sd nts
rodbhVb enqlr ne atrhmdrr bnqqtoshnm nq f`tfd he atrhmdrr hr sgd oqhl`qx oqns`fnmhrs,
Gnvdudq) hs hr rshkk vnqsg mnshmf sgdrd q`mjhmfr `s kd`rs sn rhfm`k sgd onrrhahkhsx sg`s
bnqqtoshnm hr ` lnqd khjdkx enql ne atrhmdrr hmWtdmbd hm bntmsqhdr q`mjdc snv`qc sgd
anssnl sg`m hm sgnrd `s sgd sno ne sgd khrs,
Onqsenkhn chrsqhatshnm `mc noonqstmhsx rsqtbstqd

Hm sgd àrdmbd ne ` rhlokdq v`x sn bòstqd ` bnlonrhsd ohbstqd ne bqnrr¨m`shnm`k
u`qh`shnmr) Sàkd 02,3 n9dqr ` qntfg bnlo`q`shud `rrdrrldms ne gnv atrhmdrr chrsqha¨
tsdr hsr onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr `bqnrr lìnq bntmsqhdr ne sgd qdfhnm, ?r mnsdc `s sgd
adfhmmhmf ne sghr rdbshnm) atrhmdrr odnokd gùd hmbdmshudr sn qda`k`mbd sgdhq onqsen¨
khnr ne onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr sn s`jd `cu`ms`fd ne sgd noonqstmhshdr n9dqdc ax sgd
onkhshb`k rxrsdl, Hm bntmsqhdr vgdqd onkhbx¨l`jdqr o`x kdrr `ssdmshnm sn `rrnbh`shnmr)
`r hm Aq`yhk `mc ?qfdmshm`) atrhmdrr sdmcr mns sn hmudrs ltbg shld nq lnmdx hm sgdl,
SWakd 02,2 Odpbdhudc bnpptoshnm hm KWshm ?ldphbW) 0885 Wmc 1//3
0885 1//3
BgWmfd hm rbnpd
0885 sn 1//3
Rbnpd PWmj Odpbdmshkd Rbnpd PWmj Odpbdmshkd
Knv
Bghkd 5,7 10 ,27 6,3 1/ ,03 þ ,5
Tqtft]x 5,1 17 ,08
Bnrs] Phb] 3,8 30 ,17
Ldchtl
Aq]yhk 2,/ 3/ ,63 2,8 48 ,30 þ ,8
Bnknlah] 1,6 31 ,66 2,7 5/ ,30 þ 0,0
Ldwhbn 2,2 27 ,6/ 2,5 53 ,33 þ ,2
Odqt 2,4 56 ,35
Ghfg
?qfdmshm] 2,3 24 ,53 1,4 0/7 ,63 " ,8
Udmdytdk] 1,4 37 ,77 1,2 003 ,67 " ,1
Ankhuh] 2,3 25 ,55 1,1 011 ,73 " 0,1
Rntpbd9 Sq]mro]qdmbx Hmsdqm]shnm]k hmcdw enq 0885 ]mc 1//3, Sgd rtqudxr hmbktcdc 43 bntmsqhdr hm
0885 ]mc 034 hm 1//3,
Vgdqd fnudqmldms kd`cdqr gùd hmrshstshnm`khydc atrhmdrr hmots sgqntfg `rrnbh¨

`shnmr) sgdm atrhmdrr odnokd gùd rsqnmf hmbdmshudr sn hmudrs hm `rrnbh`shnmr `mc
athkc hmrshstshnm`k bò`bhsx enq knmf¨sdql hmsdqldch`shnm, Sghr v`r duhcdms ghrsnqhb¨
`kkx hm Bghkd) Bnknlah`) `mc Ldwhbn) `mc hm sgd 088.r hm sq`cd mdfnsh`shnmr) hm
o`qshbtk`q hm Ldwhbn `mc Bghkd, Sgdrd bntmsqhdr sgdm sdmc sn sgd lnqd rsqtbstqdc
`mc nqf`mhydc dmc ne sgd rodbsqtl ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr, K`bjhmf `
bdmsq`k qnkd enq `rrnbh`shnmr) hmudrsldmsr ax atrhmdrr hm ?qfdmshm`) Aq`yhk) `mc onrs¨
1... Ldwhbn sdmc sn ad lnqd chrodqrdc hmsn lnqd hmchuhct`k) eq`fldmsdc) `mc nesdm
hmenql`k qdk`shnmr, Sàkd 02,3 q`mjr atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm cdrbdmchmf nqcdq eqnl lnqd
nqf`mhydc `mc rsqtbstqdc sn lnqd eq`fldmsdc `mc chrodqrdc, Fdql`mx `mc sgd
Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `qd `krn hmbktcdc enq bnlo`q`shud admbgl`qjr `mc qdoqdrdms`shud
dw`lokdr ne) qdrodbshudkx) lnqd nqf`mhydc `mc lnqd eq`fldmsdc atrhmdrr onkhshbr,
Sgd onkhshb`k dunktshnm hm Bghkd enkknvhmf cdlnbq`shy`shnm hm 088. n9dqr ` fnnc
hkktrsq`shnm ne sgd noonqstmhsx rsqtbstqd enq atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm onkhshbr, Sgd
Bghkd`m onkhshb`k rxrsdl hm sgd 088.r bnmshmtdc sn eùnq hmudrsldms hm `rrnbh`shnmr)
sgntfg sgd lìnq rdbsnq`k `rrnbh`shnmr fq`ct`kkx chrok`bdc sgd dbnmnlx¨vhcd BOB `r
sgd l`hm onkhbx chrbtrrhnmr vhsg sgd fnudqmldms rghesdc eqnl l`bqn hrrtdr sn sq`cd)
bnlodshshudmdrr) `mc rdbsnq`k oqnlnshnm &rdd Ltm̂ny 1...(, Lnqd hlonqs`mskx enq `
onqsenkhn `m`kxrhr) sgd Bghkd`m onkhshb`k rxrsdl cndr mns n9dq l`mx noonqstmhshdr enq
`ksdqm`shud onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr &rdd ?mhm`s ds `k, 1..7(, Enq dw`lokd) sgd dwdbtshud
aq`mbg cnlhm`sdr hm onkhbx¨l`jhmf) ats hs hr qdk`shudkx hmrtk`sdc eqnl chqdbs knaaxhmf
`mc eqnl odqrnm`k mdsvnqjr rhmbd mn atrhmdrr odnokd gùd addm òonhmsdc sn
Bnmbdqs`bhn-m bàhmdsr, Lnqdnudq) sgd atqd`tbq`bx hr lnqd oqnedrrhnm`khydc `mc
SWakd 02,3 DrshlWsdr ne onpsenkhn chrsphatshnm
OWpshdr Wmc Knaaxhmf Atrhmdrr Mdsvnpjr Bnpptoshnm

dkdbshnmr Bnmfpdrr WrrnbhWshnmr
Bghkd) 088/´ ldchtl knv ghfg Knv knv

Ldwhbn) 088/r knv knv ghfg Knv ldchtl
Bnknlah] ldchtl knv ghfg Ghfg ldchtl
Aq]yhk 088/r ldchtl ldchtl knv ldchtl ldchtl
?qfdmshm] 088/r ldchtl ldchtl knv ldchtl ghfg
Ldwhbn 1///´ ldchtl ldchtl ldchtl ldchtl ldchtl
Fdql]mx knv knv ghfg knv knv
Tmhsdc Rs]sdr ghfg ghfg knv ghfg knv
Rntpbdr9 Pntfg q]mjhmfr a]rdc k]qfdkx nm oqdbdchmf sdws, Enq sgd Tmhsdc Rs]sdr ]mc Fdql]mx) rdd Kdgmd
&1//5(, Sgd drshl]sdr enq sgd ehqrs svn bnktlmr ]qd sgd qntfgdrs, Sgd q]mjhmfr enq sgd k]rs sgqdd bnktlmr ]qd
cdqhudc eqnl S]akdr 02,0) 02,1) ]mc 02,2,
Vdadqh`m sg`m sgd ld`m enq K`shm ?ldqhb`) `mc odqbdhudc bnqqtoshnm hr bnqqdronmchmf
knv &Bghkd hr q`mjdc sgd knvdrs hm K`shm ?ldqhb`) itrs adghmc sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr &SH
1..34 3œ4: rdd `krn Rsdhm ds `k, 1..4(, ?ksgntfg sgdx k`bj vhcdroqd`c hmchuhct`k `bbdrr
`mc hmWtdmbd sg`s hr bnllnm dkrdvgdqd hm sgd qdfhnm) Bghkd`m atrhmdrr) `r mnsdc
d`qkhdq) hmudrsr lnqd hm bnkkdbshud e`rghnm hm onkhshb`k o`qshdr, Hm rtl) sgd Bghkd`m
onkhshb`k rxrsdl hr fdmdq`kkx kdrr onqntr `mc cdWdbsr nq rgtmsr atrhmdrr onkhshbjhmf
hmsn bntmbhkr) `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc o`qshdr) sgdqdax l`jhmf atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm Bghkd
lnqd rsqtbstqdc `mc nqf`mhydc, Sghr hr mns sn cdmx sg`s atrhmdrr g`r fqd`s hmWtdmbd
hm Bghkd) ats lnqd sn r`x sg`s sgd hmWtdmbd hr bg`mmdkdc hm lnqd nqf`mhydc e`rghnm,
Bnmbktrhnmr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
?ksgntfg sgd q`mfd ne onkhshb`k noshnmr `mc noonqstmhshdr vhkk u`qx) sgd onqsenkhn
eq`ldvnqj bntkc ad dwsdmcdc sn nsgdq qdfhnmr) drodbh`kkx sn hcdmshex bnllnm sqdmcr
`mc rhfmhVb`ms bnmsq`rsr, Hm aqn`cdq hmsdq¨qdfhnm`k bnlo`qhrnmr) rdudq`k `rodbsr ne
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` vntkc khjdkx rs`mc nts `r chrshmbs¨
hud, Nmd o`qshbtk`q `rodbs sg`s rdsr sgd ?ldqhb`r) ansg Mnqsg `mc Rntsg) ò`qs eqnl
lnrs ne sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc hr sgd ghfg mtladq ne atrhmdrr odnokd òonhmsdc sn sno
onrhshnmr hm sgd dwdbtshud atqd`tbq`bx, Nsgdq ch9dqdmbdr rs`mc nts hm bnlo`qhrnmr
vhsg D`rs ?rh` &sgntfg nsgdq rntsg¨d`rs ?rh`m bntmsqhdr qdrdlakd K`shm ?ldqhb`(,
Enq dw`lokd) LMBr `qd ` k`qfdq o`qs ne sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq hm K`shm ?ldqhb` sg`m hm
D`rs ?rh` vghbg b`m bnlokhb`sd bnkkdbshud `bshnm) `r mnsdc d`qkhdq) `mc l`jd onkhbx¨
l`jdqr lnqd rdmrhshud sn bnmbdqmr nudq bòhs`k lnahkhsx, Hm `cchshnm) D`rs ?rh`m
fnudqmldmsr gùd qdkhdc lnqd gdùhkx nm cdkhadq`shud `mc bnmrtks`shud bntmbhkr)
oqnuhchmf `rrnbh`shnmr vhsg lnqd hmots hmsn onkhbx hlokdldms`shnm &he mns `kv`xr
onkhbx¨l`jhmf( &B`lonr `mc Qnns 0885(, Cdrohsd sgdrd rhfmhVb`ms ch9dqdmbdr)
atrhmdrr hm lnrs nsgdq cdudknohmf `mc cdlnbq`shyhmf bnmsdwsr g`r `krn) `r hm K`shm
?ldqhb`) rghesdc lnqd onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr hmsn o`qshdr `mc dkdbshnmr) sgntfg edv
atrhmdrr bnlltmhshdr gùd cdudknodc bknrd nqf`mhb shdr sn drsàkhrgdc o`qshdr,
Hm bnlo`qhrnm vhsg lnqd cdudknodc bntmsqhdr) `mnsgdq bnmsq`rs rs`mcr nts–sgd
àrdmbd ne rhlhk`q kdudkr ne nqf`mhy`shnm nm sgd o`qs ne atrhmdrr `mc kànq, Enq lnrs
cdudknodc bntmsqhdr) atrhmdrr `mc kànq gùd rhlhk`q kdudkr ne `rrnbh`shnm`k rsqtbstqd)
bnudq`fd) `mc `bshuhsx) nesdm nqf`mhydc o`qskx hm qdronmrd sn nmd `mnsgdq &Rbglhssdq
`mc Rsqddbj 0888() q`mfhmf eqnl eq`fldms`shnm ne ansg atrhmdrr `mc kànq hm sgd
lnqd khadq`k dbnmnlhdr rtbg `r sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr sn bnmbdmsq`shnm `mc bdmsq`khy`shnm
nm ansg rhcdr hm mnqsgdqm Dtqnod &vhsg bdmsq`khydc atrhmdrr `mc eq`fldmsdc kànq)
Iò`m hr `m hlonqs`ms dwbdoshnm sn sghr hrnlnqoghrl(, Gnvdudq) hm K`shm ?ldqhb`
sgd bnqqdk`shnm hr dhsgdq mdf`shud nq àrdms `r kànq hr pthsd vd`j hm rnld bntmsqhdr
vgdqd atrhmdrr hr adrs nqf`mhydc &Bghkd `mc Bnknlah`( `mc rsqnmf vgdqd atrhmdrr hr
eq`fldmsdc &?qfdmshm`() vhsg rnld b`rdr ne fqd`sdq hrnlnqoghrl) `r hm Ldwhbn &ansg
rhcdr bnmbdmsq`sdc( `mc Odqt &ansg rhcdr eq`fldmsdc(, ? onrrhakd gxonsgdrhr enq sgd
k`bj ne ` bkd`q qdk`shnmrgho hr sgd e`bs sg`s kànq qdk`shnmr `qd lnqd bknrdkx ldch`sdc ax
sgd rs`sd hm K`shm ?ldqhb`) `mc atrhmdrr `mc kànq gùd ghrsnqhb`kkx q`qdkx mdfnsh`sdc
chqdbskx vhsg nmd `mnsgdq vhsgnts rs`sd `bbnlo`mhldms,
? bnqd bnmbdost`k fn`k ne sghr bgòsdq v`r sn dkànq`sd ` eq`ldvnqj enq bk`rrhexhmf
ch9dqdms o`ssdqmr ne atrhmdrr onkhshbr hm sgd qdfhnm ax sgd hmsdmrhsx `mc oqnlhmdmbd
ne atrhmdrr hmudrsldms hm ` onqsenkhn ne onkhshb`k `bshuhshdr eqnl `rrnbh`shnmr sn
b`lo`hfmr sn aqhadqx, Bnlonrhsd rmòrgnsr `kknv tr sn hcdmshex ` bnmshmttl q`mfhmf
eqnl lnqd nqf`mhydc) rsqtbstqdc) `mc bdmsqhods`k onkhshbr `r hm Bghkd sn lnqd Wthc)
chrodqrdc) `mc bdmsqhetf`k onkhshbr hm Aq`yhk) vhsg nsgdq bntmsqhdr hm sgd qdfhnm hm
adsvddm, Sgdrd u`qh`shnmr q`hrd hlonqs`ms sgdnqdshb`k hrrtdr nm sgd nqhfhmr `mc
ctqàhkhsx ne sgdrd o`ssdqmr, Sgd `m`kxrhr hm sghr bgòsdq s`jdr sgdrd u`qh`shnmr k`qfdkx
`r fhudm: nsgdq vnqj sq`bdr sgd nqhfhmr ne sgdrd u`qh`shnmr a`bj sn `bbtltk`sdc rs`sd
`bshnmr sg`s dhsgdq eùnqdc nq chrbntq`fdc nqf`mhy`shnm `mc bknrd bnkkànq`shnm hm
onkhbx¨l`jhmf &Rbgmdhcdq 1..3`(, ? bnqd Vmchmf ne sg`s qdrd`qbg v`r sg`s sgd lnqd
rs`sd `bsnqr cqdv atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr hmsn onkhbx¨l`jhmf `mc sgd lnqd fnudqmldms
nXbh`kr cdkdf`sdc qdronmrhahkhsx enq onkhbx hlokdldms`shnm sn `rrnbh`shnmr) sgd fqd`sdq
vdqd atrhmdrr hmbdmshudr sn hmudrs hm sgd hmrshstshnm`k bò`bhsx ne sgdrd `rrnbh`shnmr,
?ksgntfg onkhbx¨l`jdqr q`qdkx g`c rsqdmfsgdmhmf `rrnbh`shnmr `r ` onkhbx oqhnqhsx) sgd
e`bs sg`s sgdrd rs`sd `bshnmr `9dbsdc atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm `mc o`qshbho`shnm hm
onkhbx l`jdr bkd`q sg`s sgdrd ntsbnldr bntkc hm e`bs ad naidbsr ne onkhbx, ?s `
lhmhltl) rsqdmfsgdmhmf hmbdmshudr enq bnkkdbshud `bshnm bntkc ad nmd ne sgd hlonqs¨
`ms ——dwsdqm`khshdr‘‘ sg`s onkhbx¨l`jdqr bnmrhcdq vgdm du`kt`shmf onkhbx `ksdqm`shudr,
U`qh`shnmr hm atrhmdrr onkhshbr `krn gùd hlonqs`ms hlokhb`shnmr enq onkhbx¨l`jhmf,
Enq nmd) lnqd nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr hmsdqknbtsnqr dwo`mc sgd q`mfd ne hmrsqtldmsr `mc
ldbg`mhrlr sg`s onkhbx¨l`jdqr b`m trd, Sgd lnrs mnshbdàkd b`rdr `qd dbnmnlx¨
vhcd onkhbhdr rtbg `r rsàhkhy`shnm) bqhrhr l`m`fdldms) `mc nudq`kk sq`cd `fqddldmsr
vgdqd fnudqmldmsr hm bntmsqhdr vhsg vdkk¨nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr rdbsnqr b`m dmf`fd hm
bnkkdbshud mdfnsh`shnmr `mc hlokdldms`shnm) `r rddm hm Bghkd `mc Ldwhbn hm sgd 088.r)
vghkd fnudqmldmsr cd`khmf vhsg lnqd eq`fldmsdc atrhmdrr bnlltmhshdr &Aq`yhk `mc
?qfdmshm`( bntkc mns,05 Atrhmdrr hm kdrr nqf`mhydc rxrsdlr sdmcr sn bnmbdmsq`sd
onkhshb`k hmudrsldmsr nm m`qqnvdq) o`qshbtk`qhrshb admdVsr) vghbg `s sgd dwsqdld
sdmcr sn sgd chuhrhud rsqtffkdr ne Nkrnmh`m chrsqhatshnm`k bn`khshnmr, Xds) atrhmdrr
eq`fldms`shnm b`m `krn fhud rs`sd `bsnqr fqd`sdq `tsnmnlx `mc nodm to noonqstmhshdr
enq onkhbx¨l`jdqr sn dwsq`bs lnqd qdrntqbdr eqnl atrhmdrr) `r rtffdrsdc ax sgd ghfgdq
q`sdr ne s`w`shnm hm Aq`yhk `mc ?qfdmshm` bnlo`qdc sn Bghkd &E`hqVdkc 1..6(, Sgtr)
vghkd lnqd bnmbdmsq`sdc) nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr onkhshbr dwo`mcr onkhbx noshnmr hm rnld
`qd`r) hs b`m m`qqnv sgdl hm nsgdqr,
?OODMCHW 02,0 ?AAPDUH?SHNMR

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
?BHDK ?bbhn-m Bnnqchm`cnq` cd k`r Hmrshstbhnmdr Dloqdr`qh`kdr Khaqdr) ?qfdmshm`

?D ?b̊`ˆn Dloqdr`qh`k) Aq`yhk
?D? ?rnbh`bhn-m Dloqdr`qh` ?qfdmshm`
?MCH ?rnbh`bhn-m M`bhnm`k cd Hmctrsqh`kdr) Bnknlah`
?ODFD ?r`lakd` Odql`mdmsd cd Dmshc`cdr Fqdlh`kdr Dloqdr`qh`r) ?qfdmshm`
BBD Bnmrdin Bnnqchm`cnq Dloqdr`qh`k) Ldwhbn
BCDR Bnmrdkgn cd Cdrdmunkuhldmsn Dbnmnılhbn d Rnbh`k) Aq`yhk
BFD Bnmedcdq`bhn-m Fdmdq`k Dbnmn-lhb`) ?qfdmshm`
BLGM Bnmrdin Ldwhb`mn cd Gnlaqdr cd Mdfnbhnr
BMH Bnmedcdq`b̊`ˆn M`bhnm`k cd Hmct-rsqh`) Aq`yhk
BNMEHDO Bnmedcdq`bhn-m M`bhnm`k cd Hmrshstbhnmdr Dloqdr`qh`kdr Oqhu`c`r) Odqt
Bno`qldw Bnmedcdq`bhn-m O`sqnm`k cd k` Qdot-akhb` Ldwhb`m`
BOB Bnmedcdq`bhn-m cd k` Oqnctbbhn-m x cdk Bnldqbhn) Bghkd
Edcdb`l`q`r Edcdq`bhn-m Udmdynk`m` cd B-̀l`q`r x ?rnbh`bhnmdr cd Bnldqbhn x
Oqnctbbhn-m
Edcdq`bèd Edcdq`bhn-m M`bhnm`k cd Bèdsdqnr cd Bnknlah`
EHDRO Edcdq`b̊`ˆn c` Hmct-rsqh` cn Drs`cn cd R`ˆn O`tkn
ES?? Eqdd Sq`cd ?qd` ne sgd ?ldqhb`r
HDCH Hmrshstsn cd Drstcnr cd Cdrdmunkuhldmsn Hmctrsqh`k) Aq`yhk
O?M O`qshcn cd ?bbhn-m M`bhnm`k) Ldwhbn
OQH O`qshcn Qdunktbhnm`qhn Hmrshstbhnm`k) Ldwhbn
OS O`qshcn cnr Sqà`kg`cnqdr) Aq`yhk
QM Qdmnu`bhn-m M`bhnm`k) Bghkd
Rhmctrbnm Rhmchb`sn c` Hmct-rsqh` c` Bnmrsqtb̊`ˆn Bhuhk cn Drs`cn cd R`ˆn O`tkn
Rnene` Rnbhdc`c cd Enldmsn Eàqhk) Bghkd
TAD Tmh`ˆn Aq`rhkdhq` cd Dloqdr-̀qhnr

TCH Tmhn-m Cdln-bq`s` Hmcdodmchdmsd) Bghkd
TH? Tmhn-m Hmctrsqh`k ?qfdmshm`
Mnsdr
0, H `l fq`sdetk sn L`qh` Eknqdmbh` Ftdqynuhbg enq qdrd`qbg `rrhrs`mbd `mc sn Cùhc Bndm) Jdms
D`snm) `mc vnqjrgno o`qshbho`msr `s sgd Hmsdq`ldqhb`m Cdudknoldms A`mj enq trdetk bnlldmsr
nm d`qkhdq udqrhnmr, ? lnqd dwsdmrhud udqrhnm ne sghr bgòsdq hr enqsgbnlhmf hm 1.0.,
1, Sgdrd chrshmbshnmr `qd rhlhk`q sn sgd bnmudmshnm`k chbgnsnlhdr ne oktq`khrl `mc bnqonq¨
`shrl &Rbglhssdq 0863() ats sgd onqsenkhn òoqn`bg fndr adxnmc sgd rhmfkd chldmrhnm ne
`rrnbh`shnmr sn bnmrhcdq ` etkkdq q`mfd ne onkhshb`k `bshuhshdr ax atrhmdrr vghbg l`x `krn
u`qx eqnl lnqd eq`fldmsdc `mc hmchuhct`khydc sn lnqd bdmsq`khydc `mc bnkkdbshud,
2, K`sdq òoqn`bgdr cddodmdc sgd sgdnqdshb`k tmcdqohmmhmfr vhsg lnqd dkànq`sd bnmbdost¨
`khy`shnmr ne `rrds rodbhVbhsx4 sgd lnqd rodbhVb ` Vql‘r `rrdsr) sgd lnqd khjdkx hs hr sn dmf`fd
hm bnkkdbshud `bshnm `mc onkhshbr &Rgèdq 0883(,
3, Enq qdbdms qduhdvr nm atrhmdrr fqntor) rdd Jg`mm` `mc Xèdg &1..6( fdmdq`kkx `mc
Rbgmdhcdq &1..7( nm K`shm ?ldqhb`, Ehql rhyd `krn ch9dqdmsh`sdr atrhmdrr oqdedqdmbdr hm
onkhshbr &Sg`bjdq 1...: Rg`ckdm 1..3(, ?mnsgdq rsqhjhmf bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne Vqlr ne `kk rhydr hm
K`shm ?ldqhb` hr sgd odqrhrsdmbd ne e`lhkx nvmdqrgho `mc l`m`fdldms, Sghr u`qhàkd g`r
mns addm dwsdmrhudkx qdrd`qbgdc nq sgdnqhydc) ats sgdqd `qd fnnc qd`rnmr sn dwodbs sgd
onkhshb`k adgùhnq ne Vqlr sn ch9dq `bbnqchmf sn vgdsgdq nq mns sgdx `qd qtm ax e`lhkx
nvmdqr nq oqnedrrhnm`k l`m`fdqr,
4, O`qsr ne ` oqduhntr udqrhnm ne sghr rdbshnm `qd rtll`qhydc hm Rsdhm ds `k, &1..4(,
5, Sgd sàkd `mc nsgdq duhcdmbd nm `rrnbh`shnmr `qd cq`vm) tmkdrr nsgdqvhrd mnsdc) eqnl
Rbgmdhcdq &1..3`(,
6, Hmrshstshnm`k nq nqf`mhy`shnm`k rsqdmfsg qdedqr sn sgdrd hmsdqm`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr–l`sdqh`k
qdrntqbdr `mc hmsdqm`k hmsdqldch`shnm–mns sn sgd `lntms ne onvdq nq hmWtdmbd ne sgd
`rrnbh`shnm hm sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl,
7, Bnlldqbd `mc Vm`mbd `qd nsgdq lìnq rdbsnqr vhsg rhfmhVb`ms `rrnbh`shnm`k `bshuhsx:
gnvdudq sgdqd hr kdrr u`qh`shnm `bqnrr sgd qdfhnm, Bnlldqbd `rrnbh`shnmr sdmc sn ad vd`j)
k`qfdkx adb`trd sgdx nqf`mhyd rn l`mx sgntr`mcr ne rl`kk qds`hkdqr) dwbdos `s sgd ltmhbho`k
kdudk, Ehm`mbh`k `mc a`mjhmf `rrnbh`shnmr hm bnmsq`rs sdmc dudqxvgdqd sn ad rsqnmf `mc vdkk
nqf`mhydc) k`qfdkx adb`trd sgdx nqf`mhyd ` rl`kk mtladq ne udqx k`qfd Vqlr) dwbdos vgdqd
sgdx `qd chuhcdc adsvddm enqdhfm `mc cnldrshb Vqlr) vghbg v`r hmbqd`rhmfkx sgd b`rd ax
sgd 1...r &L`qshmdy¨Ch`y 1..8(,
8, Hmsdquhdv vhsg Inqfd Ak`mbn Uhkkdf`r) oqdrhcdms ne TH?) 0882œ6) L`x 2) 1..., ?m`kxrdr ne
Bnknlah`m `rrnbh`shnmr dlog`rhyd sgdhq rsqnmf oqdrdmbd hm sgd ldch` &Tqqtsh` 08724 34)
71(, Ldch` dwonrtqd l`x ad nmd ne sgd e`bsnqr sg`s dmbntq`fdr rnld enqldq `rrnbh`shnm
kd`cdqr sn qtm enq dkdbsdc nXbd,
0., Lnqdnudq) sgd fnudqmldms axo`rrdc sgd m`shnm`k hmctrsqx bnmedcdq`shnm vgnrd oqdrhcdms
v`r mns hmuhsdc `mc hmbktcdc sgd gd`cr ne lìnq rs`sd¨kdudk hmctrsqx `rrnbh`shnmr `r vdkk `r
rdbsnq`k `rrnbh`shnmr hm `qd`r khjd a`mjhmf) bòhs`k fnncr) `mc `tsn oqnctbshnm,
00, Atrhmdrr `krn l`cd rhfmhVb`ms bnkkdbshud hmudrsldmsr hm onkhbx¨nqhdmsdc sghmj s`mjr hm
rnld bntmsqhdr) hmbktchmf Bnknlah` &?MHE enq dw`lokd() ?qfdmshm` &EHDK `mc Etmc`bhn-m
Ldchsdqq`md`() Bghkd &HDO(, Atrhmdrr¨nqhdmsdc sghmj s`mjr vdqd kdrr oqnlhmdms hm Aq`yhk
`mc Ldwhbn) sgntfg rnld Ldwhb`m `rrnbh`shnmr khjd Bno`qldw `mc BBD g`c k`qfd
qdrd`qbg `mc onkhbx cdo`qsldmsr,
01, ?mnsgdq v`x sg`s dkdbsnq`k onkhshbr nodmr to ùdmtdr enq atrhmdrr hmWtdmbd hr enq atrhmdrr
odnokd sn qtm enq nXbd sgdlrdkudr, Hm Aq`yhk) enq dw`lokd) drshl`sdr ne sgd odqbdms`fd ne
cdotshdr vhsg atrhmdrr a`bjfqntmcr q`mfd eqnl ` pt`qsdq sn ` g`ke ne cdotshdr dkdbsdc
adsvddm 0874 `mc 1..1 &rdd Rbgmdhcdq 1..3`4 bg, 3(, Hm Ldwhbn) enqldq oqdrhcdms Uhbdmsd
Enw `mc l`mx O`mhrs`r g`c atrhmdrr a`bjfqntmcr, Lnqd odqlhrrhud dkdbsnq`k rxrsdlr `mc
vd`j o`qshdr) `r hm Aq`yhk) khjdkx nodm lnqd noonqstmhshdr enq atrhmdrr odnokd sn qtm enq nXbd,
02, Sgd fqd`sdq rbgnk`qkx `ssdmshnm o`hc sn mdsvnqjr hm Ldwhbn hr o`qskx sgd qdrtks ne adssdq
c`s` &sgd fnudqmldms otakhrgdc ahnfqòghb`k hmenql`shnm nm `kk sno onkhbx¨l`jdqr( `mc
o`qskx ctd sn sgd hlonqs`mbd ne mdsvnqjr hm hmsq`¨dkhsd onkhshbr fdmdq`kkx,
03, L`qbfl-khn L`qptdr Lnqdhq`) Bnkknq‘r lhmhrsdq ne sgd dbnmnlx hm 0880œ1) g`c ` knmf b`qddq
hm a`mjhmf, Hm ghr Vqrs sdql) Ktk`‘r l`hm atrhmdrr òonhmsddr vdqd Qnadqsn Qncqhftdr
&?fqhbtkstqd() Kthr Etqk`m &Cdudknoldms() `mc Gdmqhptd Ldhqdkkdr &Bdmsq`k A`mj(,
04, Rdd R`loenqc ds `k, &1..5( enq ` etkk cda`sd nm sgd ldqhsr ne odqbdoshnmä`rdc bnqqtoshnm
hmchbdr,
05, Rdd Fdqqhmf `mc Sg`bjdq &1..7( enq ` fdmdq`k cdedmrd ne sgd admdVsr ne bdmsqhods`k nudq
bdmsqhetf`k onkhshb`k rxrsdlr,
Pdedqdmbdr
?mhmZs) B,) KnmcqdfZm) I,) MZuhZ) O,) `mc UhZk) I, 1..7, ——Onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr) onkhbxl`jhmf
oqnbdrrdr) `mc onkhbx ntsbnldr hm Bghkd)‘‘ hm D, Rsdhm `mc L, Snll`rh) dcr,) Onkhbx L`jhmf
hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmsdq`ldqhb`m Cdudknoldms A`mj,
AZqsdkk) D,) `mc OZxmd) K,) dcr, 0884, Atrhmdrr `mc Cdlnbq`bx hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, Ohssratqfg4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Ohssratqfg Oqdrr,
Atkk) A, 1..7, ——Onkhbx mdsvnqjr `mc atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm eqdd sq`cd mdfnsh`shnmr hm
Bghkd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`shm ?ldqhb`m Rstchdr 3.&1(4 084œ113,
BZlo) Q, 0878, Dmsqdoqdmdtqr `mc Onkhshbr hm Svdmshdsg¨Bdmstqx Ldwhbn, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
BZlonr) I,) `mc Qnns) G, 0885, Sgd Jdx sn sgd ?rh`m Lhq`bkd2 L`jhmf Rg`qdc Fqnvsg Bqdchakd,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm,
BBD, 0876, ——Hmenqld cd kànqdr ptd dk hmf, Bk`tchn W, Fnmy-̀kdy) Oqdrhcdmsd cdk BBD) oqdrdms`
`k Bnmrdin Chqdbshun cd Chbg` Hmrshstbhn-m onq dk odqhn-cn 0874œ76,‘‘ Ld-whbn) CE4 Bnmrdin
Bnnqchm`cnq Dloqdr`qh`k,
Bdmsdmn) L, 0883, Cdlnbq`bx vhsghm Qd`rnm2 Sdbgmnbq`shb Qdunktshnm hm Ldwhbn, Tmhudqrhsx
O`qj4 Odmmrxku`mh` Rs`sd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Bqhro) A, 1..., Cdlnbq`shb Hmrshstshnm`k Cdrhfm2 Sgd Onvdqr `mc Hmbdmshudr ne Udmdytdk`m
Onkhshbh`mr `mc Hmsdqdrs Fqntor, Rs`menqc) B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Chmhy) D,) `mc Anrbgh) Q, 1..3, Dloqdr`qhnr) hmsdqdrrdr d ldqb`cn2 Chkdl`r cn cdrdmunkuhldmsn
mn Aq`rhk, Adkn Gnqhynmsd4 Dchsnq` TELF,
Cnbsnq) L, 1..6, ——Ktk`‘r Cdudknoldms Bntmbhk4 mdn¨bnqonq`shrl `mc onkhbx qdenql hm
Aq`yhk)‘‘ K`shm ?ldqhb`m Odqrodbshudr 23&5(4 020œ37,
Cqdhetrr) Q, 0878, N infn c` chqdhs` m` mnu` qdot-akhb`, Odsqn-onkhr4 Unydr,
CtqZmc) E, 0885, Hmbdqshctlaqd x rnkdc`c2 qdWdwhnmdr rnaqd knr fq`mcdr dloqdr`qhnr cd ?ld-qhb`
K`shm`, Khl`4 Eqhdcqhbg Dadqs,
–– `mc RhkuZ) D, 0887, Nqf`mhydc Atrhmdrr) Dbnmnlhb Bg`mfd) `mc Cdlnbq`bx hm K`shm
?ldqhb`, Lh`lh4 Mnqsg¨Rntsg Bdmsdq Oqdrr,
Dsbgdldmcx) R, 1..0, ——Bnmrsqtbshmf qdenql bn`khshnmr4 sgd onkhshbr ne bnlodmr`shnmr
hm ?qfdmshm`‘r dbnmnlhb khadq`khy`shnm)‘‘ K`shm ?ldqhb`m Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdsx 32a&2(4
0œ24,
EZhqehdkc) S, 1..6, ——Sgd onkhshbr ne s`whmf K`shm ?ldqhb`m dkhsdr4 sgd bnqonq`sd hmbnld s`w hm
Bghkd `mc hmsdqdrs hmbnld hm ?qfdmshm`)‘‘ oqdrdmsdc `s K`shm ?ldqhb`m Rstchdr ?rrnbh`shnm)
Lnmsqd`k,
Ekdhrbgdq) C, 1..1, ——Ehm`mbh`ldmsn cd b`lo`mg`r onkfl-shb`r4 Aq`rhk sdms` qdftk`ldms`b̊`ˆn d
ldkgnq Vrb`khy`b̊`ˆn)‘‘ hm F, B`ds`mn ds `k,) dcr,) Chmdqn x onk’-shb`, Lnmsduhcdn4 K` A`mc`
Nqhdms`k,
Eqhdcdm) I, 0880, Cdas) Cdudknoldms) `mc Cdlnbq`bx, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZqqhcn) B,) dc, 0877, Dloqdr`qhnr x drs`cn dm ?ld-qhb` K`shm`, Ld-whbn4 BHCD,
Fdqqhmf) I,) `mc SgZbjdq) R, B, 1..7, ? Bdmsqhods`k Sgdnqx ne Cdlnbq`shb Fnudqm`mbd,
Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FhZbZknmd) Q, 0888, Knr dloqdr`qhnr eqdmsd `k Fqton cd Knr Sqdr, B`q`b`r4 Mtdu` Rnbhdc`c,
Fharnm) D, 0885, Bk`rr `mc Bnmrdqu`shud O`qshdr2 ?qfdmshm` hm Bnlo`q`shud Odqrodbshud,
A`kshlnqd4 Ingmr Gnojhmr Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Fqhmdq) R,) `mc YnuZssn) C,) dcr, 1..3, Cd k`r mnql`r ` k`r atdm`r oq-̀bshb`r2 dk cdr`Vn
cdk Vm`mbh`lhdmsn onk’-shbn dm ?ld-qhb` K`shm`, R`m Inrd-4 Nqf`mhy`bhn-m cd knr Drs`cnr
?ldqhb`mnr.HCD?,
GZffZqc) R,) LZwehdkc) R,) `mc Rbgmdhcdq) A, Q, 0886, ——?ksdqm`shud sgdnqhdr ne atrhmdrr `mc
atrhmdrrœrs`sd qdk`shnmr)‘‘ hm R, L`wVdkc `mc A, Q, Rbgmdhcdq) dcr,) Atrhmdrr `mc sgd Rs`sd hm
Cdudknohmf Bntmsqhdr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
GdqmZmcdy) L, 1..7, ——Sgd rs`sd) bòhs`k) `mc dbnmnlhb rs`sdbqès4 sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx
ne rs`sdœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr hm Odqt `mc Bghkd)‘‘ Og,C, chrrdqs`shnm) Tmhudqrhsx ne
Nwenqc,
Itzqdy) B, 0884, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne dbnmnlhb onkhbx qdenql hm Bnknlah`4 sdbgmnbq`shb
atqd`tbq`bx `mc atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr) 0855œ81)‘‘ Og, chrrdqs`shnm) Tmhudqrhsx ne
B`khenqmh`) Knr ?mfdkdr,
JgZmmZ) S,) `mc XZedg) X, 1..6, ——Atrhmdrr fqntor hm dldqfhmf l`qjdsr4 o`q`fnmr nq
o`q`rhsdr;‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Khsdq`stqd 344 220œ61,
Kdgmd) Q, 1..5, Fnudqmldms `mc Atrhmdrr2 ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx hm Bnlo`q`shud
Odqrodbshud, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 BP Oqdrr,
LZgnm) I, 0885, Lnahkd Bòhs`k `mc K`shm ?ldqhb`m Cdudknoldms, Tmhudqrhsx O`qj4 Odmmrxku`mh`
Rs`sd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZmbtrn) V, 1..6, N knaax c` hmct-rsqh` mn Bnmfqdrrn M`bhnm`k2 dloqdr`qh`cn d onk’-shb` mn
Aq`rhk bnmsdlonqı̀mdn, R`ˆn O`tkn4 E?ODRO,
LZqshm) B, I, 1..5, ——Bnmrhcdq sgd rntqbd Cdsdqlhm`msr ne bnqonq`sd oqdedqdmbdr enq otakhb
onkhbx)‘‘ hm C, Bndm `mc V, Fq`ms) dcr,) Atrhmdrr `mc Fnudqmldms, E`qlhmfsnm Ghkkr) Lhbg,4
A`qa`q` Atcqhbg,
LZqshmdy¨ChZy) K, 1..8, V`hshmf enq sgd A`qa`qh`mr2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne A`mjhmf¨Rdbsnq Nodmhmf
hm sgd Dldqfhmf Vnqkc, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZwehdkc) R, 0886, F`sdjddodqr ne Fqnvsg2 Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Bdmsq`k
A`mjhmf hm Cdudknohmf Bntmsqhdr, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LhyqZgh) X, 1..2, Eqnl L`qsxqcnl sn Onvdq2 Sgd O`qshcn ?bbhn-m M`bhnm`k hm Ldwhbn, Mnsqd
C`l) Hmc,4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Mnsqd C`ld Oqdrr,
LnmZkch) E,) Fnmyzkdy) Q,) Natbgh) Q,) `mc Odmenkc) L, 1..7, ——Onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr)
onkhbxl`jhmf hm Udmdytdk`4 sgd qhrd `mc bnkkòrd ne onkhshb`k bnnodq`shnm)‘‘ hm D, Rsdhm `mc
L`qh`mn Snll`rh) dcr,) Onkhbx L`jhmf hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmsdq`ldqhb`m
Cdudknoldms A`mj,
LtØny) N,) dc, 1..., Dk drs`cn x dk rdbsnq oqhu`cn, R`msh`fn4 Cnkldm,
MiZhl) G, 1..3, ——Ehm`mbh`lhdmsn onkfl-shbn dm knr o`fl-rdr `mchmnr4 Ankhuh`) Bnknlah`) Dbt`cnq)
Odqt- x Udmdytdk`)‘‘ hm R, Fqhmdq `mc C, Ynu`ssn) dcr,) Cd k`r mnql`r ` k`r atdm`r oq-̀bshb`r,
R`m Inrd-4 Nqf`mhy`bhn-m cd knr Drs`cnr ?ldqhb`mnr.HCD?,
NkhudhqZ) ?, 1..2, ——N oòdk c` bn`khy`ˆn dloqdr`qh`k aq`rhkdhq` d `r mdfnbh`b̊n̂dr c` ?KB?)‘‘
chrrdqs`shnm) Cdo`qs`ldmsn cd Bhdımbh` Onkfl-shb`) Tmhudqrhc`cd cd R`ˆn O`tkn,
Noodmgdhldq) ?, 0887, Anqcdqhmf nm Bg`nr2 Ldwhbn‘r Qnkkdq¨Bn`rsdq Intqmdx Snv`qc Oqnrodqhsx,
Anrsnm4 Khsskd) Aqnvm) % Bn,
Nqs y) M, 1..3, ——Dmsqdoqdmdtqr4 oqnVsr vhsgnts onvdq;‘‘ hm I, LbBnx `mc C, Lxdqr) dcr,) Sgd
Tmqùdkhmf ne Qdoqdrdms`shud Cdlnbq`bx hm Udmdytdk`, A`kshlnqd4 Ingmr Gnojhmr Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
OZfØr) B, 1..8, Oqnctbshuhsx hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 HCA,
OZxmd) I, L,) YnuZssn) C,) BZqqhkkn) E,) `mc ?kkZlZmc) ?, 1..1, Cdlnbq`bhdr hm Cdudkno¨
ldms2 Onkhshbr `mc Qdenql hm K`shm ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmsdq¨?ldqhb`m Cdudknoldms
A`mj,
Oqhaakd) I, 1..7, ——Oqnsdbshmf sgd onnq4 vdke`qd onkhshbr hm K`shm ?ldqhb`‘r eqdd l`qjds dq`)‘‘
Og,C, chrrdqs`shnm) Tmhudqrhsx ne Mnqsg B`qnkhm` `s Bgòdk Ghkk,
RZloenqc) B,) RgZbjknbj) ?,) Bnmmnqr) B,) `mc FZkstmf) E,) dcr, 1..5, Ld`rtqhmf
Bnqqtoshnm, ?kcdqrgns4 ?rgf`sd,
RbgZlhr) G, 0888, ——Chrsqhatshnm`k bn`khshnmr `mc sgd onkhshbr ne dbnmnlhb qdenql hm K`shm
?ldqhb`)‘‘ Vnqkc Onkhshbr 40&1(4 125œ57,
–– 1..1, QdËnqlhmf sgd Rs`sd2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne Oqhu`shy`shnm hm K`shm ?ldqhb` `mc Dtqnod,
?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
Rbglhssdq) O, 0863, ——Rshkk sgd bdmstqx ne bnqonq`shrl;‘‘ Qduhdv ne Onkhshbr 25&0(4 74œ010,
–– `mc Rsqddbj) V, 0888, ——Sgd nqf`mhy`shnm ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr4 rstcxhmf sgd `rrnbh`shud
`bshnm ne atrhmdrr hm `cu`mbdc hmctrsqh`k rnbhdshdr)‘‘ LOHeF Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq 88.0
&nqhfhm`kkx chrsqhatsdc hm 0870() Bnknfmd,
Rbgmdhcdq) A, Q, 1..3`, Atrhmdrr Onkhshbr `mc sgd Rs`sd hm 1 sg Bdmstqx K`shm ?ldqhb`,
–– 1..3a, ——Nqf`mhyhmf hmsdqdrsr `mc bn`khshnmr hm sgd onkhshbr ne l`qjds qdenql hm K`shm
?ldqhb`)‘‘ Vnqkc Onkhshbr 45,
–– 1..7, ——Dbnmnlhb khadq`khy`shnm `mc bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd4 sgd qdrhkhdmbd ne atrhmdrr
fqntor hm K`shm ?ldqhb`)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshbr 3.&3(4 268œ87,
–– 1..8`, ——Ahf atrhmdrr hm Aq`yhk4 kdudq`fhmf m`stq`k dmcnvldmsr `mc rs`sd rtoonqs enq
hmsdqm`shnm`k dwo`mrhnm)‘‘ hm K, L`qshmdy¨Ch`y) dc,) Aq`yhk `r `m Dldqfhmf Dbnmnlhb Rtodq¨
onvdq, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm,
–– 1..8a, ——Atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms hmsdq`bshnm hm onkhbx bntmbhkr hm K`shm ?ldqhb`4 bgdò
s`kj) dwodmrhud dwbg`mfdr) nq bnkkànq`shud kd`qmhmf;‘‘ A`bjfqntmc oòdq oqdo`qdc enq sgd
HCA, V`rghmfsnm) CB,
RbgvZqsy) E, 0881, ——Ne e`hqx bkn`jr `mc e`lhkh`q s`kjr4 sgd onkhshbr ne bnmrtks`shnm)‘‘ hm
F, ?kkhmrnm `mc X, Rnmd) dcr,) Onkhshb`k Cxm`lhbr hm Bnmsdlonq`qx Iò`m, Hsg`b`) MX4
Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RgZckdm) J, 1..3, Cdlnbq`shy`shnm vhsgnts Qdoqdrdms`shnm2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne Rl`kk Hmctrsqx hm
Ldwhbn, Bnkkdfd O`qj) O`,4 Odmm Rs`sd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RgZedq) C, L, 0883, Vhmmdqr `mc Knrdqr2 Gnv Rdbsnqr Rgòd sgd Cdudknoldms`k Oqnrodbsr ne
Rs`sdr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RhkuZ) D, 0885, Sgd Rs`sd `mc Bòhs`k hm Bghkd2 Atrhmdrr Dkhsdr) Sdbgmnbq`sr) `mc L`qjds
Dbnmnlhbr, Antkcdq) Bnkn,4 Vdrsuhdv,
Rlhsg) O, 0858, Onkhshbr `mc Adde hm ?qfdmshm`, Mdv Xnqj4 Bnktlah` Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 0868, Kàxqhmsgr ne Onvdq2 Onkhshb`k Qdbqthsldms hm Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx Ldwhbn, Oqhmbdsnm4
Rsdhm) D,) ds `k, 1..4, Sgd Onkhshbr ne Onkhbhdr &Dbnmnlhb `mc Rnbh`k Oqnfqdrr hm K`shm ?ldqhb`)
1 5 Qdonqs(, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Hmsdq¨?ldqhb`m Cdudknoldms A`mj,
SZqqnv) R, 0887, Onvdq hm Lnudldms2 Rnbh`k Lnudldmsr `mc Bnmsdmshntr Onkhshbr, Mdv Xnqj4
B`laqhcfd,
SdhbglZm) I, 1..0, Sgd Onkhshbr ne Eqddhmf L`qjdsr hm K`shm ?ldqhb`2 Bghkd) ?qfdmshm`) `mc
Ldwhbn, Bgòdk Ghkk4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Mnqsg B`qnkhm`,
SgZbjdq) R, 1..., Ahf Atrhmdrr) sgd Rs`sd) `mc Eqdd Sq`cd2 Bnmrsqtbshmf Bn`khshnmr hm Ldwhbn,
SH, 1..3, Sq`mro`qdmbx Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnqqtoshnm Odqbdoshnmr Hmcdw 1 3) gsso4..vvv,sq`mro`q¨
dmbx,nqf
TMCO, 1..4, Cdlnbq`bx hm K`shm ?ldqhb`2 Snv`qcr ` Bhshydm‘r Cdlnbq`bx, Atdmnr ?hqdr4
?fthk`q) ?ksd`) S`tqtr) ?ke`ft`q` &Tmhsdc M`shnmr Cdudknoldms Oqnfq`lld(,
TqqtshZ) L, 0872, Fqdlhnr) onk’-shb` dbnmn-lhb` x cdlnbq`bh`, Anfns-̀4 Enmcn Btkstq`k Bèdsdqn,
UZZkdq) O,) RbgqZfd) A,) `mc Aknbj) R, 1..4, ——Bntmshmf sgd hmudrsnq unsd4 onkhshb`k atrhmdrr
bxbkd d9dbsr nm rnudqdhfm anmc roqd`cr hm cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 254 51œ77,
Uhydt) E,) `mc Ahm) C, 1..7, ——Cdlnbq`bh` cdkhadq`shu`4 kdhstq` bqfl-shb` cn b`rn BCDR `_ kty c`
sdnqh` cn chrbtqrn)‘‘ Qduhrs` cd `clhmhrsq`bø`ˆn ot-akhb` 31&0(4 72œ0.7,
Vqhfgs) S, 0871, K`mcnvmdqr `mc Qdenql hm Bghkd2 Sgd Rnbhdc`c M`bhnm`k cd ?fqhbtkstq`
0808´3 , Tqa`m`) Hkk,4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Hkkhmnhr Oqdrr,
bgZosdq 03
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
I? O? M D R D
ATRHMDRR’
F NU D P M L D M S
P D K ?S H N M R
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xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
Hmsqnctbshnm
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Atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr gùd bnld sn dlancx ` rhfmhVb`ms enqbd hm sgd fkna`k onkhshbr, K`qfd
ltkshm`shnm`k Vqlr gùd adbnld hmcdodmcdms onkhshb`k `bsnqr `mc `9dbs sgd v`xr hm
vghbg fkna`k `fdmc`r `mc kdfhrk`shnmr `qd rgòdc &Bndm 0886) 0887: Fqddmvnnc 1..2:
Vhkrnm 1..2(, ?r ` bnmrdptdmbd ne sghr mnql`khy`shnm) rxrsdl`shb bnlo`qhrnmr ne
atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr adbnld hmbqd`rhmfkx hlonqs`ms, Hm sghr bnmsdws) Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœ
fnudqmldms lncdk g`r `ssq`bsdc sgd hmsdqdrsr ne l`mx rbgnk`qr) vgn gùd oqnctbdc `
mtladq ne rstchdr `s m`shnm`k) hmsdqm`shnm`k) `mc sq`mrm`shnm`k kdudkr &Yg`n 0882:
J`sydmrsdhm `mc Srtihm`j` 0884: Adkcdqanr 0886: Fhkrnm 1...: Anaa 1..0: Jdvkdx 1..1:
G`l`c` 1..6) 1..7(, Nmd ne sgd lìnq kdrrnmr sg`s g`r addm cq`vm eqnl sgd dwhrshmf
khsdq`stqd hr sgd hmenql`k `mc oqhu`sd m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms
qdk`shnmr) vghbg l`jd Iò`mdrd Vqlr `mc atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx tmhptd `mc ch9dqdms
eqnl sgdhq Dtqnod`m `mc ?ldqhb`m qhu`kr, Sq`chshnm`kkx) Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms
lncdk v`r nesdm dwok`hmdc ax sgd hmsdqsvhmdc m`stqd ne fnudqmldms) atqd`tbq`bx) `mc
atrhmdrr, Qdbdms rstchdr onhms nts sg`s sgd qnkdr ne atrhmdrr `mc l`rr o`qshbho`shnm
gùd adbnld lnqd `mc lnqd oqnlhmdms hm Iò`m, Hs òod`qr sg`s) rhmbd sgd d`qkx 088.r)
Iò`m g`r dmsdqdc ` lnqd oktq`khrshb rs`fd hm hsr onkhshbr `mc onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr,
iZoZmdrd atrhmdrrzzfnudqmldms qdkZshnmr 220
Gnvdudq) hm ` knaaxhmf bnmsdws) hs hr hlonqs`ms sn mnsd sg`s sgdqd hr rshkk mn rhfmhVb`ms

bnmbdos ne chqdbs knaaxhmf hm sgd Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr
hmsdqdrsr `qd nesdm dwoqdrrdc sgqntfg hmenql`k bnmrtks`shnmr `mc nsgdq hmenql`k ld`mr,
Rtbg atrhmdrr btkstqd g`r `9dbsdc sgd v`xr hm vghbg Iò`mdrd Vqlr knaax ansg `s gnld
`mc àqn`c) `mc bqd`sdc ` tmhptd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk,
Sghr bgòsdq oqnbddcr `r enkknvr4 vd rg`kk Vqrs qduhdv lìnq dwok`m`shnmr ne sgd
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk, Vgdqd vd cdo`qs eqnl fdmdq`k sqd`sldms ne
o`qshbho`shnm ne atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) vd drodbh`kkx enbtr nm k`qfd Iò`mdrd ltksh¨
m`shnm`k Vqlr‘ knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr vhsghm sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Sgdm) hm
nqcdq sn ghfgkhfgs sgd m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk) sgd
o`ssdqm ne Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf hr dwok`hmdc hm cds`hk) vhsg rodbh`k `ssdmshnm
sn Vqlr‘ oqdedqdmbdr enq bnkkdbshud knaaxhmf sgqntfg sgdhq atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr `mc
sgdhq knaaxhmf hmrsqtldmsr, Hm `cchshnm) sgd bgòsdq qdedqr sn sgd cdudknoldms ne
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr hm sgd TR `mc Dtqnod) `mc onhmsr nts sgd dmctqhmf
m`shnm`k atrhmdrr btkstqd `lnmf Iò`mdrd Vqlr hm sgd `fd ne fkna`khy`shnm, Hm `
vhcdq rdmrd) dw`lhm`shnm ne sgdrd onhmsr vhkk `kknv sgd noonqstmhsx sn `rrdrr `mc
bk`qhex sgd dmctqhmf m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk) dwhrshmf
cda`sdr) `mc sgd etstqd qdrd`qbg `fdmc` enq Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf,
MXstqd ne sgd IXoXmdrd

Atrhmdrr’Fnudqmldms Lncdk
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Rod`jhmf ne sgd rhfmhVb`mbd ne sgd atrhmdrr btkstqd sg`s hr tmcdqohmmdc ax sgd

ghrsnqhb`k `mc rnbh`k kdf`bhdr ne sgd rs`sd) hs hr mdbdrr`qx sn gùd `m tmcdqrs`mchmf
ne sgd sq`chshnm`k dwok`m`shnm ne sgd Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr hm nqcdq sn etkkx
bòstqd sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk,
Iò`m g`r edv m`stq`k qdrntqbdr `mc cdodmcr nm l`rrhud hlonqsr ne q`v l`sdqh`kr, Hs
ltrs dwonqs sn o`x enq hsr hlonqsr) `mc l`mte`bstqhmf `mc sgd r`kdr ne hsr rdquhbdr) rtbg
`r a`mjhmf `mc Vm`mbd) `qd hsr oqhmbho`k ld`mr ne cnhmf rn, Enq sgdrd qd`rnmr) sgd b`qdetk
cdudknoldms ne sgd oqnctbhmf rdbsnq g`c addm ` jdx bnmbdqm ne ansg fnudqmldms `mc
hmctrsqx sgqntfgnts lnrs ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx, Fnudqmldms `mc atrhmdrr kd`cdqr
fdmdq`kkx `fqdd sg`s sgd bnlonrhshnm ne Iò`m‘r ntsots ltrs bnmshmt`kkx rghes he khuhmf
rs`mc`qcr `qd sn qhrd, Fnudqmldms ok`xr `m `bshud qnkd hm l`jhmf sgdrd rghesr) nesdm
`mshbho`shmf dbnmnlhb cdudknoldmsr q`sgdq sg`m qd`bshmf sn sgdl, ?esdq sgd Rdbnmc
Vnqkc V`q) sgd hmhsh`k hmctrsqhdr sg`s onkhbx¨l`jdqr `mc sgd fdmdq`k otakhb edks Iò`m
rgntkc gùd vdqd hqnm `mc rsddk) rghoathkchmf) sgd ldqbg`ms l`qhmd) l`bghmd hmctrsqhdr
hm fdmdq`k) gdùx dkdbsqhb`k dptholdms) `mc bgdlhb`kr, K`sdq sgdx `ccdc sgd `tsnlnahkd
hmctrsqx) odsqnbgdlhb`kr) `mc mtbkd`q onvdq `mc) hm sgd 087.r) rtbg hmctrsqhdr `r
bnlotsdqr `mc rdlhbnmctbsnqr, Rhmbd sgd k`sd 086.r) sgd fnudqmldms g`r rsqnmfkx
221 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
dmbntq`fdc sgd cdudknoldms ne jmnvkdcfd¨hmsdmrhud hmctrsqhdr, Fnudqmldms rtoonqs

enq qdrd`qbg `mc cdudknoldms fqdv qòhckx hm sgd 087.r) `mc k`qfd inhms fnudqmldms¨
hmctrsqx cdudknoldms oqnidbsr hm bnlotsdqr `mc qnanshbr vdqd rs`qsdc, ?s sgd r`ld
shld) fnudqmldms oqnlnsdc sgd l`m`fdc cdbkhmd ne bnlodshshudkx sqntakdc hmctrsqhdr)
hmbktchmf sdwshkdr) rghoathkchmf) `mc bgdlhb`k edqshkhydqr sgqntfg rtbg ld`rtqdr `r s`w
aqd`jr enq bnqonq`shnmr sg`s qdsq`hmdc vnqjdqr sn vnqj `s nsgdq s`rjr,
Tmcdq rtbg onkhshb`k bnmchshnmr) sgd Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr hr sq`chshnm¨
`kkx rddm ax sgd dkhshrs odqrodbshud) vghbg hr a`rdc nm sgd bnmbdos ne sqho`qshsd onvdq
dkhsdr bnlonrdc ne sgd kd`cdqr ne sgd qtkhmf o`qsx &Khadq`k Cdlnbq`shb O`qsx() sgd
atqd`tbq`bx) `mc nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr, ?bbnqchmf sn sghr odqrodbshud) sgdrd sgqdd lìnq
fqntor bnloqhrd ` qdftk`q `mc d9dbshud `kkh`mbd `mc bnmsqnk cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf nm
lìnq hrrtdr) `ksgntfg hs dlog`rhydr sgd atqd`tbq`bx q`sgdq sg`m nsgdq onkhshb`k nq
dbnmnlhb kd`cdqr &Ltq`l`srt) Lhsrtsnrgh) `mc Srtihm`j` 1..0(, Iò`mdrd onkhshb`k
`mc atrhmdrr bhqbkdr `qd hmrdo`qàkx bnmmdbsdc sn sgd atqd`tbq`bx) bnloqhrhmf `
tmhsdc onvdq mtbkdtr, ?ksgntfg Iò`m‘r dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms hr oqhl`qhkx sgd
oqnctbs ne oqhu`sd dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho) sgd fnudqmldms g`r chqdbskx bnmsqhatsdc sn
sgd m`shnm‘r oqnrodqhsx, Hsr `bshnmr gùd gdkodc hmhsh`sd mdv hmctrsqhdr) btrghnm sgd
d9dbsr ne dbnmnlhb cdoqdrrhnm) bqd`sd ` rntmc dbnmnlhb hmeq`rsqtbstqd) `mc oqnsdbs
sgd khuhmf rs`mc`qcr ne sgd bhshydmqx, Sgtr) sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm fnudqmldms `mc
atrhmdrr hr `r bnkkànq`snqr q`sgdq sg`m `r ltst`kkx rtrohbhntr `cudqr`qhdr, Hmcddc) rn
odqu`rhud g`r fnudqmldms hmWtdmbd hm sgd dbnmnlx rddldc sg`s l`mx enqdhfm
nardqudqr gùd onotk`qhydc sgd sdql ——Iò`m Hmb,‘‘ sn cdrbqhad hsr `kkh`mbd ne atrhmdrr
`mc fnudqmldms hmsdqdrsr, Vgdsgdq Iò`m rshkk Vsr sghr ohbstqd èsdq rdudq`k qdenqlr hm
sgd 087.r `mc 088.r rddlr ptdrshnmàkd) ats sgdqd hr khsskd cntas sg`s fnudqmldms
`fdmbhdr bnmshmtd sn hmWtdmbd sgd dbnmnlx sgqntfg ` u`qhdsx ne onkhbhdr,
Qdbdms rstchdr ne Iò`mdrd onkhshbr onhms nts sg`s sgd qnkdr ne onkhshbh`mr) atrhmdrr)
`mc l`rr o`qshbho`shnm gùd adbnld lnqd `mc lnqd oqnlhmdms, Hs òod`qr sg`s) rhmbd
sgd d`qkx 088.r) Iò`m g`r dmsdqdc ` lnqd oktq`khrshb rs`fd hm hsr onkhshbr `mc onkhbx¨
l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Enq dw`lokd) Ak`jdq) Fh`qq`) `mc Unfdk &1..1( `qftd sg`s Iò`m hr hm
l`mx v`xr eq`fldmsdc `mc oktq`khrshb, Hs g`r vhsgnts ptdrshnm ` udqshb`kkx nqf`mhydc
rnbhdsx) gnvdudq hs hr `krn rsqtbstqdc gnqhynms`kkx `mc `s d`bg kdudk sgdqd `qd mtldqntr
fqntor) Vdqbdkx `rrdqshud ne sgdhq nvm hmsdqdrsr) knbjdc hm bnlodshshnm vhsg nmd `mnsgdq,
Hm sghr rdmrd) Iò`mdrd onkhshbr hr rnldshldr cdrbqhadc `r ——atqd`tbq`shb `mc l`rr
hmbktrhnm`qx oktq`khrl)‘‘ ——o`ssdqmdc oktq`khrl)‘‘ nq ——bnlo`qsldms`khydc oktq`khrl‘‘ hm
vghbg sgd lnmnonkhrshb qnkd ne sgd atqd`tbq`bx hm sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr g`r addm
jdos hms`bs, Gnvdudq sgd qnkdr ne nsgdq onkhshb`k `bsnqr gùd `krn adbnld hmbqd`rhmfkx
hlonqs`ms) vghkd sgd Vdrsdqm oktq`khrs `rrtloshnm sg`s onkhbx¨l`jhmf hr b`qqhdc nts hm
eqdd bnlodshshnm `lnmf u`qhntr `bsnqr hr rshkk bkd`qkx ghmcdqdc ax sgd dkhsd fqntor `mc
ghdq`qbghb`kkx nqf`mhydc rnbh`k rsqtbstqd &Yg`n 0882: Srtihm`j` 0886: Jnmn `mc Bkdff
1..0: `mc Ltq`l`srt) Lhsrtsnrgh) `mc Srtihm`j` 1..0(, Sghr onkhshb`k rdsshmf oqnuhcdr
`m hmrshstshnm`k a`rhr enq Vqlr `mc nsgdq hmsdqdrs fqntor sn ok`x sgdhq onkhshb`k etmbshnm,
Tmcdq rtbg onkhshb`k rdsshmf) vgdqd atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms `qd bknrdkx hmsdq¨
svhmdc) sgd bnmbdos ne g`qlnmx &V`( hr drrdmsh`k sn l`hms`hm sgdhq qdk`shnmrgho, Sg`s
hr) atrhmdrr¨qdk`sdc onkhbhdr `qd lnrskx cqèsdc ax sgd Lhmhrsqx ne Dbnmnlx) Sq`cd
`mc Hmctrsqx &LDSH() `mc LDSH sq`chshnm`kkx rsqdrrdr sg`s atrhmdrr onkhbx rgntkc
rdqud sgd knmf¨sdql hmsdqdrsr ne Iò`m sn dmg`mbd hsr dbnmnlhb oqnodmrhsx `mc rnbh`k
rsàhkhsx sgqntfg fqnvhmf sdbgmnknfhb`k `tsnmnlx `mc sgd otqrths ne ` onkhbx ne
hmsdqm`shnm`k bnnodq`shnm &Mdrsdq 0882: Unfdk 0885: LbB`qfn 1...(, ?r ` qdrtks) sgd
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx `krn rsqdrrdr sg`s Vqlr rgntkc rdqud sgd knmf¨sdql
hmsdqdrsr ne Iò`m `r ` vgnkd, Hs dlog`rhydr knmf¨sdql oqnVsr sgqntfg bnnodq`shmf
`mc mdsvnqjhmf vhsg nsgdq bntmsdqu`hkhmf fqntor, Iò`mdrd Vqlr oqdedq sn o`qshbh¨
o`sd hm nmd jhmc ne lddshmf nq `mnsgdq hm sgd Vdkc hm vghbg sgdx rodbh`khyd nq hm
qdk`sdc Vdkcr) hm nqcdq sn rnkhchex `mc dwo`mc sgdhq rnbh`k bnms`bsr, Hm `cchshnm) l`mx
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr rgnv ` rsqnmf sdmcdmbx sn cdudkno bknrd shdr vhsg
nsgdq fqntor `mc Vqlr vgnrd hlldch`sd hmsdqdrsr òod`q pthsd ch9dqdms eqnl sgdhq
nvm) cdlnmrsq`shmf ` Iò`mdrd bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne athkchmf `r k`qfd ` fqnto ne bnmmdb¨
shnmr `r onrrhakd) nm sgd a`rhr ne vg`s l`mx Vdrsdqmdqr lhfgs qdf`qc `r lhmhltl
bnllnm hmsdqdrsr &Jtans` 0886(, Sgd bnmbdos ne g`qlnmx sq`chshnm`kkx dwoqdrrdr
sghr mnql `mc hr cddokx qnnsdc hm Iò`mdrd rnbhdsx, Tmcdq rtbg onkhshb`k bnmchshnmr)
sgdqd hr ` bkd`q k`bj ne chqdbs knaaxhmf `lnmf Vqlr‘ rsq`sdfhdr vhsghm sgd Iò`mdrd
onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Hmrsd`c) hs hr bqtbh`k enq Vqlr sn l`hms`hm `m hmenql`k
qdk`shnmrgho vhsg m`shnm`k onkhbx¨l`jdqr sn rdbtqd sgdhq onkhbx fn`kr `mc pthdskx
rnkud `mx oqnakdlr, Sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho hr bg`q`bsdqhydc
ax sgd dwsdmrhud trd ne hmenql`k onkhshb`k `bshuhshdr ax Vqlr) vghbg hmsdfq`sd sgdhq
atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr hmsn sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr `mc l`jd sgd antmc`qx ne otakhb
`mc oqhu`sd rogdqdr aktq, Hmenql`k rdsshmfr `qd `m hlonqs`ms dkdldms ne sgd Iò`mdrd
atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho hm sgd v`x onkhbx¨l`jdqr b`m khrsdm sn `mc gd`q
atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr vghbg sgdx lhfgs nsgdqvhrd hfmnqd,
Dlog`rhr nm g`qlnmx hm sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho rddlr
bnmsq`chbsnqx sn sgd etmc`ldms`k m`stqd ne atrhmdrr knaaxhmf) hm vghbg atrhmdrr
hmsdqdrsr ltrs dwbg`mfd hmrhcdq hmenql`shnm enq eùnqdc onkhbx ntsbnldr nq ots
oqdrrtqd nm onkhbx¨l`jdqr sn hmWtdmbd sgdhq cdbhrhnmr, Iò`mdrd Vqlr rddl sn
enbtr nm l`hms`hmhmf rsàhkhsx hm sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr vghkd sgdx rshkk mddc sn
bnmctbs knaaxhmf sn eddc sgdhq hmsdqdrsr hmsn onkhshbr, Nmd hlonqs`ms ptdrshnm hr
onrdc gdqd, He dlog`rhr nm g`qlnmx hr rn hlonqs`ms sn Iò`mdrd Vqlr) gnv b`m hs ad
bqd`sdc `mc rtrs`hmdc vhsghm atrhmdrr knaaxhmf oq`bshbdr; Hm nqcdq sn `mrvdq sgd
ptdrshnm) vd adfhm ax chr`ffqdf`shmf Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘ knaaxhmf o`ssdqmr) vghbg dmàkd
sgdl sn hmbnqonq`sd knaaxhmf `mc g`qlnmx,
Knaaxhmf OXssdqm hm IXoXm

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Ehqrs) ctd sn ` knmf sq`chshnm ne atrhmdrr `bshuhrl `mc sgd dwhrsdmbd ne ` ghdq`qbghb`kkx
nqf`mhydc atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx) Iò`mdrd Vqlr rgnv rsqnmf sdmcdmbhdr enq bnkkdbshud
`bshnm &Yg`n 0882( sgqntfg m`shnm`k atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, Sgdrd `rrnbh`shnmr `qd vdkk
223 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
bnmmdbsdc sn d`bg nsgdq `mc vhsg onkhshbh`mr `mc atqd`tbq`sr, Sgdqd `qd sgqdd
ch9dqdms fqntor vhsghm sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx) d`bg qdoqdrdmshmf ch9dqdms
ghdq`qbghb`k kdudkr ne dbnmnlhb fqntor, Sgd sno kdudk hr y`hj`h &sgd kd`cdqr ne lìnq
dbnmnlhb nqf`mhy`shnmr() sgd rdbnmc hr fxnj`h &sgd hmctrsqh`k fqntor() `mc sgd sghqc
hr hmchuhct`k Vqlr &Rsnbjvhm 0888: Xnrghl`srt 1...(, Y`hj`h `qd qdf`qcdc `r qdoqd¨
rdms`shud ne ahf atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr hmbktchmf sno dbnmnlhb nqf`mhy`shnmr) rtbg `r sgd
Iò`mdrd Edcdq`shnm ne Dbnmnlhb Nqf`mhy`shnmr &Jdhc`mqdm() sgd Iò`mdrd Bg`ladq
ne Bnlldqbd `mc Hmctrsqx &Mhgnm rgnjn j`hfhrgn nq Mhrrgn() sgd Iò`mdrd Bnllhs¨
sdd enq Dbnmnlhb Cdudknoldms &J`t`h cnxtj`h() `mc sgd Iò`mdrd Edcdq`shnm ne
Atrhmdrr L`m`fdqr &Mhjjdhqdm(, Jdhc`mqdm hr qdf`qcdc `r sgd a`rshnm ne ahf atrhmdrr
adb`trd hsr kd`cdqr `qd cq`vm eqnl rtbg bhqbkdr `mc hsr bnqonq`sd ldladqr nbbtox `
chroqnonqshnm`sd onrhshnm ne sgd vgnkd, Jdhc`mqdm g`r sgd lnrs dwsdmrhud q`mfd ne
hmsdqdrsr `mc lnrs hmsdmrhud `bshuhshdr, Hs hr bnmbdqmdc vhsg mtldqntr cnldrshb
hrrtdr) mns nmkx dbnmnlhb ats `krn rnbh`k `mc onkhshb`k `r vdkk `r hmsdqm`shnm`k
oqnakdlr, Vghkd Jdhc`mqdm cd`kr vhsg sgd fnudqmldms) hs cndr mns gùd ltbg sn
cn vhsg kànqœl`m`fdldms qdk`shnmr, Sghr hr kdes sn sgd Mhjjdhqdm, Jdhy`h Cnxtj`h hr `
lnqd hmenql`k fqnto) aqhmfhmf snfdsgdq qdk`shudkx oqnfqdrrhud lhcckd l`m`fdqr eqnl
rnldvg`s kdrr onkhshb`kkx bnmrsq`hmdc bnlo`mhdr, Tmkhjd sgd sgqdd nsgdqr) Mhrrgn
qdoqdrdmsr sgd hmsdqdrsr ne ldchtl¨rhydc nq rl`kk atrhmdrr Vqlr, Hs hr mns `r Vdqbdkx
hmcdodmcdms nq `rrdqshud `r nsgdq y`hj`h nqf`mhy`shnmr, Hs v`r bqd`sdc tmcdq m`shnm`k
k`v) qdbdhudr rnld rs`sd rtoonqs) `mc bnnodq`sdr lnqd chqdbskx vhsg sgd atqd`tbq`bx,
?ksgntfg d`bg y`hj`h nqf`mhy`shnm qdoqdrdmsr ` ch9dqdms fqnto vhsghm sgd Iò`mdrd
atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx) sgdx `kk sdmc sn l`hms`hm qd`rnmàkx eqhdmckx qdk`shnmr vhsg
d`bg nsgdq `mc bnnodq`sd bknrdkx nm l`mx l`ssdqr hmbktchmf sgnrd sg`s cn mns e`kk
md`skx hmsn sgd itqhrchbshnm ne nmd y`hj`h nqf`mhy`shnm nq `mnsgdq, Sgdx `qd sgd gd`cr
ne Iò`m‘r ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr `mc dwdqbhrd rhfmhVb`ms onkhshb`k onvdq nudq
Iò`mdrd onkhshbr, ?ksgntfg hs hr r`hc sn bnrs ` edv lhkkhnm cnkk`qr ` xd`q enq ` Vql sn
rdmc nts nmd ne hsr lnrs rdmhnq nXbdqr `r ` y`hj`h kd`cdq) sgdrd onrhshnmr `qd qdf`qcdc
`r adhmf ghfgkx oqdrshfhntr `mc rn sgdx `qd `bshudkx rntfgs èsdq ax Iò`m‘r sno
atrhmdrr kd`cdqr, B`mnm g`r bg`hqdc Jdhc`mqdm rhmbd 1..5) oqduhntrkx Snxns` v`r
sgd kd`cdq eqnl 1..1 sn 1..5, Sgdrd y`hj`h kd`cdqr `qd nesdm cdrbqhadc `r sgd Oqhld
Lhmhrsdqr ne sgd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx) `mc `qd hmuhsdc sn o`qshbho`sd hm l`mx udqx
hlonqs`ms onkhshb`k dudmsr hm Iò`m hmbktchmf) enq dw`lokd) rs`sd chmmdqr enq uhrhshmf
gd`cr ne rs`sd,
Fxnj`h hr dpthu`kdms sn `m hmctrsqh`k rdbsnq qdoqdrdmshmf rodbhVb hmsdqdrsr) vghbg
q`mfd eqnl l`mte`bstqhmf sn Vm`mbd `mc eqnl rl`kk sn k`qfd rhydc hmctrsqhdr, Enq
dw`lokd) f`r &Iò`m F`r Bntmbhk() dkdbsqhbhsx &IDHS?4 Iò`m Dkdbsqnmhbr `mc Hmenq¨
l`shnm Sdbgmnknfx Hmctrsqhdr ?rrnbh`shnm() `tsnlnahkd &I?L?4 Iò`m ?tsnlnahkd
L`mte`bstqdqr ?rrnbh`shnm() `mc rsddk &Iò`m Hqnm `mc Rsddk Edcdq`shnm() `qd bnm¨
rhcdqdc `lnmf sgd lnrs onvdqetk fxnj`h hm sgd atrhmdrr rnbhdsx, ? fxnj`h‘r etmbshnm hr
sn bnnqchm`sd bnlodshshud hmsdqdrsr `lnmf hmchuhct`k Vqlr vhsghm sgdhq qdrodbshud
rogdqdr, Hs hr `s sghr kdudk sg`s hmctrsqhdr gùd bknrd bnms`bs vhsg qdronmrhakd atqd`t¨
bq`sr) `r sgd fxnj`h qdoqdrdmsr sgd hmsdqdrsr ne ` rdbsnq `r ` vgnkd `f`hmrs fnudqmldms`k
`mc enqdhfm oqdrrtqd, ? y`hj`h) nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) cndr mns qdoqdrdms `mx o`qshbtk`q
hmctrsqh`k rdbsnq) gnvdudq hs ldch`sdr bnmWhbsr adsvddm fxnj`h `mc bnnqchm`sdr

m`shnm`k dbnmnlhb fn`kr vhsg sgd fnudqmldms &?ad 0888(,
Ehm`kkx) rhmbd y`hj`h `mc fxnj`h `qd lnqd onkhshb`kkx onvdqetk hm Iò`m) hmchuhct`k
Vqlr sdmc sn enkknv sgd cdbhrhnmr ne sgdhq atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, Hs hr sq`chshnm`kkx sgd
b`rd sg`s `m hmchuhct`k hr rddm `r rtanqchm`sd sn sgd fqnto sn vghbg gd nq rgd adknmfr,
Sgd d9dbs ne rtbg sq`chshnm`k mnql hr sg`s hmchuhct`k Iò`mdrd Vqlr `qd qdktbs`ms sn
s`jd hmhsh`shudr `mc hmhsh`sd knaaxhmf nm sgdhq nvm, Lnrs knaaxhmf hr hmhsh`sdc bnkkdbs¨
hudkx tmcdq sgd hmhsh`shudr ne atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, Sghr rsqnmf sdmcdmbx enq bnkkdbshud
`bshnm hmduhsàkx kd`cr sn ` bkd`q k`bj ne cdrhqd enq chqdbs knaaxhmf `lnmf Vqlr,
Vg`s hr rhfmhVb`ms vhsg sgdrd atrhmdrr fqntor `s sgqdd ch9dqdms kdudkr `qd sgdhq
naidbshudr `mc etmbshnmr hm sgd Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Sgdrd fqntor gùd `
ch9dqdms kdudk ne bntmsdqo`qs hm sgd atqd`tbq`bx `mc `lnmf onkhshbh`mr, Vghkd y`hj`h
hmsdq`bsr vhsg ghfg¨kdudk atqd`tbq`sr `mc sgd Khadq`k Cdlnbq`shb O`qsx &KCO(.nsgdq
o`qshdr‘ rdmhnq kd`cdqr) fxnj`h `mc hmchuhct`k Vqlr bnlltmhb`sd vhsg atqd`tr `mc
rdbshnmr ne sgd Lhmhrsqhdr `mc bdqs`hm onkhshbh`mr vhsg hmsdqdrsr hm o`qshbtk`q onkhbx
`qd`r, Hs òod`qr sg`s sno Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr kd`cdqr eqnl sgdrd y`hj`h nqf`mhy`shnmr
bnmshmtd sn cdunsd ` k`qfd `lntms ne sgdhq shld sn l`ssdqr sg`s `qd m`shnm`k hm rbnod
`mc e`q aqn`cdq sg`m `mx o`qshbtk`q bnmbdqmr chqdbskx qdk`sdc sn sgd rodbhVb Vqlr sg`s
bnmshmtd sn o`x sgdhq r`k`qhdr,
Rdbnmc) hmenql`k mdsvnqjr `qd rnld ne sgd lnrs d9dbshud ldbg`mhrlr ax vghbg sn
bnnqchm`sd ch9dqdms hmsdqdrsr `mc sn `bghdud bnmrdmrtr `lnmf onkhshb`k dkhsdr, Fhudm
sgd bdmsq`khydc onvdqetk atqd`tbq`bx `mc ` knmf sq`chshnm sg`s gdùhkx u`ktdr rnbh`k
g`qlnmx `mc bnnodq`shnm) hmenql`k mdsvnqjr fhud Vqlr aqn`cdq noshnmr) oqnuhcd
lnqd Wdwhahkhsx enq a`qf`hmhmf `mc bnloqnlhrd) `mc qdctbd sgd qhrj ne n9dmchmf sgd
cnldrshb nq hmsdqm`shnm`k `bsnqr hmunkudc &J`sydmrsdhm `mc Srtihm`j` 0884(, Rtbg
mdsvnqjhmf hr a`rdc nm hmenql`k `mc odqrnm`khydc ld`mr) rtbg `r Vm`mbh`k bnmsqh¨
atshnm) Vmd¨chmhmf) `mc n9dqr ne oqdrshfhntr onrhshnmr hm sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq sn qdshqdc
atqd`tbq`sr &`l`jtc`qh(, Rnld cdfqdd ne hmenql`k mdsvnqjhmf adsvddm Vqlr `mc
onkhbx¨l`jdqr hr oqdu`kdms hm lnrs bntmsqhdr, Gnvdudq) vhsg qdf`qc sn sgdhq tr`fd)
sgdqd hr ` bkd`q ch9dqdmbd hm cdfqdd `mc rbnod ne hmsdmrhsx adsvddm Iò`m `mc sgd DT,
Sgd trd ne odqrnm`khydc.hmenql`k mdsvnqjr enq onkhshb`k hmWtdmbd `mc lnahkhy`shnm
hm Iò`m hr ` lnqd uhrhakd `mc eqdptdms `bshuhsx sg`m hm l`mx nsgdq hmctrsqh`khydc
bntmsqhdr,
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrdr nesdm dwdqbhrd rhfmhVb`ms onkhshb`k onvdq sgqntfg Vm`mbh`k
a`bjhmf ne sgd onkhshb`k o`qshdr, Sghr hr drodbh`kkx rn vgdm vd mnsd sg`s ne Iò`m‘r sgqdd
&oqduhntrkx entq( oqhmbho`k y`hj`h nqf`mhy`shnmr) nmkx Jdhc`mqdm ok`xr ` otakhbkx
`bjmnvkdcfdc qnkd hm bnkkdbshmf etmcr eqnl kd`chmf Iò`mdrd Vqlr `mc lìnq fxnj`h
nqf`mhy`shnmr, Hs trdc sn chrsqhatsd sgdrd etmcr l`hmkx `lnmf Iò`m‘r bnmrdqu`shud
onkhshb`k o`qshdr) `ksgntfg hs bd`rdc hsr qnkd hm onkhshb`k etmc¨q`hrhmf hm 0883 èsdq `
rdqhdr ne onkhshb`k rb`mc`kr hmunkuhmf ahf Vqlr `mc onkhshbh`mr, Tmshk 0882) cnm`shnm
ptns`r vdqd `rrhfmdc sn d`bg hmctrsqh`k nqf`mhy`shnm) rtbg `r sgd Iò`m Hqnm `mc Rsddk
Edcdq`shnm `mc sgd Edcdq`shnm ne Dkdbsqhb Onvdq Bnlo`mhdr, Gtfd `lntmsr vdqd
bnkkdbsdc eqnl `Xkh`sdc bnlo`mhdr) `mc sgdm Jdhc`mqdm chrsqhatsdc sgd cnm`shnmr
sgqntfg sgd M`shnm`k Onkhshb`k ?rrnbh`shnm sn onkhshb`k o`qshdr hmbktchmf sgd Khadq`k
225 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
Cdlnbq`shb O`qsx `mc sgd mnv¨chra`mcdc Cdlnbq`shb Rnbh`khrs O`qsx, Enq dw`lokd)
sgd sns`k `mmt`k `lntms ne onkhshb`k etmcr g`mckdc ax Jdhc`mqdm hm sghr oqnbdrr
trt`kkx q`mfdc eqnl !01. sn !03. lhkkhnm odq xd`q &Jtans` 0886(, Cdrohsd sgd e`bs sg`s
onkhshb`k cnm`shnmr sn hmchuhct`k onkhshbh`mr nq sgdhq odqrnm`k etmc¨q`hrhmf nqf`mh¨
y`shnmr vdqd a`mmdc hm 1...) enq sgd 1..1 m`shnm`k dkdbshnm b`lo`hfmr) cnm`shnmr
sn onkhshb`k o`qshdr eqnl Vqlr `mc hmctrsqh`k nqf`mhy`shnmr qd`bgdc ànts !15
lhkkhnm, Hm 1..3) ` mdv ldsgnc enq onkhshb`k cnm`shnmr sgqntfg Jdhc`mqdm v`r
hmsqnctbdc, Hs mnv oqnuhcdr fthcdkhmdr `r ` qdedqdmbd enq bnlo`mhdr `mc hmctrsqh`k
nqf`mhy`shnmr vgdm sgdx l`jd onkhshb`k cnm`shnmr, Sgdrd fthcdkhmdr bnloqhrd du`kt¨
`shnmr ne sgd onkhbhdr ne onkhshb`k o`qshdr) hmchb`shmf sgdhq oq`bshb`k rsqdmfsgr `mc sq`bj
qdbnqcr, ?esdq qdedqqhmf sn sgdrd fthcdkhmdr) bnlo`mhdr `mc nqf`mhy`shnmr hmcdodmc¨
dmskx cdbhcd nm sgd qdbhohdmsr `mc sgd `lntmsr ne sgdhq cnm`shnmr, L`mx fxnj`h
nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc hmchuhct`k Vqlr bnmshmtd sn cnm`sd k`qfd rtlr ne lnmdx sn sgd
onkhshb`k o`qshdr `s ansg m`shnm`k `mc knb`k kdudkr, Sgd qdrs ne sgd Vm`mbh`k bnmsqhat¨
shnmr eqnl sgd atrhmdrr vnqkc sn sgd o`qshdr `mc onkhshbh`mr bnmrhrs ne ldladqrgho
eddr `mc sgd otqbg`rd ne shbjdsr enq etmc¨q`hrhmf dudmsr, Sgdrd shbjdsr l`x vdkk ad rnkc
tmnXbh`kkx sgqntfg hmchuhct`kr trhmf `m hmenql`k odqrnm¨snödqrnm nqf`mhy`shnm`k
rsqtbstqd, Sgd atrhmdrr bnlltmhsx sqhdr sn rdd hsr fn`kr qd`khydc ax gùhmf Jdhc`mqdm
tmhex `mc bg`mmdk cnm`shnmr dwbktrhudkx sn sgnrd o`qshdr sg`s `bbdos hsr cdl`mcr) mns
nmkx hm rtbg `qd`r `r s`w qdenql `mc hmctrsqh`k onkhbhdr ats `krn hm choknl`shb)
cdedmrd) `mc rdbtqhsx `qd`r, Hm sghr rdmrd) Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr b`m atx onkhshb`k
hmWtdmbd,
Etqsgdqlnqd) Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr gùd ` bknrd mdsvnqj vhsg atqd`tbq`sr `r
vdkk) `ksgntfg l`mhotk`shnm s`jdr ` ch9dqdms enql eqnl sgd b`rd ne sgd atrhmdrrœ
onkhshbh`m mdsvnqj, Vghkd otakhb dloknxddr `qd o`hc qd`rnmàkx vdkk `mc dwodbs `
cdbdms qdshqdldms) `mc sgdqdenqd gùd kdrr `btsd mddcr enq lnmdx sg`m onkhshbh`mr)
sgdx `qd mns hlltmd sn bdqs`hm sdlos`shnmr, Hs hr onhmsdc nts sg`s sgdx cn dminx Vmd
vhmhmf `mc chmhmf) drodbh`kkx vgdm sgdhq nvm v`fdr nq onbjds lnmdx dwbktcd sghr)
`mc hs hr mhbd sn gùd `m nbb`rhnm`k qntmc ne fnke `s sgd dwodmrd ne rnld ahf Vqlr)
drodbh`kkx he sgdx ads nm sgd f`ld `mc vhm ` kns ne lnmdx vgdm sgdhq gnrs stqmr nts sn
ad ` onnq fnkedq, Sgdm sgdqd `qd sgd qd`k aqhadr &Vnqnmn9 0875: Njtltq` 1...(, Xds)
lnqd sg`m `mxsghmf) sgd atqd`tbq`bx hr `hcdc ax sgd oq`bshbd ne `l`jtc`qh &khsdq`kkx
——cdrbdms eqnl gdùdm‘‘() vghbg dmàkd qdshqdc atqd`tbq`sr sn lnud sn sgd oqhu`sd
rdbsnq `mc gnkc qdronmrhakd `mc oqdrshfhntr onrhshnmr `r rdbnmc b`qddqr, Sghr dmàkdr
kd`cdqr ne hmctrsqhdr `mc ahf atrhmdrrdr sn btkshu`sd hmshl`sd qdk`shnmr `mc drsàkhrg `
bknrd¨jmhs rnbh`k mdsvnqj vhsg atqd`tbq`sr, Enq dw`lokd) sgd Iò`m Rghoathkchmf
Hmctrsqx ?rrnbh`shnm qntshmdkx hlonqsr ghfg¨q`mjhmf nXbh`kr eqnl sgd Lhmhrsqx ne
Sq`mronqs sn Vkk hsr sno onrhshnmr, Sgd Iò`m ?rrnbh`shnm ne Og`ql`bdtshb`k Nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr l`jdr hs ` qtkd sn gùd enqldq nXbh`kr ne sgd Lhmhrsqx ne Gd`ksg `mc Vd`ksg
`r hsr kd`cdqr, Sgdrd dwätqd`tbq`sr `qd u`ktàkd `rrdsr enq `m hmctrsqx: sgqntfg sgdl
sgd atrhmdrr vnqkc b`m l`mdtudq nXbh`kcnl hmsn sgd cdbhrhnmr hs oqdedqr, Sgd nsgdq
rhcd ne sgd bnhm hr sg`s atqd`tbq`sr jmnv sg`s sgdx `qd khjdkx sn dmc to nbbtoxhmf
hlonqs`ms onrhshnmr hm sgd bnqonq`sd vnqkc) rn sgdx rdd mn g`ql hm cdudknohmf `mc
l`hms`hmhmf bnmfdmh`k qdk`shnmr vhsg qdoqdrdms`shudr ne sgd atrhmdrr vnqkc, Nts ne
0)157 rdmhnq atqd`tbq`sr vgn qdshqdc eqnl sgdhq Lhmhrsqhdr hm 1..4) 442 &32,4 odq bdms(
vdms sn vnqj enq sgd hmctrsqh`k `rrnbh`shnmr `mc nsgdq atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr, Eqnl
0888 sn 1..3) ànts 2)6.. qdshqdc atqd`tbq`sr snnj to rdmhnq onrhshnmr hm sgd atrhmdrr
rdbsnqr, Sgd dwdqbhrd ne rtbg hmenql`k hmrsqtldmsr sn onkhshbh`mr `mc atqd`tbq`sr
hmchb`sd sg`s Iò`mdrd Vqlr cn mns gdrhs`sd sn atx `bbdrr sn sgd onkhbx¨l`jdqr `mc
hmudrs k`qfd rtlr ne lnmdx sn bqd`sd eùnqàkd onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldmsr enq sgdlrdkudr,
Sghqc) Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘ rsxkd ne bnmrtks`shud knaaxhmf hmunkudr ` vhcd q`mfd ne
adghmc¨sgd¨rbdmdr bnmrdmrtr athkchmf &mdl`v`rgh(, Hm bnmsq`rs sn sgd DT oq`bshbd)
sgd Iò`mdrd bnmrtks`shud oqnbdrr hr bg`q`bsdqhydc ax l`hmkx snoœcnvm nmd¨v`x
hmsdq`bshnm) hm vghbg atrhmdrr `bsnqr `qd q`sgdq o`rrhud hm sdqlr ne onkhbx hmots
bnmsqhatshnmr, Sghr vnqjhmf rsxkd g`r cddo qnnsr hm Iò`mdrd rnbh`k mnqlr `mc
oq`bshbdr, Sghr b`m ad cdVmdc `r ` rxrsdl ne b`qdetk `mc sgnqntfg bnmrtks`shnmr)
adenqd ` cdbhrhnm hr `qqhudc `s ax fdmdq`k bnmrdmrtr) sn ùnhc nodm bnmeqnms`shnm
&Yg`n 0882: Jnmn `mc Bkdff 1..0: Ngsrt `mc Hl`m`qh 1..1(, ?r chrbtrrdc d`qkhdq)
`bshnmr rtbg `r s`jhmf qhrjr `mc hmhsh`shudr) adhmf `rrdqshud `mc hmudmshud sdmc mns sn
ad qdv`qcdc vhsghm Iò`mdrd rnbhdsx) vghbg u`ktdr g`qlnmx &Yg`n 0882(, Sghr
sq`chshnm l`jdr sgd Iò`mdrd tmbnlenqsàkd vhsg ntsronjdmmdrr hm rnbh`k f`sgdqhmfr)
drodbh`kkx hm ` enql`k rdsshmf, Sgd d9dbs ne sgdrd `sshstcdr hr duhcdms `s sgd mdfnsh`shmf
sàkd) vgdqd Iò`mdrd choknl`sr q`qdkx l`jd ankc lnudr nq oqnonrd mdv hmhsh`shudr)
`mc vgdqd ` bg`mfd hm sgd odqrnmmdk ne Iò`mdrd cdkdf`shnm q`qdkx `ksdqr sgd bnl¨
okdwhnm nq cxm`lhb ne sgd chrbtrrhnmr, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) hmchuhct`k bnms`bs `mc
bnmmdbshnm l`x ad b`rt`k hm sgd adfhmmhmf `mc l`x mns mdbdrr`qhkx qdrtks hm
nakhf`shnm, Mdudqsgdkdrr) `r odqrnm`k bnmmdbshnm cddodmr) ltst`k nakhf`shnmr a`rdc
nm ltst`k hmsdqdrsr adfhm sn lntms) `mc hmchuhct`k bnmrtks`shnm adbnldr mdbdrr`qx,
Bnms`bsr `mc ltst`k sqtrsr b`m ad drsàkhrgdc enq `kk mdfnsh`shmf o`qshdr) `mc chrotsdr
b`m ad rnkudc pthdskx sgqntfg bnloqnlhrd, Hm oq`bshbd) sgd qdrtksr ne sgdrd adghmc¨
sgd¨rbdmdr `bshuhshdr nesdm s`jd sgd enql ne ` Lhmhrsqx fhuhmf `cuhbd) rtffdrshnmr)
hmrsqtbshnmr) `mc v`qmhmfr sn atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr) `ksgntfg sgdrd `qd vhsgnts rs`stsnqx
a`rhr, ?r sgdqd `qd l`mx qdshqdc atqd`tbq`sr hm atrhmdrr ctd sn sgd vhcdroqd`c
oq`bshbd ne `l`jtc`qh) sgdx nesdm gdko sn cd`k vhsg sgd onkhbx fthc`mbd oqnuhcdc
ax sgd Lhmhrsqhdr &Rtfhlnsn 0886(, Sghr hmchqdbs rsxkd hmcddc qdWdbsr Iò`m‘r sq`c¨
hshnm`k btkstq`k dlog`rhr nm sgd hlonqs`mbd ne l`hms`hmhmf g`qlnmx `lnmf sgd
Iò`mdrd `r vdkk `r vhsg enqdhfmdqr,
?r ` qdrtks) sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho hr dwsqdldkx bnmrdm¨
rt`k, L`mx Iò`mdrd Vqlr `qd q`sgdq d`fdq sn `bbdos sgd onkhbx fthc`mbd oqnuhcdc ax
onkhshbh`mr `mc atqd`tbq`sr `s sgd mdfnsh`shnm sàkd sn ùnhc nodm bnmeqnms`shnm, Sgd
hcd` ne dwsdmrhud bnmrdmrtr athkchmf nesdm rknvr sgd oqnbdrr ne bnnqchm`shmf onrh¨
shnmr vhsghm sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Sgtr) sgd hmenql`k v`x ne l`mdtudqhmf l`x
rnldshldr oqnuhcd lhwdc `mc tmbdqs`hm ldrr`fdr dwsdqm`kkx) sgdqdax bqd`shmf bnm¨
etrhnm vgdm bnlltmhb`shmf vhsg enqdhfmdqr, ?r Iò`m‘r dbnmnlx l`stqdr etqsgdq)
sgd rnbhdsx vhkk `cu`mbd hm sgd chqdbshnm ne fqd`sdq onkhshb`k oktq`khrl, Onotk`q
cdl`mc enq lnqd `bshud onkhshb`k o`qshbho`shnm hr dwodbsdc sn bnmshmtd sn fqnv,
Iò`mdrd onkhshbr vhkk lnud lnqd snv`qc ` lnqd hmbktrhud chqdbshnm, Onkhbx cda`sd
hm nodm enqtlr vhkk adbnld lnqd eqdptdms) `mc rodbh`k hmsdqdrs fqntor vhkk ad lnqd
227 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
oqn`bshud `mc rjhketk) sgdqdax hmbqd`rhmf sgdhq onkhshb`k hmWtdmbd, Mnmdsgdkdrr) hm sgd
hlldch`sd etstqd `mc enq rnld shld sn bnld) lnrs ne sgd a`rhb bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf `qd tmkhjdkx sn bg`mfd cq`rshb`kkx,
IXoXmdrd Atrhmdrr Knaaxhmf ?aqnXc

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf àqn`c hr rshkk ` qdk`shudkx mdv `mc ltbg mddcdc `qd` ne
qdrd`qbg hm sgd chrbhokhmd ne otakhb onkhbx, L`mx dwhrshmf rstchdr ne Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf
àqn`c s`jd sgdhq b`rdr eqnl TR `mc DT onkhshbr &Rghmc` 0878: J`sydmrsdhm `mc
Srtihm`j` 0884: Jdvkdx 1..1(, Sgdqd `qd ` khlhsdc mtladq ne rstchdr sg`s enbtr nm
sgd qnkdr ne Iò`mdrd Vqlr `mc sgdhq onkhshb`k bò`bhshdr) rtbg `r hm rddjhmf rsq`sdfhb
`kkh`mbdr `mc mdfnsh`shmf vhsg nsgdq rs`jdgnkcdqr &G`l`c` 1..6(, Lnrs dwhrshmf
rstchdr gùd sdmcdc sn chrbtrr sgd hrrtd ne gnv sgd fnudqmldms bnmsqnkr `mc
`clhmhrsdqr sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq hm sgd bnmsdws ne ECH nq sq`cd onkhbhdr &Adkcdqanr
0886: L`rnm 0886: Fhkrnm 1...(,
Tmhsdc RsXsdr
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J`sydmrsdhm `mc Srtihm`j` &0884( bnmrhcdqdc sgd ch9dqdmbd hm sgd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfhdr
`mc s`bshbr `cnosdc ax sgd ?ldqhb`m `tsnlnahkd `mc sgd Iò`mdrd dkdbsqnmhbr
hmctrsqhdr, Sgdx `m`kxydc sgd ch9dqdmbd hm gnv ?ldqhb`m Vqlr sxohb`kkx otqrtd
sgdhq onkhshb`k naidbshudr hm Iò`m `mc gnv Iò`mdrd Vqlr sxohb`kkx oqnbddc hm sgd
TR?) hm sdqlr ne sgd ch9dqdmbd hm cnldrshb rsqtbstqdr ne ansg bntmsqhdr, Hm rgnqs) sgd
Iò`mdrd fnudqmldms rodmcr ` fqd`s cd`k ne lnmdx `mc d9nqs sqxhmf sn bqd`sd `
eùnqàkd otakhb bkhl`sd hm sgd TR ax hmudrshmf hm vdkkök`bdc nXbh`kr) l`mx ne sgdl
enqldq ldladqr ne sgd TR fnudqmldms) vgn dminx dwbdkkdms `bbdrr sn jdx cdbhrhnm¨
l`jdqr, Sgd `ssdmshnm sn hl`fd athkchmf `mc bqd`shnm ne ` eùnqàkd otakhb bkhl`sd hm
?ldqhb` `qd chrshmbshud ed`stqdr ne Iò`m‘r sq`mrm`shnm`k qdk`shnmr vhsg sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr) vghbg `qd qnnsdc hm ansg sgd bnmrsq`hmsr tmcdq vghbg enqdhfm knaahdr nodq`sd)
`r vdkk `r sgd onkhshb`k hlonqs`mbd ne ` eùnqàkd otakhb bkhl`sd hm Iò`m‘r cnldrshb
onkhshbr &J`sydmrsdhm `mc Srtihm`j` 0884(, Iò`m‘r knaahdr hm sgd ?ldqhb`m onkhbx¨
l`jhmf oqnbdrr qdWdbs rnld bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne ?ldqhb`‘r cnldrshb rsqtbstqd, Ctd sn
sgd vd`jmdrr ne sgd ?ldqhb`m o`qsx rxrsdl) Iò`mdrd knaahdr) hm shldr ne onkhshb`k
mddc) s`qfds hmchuhct`kr) Bnmfqdrrhnm`k chrsqhbsr `mc hmchuhct`k rs`sdr q`sgdq sg`m
m`shnm`k onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr, Rhmbd sgd 084.r) Iò`mdrd hmrshstshnmr `mc Vqlr gùd
rodms `m dmnqlntr `lntms ne shld) dmdqfx) `mc qdrntqbdr hm l`rsdqhmf sgd ?ldqhb`m
onkhshb`k oqnbdrr &G`mrdm `mc Lhsbgdkk 1...(, Sgd mdsvnqj ne hmrshstshnm`k `mc
hmchuhct`k bnms`bsr sgdx gùd athks hr ansg cddo `mc aqn`c, Sghr knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx
`krn bnqqdronmcr hm o`qs sn sgd Iò`mdrd cnldrshb knaaxhmf o`ssdqm hm vghbg Vqlr
ltrs hmenql`kkx btkshu`sd onkhshb`k bg`mmdkr vhsg atqd`tbq`sr) onkhshbh`mr) `mc nsgdq
rs`jdgnkcdqr, Hs hr bk`hldc sg`s sgdqd hr khsskd cntas sg`s sgd Iò`m knaax hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr hr sgd k`qfdrs `mc lnrs d9dbshud enqdhfm d9nqs sn hmWtdmbd kdfhrk`shnm) onkhbx¨
l`jhmf) `mc otakhb `sshstcdr hm sghr bntmsqx &Tbghc` 1...(, Vhsg hsr ?ldqhb`m e`bd)
sgd Iò`mdrd knaax g`r adbnld `klnrs hmsdfq`sdc hmsn sgd etmc`ldms`k rsqtbstqd ne
`cuhbd fhuhmf) bnmrtks`shnm) `mc fnudqm`mbd hm V`rghmfsnm &Rghmc` 0878: J`sydm¨
rsdhm `mc Srtihm`j` 0884(, Rdudq`k btkstq`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne cnldrshb rsqtbstqdr) rtbg
`r sgd Iò`mdrd cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf mnql ne qdbhoqnb`k bnmrdms `mc sgd ?ldqhb`m
mns`shnm ne khadq`k oktq`khrl) `qd nmkx o`qskx dlanchdc hm dwokhbhs qdftk`shnmr) ats
bnmrshstsd mdudqsgdkdrr onvdqetk btkstq`k mnqlr vghbg cdVmd òoqnoqh`sdmdrr vhsg
qdf`qc sn sgd v`x cdbhrhnmr rgntkc ad l`cd hm sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl, Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘
òoqn`bgdr sn sgd TR onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr `qd o`qskx `m dwsdmrhnm ne sgdhq nvm
cnldrshb dwodqhdmbdr) `r vdkk `r adhmf rgòdc ax sgd onkhshb`k rdsshmf ne sgd TR, Sgd
?ldqhb`mhy`shnm ne Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf hr `krn bnmVqldc hm rdudq`k nsgdq rstchdr, Enq
dw`lokd) Rghmc` &0878( hmudrshf`sdc gnv sgd Iò`mdrd `tsnlnahkd hmctrsqx knaahdc
sgd TR fnudqmldms sn a`m sgd Cnldrshb Bnmsdms Ahkk hm 0872, Rhlhk`qkx) Xnrghl`srt
&1...( knnjdc `s sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne sgd Iò`mdrd `tsnlnahkd `mc dkdbsqnmhbr
hmctrsqhdr hm sgd TR l`qjdsr,
Sgdrd Vmchmfr l`x hlokx sg`s sgd sgdnqdshb`k entmc`shnm) vghbg enbtrdr nm sgd
sq`mrenql`shnm ne cnldrshb knaaxhmf o`ssdqmr `mc bnmudqfdmbd vhsg sgd gnrshmf
dmuhqnmldms) rddlr `krn qdkdu`ms `mc òokhbàkd enq sgd rstcx ne Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr
knaahdr nodq`shmf hm nsgdq `qd` ne sgd vnqkc,
DtqnodXm Tmhnm
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Hm `m DT bnmsdws) sgdqd `qd rnld rstchdr vghbg knnj `s sgd rsqtbstqd `mc `bsnqr ne sgd
Dtqnod`m onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr hm qdk`shnm sn Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr, Enq
dw`lokd) Jdvkdx &1..1( `m`kxydc Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf hm sgd `tsnlnahkd hmctrsqx
rhmbd sgd 086.r `mc hcdmshVdc sgd fq`ct`k oqnbdrrdr hm vghbg sgdx gùd qdrsqtbstqdc
sgdhq knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr, ?bbnqchmf sn ghr nardqu`shnmr) sgdqd v`r mn rhfmhVb`ms
Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf `s sgd Dtqnod`m kdudk tmshk sgd 087.r4 Iò`m chc mns uhdv sgd
Bnlltmhsx `r ` vgnkd) ats oqdedqqdc sn bnmctbs sq`cd ahk`sdq`kkx vhsg hsr bnmrshstdms
o`qsr: sgd ldladq rs`sdr nq sgdhq cnldrshb hmctrsqhdr, Lnrs sq`cd adsvddm Iò`m `mc
sgd DB v`r bnmctbsdc ahk`sdq`kkx `s sgd ldladq rs`sd kdudk) vgdqdax Iò`m `fqddc sn
`bbdos Unktms`qx Qdrsq`hms ?fqddldmsr &UQ?r( hm hsr dwonqsr) nq `ksdqm`shudkx) dwonqs
qdrsq`hms v`r dwdqbhrdc ax Iò`mdrd Vqlr rdbsnq`kkx) jmnvm `r Unktms`qx Dwonqs
Qdrsqhbshnmr &UDQr(, Sgtr) Iò`mdrd Vqlr chc mns `ssdlos sn knaax sgd DB adb`trd
23. xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
sgdhq rsq`sdfhb sq`cd naidbshudr vdqd adhmf qd`khydc sn ` k`qfd dwsdms sgqntfg sgd
`bbdos`mbd ne rtbg `fqddldmsr,
Xds rhmbd sgd 087.r) ctd sn sgd rdudqd dbnmnlhb bnmchshnmr hm sgd Dtqnod`m l`qjds
`mc Iò`m‘r `ffqdrrhud dwonqs¨nqhdmsdc DB onkhbhdr) sgd DB `mc rnld ldladq rs`sdr
gùd adbnld lnqd gnrshkd snv`qcr Iò`mdrd hmudrsldms, Sgtr) hs adb`ld hmbqd`rhmfkx
hlonqs`ms enq Iò`mdrd Vqlr sn knaax sn rdbtqd sgdhq onkhbx naidbshudr) `mc sghr v`r
k`qfdkx b`qqhdc nts hmchqdbskx sgqntfg rtoonqshud ldladq rs`sdr) drodbh`kkx sgd TJ) `mc
hm bnmitmbshnm vhsg sgd Iò`mdrd fnudqmldms `mc hsr Lhmhrsqhdr) drodbh`kkx sgd Lhmhrsqx
ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Sq`cd `mc Hmctrsqx &LHSH( &sgd Lhmhrsqx ne Dbnmnlx) Sq`cd) `mc
Hmctrsqx &LDSH( rhmbd 1..0(, Nm sgd hrrtd ne dwonqsr sn sgd DB.DT) l`mx cdbhrhnmr
vdqd `s LHSH‘r chrbqdshnm4 LHSH g`mckdc mdfnsh`shnmr sn drshl`sd Dtqnod`m l`qjds
fqnvsg) cdbhcdc sgd rb`kd ne sns`k Iò`mdrd dwonqsr) `mc `kknb`sdc dwonqs ptns`r sn
hmchuhct`k Vqlr, Tmcdq rtbg bnmchshnmr) o`qshbho`shnm ne Iò`mdrd `tsnlnahkd Vqlr hm
LHSH‘r onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr v`r mns trt`kkx dwonrdc sn sgd otakhb) hm sg`s sgdhq lnqd
hlonqs`ms bnms`bsr vdqd nesdm gdkc `s `m hmenql`k kdudk &?mcn 1..4(,
Rdudq`k rstchdr gùd `krn addm tmcdqs`jdm sn dw`lhmd sqntakdc sq`cd chrotsdr
adsvddm Iò`m `mc sgd DB ctqhmf sghr odqhnc, Enq dw`lokd) Adkcdqanr &0886( cd`ks
vhsg u`qhntr `rodbsr ne sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne Iò`mdrd dkdbsqnmhbr Vqlr `mc sgd
qnkd ne sq`cd onkhbhdr hm rgòhmf Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘ sq`cd `mc hmudrsldms adgùhnq hm sgd
k`sd 087.r `mc d`qkx 088.r, Rhlhk`qkx) L`rnm &0886( dw`lhmdc `ffqdrrhud ECH o`ssdqmr
ne sgd Iò`mdrd `tsnlnahkd `mc dkdbsqnmhbr hmctrsqhdr hm sgd Dtqnod`m l`qjds `mc
gnv sgdx bg`kkdmfdc `mc mdfnsh`sdc vhsg DT hmrshstshnmr `mc Vqlr sn rnkud sgd
sq`cd¨qdk`sdc chrotsdr, ?ad &0888( bk`hldc sg`s `tsnlnahkd chrotsdr rxlankhydc sgd
sqntakdc sq`cd qdk`shnmr adsvddm Iò`m `mc sgd DB hm sgd 087.r) `mc enbtrdc nm
Iò`m‘r `tsnlnahkd sq`cd onkhbx snv`qcr sgd DB sn tmcdqrs`mc sghr sq`mrm`shnm`k
mdfnsh`shnm) vhsg rodbh`k `ssdmshnm sn sgd onvdq qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd `tsnlnahkd
Vqlr `mc LHSH, Lnqd fdmdq`kkx) Fhkrnm &1...( bk`qhVdc sgd oqnbdrrdr sg`s gùd
ldch`sdc Iò`mœDT onkhshb`k qdk`shnmr rhmbd sgd 084.r ax enbtrhmf nm ansg sgd
hmsdqm`k `mc dwsdqm`k cqhuhmf enqbdr sg`s gùd oqnlnsdc bg`mfd `mc cdudknoldms
vhsghm sghr ahk`sdq`k qdk`shnmrgho nudq sgd o`rs edv cdb`cdr,
Sgdrd dwhrshmf rstchdr ànts Iò`mdrd Vqlr hm sgd DT oqnuhcd rnld dlohqhb`k
tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgdhq knaaxhmf adgùhnqr hm bdqs`hm rdbsnqr `mc onkhbx `qd`r, Enq
hmrs`mbd) hm sgd `tsnlnahkd rdbsnq) Iò`m `mc sgd DB rhfmdc `m `fqddldms hm 0880 sg`s
rshotk`sdc sg`s eqdd sq`cd hm `tsnlnahkdr ad bnlokdsdc ax 0888 `mc rds ` sq`mrhshnm`k
odqhnc sn `kknv Dtqnod`m l`mte`bstqdqr sn `còs, Rhmbd sgd `fqddldms) nXbh`kr eqnl
sgd Iò`mdrd fnudqmldms `mc sgd Bnllhrrhnm gùd gdkc ah`mmt`k lddshmfr sn bnmsqnk
sgd Wnv ne Iò`mdrd b`qr hmsn Dtqnod, Lnrs b`rd rstchdr sdmc sn rds LHSH `r ` jdx
Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf `bsnq `mc `qftd sg`s sgd `bbnqc ne 0880 bnmVqldc sgd qnkd ne LHSH hm
sq`cd bnmsqnk `mc) ax ùnhchmf bnllhsldms sn qdrsqhbshmf sq`mrok`msdc b`qr) sgd `bbnqc
`krn `kknvdc sq`mrm`shnm`k cdudknoldms adsvddm Iò`mdrd Vqlr `mc Dtqnod`m `bsnqr,
Hm `cchshnm) hmchuhct`k Vqlr sdmcdc sn qdkx nm I?L? sn dwoqdrr sgdhq nohmhnmr `r `
vgnkd hmctrsqh`k rdbsnq q`sgdq sg`m bnlldmshmf hmcdodmcdmskx nm enqdhfm sq`cd hrrtdr,
Rhmbd sgd lhc¨088.r) sgd DT g`r hmrshstshnm`khydc hsr a`qf`hmhmf onrhshnm vhsg
atrhmdrr `mc rsqdmfsgdmdc sgd bnlodsdmbdr ne hsr qdftk`snqx onvdq, Sghr g`r bqd`sdc
` onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr vhsg ` mtladq ne `bbdrr onhmsr `s DT kdudk, Adrhcdr) Iò`m‘r

hmàhkhsx sn chrdmf`fd hsrdke eqnl sgd knmf¨sdql dbnmnlhb cnvmstqm g`r d`rdc
Dtqnod`m `mwhdsx `mc gnrshkhsx nudq sgd rdqhntrmdrr ne sgd bnlodshshud bg`kkdmfd
nmbd onrdc ax Iò`m, Sgd qdbdrrhnm `krn aqntfgs ànts ` qduhrhnm ne sgd qnkd ne sgd
Lhmhrsqhdr, Sg`s hr) sgd Iò`mdrd fnudqmldms g`r adbnld lnqd bnmbdqmdc vhsg
aqhmfhmf enqdhfm hmudrsldms hmsn Iò`m) `mc bnmrdptdmskx sgd Lhmhrsqhdr‘ àhkhshdr
sn hmWtdmbd Vqlr‘ Dtqnod`m l`qjds rsq`sdfhdr gùd addm chlhmhrgdc sn rnld dwsdms
&Gtfgdr 1..0: Jtcn 1..0(, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) LHSH‘r qnkd hm sgd DT) sg`s hr oqnuhchmf `
eq`ldvnqj enq bnlltmhb`shnm `mc bnmrdmrtr athkchmf adsvddm fnudqmldms `mc
atrhmdrr) g`r addm rhfmhVb`mskx qdctbdc `mc sgd lhc¨088.r v`r ` rhfmhVb`ms stqmhmf
onhms enq Iò`mdrd Vqlr hm sgd DT) `r lnrs sq`cd chrotsdr adsvddm Iò`m `mc sgd DB.
DT vdqd qdrnkudc ax sgd d`qkx 088.r, Sgd DT qdftk`snqx hrrtdr) rtbg `r dmuhqnmldms`k
onkhbx `mc rèdsx rs`mc`qcr) gùd adbnld lnqd hlonqs`ms bnmbdqmr enq Iò`mdrd
Vqlr hm sgd DT rhmbd sgd lhc¨088.r, Adrhcdr) sgd `tsnlnahkd `bbnqc dwohqdc hm 0888
`mc sghr hmbktcdc sgd dkhlhm`shnm ne m`shnm`k qdrsqhbshnmr) rtbg `r sgd Eqdmbg 2 odq
bdms qdfhrsq`shnm khlhs`shnm, Lnmhsnqhmf ne `tsnlnahkd dwonqs kdudkr v`r `krn bnl¨
okdsdkx ànkhrgdc hm 1..., Sgdqdenqd) `s e`bd u`ktd `s kd`rs) sgd DT l`qjds òod`qr sn
gùd addm khadq`khydc,
Tmcdq rtbg bnmchshnmr) Iò`mdrd Vqlr gùd adbnld lnqd oqn`bshud `mc sqhdc sn
etkkx dwoknhs onkhbx bg`mmdkr, L`mx Vqlr nodmdc `msdmm`d nXbdr hm Aqtrrdkr hm sgd
d`qkx 088.r sn lnmhsnq DT `9`hqr) `ksgntfg Vqlr `mc atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr hm
Aqtrrdkr rshkk gùd rsqnmf atcfds`qx nq odqrnmmdk khmjr vhsg sgd Lhmhrsqhdr, Etqsgdq¨
lnqd) sgd qdbdms dkhsd oktq`khrs dmuhqnmldms ne sgd DT onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr g`r
dmbntq`fdc Iò`mdrd Vqlr sn drsàkhrg rdudq`k enqtlr `mc nqf`mhy`shnmr) rtbg `r sgd
DTœIò`m Atrhmdrr Ch`knftd Qntmc Sàkd hm 0884 `mc sgd Iò`m Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk hm
Dtqnod &IABD( hm 0887) `ksgntfg sgdhq onkhbx rtbbdrrdr gùd rshkk addm khlhsdc, Vhsg
sgd bqd`shnm ne otakhb `9`hqr chuhrhnmr hm Aqtrrdkr) rs`9dc ax sgnrd jmnvkdcfdàkd hm
sgd vnqjhmfr ne sgd DT hmrshstshnmr) Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘ knaaxhmf b`lo`hfmr l`x `krn ad
hmhsh`sdc chqdbskx vhsg sgd Bnllhrrhnm nq sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms, Hs hr onhmsdc nts
sg`s Iò`mdrd Vqlr vhsg ` ghfg oqnVkd hm sgd DT) rtbg `r Snxns`) Rnmx) `mc B`mnm)
`qd `bshudkx cdudknohmf sgdhq nvm otakhb `9`hqr chuhrhnmr `mc ` knb`khy`shnm onkhbx hr `
oqhl`qx e`bsnq hm qdbqthsldms ne odqrnmmdk enq sgdrd onrhshnmr &M`j`x`l`) Antksnm)
`mc Odbgs 0888: S`j`g`rgh 1..0(, Adkcdqanr &0886( `qftdc sg`s sgd Iò`mdrd l`mt¨
e`bstqhmf oqdrdmbd hm Dtqnod hr rshkk fqnvhmf `mc Vqlr `qd dwodbsdc sn bnmshmtd
hmudrshmf `s ` rknvdq o`bd, ?r Iò`mdrd rtarhch`qhdr adbnld lnqd drsàkhrgdc oqnct¨
bdqr) sgdx vhkk hmbqd`rhmfkx ad rddm `r hmrhcdqr `mc itcfdc kdrr nm sgdhq nvmdq‘r
m`shnm`khsx, Mdudqsgdkdrr) sgd oqdu`hkhmf uhdv ne Iò`mdrd Vqlr `r ntsrhcdqr hr bg`m¨
fhmf) `ksgntfg hs hr cntasetk he rtbg Vqlr vhkk dudq adbnld etkkx m`stq`khydc,
Rhlhk`qkx) Jdvkdx &1..1( bnmbktcdc sg`s) ax sgd dmc ne sgd 088.r) l`mx Iò`mdrd
Vqlr rshkk qdl`hmdc l`mhedrskx Iò`mdrd) ats `s sgd r`ld shld sgdx vdqd àkd sn
dwoknhs onkhbx bg`mmdkr hm sgd DT lnqd etkkx) `ksgntfg hs v`r rshkk tmbdqs`hm vgdsgdq
sgdrd mdvkx entmc `cu`ms`fdr vntkc ad etkkx tshkhydc,
Lnqd qdbdmskx) G`l`c` &1..6( dwoknqdc sgd Dtqnod`mhy`shnm ne Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘
knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr) `mc `rrdrrdc gnv sgdx gùd `còsdc sn sgd bnmrs`mskx dunkuhmf
231 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
DT otakhb onkhbx¨l`jhmf rxrsdl, Vhsg qdedqdmbd sn sgd `bsnqä`rdc lncdkr ne

hmsdqdrs fqntor `mc Dtqnod`mhy`shnm khsdq`stqd) ghr qdrd`qbg oqnuhcdr `m dlohqhb`k
hmudrshf`shnm ne hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm sq`chshnm`k Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf oq`bshbdr `mc sgd
DT hmrshstshnm`k dmuhqnmldms hm enqlhmf Vqlr‘ oqdedqdmbdr enq o`qshbtk`q knaaxhmf
rsq`sdfhdr, Iò`mdrd Vqlr gùd qdrsqtbstqdc sgdhq onkhshb`k adgùhnqr sn rths sgd DT
onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr, Gnvdudq) sgd cdfqdd ne rtbg Dtqnod`mhy`shnm ne knaaxhmf
rsq`sdfhdr g`r rhfmhVb`mskx u`qhdc `bqnrr rdbsnqr `mc Vqlr ctd sn q`mfhmf hmWtdmbd
eqnl rdudq`k hmrshstshnm`k e`bsnqr, Sgd DT hmrshstshnm`k dmuhqnmldms cndr mns `9dbs
sgd knfhb ne Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf sn sgd r`ld cdfqdd `r Dtqnod`m Vqlr, Bnmudqfdmbd ne
knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr l`x ad òo`qdms `s sgd kdudk ne knaaxhmf hmrsqtldmsr) ats adknv
sgd rtqe`bd) vgdqd sgd qnnsr ne kd`chmf Iò`mdrd Vqlr qdl`hm kncfdc) sgdqd hr `
ctqàkd rntqbd ne qdrhrs`mbd, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) sgd tmcdqkxhmf m`shnm`khsx ne sgd Vql
qdl`hmr sgd uhs`kkx hlonqs`ms cdsdqlhm`ms hm sgd m`stqd ne hsr knaaxhmf rsq`sdfx
enqltk`shnm) `mc hr odqrhrsdms hm sgd e`bd ne Dtqnod`mhy`shnm,
Eqnl dwhrshmf nardqu`shnmr) sgd cdudknoldms ne Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf hm sgd
DT b`m ad qntfgkx chuhcdc hmsn svn rs`fdr4 eqnl sgd lhc¨087.r sn 0882 &oqd¨Sqd`sx ne
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm( `mc eqnl 0883 sn sgd oqdrdms c`x &onrs¨SDT(, Sgd Vqrs odqhnc ne
Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf hr k`qfdkx bg`q`bsdqhydc ax sgd DTœIò`m sq`cd chrotsdr) rsqnmf
hmhsh`shudr ne Iò`mdrd Lhmhrsqhdr) `mc knv `rrnbhàhkhsx `mc `tsnmnlx ne Vqlr) vghkd
sgd rdbnmc odqhnc ed`stqdc dwo`mchmf DT qdftk`snqx bnlodsdmbhdr) `mc Vqlr‘
fqnvhmf `v`qdmdrr `mc d9nqsr sn akdmc hmsn sgd Dtqnod`m bnqonq`sd k`mcrbòd,
Sghr sq`mrenql`shnm ne Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf hm sgd DT hmchb`sdr sg`s Iò`mdrd Vqlr‘
rsq`sdfhdr gùd adbnld Dtqnod`mhydc sn rnld dwsdms `mc ghfgkhfgsr sgdhq onkhshb`k
bò`bhshdr sn kd`qm `mc `citrs sn sgd gnrshmf onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms,
Bnmbktrhnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sghr bgòsdq hcdmshVdc sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk

`s gnld `mc àqn`c, ?r vd chrbtrrdc) Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `qd sq`chshnm`kkx
`mc hmrshstshnm`kkx hmsdqsvhmdc vhsg sgd onkhbx¨l`jdqr) kd`chmf sn ` k`bj ne chqdbs
knaahmf `lnmf Vqlr &Yg`n 0882: Ngsrt `mc Hl`m`qh 1..1(, Hm rgnqs) Iò`mdrd
knaaxhmf hr bg`q`bsdqhydc ax gdùx qdkh`mbd nm m`shnm`k `mc rdbsnq`k nqf`mhy`shnmr)
Vm`mbh`k `mc odqrnm`khydc hmrsqtldmsr sn `bbdrr sgd onkhbx¨l`jdqr) `mc ` o`rrhud `mc
tmbnmrsqtbshud mdfnsh`shnm l`mmdq hm nqcdq sn ansg l`hms`hm g`qlnmx `mc eddc
sgdhq uhdvr `s sgd r`ld shld, Hm Iò`m) Vqlr `qd mns hmcdodmcdms onkhshb`k `bsnqr
vhsghm sgd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr) `mc oqdedq knaaxhmf sgqntfg atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr,
?s sgd r`ld shld) hs hr hlonqs`ms sn mnsd sg`s l`mx Iò`mdrd Vqlr gùd addm
qdbnfmhydc `r rnld ne sgd k`qfdrs hm fkna`k hmctrsqhdr rtbg `r dkdbsqnmhbr `mc
`tsnlnahkdr, Ntsrhcd Iò`m) sgdx gùd sn sq`mrenql sgdhq sq`chshnm`k knaaxhmf
o`ssdqm sn rths sgdhq gnrshmf onkhshb`k dmuhqnmldms sn l`whlhyd sgdhq onkhshb`k
hmsdqdrsr &Rghmnc` 0878: G`mrdm `mc Lhsbgdkk 1...: Jdvkdx 1..1: ?mcn 1..4:
G`l`c` 1..6(, Gnvdudq) sgd cdfqdd ne rtbg sq`mrenql`shnm ne knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr
g`r rhfmhVb`mskx u`qhdc `bqnrr rdbsnqr `mc Vqlr ctd sn q`mfhmf hmWtdmbd eqnl rdudq`k
hmrshstshnm`k e`bsnqr, Sgd tmcdqkxhmf m`shnm`khsx ne sgd Vqlr rshkk qdl`hmr sgd uhs`kkx
hlonqs`ms cdsdqlhm`ms hm sgd m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk)
`mc hr ltbg lnqd odqrhrsdms hm sgd e`bd ne fkna`khy`shnm,
Sgd tmhptd m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk `ssq`bsr ` kns ne
`b`cdlhb hmsdqdrs, Dudqx rstcx athkcr nm oqduhntr vnqj) `mc sghr nmd hr mn dwbdoshnm,
?krn) dudqx rstcx hr hmbnlokdsd) hm sgd rdmrd ne bnms`hmhmf fòr `mc hcdmshexhmf
ptdrshnmr sg`s etstqd rstchdr b`m `ccqdrr, Hm bnmbktchmf sghr bgòsdq) vd oqnonrd
rdudq`k snohbr enq etstqd qdrd`qbg, Sgdqd `qd ` u`qhdsx ne rsq`hfgsenqv`qc v`xr hm vghbg
dlohqhb`k qdrd`qbg nm sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk bntkc ad dwsdmcdc,
Etstqd vnqj bntkc enbtr nm rnld nsgdq rdbsnqr hm vghbg Iò`mdrd Vqlr `krn `bshudkx
nodq`sd `mc `qd `s sgd unqsdw ne hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm `mc m`¨
shnm`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr) rtbg `r bgdlhb`k `mc Vm`mbh`k rdbsnqr, Ch9dqdms rdbsnq`k
u`qhàkdr cn l`ssdq `mc `9dbs sgd atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnm ne Vqlr, Sgtr) Vqlr sg`s
`qd `bshud hm nsgdq rdbsnqr `mc sntbgdc hm u`qxhmf cdfqddr ax sgd fkna`khy`shnm ne
bnlodshshnm rgntkc ad bnmrhcdqdc sn bòstqd ` bnloqdgdmrhud ohbstqd ne sgd Iò`m¨
drd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk, Hm `cchshnm) fhudm sgd ch9dqdmbd adsvddm sgd
Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr `mc sgnrd ne nsgdq bntmsqhdr) hs vntkc ad u`khc sn
hmudrshf`sd sgd v`xr hm vghbg ?ldqhb`m `mc Dtqnod`m Vqlr bnmctbs knaaxhmf hm
Iò`m `mc gnv sgdx `qd bnmudqsdc hmsn sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk,
L`mx enqdhfm ltkshm`shnm`k Vqlr mnv gùd nXbdr hm Snjxn `mc gùd nbbtohdc `
rtars`msh`k l`qjds rg`qd hm l`mx hmctrsqh`k rdbsnqr `mc oqnctbsr, Vgdsgdq `mc) he rn)
gnv sgdrd Vqlr sq`mrenql sgdhq sq`chshnm`k knaaxhmf rsq`sdfhdr sn o`qshbho`sd hm sgd
Iò`mdrd onkhbx¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr vntkc oqnuhcd `m hmsdqdrshmf `m`kxrhr enq bnmudq¨
fdmbd ne atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdkr `bqnrr ch9dqdms onkhshb`k rxrsdlr,
Sgdnqhyhmf ne sgd Iò`mdrd atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms lncdk rshkk mddcr sn ad `cu`mbdc
sn jddo sq`bj ne sgd bg`mfhmf qnkd ne Vqlr hm sgd dunkuhmf fkna`k onkhshbr ne sgd
bnlhmf cdb`cd, Xds) rtbg sgdnqhyhmf b`m nmkx ad ne `mx qd`k tshkhsx) enq ansg rbgnk`qr
`mc oq`bshshnmdqr) he hs hr oqdchb`sdc nm rnkhc `mc vhcd¨q`mfhmf dlohqhb`k qdrd`qbg, Hs
hr hm sghr rohqhs sg`s sghr bgòsdq g`r addm vqhssdm `r vd sqx sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd b`trdr
`mc bnmrdptdmbdr ne ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`sd adgùhnq,
Pdedqdmbdr
?ad) ?, 0888, Iò`m `mc sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm, Knmcnm4 ?sgknmd Oqdrr,
?mcn) J, 1..4, Iò`mdrd Ltkshm`shnm`kr hm Dtqnod2 ? Bnlo`qhrnm ne sgd ?tsnlnahkd `mc
Og`ql`bdtshb`k Hmctrsqhdr) Bgdksdmg`l4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q,
Adkcdqanr) Q, ?, 0884, ——Sgd qnkd ne hmudrsldms hm Dtqnod hm sgd fkna`khy`shnm rsq`sdfx ne
Iò`mdrd dkdbsqnmhbr ehqlr)‘‘ hm E, R`bgv`kc) dc,) Iò`mdrd Ehqlr hm Dtqnod, O`qhr4 G`qvnnc
?b`cdlhb Otakhrgdqr,
233 xtjhghjn gZlZcZ
Adkcdqanr ) Q, ?, 0886, Iò`mdrd Dkdbsqnmhbr Ltkshm`shnm`kr `mc Rsq`sdfhb Sq`cd Onkhbhdr, Nwenqc4
Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
AkZjdq) L,) FhZqqZ) O,) `mc Unfdk) D, 1..1, B`rd Rstchdr hm Iò`mdrd Mdfnsh`shmf Adgùhnq,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Hmrshstsd ne Od`bd,
Anaa) I, 1..0, Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr hm Iò`m, L`mbgdrsdq4 L`mbgdrsdq Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 3&0(4 80œ0.7,
Dtqnod`m Tmhnm `mc ldladq rs`sdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Otakhb Onkhbx 07&0(4 64œ0..,
Fhkrnm) I, 1..., Iò`m `mc sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm2 ? O`qsmdqrgho enq sgd SvdmsxËhqrs Bdmstqx:
A`rhmfrsnjd4 L`blhkk`m,
Fqddmvnnc) I, 1..2, Hmsdqdrs Qdoqdrdms`shnm hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm) 1mc dcm, A`rhmfrsnjd4
O`kfqùd,
GZlZcZ) X, 1..6, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne sgd sq`chshnm`k atrhmdrrœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho nm sgd
Dtqnod`mhy`shnm ne Iò`mdrd Vqlr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb Onkhbx 03&2(4 3.3œ10,
–– 1..7, ——Iò`mdrd atrhmdrr knaaxhmf `s gnld `mc àqn`c)‘‘ hm B, LbFq`sg) dc,) Hmsdqdrs
Fqntor `mc Knaaxhmf hm K`shm ?ldqhb`) ?eqhb`) sgd Lhcckd D`rs `mc ?rh`, K`lodsdq Bdqdch¨
fhnm4 Dcvhm Ldkkdm Oqdrr) 230œ50,
GZmrdm) V,) `mc Lhsbgdkk) M, 1..., ——Chr`ffqdf`shmf `mc dwok`hmhmf bnqonq`sd onkhshb`k
Qduhdv 774 800œ18,
Gtfgdr) B, V, 1..0, ——Iò`m hm Dtqnod4 ?rh`m `mc Dtqnod`m odqrodbshudr)‘‘ hm F, C, Gnnj
`mc G, G`rdf`v`) dcr,) Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Iò`mdrd Fkna`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4
Qntskdcfd,
JZsydmrsdhm) O, I,) `mc SrtihmZjZ) X, 0884, —— —Atkkxhmf‘) —atxhmf‘) `mc —ahmchmf‘4 TRœIò`mdrd
sq`mrm`shnm`k qdk`shnmr `mc cnldrshb rsqtbstqdr)‘‘ hm S, Qhrrd¨Jòodm) dc,) Aqhmfhmf Sq`mr¨
m`shnm`k ?bsnqr A`bj Hm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Jdvkdx) R, 1..1, ——Iò`mdrd knaaxhmf hm sgd DT)‘‘ hm Q, Odckdq) dc,) Dtqnod`m Tmhnm Knaaxhmf,
Knmcnm4 O`kfqùd,
Jnmn) S,) `mc Bkdff) R, 1..0, Sqdmcr hm Iò`mdrd L`m`fdldms2 Bnmshmthmf Rsqdmfsgr) Btqqdms
Oqnakdlr `mc Bg`mfhmf Oqhnqhshdr, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd L`blhkk`m,
JtansZ ) ?, 0886, ——Ahf atrhmdrr `mc onkhshbr hm Iò`m) 0882œ84)‘‘ hm O, I`hm `mc S, Hmnftbgh) dcr,)
Iò`mdrd Onkhshbr Snc`x, Ldkantqmd4 L`blhkk`m,
Jtcn) ?, 1..0, ——?ldqhb`mhy`shnm nq Dtqnod`mhy`shnm; Sgd fkna`khy`shnm ne sgd Iò`mdrd
dbnmnlx)‘‘ hm F, C, Gnnj `mc G, G`rdf`v`) dcr,) Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Iò`mdrd
Fkna`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
LbBZqfn) C, 1..., Bnmsdlonq`qx Iò`m, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
LZrnm) L, 0886, Dtqnod `mc sgd Iò`mdrd Bg`kkdmfd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LtqZlZsrt) L,) Lhsrtsnrgh) H,) `mc SrtihmZjZ) X, 1..0, Mhgnm mn rdhih &Iò`mdrd Onkhshbr4
Sgdnqdshb`k Odqrodbshudr `mc Qd`khsx() 1mc dcm, Snjxn4 Xtghj`jt,
MZjZxZlZ ) V,) Antksnm) V,) `mc Odbgs) L, 0888, Sgd Iò`mdrd Dkdbsqnmhbr Hmctrsqx,
Knmcnm4 BQB oqdrr,
Mdrsdq) V, Q, 0882, Dtqnod`m Onvdq `mc sgd Iò`mdrd Bg`kkdmfd, A`rhmfrsnjd4 L`blhkk`m,
Ngsrt) L,) `mc HlZmZqh) S, 1..1, Hmrhcd Iò`mdrd Atrhmdrr2 ? M`qq`shud Ghrsnqx 085 ´1 )
?qlnmj4 L, D, Rg`qod,
NjtltqZ ) G, 1..., Bnqonq`sd Bòhs`khrl hm Iò`m, A`rhmfrsnjd4 L`blhkk`m,
RghmcZ) S, 0878, ?ldqhb` fhj`h vn knaax rtqt &Knaaxhmf hm sgd ?ldqhb`m Bnmfqdrr(, Snjxn4
Sgd Iò`m Shldr,
Rsnbjvhm) I, ?, ?, 0888, Fnudqmhmf Iò`m) 2qc dcm, Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkk,
Rtfhlnsn) X, 0886, ?m Hmsqnctbshnm sn Iò`mdrd Rnbhdsx, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx

Oqdrr,
SZjZgZrgh) R, 1..0, ——Sgd fkna`k ld`mhmf ne Iò`m4 sgd rs`sd‘r odqrhrsdmskx oqdb`qhntr onrhshnm
hm sgd vnqkc nqcdq)‘‘ hm F, C, Gnnj `mc G, G`rdf`v`) dcr,) Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Iò`mdrd
Fkna`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
SrtihmZjZ) X, 0886, ——Mhgnm mn rdhihs`hrdh mn adjtsnqt sdmj`m4 bnqonq`shrl j`q` oktq`khrl‘‘
&Sgd bg`mfhmf m`stqd ne sgd Iò`mdrd onkhshb`k rxrsdl4 eqnl bnqonq`shrl sn oktq`khrl()
Kduh`sg`m 1., Snjxn4 Anjts`jtrg`,
TbghcZ) L, 1..., Rdhsn) ?srtqxnjtc`ms`h) Fhj`h &O`qshdr) Oqdrrtqd Fqntor) `mc O`qkh`ldms(,
Snjxn4 V`rdc` Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Unfdk) C, 0885, ——Sgd rstcx ne atrhmdrr `mc onkhshbr)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 27&2(4
035œ54,
Vhkrnm) F, 1..2, Atrhmdrr `mc Onkhshbr2 ? Bnlo`q`shud Hmsqnctbshnm, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd,
Vnqnmnee) I, 0875, Onkhshbr sgd Iò`mdrd V`x, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
XnrghlZsrt) G, 1..., Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm) Bnqonq`sd Oqdedqdmbdr `mc Bnlldqbh`k Onkhbx hm
Iò`m, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m Atrhmdrr,
YgZn) P, 0882, Iò`mdrd Onkhbxl`jhmf2 Sgd Onkhshbr adxnmc Onkhshbr, Knmcnm4 Oq`dfdq,
bgZosdq 04
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B G H M? ? M C S G D
L T KS H M?S H N M? K
DWODPHDMBD
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
inmZsgZm rsnqx
Atrhmdrr odnokd `rj ne Bghm`4 vg`s cn vd mddc sn jmnv hm nqcdq sn cn atrhmdrr hm

Bghm`; Sgd `mrvdq oqnuhcdc gdqd hr sg`s sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne Bghm` bnmchshnmr
dudqx `rodbs ne atrhmdrr) `mc sg`s sgdqdenqd sgd bdmsq`k bnmrhcdq`shnm enq sno l`m¨
`fdldms ne ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr hr sn tmcdqrs`mc sgd khmj`fd adsvddm sgd
o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr `mc qdbnqc) sgd qòhc dunktshnm ne sgd atrhmdrr
rxrsdl) `mc vg`s sghr rodkkr enq sgd l`jhmf `mc hlokdldms`shnm ne bnqonq`sd
rsq`sdfx, Sgd òoqn`bg hr sn bnmbdhud ne bnqonq`shnmr `r kd`qmhmf nqf`mhy`shnmr)
kd`qmhmf hm sghr b`rd gnv sn nodq`sd hm ` Bghm` vghbg hr cddokx dmf`fdc hm kd`qmhmf
vg`s hs ld`mr sn lncdqmhyd e`rs, Hm sghr bgòsdq) H‘kk kd`c n9 ax khmjhmf bg`mfdr hm sgd
l`bqn¨bnmsdws ne Bghm` sn bg`mfdr hm hsr atrhmdrr rxrsdl: sgdm aqhdWx hkktrsq`sd vg`s
sghr g`r ld`ms) `mc bnmshmtdr sn ld`m) enq hlokdldmshmf bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx `mc
onkhbhdr hm Bghm`, Hm sgd Vm`k rdbshnm) vd chrbtrr sgd etstqdr ne Bghm` `r sgd jdx sn
l`jhmf bnqonq`sd onkhbhdr sgdqd mnv,
bghmZ Zmc sgd ltkshmZshnmZk dwodqhdmbd 236
BghmX‘r SqXmrenqlXshnm Xmc sgd

Atrhmdrr Rxrsdl
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Bnmbdost`khyhmf bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx `mc onkhbx hm Bghm` qdpthqdr tr sn aqhmf snfdsgdq

`mc dw`lhmd sgd ltkshokd khmj`fdr adsvddm Bghm`‘r bg`mfhmf bnmsdws `mc bnqonq`sd
onkhbhdr, Vd‘kk rs`qs ax s`jhmf ` aqn`c aqtrg sn gnv Bghm`‘r sq`mrenql`shnm ldrgdr
vhsg sg`s ne sgd vnqkc‘r: sgdm chrbtrr sgd oqnbdrr ne sq`mrhshnm snv`qcr ` ——rnbh`khrs
l`qjds dbnmnlx‘‘: hmsqnctbd sgd bnmbdos ne atrhmdrr rxrsdl hm hsr òokhb`shnm sn
Bghm`: `mc sgdm khmj sgdrd sgqdd chldmrhnmr ne sgd fkna`k sq`mrenql`shnm) ne Bghm`‘r
sq`mrhshnm) `mc sgd dunktshnm ne hsr atrhmdrr rxrsdl sn bqd`sd sn bqd`sd sgd bnmsdws hm
vghbg bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr `mc onkhbhdr gùd sn ad hlokdldmsdc,
Sgd hmsdqcdodmcdmbd ne BghmZ‘r sqZmrenqlZshnm Zmc

sgd vnqkc rxrsdl
Kds tr rs`qs Vqrs vhsg Bghm`‘r hmsdqcdodmcdmbd, Knnjhmf a`bj nudq sgd o`rs sgqdd
cdb`cdr rhmbd Cdmf Wh`nohmf dldqfdc `r sgd bntmsqx‘r cd e`bsn kd`cdq) `mc k`tmbgdc
sgd Nodm Cnnq onkhbx) vd l`x r`x sg`s Bghm` g`r addm b`tfgs to hm ` cntakd
sq`mrenql`shnm4 hsr nvm dwhs eqnl sgd hmgdqhsdc L`nhrs dbnmnlx) `mc sgd sq`mr¨
enql`shnm ne sgd fkna`k rxrsdl) hmunkuhmf sgd bnkkòrd ne sgd TRRQ) sgd qdsqd`s ne
`ksdqm`shud enqlr ne fnudqmldms sn ——l`qjds cdlnbq`bx)‘‘ sgd qd¨bqd`shnm ne sgd
vnqkc l`qjds tmcdq sgd `dfhr ne sgd Vdrsdqm onvdqr) `mc sgd fqnvsg ne
sgd ltkshm`shnm`k hmctrsqh`k nq rdquhbd bnqonq`shnm &sgdqd hr ` gtfd khsdq`stqd nm
sgdrd snohbr4 rdd Oq`g`k`c `mc Cny 0876: Gtmshmfcnm 0880: Rsnoenqc `mc Rsq`mfd
0880: Gnara`vl 0883: Fqdhcdq 0885: Vghsdgd`c 0885: Gdmcdqrnm 0887: R`kkx 0887:
Jòrsdhm `mc L`rs`mctmn 0888: K`vsnm ds `k, 1...: Fhkohm 1..0:(, Bghm`‘r nvm dwhs
dms`hkr sgd sq`mrhshnm eqnl rnbh`khrs bnll`mc sn ` l`qjds dbnmnlx tmcdq BBO
chqdbshnm) eqnl `ts`qjx sn hmsdqcdodmcdmbd) eqnl ` qtq`k sn `m tqa`m rnbhdsx) eqnl
ldladqrgho ne sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k bnlltmhrs rxrsdl sn etkk o`qshbho`shnm hm ` fkna`k
onkhsx,
Sghr cntakd sq`mrenql`shnm) hkktrsq`sdc hm Ehf, 04,0) g`r oqnctbdc nudq sgd xd`qr `
e`hqkx bkd`q o`bj`fd ne onkhbhdr enq Bghm`, Hm qdsqnrodbs) Bghm`‘r kd`cdqrgho g`r
`cnosdc oqnloskx sn sgd bg`mfd hm sgd fkna`k rs`sd rxrsdl, Bnkkòrd ne sgd Rnuhds
Tmhnm `bbdkdq`sdc sgd dwhs eqnl sgd bnll`mc dbnmnlx &M`tfgsnm 0885) 1..6()
dmbntq`fdc sgd cdudknoldms ne ` ltkshe`bdsdc enqdhfm onkhbx &K`losnm 1..0:
Ldcdhqnr `mc Eqùdk 1..2: Rg`la`tfg 1..3: Fnkcrsdhm 1..4: Fhkk `mc Gt`mf 1..5()
`bbdmst`sdc sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r cdsdqlhm`shnm sn jddo bnmsqnk ne sgd oqnbdrr) `mc
rgòdc Bghm`‘r cdsdqlhm`shnm sn inhm `kk sgd jdx qdfhnm`k `mc fkna`k onkhbx hmrshst¨
shnmr, Sgd BBO kd`cdqrgho qdrhrsr cdl`mcr) vg`sdudq sgdhq rntqbd) sn ——cdlnbq`shyd‘‘
sgd qdfhld) ats kdùdr sgd noshnm nodm enq sgd etstqd vghkd vhcdmhmf sgd rbnod ne
khadqshdr ù`hkàkd sn Bghmdrd odnokd, Cdedmrd ne sgd oqhmbhokd ne mnm¨hmsdqudmshnm hm
237 inmZsgZm rsnqx
FknaWk–rxrsdl Sgd–onrs Bnkc Sgd–cdlnbqWbx Pd bqdWshnm–ne–sgd Fqnvsg–ne

BghmW UWq–rsWsd–rxrsdl– vWud vnqkc–lWqids– sqWmrmWshnmWk
bnqonqWshnmr
Dwhs–eqnl–sgd Mn…ZksdqmZshud Pdrhrs LZwhlhyd admdehsr KdZqm…eqnl
bnllWmc ne…oZqshbhoZshnm…hm…
dbnmnlx
Eqnl–WtsWqix–sn Cdudkno…ltksh Onrsonmd Nodm…Cnnq…onkhbx Bgnhbd…oqnctbshnm

hmsdqcdodmcdmbd eZbdsdc…enqdhfm %…dwonqs…knbZshnm…
onkhbx
SqWmrhshnm–eqnl BBO…bnmsqnk…nudq Bnmsqnk…vhcdmhmf LZwhlhyd Oqnlnsd

qtqWk–sn–tqaWm oqnbdrr ne…khadqshdr… bnloZqZshud bnlodshshud
rnbhdsx ZcuZmsZfd lZqids…dbnmnlx
Ldladqrgho–ne Inhm…Zkk…qdfhnmZk…% Ehql…ZcunbZsd…ne Bn oZqshbhoZsd…hm LZid…fknaZk

fknaWk–onkhsx fknaZk…hmrshstshnmr mnm hmsdqudmshnm rdsshmf…onkhbx… bnqonqZshnmr…idx
oqhmbhokd Zkkhdr
Ehf, 04,0 ; cntakd sqVmrenqlVshnm9 BghmV Vmc sgd vnqkc
sgd hmsdqm`k `9`hqr ne rs`sdr qtmr `r ` bnmrhrsdms kdhslnshe sgqntfg ansg cnldrshb `mc
enqdhfm onkhbhdr, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) onkhbx hr cdrhfmdc sn l`whlhyd sgd admdVsr ne
Bghm`‘r o`qshbho`shnm hm fkna`k l`qjdsr sgqntfg cddodmhmf ne sgd Nodm Cnnq Onkhbx)
l`whlhyhmf Bghm`‘r bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd hm àtmc`ms kànq) `mc sgqntfg `bshud bn¨
o`qshbho`shnm hm fkna`k `9`hqr, Nudq shld) onkhbx snv`qcr fkna`k bnqonq`shnmr g`r
dunkudc eqnl rddjhmf sn `bbdkdq`sd sgd sq`mredq ne sdbgmnknfx hmv`qcr sn Bghm`) sn
oqnlnshmf Bghm` `r ` bgnhbd knb`shnm enq enqdhfm hmudrsldms) vghkd otrghmf `gd`c sn
cdudkno ` ghfgkx bnlodshshud cnldrshb l`qjds, Sghr rg`qokx qdctbdr sgd oqnrodbsr ne
cnlhm`shnm hm sgd knmfdq sdql ne fkna`k bnqonq`shnmr nm Bghm`‘r l`qjdsr) vghkd `krn
gdkohmf sn l`jd fkna`k bnqonq`shnmr jdx `kkhdr enq sgd qdfhld hm sgd fkna`k onkhsx,
Bghm`‘r `còs`shnm hr ` l`fmhVbdms `bghdudldms,
Sgdqd vdqd svn jdx e`bsr sg`s sgd Bghmdrd kd`cdqrgho nardqudc nudq sgd cdb`cd
enkknvhmf nm sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r bnkkòrd, Ansg vdqd bnlo`shakd vhsg ` L`qwhrs uhrhnm
ne ` vnqkc vgnrd oqhld bg`q`bsdqhrshb hr bnmWhbs `mc bnlodshshnm, Sgd Vqrs v`r sgd
kd`cdqrghor‘ qdbnfmhshnm ne TR oqhl`bx–`r Bghmdrd `m`kxrsr bnmbktcdc `s sgd shld ne
sgd 0885 S`hv`m Rsq`hsr bqhrhr–——sgd rtodqonvdq hr lnqd rtodq) `mc sgd l`mx onvdqr
`qd kdrr fqd`s‘‘ &Cdmf 1..0(, Sgd rdbnmc v`r sgd TR¨bdmsdqdc fkna`k bòhs`khrl) vghbg
Rtr`m Rsq`mfd g`r cdVmdc `r ——sgd onvdq sn rgòd `mc cdsdqlhmd sgd rsqtbstqdr ne sgd
fkna`k onkhshb`k dbnmnlx vhsghm vghbg nsgdq rs`sdr) sgdhq onkhshb`k hmrshstshnmr) sgdhq
dbnmnlhb dmsdqoqhrdr) `mc &mns kd`rs( sgdhq rbhdmshrsr `mc nsgdq oqnedrrhnm`k odnokd
gùd sn nodq`sd‘‘ &Rsq`mfd 0877(, Sghr hr sgd fkna`k rsqtbstqd vghbg Bghm`‘r kd`cdqrgho
hr cdsdqlhmdc sn gùd Bghm` inhm) `mc sn dwoknhs) hm nqcdq sn cdudkno Bghm` `r `
kd`chmf vnqkc onvdq, ?r Oqdrhcdms Ih`mf Ydlhm rs`sdc4 ——Vd ltrs c`mbd vhsg sgd
vnke ‘‘ &Xt 0888(,
Sgd oqnbdrr ne ZclhmhrsqZshud Zmc lZqjds sqZmrhshnm

Ats sgd oqnbdrr ne sq`mrhshnm) adxnmc sgd d`qkx rdsshmf ax Cdmf Wh`nohmf ne ` aqn`c
uhrhnm enq Bghm`‘r dldqfdmbd `r ` fqd`s onvdq) v`r tmok`mmdc) `mc tm`mshbho`sdc, Dw
onrs) vd b`m r`x sg`s sgd kd`cdqrgho g`c mn cdrhfm nm gnv sn drbòd eqnl bnlltm¨
hrl) bnlo`qàkd sn L`n‘r cdrhfm sn cdrsqnx bòhs`khrl `mc sn athkc rnbh`khrl,
Bnlltmhrs qdunktshnm v`r ——` rvddohmf) etmc`ldms`k bg`mfd hm onkhshb`k nqf`mhr`¨
shnm) rnbh`k rsqtbstqd) dbnmnlhb oqnodqsx bnmsqnk `mc sgd oqdcnlhm`ms lxsg ne rnbh`k
nqcdq) sgtr hmchb`shmf ` lìnq aqd`j hm sgd bnmshmthsx ne cdudknoldms‘‘ &Mdtl`mm
0838(, Sgd `fdms enq sghr sq`mrenql`shnm v`r sgd `tsnmnlntr bnlltmhrs o`qsx¨
rs`sd4 bg`mfd hm rnbhdsx `mc dbnmnlx b`ld `r ` bnmrdptdmbd ne hsr `tsnmnlx,
He etmc`ldms`k) rxrsdlhb bg`mfd hr sgd v`x hmsn qdunktshnm) qdfhld bg`mfd hr sgd v`x
nts &sgdqd hr ` gtfd khsdq`stqd nm qdfhld bg`mfd4 rdd Lnqkhmn 087.: Gtmshmfcnm 0857:
Ftqq 0857) 086.: Ctmm 0861: Rjnbonk 0868: Khmy 0867: Mnqckhmfdq 0870: Sqhladqfdq 0867:
Shkkx 0864) 0882: N‘Cnmmdkk `mc Rbglhssdq 0875: Vghsdgd`c 0885: L`qù`kk 0886: ?bd¨
lnfkt `mc Qnahmrnm 1..5(, Qdfhld bg`mfd hlokhdr ` rtarshstshnm ne sgd nkc enq mdv
mnqlr) qtkdr) `mc hmrshstshnmr, Sgd oqnakdl hr sg`s sgd rs`sd hr bòstqdc ax sgd o`qsx `mc
dbnmnlx hs g`r s`jdm nudq, Sgd bdmsdq g`r sn rsqhud sn qd¨`bpthqd sgd `tsnmnlx hs
enqvdms) `mc sn tmqùdk sgd ltkshokd anmcr sg`s shd hs cnvm, Rdo`q`shmf onkhshbr) k`v)
l`qjdsr) atrhmdrr) `mc rnbhdsx–`kk etrdc tmcdq rnbh`khrl–adbnldr ` oqhld bnmrhc¨
dq`shnm enq otakhb nXbh`kr, Sghr g`r svn bnmrdptdmbdr4 Vqrs hr sgd rsqtffkd nudq
rdptdmbhmf–vg`s oqhnqhsx enq onkhbx) cnldrshb nq enqdhfm) bgnhbd ne odqrnmmdk) nq
cdbk`q`snqx rs`sdldmsr ne hmsdms; Rdbnmc hr sgd rsqtffkd nudq bnmsqnk ne sgd `fdmc`)
`mc hsr bnmsdms, Sgd `cu`ms`fd khdr vhsg otakhb nXbh`kr) vgn dminx ` u`rs cnl`hm ne
onkhbx qdrntqbdr sn khadq`sd hm sgd etstqd oqdbhrdkx adb`trd sgd rs`sd hr rn cddokx dmf`fdc
hm sgd vgnkd oqnbdctqd ne qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm, Otakhb nXbh`kr b`m bgnrd vgdm) gnv) `mc
tmcdq vg`s bnmchshnmr sn qdkhmpthrg bnmsqnkr nq sn athkc to ` mdv qdrntqbd a`rd,
Hm Bghm`‘r b`rd) sgd nmkx v`x nts ne L`n‘r kdf`bx v`r nmd ne sqh`k `mc dqqnq) vgdqd
rtbbdrrhud kd`cdqrghor kd`qms sn sdms`shudkx dwoknqd sgd etstqd &nm ` bqhshptd ne sgd Ahf
A`mf òoqn`bg òokhdc hm Bdmsq`k¨D`rsdqm Dtqnod) `mc dwokhbhskx qdidbsdc ax sgd
Bghmdrd kd`cdqrgho) rdd Ltqqdkk 0881: `mc enq ` bnmbhrd `bbntms ne sgd sq`mrhshnm sn
l`qjds) rdd Ph`m 1...(, Cdmfhrl rtffdrsdc oq`fl`shrl) a`rdc nm ——rddjhmf sqtsg eqnl
e`bsr‘‘ sgqntfg L`qwhrs¨shmsdc rodbs`bkdr, Eqnl sgd rs`qs) sgd hcd` ne sgd Nodm Cnnq
onkhbx v`r sn nodm sgd Bghmdrd odnokd sn kd`qmhmf eqnl àqn`c) hlonqshmf sdbg¨
mnknfhdr `mc jmnv¨gnv) vghkd bqd`shmf ` ghfgkx bnlodshshud ——rnbh`khrs l`qjds dbnm¨
nlx‘‘ &Adhihmf Qduhdv 0882( `mc oqnlnshmf Bghm` `r ` oqhld knb`shnm enq oqnctbshnm
`mc dwonqs nm sn vnqkc l`qjdsr, Hm sghr oqnbdrr) hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne qdk`shnmr
`bqnrr o`qsx¨rs`sd) rnbhdsx) `mc fnudqmldms bnlahmdc vhsg onkhbx hmhsh`shudr ——eqnl
adknv‘‘ `mc ——eqnl ànud‘‘ &nm ansg anssnlœto `mc snoœcnvm enqbdr nodq`shmf sn
fdmdq`sd onkhbx bg`mfd) rdd Yvdhf 1..1(, He vd sq`bd sgd nqhfhmr ne sgd sq`mrenql`shnm
eqnl adknv) vd enbtr ntq `ssdmshnm nm sgd chrbnmsdmsdc hm rnbhdsx) gnv nqf`mhydc sgdx
`qd) vg`s sgdhq òod`k l`x ad `mc sgd bò`bhsx ne sgd rs`sd sn bqtrg) bnmbdcd sn) nq
bnmudqs sgdl, Vgdm vd enbtr nm qdenql ——eqnl ànud)‘‘ vd `rrtld sg`s qdenql trgdqr
enqsg eqnl sgd aqnv ne otakhb nXbh`kr `mc vd s`jd enq fq`msdc sg`s sgd rs`sd b`m
24. inmZsgZm rsnqx
hlokdldms hsr onkhbx, Hm ansg b`rdr) sgd onkhshb`k `tsgnqhsx ne sgd rs`sd) `mc hsr Vm`mbh`k
`mc `clhmhrsq`shud bòàhkhsx) hr sgd jdx sn rtbbdrr nq e`hktqd,
Rsxkhyhmf sgd oqnbdrr ne sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne Bghm`‘r onkhshb`k¨`clhmhrsq`shud
rxrsdl hmsn Vud rs`fdr) vd rs`qs vhsg sgd oqd¨sq`mrhshnm og`rd vgdm odqenql`mbd
ne sgd hmgdqhsdc rxrsdl hr ptdrshnmdc vhsg fqnvhmf udgdldmbd ansg hmrhcd `mc
ntsrhcd sgd qdfhld &Aqhmsnm 0854: Qtrsnv 086.(, Sgd oqnwhl`sd bnmchshnm enq
aqd`jcnvm ne sgd nkc nqcdq hr sg`s sgd hmbtladms onvdq hr tmàkd sn qdrnkud `
fqnvhmf khrs ne oqnakdlr) sgd chbs`snq‘r cd`sg hr odmchmf) `mc noonmdmsr hmrhcd nq
ntsrhcd ne sgd qdfhld f`sgdq rsqdmfsg, Vgdm L`n Vm`kkx chdc hm Rdosdladq 0865)
Bghm` v`r ` cdrodq`sdkx onnq bntmsqx, Odq bòhs` hmbnld v`r 6 odq bdms ne sgd TR‘r:
5. odq bdms ne sgd onotk`shnm rtquhudc nm kdrr sg`m !0 ` c`x) `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k sq`cd `s
0 odq bdms FCO v`r sgd knvdrs nts ne 01. cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr &rdd L`cchrnm 0887(,
Sgdqd enkknvr `m ——gntq ne cdbhrhnm‘‘ vgdm ` mdv sd`l ne qdenqldqr nq qdunktshnm`qhdr
bnld hmsn nXbd) `mc idsshrnm rnld nq `kk ne sgd nkc v`xr, Sghr ——gntq‘‘–vghbg l`x k`rs
enq `m hmcdVmhsd odqhnc–hr o`qshbtk`qkx cdkhb`sd adb`trd tmbdqs`hmsx hr qhed ànts sgd
rtrs`hmàhkhsx ne vg`s `kk jmnv sn ad `m hmsdqhl rhst`shnm &Rg`hm `mc Khmy 0884(,
Rsqtffkdr vhsghm sgd qdfhld b`m drb`k`sd `r hmbtladmsr `mshbho`sd `m dwodbsdc hmqtrg
ne mdv o`qshbho`ms fqntor sn sgd `qdm` ne otakhb onkhbx) `mc sqx ax `kk ld`mr sn oqdudms
rtbg ` cdudknoldms, Hm Bghm`) sgd ——gntq‘‘ k`rsdc ` mtladq ne xd`qr) `r sgd bnrsr ne
jddohmf Bghm` hm ` onkhbx khlan `v`hshmf L`n‘r cd`sg) `mc sgdm `v`hshmf sgd cdlhrd ne
sgd F`mf ne Entq) qnrd rg`qokx, Sgd lnldms ne cdbhrhnm rsqtbj hm Cdbdladq 0867) vgdm
sgd Sghqc Okdmtl ne sgd 00sg Bghmdrd Bnlltmhrs O`qsx Bnmfqdrr `mmntmbdc sgd rghes
hm o`qsx enbtr eqnl ——bk`rr rsqtffkd‘‘ sn ——dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms,‘‘ Gt` Ftnedmf) L`n‘r
bgnrdm rtbbdrrnq) hmrhrsdc sg`s ——vg`sdudq hmrsqtbshnmr Bg`hql`m L`n g`r fhudm) vd `kk
enkknv,‘‘ Cdmf bntmsdqdc vhsg sgd rknf`m ——oq`bshbd hr sgd rnkd bqhsdqhnm ne sqtsg,‘‘ Sgd
rghes hm hcdnknfx oùdc sgd v`x enq Cdmf‘r l`qjds¨nqhdmsdc qdenqlr,
Sgd sghqc og`rd l`x ad sdqldc cdVmhshnm`k–mdv mnqlr `qd dkànq`sdc `mc vhcdkx
cda`sdc) `mc sgdhq khlhsr dwoknqdc, Hm Bghm`‘r sq`mrhshnm) sgd mnqlr sg`s gùd
bg`mfdc gùd cd`ks vhsg `clhmhrsq`shnm `mc sgd l`qjds) ats mns sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl,
Sgd jdx onkhshb`k cdsnm`snq v`r sgd hmhsh`k bnmrnkhc`shnm ne Cdmf‘r onrhshnm) `mc sgd
hcdnknfhb`k rkdhfgs ne g`mc vghbg cdVmdc L`n‘r kdòr snv`qcr rnbh`khrl `r ——oqdl`¨
stqd‘‘ &L` 1...: Ph`m 1...(, Hm Cdbdladq 0867 `s sgd Sghqc Okdmtl ne sgd 00sg
Bdmsq`k Bnllhssdd) Cdmf Wh`nohmf `mmntmbdc sgd nXbh`k k`tmbg ne sgd Entq
Lncdqmhy`shnmr hm sgd Vdkcr ne `fqhbtkstqd) hmctrsqx) rbhdmbd `mc sdbgmnknfx) `mc
m`shnm`k cdedmrd) sgd `hl ne vghbg v`r sn l`jd Bghm` ` fqd`s onvdq hm sgd svdmsx¨
Vqrs bdmstqx, Sgdqd vdqd svn chldmrhnmr sn sgd qdfhld‘r dunkuhmf dbnmnlhb onkhbx4
nmd v`r dwhs eqnl sgd bnll`mc dbnmnlx snv`qcr rnld enqlr ne rs`sd bòhs`khrs
rxrsdl: sgd nsgdq hmunkudc l`hmsdm`mbd ne sgd onkhshb`k rs`str ptn, Kds tr cd`k vhsg
sgdrd sgqdd rs`fdr ne sq`mrenql`shnm) adenqd chrbtrrhmf sgd entqsg `mc ehesg,
Dwhs eqnl sgd bnllZmc dbnmnlx

?r sgd kd`cdqrgho rsdoodc to sgd o`bd ne qdenql ax nodmhmf to sn hlonqsr ne
l`bghmdqx `mc sdbgmnknfx eqnl sgd `cu`mbdc hmctrsqh`k bntmsqhdr) nXbh`k
cdrbqhoshnm ne sgd Bghmdrd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl dunkudc hm sgd khfgs ne hmsdqm`k onkhbx
rsqtffkdr adsvddm sgd bnmrdqu`shudr `mc qdenqldqr ne sgd lnldms, ?r Rtr`m Rghqj
&0881( g`r `qftdc) sgd hcdnknfx ne ——a`k`mbhrl‘‘–l`hms`hmhmf ` rdlak`mbd ne
hmsdqm`k o`qsx bngdrhnm `mc tmhsx–adb`ld sgd cdVmhmf bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne gnv
sgd BBO l`m`fdc sgd oqnbdrr ne qdenql, Rhmbd sgd Bghmdrd kd`cdqr tmcdqrsnnc
sg`s knrdqr hm ` qdenql oqnbdrr g`c sgd bòàhkhsx sn aknbj oqnfqdrr) sgd fnudqmhmf
hcd` b`ld sn ad sn ——kdùd mn nmd vnqrd n9 sg`m adenqd‘‘ &Rghqj 0882(, Sgd
hlokhb`shnmr ne rtbg ` rsq`sdfx `qd rxrsdlhb oqdedqdmbdr enq rl`kk) hmbqdldms`k
bg`mfdr vghbg `kknv enq narsqtbshnmr sn ad axo`rrdc, Bngdqdms `mc bnloqdgdmrhud
qdenql oqnonr`kr nm oòdq l`x rddl hmsdkkdbst`kkx `ssq`bshud) ats `qd d`rx s`qfdsr
enq narsqtbshnm) fhudm sgd l`mx udsn onhmsr ù`hkàkd enq noonmdmsr `mc sg`s `qd
rb`ssdqdc `bqnrr sgd kdmfsg `mc aqd`csg ne sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd,
Sghr fq`ct`k dunktshnm hm onkhbx nqhdms`shnm hr sq`bdàkd sgqntfg sgd dunktshnm ne
sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r unbàtk`qx, Hm 087.) nXbh`k cnbtldmsr cdrbqhadc hs `r ——` ok`mmdc
dbnmnlx vhsg bnllnchsx oqnctbshnm `mc dwbg`mfd‘‘ &Bnkkdbshnm ne Qdenql Cqèsr
enq Bghm`‘r Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdl 0877(, Ax 0881) Cdmf rs`sdc ctqhmf ghr e`lntr rntsgdqm
sntq svn lnmsgr èsdq sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r bnkkòrd sg`s ——Rhmfònqd dminxr fnnc rnbh`k
nqcdq `mc hr vdkk¨l`m`fdc, Vd bntkc sò nm sgdhq dwodqshrd `mc kd`qm gnv sn l`m`fd
adssdq sg`m sgdl‘‘ &Ohmf 0882(, Sghr chqdbshnm ne onkhbx v`r q`shVdc `s sgd 03sg O`qsx
Bnmfqdrr hm Nbsnadq 0881) vgdqd sgd kd`cdqrgho dkànq`sdc ` oqnfq`l sn sq`mrenql
sgd bntmsqx hmsn ` ——rnbh`khrs l`qjds dbnmnlx) tmcdq sgd qtkd ne k`v,‘‘ Hm sgd enkknvhmf
cdb`cd) lìnq bg`mfdr hm nqhdms`shnm vdqd hmsqnctbdc `s u`qhdc roddcr) `mc hm nesdm
udqx ch9dqdms v`xr) hm enqdhfm onkhbx `r hm sgd bntmsqx‘r dbnmnlhb) hmctrsqh`k) `mc
Vm`mbh`k rsqtbstqdr, Hm enqdhfm onkhbx) sgd kd`cdqrgho dkànq`sdc ` mdv enqdhfm onkhbx
rsxkd sn `bbnllnc`sd sgd qd`khshdr ne sgd onrs¨Bnkc V`q vnqkc hm ` bnmsdws ne sgd
bnmshmtdc r`khdmbd ne sgd TR `r sgd oqhld onvdq hm sgd fkna`k rxrsdl) `mc `r Bghm`‘r
hmchrodmràkd o`qsmdq &sgd jdx rs`sdldms hr Ph`m 0886: rdd `krn Fnkcrsdhm 1..0(,
Sgqntfg sgd D`rs ?rh`m Vm`mbh`k bq`rg ne 0886œ7) Bghm` cdudknodc qòhckx `r `
lìnq sq`chmf m`shnm &Ph`m 1...: Xdg 1..0: Ek`rradj ds `k, 1..4(: dwodqhdmbdc
qdl`qjàkd hloqnudldmsr hm qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm `r l`qjdsr adbnld gxodq¨bnlodsh¨
shud &d,f, Xdg 1..0: Gdxsdmr `mc Ydaqdfr 1..2: M`tfgsnm 1..2: Onmbds 1..2: Xntmf
1..2: Ygdmf `mc ?mf`mf 1..3(: vhsmdrrdc sgd dldqfdmbd ne oqhu`sd atrhmdrr `r sgd
oqhld dmfhmd ne fqnvsg &Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ehm`mbd Bnqonq`shnm 1...(: adb`ld sgd
bgnhbd s`qfds enq hmv`qc chqdbs hmudrsldms enq ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr &TMBS?C
0888(: `mc hlonqsdc fqnvhmf pt`mshshdr ne ennc) q`v l`sdqh`kr) `mc dmdqfx qdrntqbdr
eqnl `qntmc sgd vnqkc &Cnmf 1..2: Sqhmg `mc Unrr 1..5(, Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx) lìnq
dbnmnlhb a`sskdr vhsghm sgd qdfhld vdqd entfgs nts nudq dbnmnlhb onkhbx) nmd jdx
cdbhrhnm ax sgd kd`cdqrgho hm L`qbg 0887 adhmf sn `bbdkdq`sd Bghm` dmsqx sn sgd VSN
&Stbjdq 1...: V`mf 1...: nm sgd dmsqx mdfnsh`shnmr) rdd Edvrlhsg 0888: Yvdhf 1..0(,
Dmsqx hm 1..0 sn sgd VSN dms`hkdc vgnkdr`kd `cnoshnm ne atrhmdrr mnqlr dkànq`sdc
nudq Vud cdb`cdr hm mdfnsh`shnmr adsvddm sgd `cu`mbdc hmctrsqh`k rs`sdr, Hm 1..2) sgd
mdv kd`cdqrgho rkhfgskx lnchVdc sgd oqdu`kdms fqnvsgl`mrgho ax qdmdvdc dlog`rhr
nm sgd rnbh`k chldmrhnm ne fnudqmldms onkhbx, &Sgd oqnakdl ne onudqsx qdctbshnm
g`r lnudc sn sgd enqdeqnms ne fnudqmldms `ssdmshnm) tmcdq sgd mdv kd`cdqrgho,(
241 inmZsgZm rsnqx
Hm rtlldq 1..2) sgd kd`cdqrgho qdbdhudc ` qdonqs `m`kxyhmf sghqsddm lìnq oqnakdlr)
hmbktchmf onudqsx) qdpthqhmf tqfdms `ssdmshnm &Rntsg Bghm` Lnqmhmf Onrs 1..2: rdd
`krn ?mf`mf ds `k, 1..2(, Ats sgd gd`qs ne sgd vgnkd dmsdqoqhrd ne sq`mrenql`shnm v`r
enq sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd sn jddo sgd fqnvsg dmfhmd ne Bghm` qtmmhmf–`m `bghdudldms
qdbnqcdc ax sgd cntakhmf ne m`shnm`k hmbnld hm sgd cdb`cd 0887œ1..7,
LZhmsZhmhmf sgd onkhshbZk rsZstr ptn

Fnhmf enq fqnvsg v`r sgd qdfhld‘r qdronmrd sn sgd rgnbj ne sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm bnkkòrd,
Sgd nsgdq v`r sn rs`x hm onvdq) vghkd sq`mrenqlhmf Bghm` hmsn ` l`qjds¨cqhudm
rxrsdl, Sgd o`q`cnw ne onkhshb`k bnmshmthsx `mc dbnmnlhb sq`mrenql`shnm hr sgd
rgqhmj`fd ne sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r lnmnonkx ne onvdq hm `m dudq lnqd oktq`khrs `mc
cxm`lhb rnbh`k bnmsdws, Cdrohsd bdmsq`k fnudqmldms bdmrnqrgho) Bghm` hr `v`rg hm
cda`sdr ànts otakhb onkhbx &Edvrlhsg 1..0: G`qvhs `mc Bk`qj 1..0: Cnldm`bg
1..1: Fnkcl`m 1..4(, ? lìnq bg`kkdmfd enq sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd g`r addm) `mc bnmshmtdr
sn ad) sn bnmsqnk sgd nmfnhmf sq`mrhshnm eqnl ` qtq`k dbnmnlx &Vdm 1..5() nm vghbg
onrrhakx 8.. lhkkhnm cdodmc enq ` ld`fdq khuhmf) hmsn ` l`hmkx tqa`m rnbhdsx &Bghm`
Hmudrshf`shnm Qdonqs 1..0: X`mf 1..4(, ?atmc`ms rtqoktr qtq`k kànq oqnuhcdc ` jdx
qdrntqbd cqhuhmf sgd bntmsqx‘r knmf¨sdql cxm`lhb &X`n ds `k, 1..4(, Sgd nsgdq rhcd ne
sgd bnhm g`r addm sgd cdudknoldms ne `m tqa`m tmcdq¨bk`rr) sgd tqfdms mddc enq sgd
cdudknoldms ne rnbh`k onkhbhdr rtbg `r gd`ksg) dctb`shnm) `mc rnbh`k hmrtq`mbd) `mc
ànud `kk sgd bqd`shnm ne inar, Fhudm sgd kdmfsg ne shld qdpthqdc sn ots rtbg onkhbhdr
hmsn d9dbs) `mc dwodbs`shnmr ne sgd otakhb sg`s sgd fnudqmldms g`r ` qdronmrhahkhsx sn
oqnuhcd enq bhshydm‘r mddcr &` cds`hkdc rstcx nm vnqjdq `sshstcdr hr oqnuhcdc ax
Mhdkrdm ds `k, 1..4() sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r oqhld rnbh`k onkhbx hr dbnmnlhb fqnvsg, Bghm`
hr `m ?c`l Rlhsg bntmsqx qtkdc ax ` L`qwhrs¨Kdmhmhrs¨L`nhrs o`qsx,
Cdmf v`r nmkx snn `v`qd sg`s sgdqd vdqd khlhsr `r sn gnv e`q ` onkhshb`k oqnbdrr ne
cd¨L`n¨hVb`shnm bntkc fn &rdd St 0885) enq ` onvdqetk rs`sdldms nm sgd mddc enq `
oqnknmfdc oqnbdrr ne cd¨L`n¨hVb`shnm(, Sgd khlhsr `qd cq`vm ax sgd e`bs sg`s
qdmdfhmf L`n qhrjdc rg`jhmf sgd qdfhld‘r entmc`shnmr &rdd V`kcdm 1..7) enq `
qdbdms onvdqetk rs`sdldms sn sgd d9dbs sg`s sgd shld anla tmcdq sgd qdfhld hr sg`s
L`n‘r qdbnqc `r ` l`rr ltqcdqdq vhkk nts(, Sgd oqnakdl v`r cdwsdqntrkx g`mckdc
hm ` Bdmsq`k Bnllhssdd cnbtldms ne 0871 dmshskdc Nm sgd U`qhntr Ghrsnqhb`k Hrrtdr
rhmbd sgd Entmchmf ne sgd Odnokd‘r Qdotakhb ne Bghm`) hm vghbg L`n qds`hmdc ghr rs`str
`r ` ——fqd`s L`qwhrs) oqnkds`qh`m qdunktshnm`qx) lhkhs`qhrs `mc fdmdq`k)‘‘ ats v`r
bqhshbhydc enq rs`qshmf sgd Btkstq`k Qdunktshnm, Vhsg sghr cdVmhshnm ù`hkàkd) sgd
0871 bnmrshstshnm`k qdenql qd`Xqldc sgd ——Entq B`qchm`k Oqhmbhokdr)‘‘ fthcdc ax
——L`qwhrs¨Kdmhmhrs¨L`n Ydcnmf Sgntfgs‘‘4 o`qsx¨rs`sd gdfdlnmx: sgd kd`chmf qnkd
ne sgd o`qsx: ` tmhs`qx rs`sd: sgd bnmbdmsq`shnm ne onvdqr: `mc cdlnbq`shb bdmsq`k¨
hrl hm sgd o`qsx, Hm sgd enkknvhmf xd`qr) sgd qdfhld dunkudc `v`x eqnl Kdmhmhrs l`rr
nqf`mhy`shnmr snv`qcr ` ——mdv `tsgnqhs`qh`mhrl‘‘ &Tmfdq `mc Bg`m 0884() `r
rjdsbgdc hm sgd qdenql kd`cdq Yg`n Yhx`mf‘r 0876 qdonqs sn sgd 02sg M`shnm`k
O`qsx Bnmfqdrr &MOB( &Qnrdm 0880(, Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx) sgd Bghmdrd bnlltmhrs
kd`cdqrgho v`r `fg`rs `s sgd Onkhrg bnlq`cdr‘ hmhsh`k vhkkhmfmdrr sn `bbdcd hm 087.œ0
sn sgd cdl`mcr ne Onk`mc‘r mnm¨nXbh`k noonrhshnm) Rnkhc`qhsx) enq tmhnm `tsnmnlx
`mc onkhshb`k qdenql, Hmhsh`kkx) sgdx vdqd `ssq`bsdc ax O`qsx Rdbqds`qx Fnqa`bgdu‘r
qdenqlr hm sgd TRRQ hm sgd k`sd 087.r) ats rn vdqd sgd rstcdmsr vgn f`sgdqdc sn qd`c
` cdbk`q`shnm hm Sh`m`mldm Rpt`qd hm L`x 0878) b`kkhmf nm sgd fnudqmldms sn
`bbdkdq`sd dbnmnlhb `mc onkhshb`k qdenqlr &M`sg`m 1..0(–sgd Vqrs jmnvm lìnq
otrg vhsghm Bghm` sn qdenql sgd qdfhld, Sgd rstcdmsr v`msdc `m dmc sn bnqqto¨
shnm) lnqd hmsq`ö`qsx cdlnbq`bx) `mc ` btqa nm sgd àtrd ne onvdq ax nXbh`kr,
L`mx kd`cdqr) mnsàkx Yg`n Yhx`mf–enqldq oqdlhdq `mc kd`cdq ne sgd bnlltmhrs
o`qsx &BBO(–`r vdkk `r o`qsx hmsdkkdbst`kr rxlo`sghydc vhsg sgdl) `mc tmcdq¨
rsnnc sg`s ` l`qjds dbnmnlx `mc onkhshb`k qdenql vdms snfdsgdq, ?r Vt Ih`whmf) `
xntmf qdrd`qbgdq `s sgd Hmudrshf`shnm `mc Qdrd`qbg Chuhrhnm ne sgd Bnlltmhrs
O`qsx‘r Bdmsq`k NXbd) g`c vqhssdm) Cdmf‘r onkhbhdr vdqd ——`m dwoqdrr sq`hm snv`qc
cdlnbq`bx sgqntfg sgd athkchmf ne l`qjdsr‘‘ &ptnsdc hm Qnrdm `mc Ynt 0880(, Gd
v`r `qqdrsdc hm Itkx nm `bbntms ne ghr `rrnbh`shnm vhsg qdfhld qdenqldqr,
Sgd rstcdms cdlnmrsq`shnmr nm Sh`m`mldm Rpt`qd hm L`xœItmd 0878) ok`xdc nts
hm sgd etkk fk`qd ne sgd fkna`k ldch` vghbg g`c stqmdc to sn bnudq Fnqa`bgdu‘r uhrhs
sn Adhihmf) b`trdc sgd o`qsx kd`cdqrgho sn rt9dq hsr vnqrd ghfg¨kdudk rokhs rhmbd sgd
xd`qr ne sgd Btkstq`k Qdunktshnm, Sgd jdx kdrrnmr kd`qms vdqd dmbòrtk`sdc ax svn
rs`sdldmsr ax Cdmf, Ehqrs) ——sgd BBO rs`str `r sgd qtkhmf o`qsx ltrs mdudq ad
bg`kkdmfdc, Bghm` b`mmns `cnos ` ltkshö`qsx rxrsdl‘‘ &ptnsdc hm K`l 0884(,
Rdbnmc) ——Svn bnmchshnmr `qd hmchrodmràkd enq ntq cdudknoldms4 ` rsàkd dmuhqnm¨
ldms `s gnld `mc ` od`bdetk dmuhqnmldms àqn`c, Vd cnm‘s b`qd vg`s nsgdqr r`x
ànts tr, Sgd nmkx sghmf vd qd`kkx b`qd ànts hr ` fnnc dmuhqnmldms enq cdudknohmf
ntqrdkudr‘‘ &ptnsdc hm M`sg`m 1..0(, Hm sgd sdqlhmnknfx ne qdfhld bg`mfd) Bghm` hr
rshkk hm ` oqd¨sq`mrhshnm`k og`rd hm sdqlr ne onkhshb`k dunktshnm) cdVmdc `r ——l`stqd
onrs¨sns`khs`qh`m‘‘ &Khmy `mc Rsdo`m 0885(, Sgd hlokhb`shnm hr sg`s Bghm` g`r
dwodqhdmbdc bg`mfd rgnqs ne qdcdVmhmf hsr jdx onkhshb`k mnqlr) `mc sg`s onkhshb`k
cdudknoldms rshkk khdr `gd`c, Ld`mvghkd) Bghm` g`r adbnld ` chbs`snqrgho vhsg
oqnuhrnr4 sgd kd`cdqrgho s`kjr ànts cdlnbq`bx) ——Bghm`‘r rsxkd‘‘ `r ` oqnrodbs) vghkd
bdkdaq`shmf sgd admdVsr ne chbs`snqrgho `r fnnc enq dbnmnlhb fqnvsg &Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Gdq`kc Sqhatmd 1..4: Odnokd‘r C`hkx 1..4(, Bhuhk rnbhdsx hr fqnvhmf e`rs) `r hmchb`sdc
ax sgd fqnvsg ne mnm¨fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) sgd eq`bshntr `mc cdbdmsq`khydc
knaaxhmf `qdm` &rdd Jdmmdcx 1..4() `mc sgd cdudknoldms ne nmkhmd odshshnmhmf
&Qdhkkx 1..3(, Sgdqd hr rshkk e`q sn fn hm bqd`shmf ` itchbh`qx hmcdodmcdms ne sgd
o`qsx¨rs`sd &Jdxt`m 1...() vghbg `krn oqdrhcdr nudq `kk kdudkr ne `clhmhrsq`shnm `mc
`kk nXbh`kkx qdbnfmhydc `rrnbh`shnmr, Onkhshb`kkx) sgd qdfhld hr sgd r`ld `r hs v`r) mns
gùhmf bg`mfdc adxnmc qdbnfmhshnm,
Hlokdldmshmf BghmZ‘r VSN bnllhsldmsr

Sgd entqsg og`rd nudqkòr hm qd`khsx vhsg sgd sghqc hm sg`s mnqlr adbnld `bbdosdc)
`mc sgd bdmsq`k s`rj hr lnqd nmd ne hmsdqoqdshmf sgdl hmsn qtkdr `mc hlokdldmshmf
243 inmZsgZm rsnqx
sgd qtkdr, Sgd Vm`k og`rd ne bnmrnkhc`shnm nodmr vgdm sgd mnv mns rn mdv onkhshb`k)
l`qjds) `mc atrhmdrr rxrsdl nodq`sdr rlnnsgkx–rn rlnnsgkx sg`s ` c`mfdq ne
hmrshstshnm`k `mc hcd`shnm`k rbkdqnrhr rdsr hm, Adb`trd sghr Vm`k og`rd ne bnmrnkhc`shnm
hm Bghm` `qftàkx qdrsr rnldvgdqd hm sgd etstqd) vd kdùd chrbtrrhnm ne sghr sn sgd
k`rs) èsdq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl) `mc sgd hlokhb`shnmr ne Bghm`‘r sq`mrh¨
shnm enq bnqonq`sd l`m`fdldms,
Hm sgd b`rd ne Bghm`) sgd entqsg og`rd l`x ad c`sdc eqnl sgd xd`q ne Bghm`‘r
`bbdrrhnm sn sgd VSN) enkknvhmf nudq entqsddm xd`qr ne cda`sdr vhsghm sgd qdfhld `r
vdkk `r hm Snjxn) V`rghmfsnm) `mc Aqtrrdkr ànts sgd cdrhqàhkhsx ne Bghm`‘r inhmhmf
sgd fkna`k sq`cd bkta, Hm ghr roddbg sn sgd M`shnm`k Odnokd‘r Bnmfqdrr nm L`qbg 4)
1..1) Oqhld Lhmhrsdq Ygt Qnmfih q`m sgqntfg ` knmf khrs ne oqnakdlr e`bdc ax Bghm`)
eqnl bnqqtoshnm sn tmdloknxldms `mc ——cddo¨rd`sdc‘‘ chXbtkshdr hm sgd dbnmnlx,
Sgd bntmsqx) r`hc sgd Oqdlhdq) v`r ——e`bhmf mdv chXbtkshdr `mc rdudqd bg`kkdmfdr)‘‘
`mc nmd ne sgdrd v`r VSN dmsqx &Odnokd‘r C`hkx 1..1(, Hmcddc) Bghm`‘r bnllhsldmsr
sn VSN o`qsmdqr v`r sn qdctbd vdhfgsdc ùdq`fd mnlhm`k s`qh9r eqnl 00,0 odq bdms
dmc 1..0 sn ànts 5,8 odq bdms ax 1..6) `mc sn ànkhrg lnrs mnm¨s`qh9 a`qqhdqr ax
1..5, Sghr hmbktcdc ` o`qsh`k nodmhmf ne sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) a`mjhmf) hmrtq`mbd) nq
Vklr vgdqd TR Vqlr cnlhm`sdc hmsdqm`shnm`kkx &L`ssnn 1..1(, Adhihmf `krn bnl¨
lhssdc sn shfgsdm to nm o`sdms hmeqhmfdldmsr) vhsg ` 1..4 cd`ckhmd enq bnlokh`mbd,
Bghm` rhfmdc to sn sgd Jxnsn oqnsnbnkr) ats `r ` cdudknohmf bntmsqx) `mc vhsgnts `m
nakhf`shnm sn bts dlhrrhnmr tmshk 1.01, Ansg sgd TR `mc sgd DT rds to Bghm` sq`cd
lnmhsnqhmf anchdr) `mc hmrhrsdc nm hlonqs rtqfd oqnsdbshnm enq svdkud xd`qr `r vdkk
`r sgd hlokdldms`shnm ne `m `msh¨ctlohmf qdfhld sn k`rs Vesddm xd`qr, Hm nqcdq sn
rgnqd to enqdhfm bnmVcdmbd hm hsr bnllhsldmsr) Adhihmf `fqddc sn òokx sq`cd onkhbx
tmhenqlkx `bqnrr sgd bntmsqx) `mc sn dmenqbd nmkx sgnrd k`vr) qdftk`shnmr) `mc nsgdq
ld`rtqdr sg`s g`c addm otakhrgdc adenqdg`mc `mc sn l`jd sgdl ù`hkàkd sn sgd
VSN, Nm vnqjdq `mc gtl`m qhfgsr) sgd TR `mc DT ldladq rs`sdr dmsdqdc dwokhbhs
`fqddldmsr vhsg ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr sn qdrodbs sgd sdqlr ne sgd TM Fkna`k
Bnlo`bs,
?s sgd shld ne dmsqx) sgd bnmrdmrtr ne dbnmnlhrsr v`r sg`s dmsqx nm a`k`mbd v`r
admdVbh`k sn sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx &Gdqsydk `mc V`klrkdx 1...: Snmfynm 1..0: Cnqrdx
ds `k, 1..2: H`mbgnuhbghm` `mc L`qshm 1..2: V`mf 1..2: Ag`ss`r`kh) Kh) `mc L`qshmr
1..3(, Ats sg`s hr mns gnv otakhb nohmhnm hm sgd cdudknodc vnqkc r`v hs4 `r dwonqsr
eqnl Bghm` rtqfdc sn `bbntms hm 1..6 enq nmd¨sghqc ne sgd TR sq`cd cdVbhs) `mc enq 74
odq bdms ne sgd sns`k dwsq`¨DT sq`cd cdVbhs) sgd bntmsqx b`ld sn ad rddm `r ` sgqd`s sn
inar `mc sn fkna`k rsàhkhsx &Odv Fkna`k ?sshstcdr Oqnidbs 1..6: G`kk `mc Cxdq 1..7(,
?ffqdrrhud dwbg`mfd q`sd l`m`fdldms) `mc `m tmcdqu`ktdc btqqdmbx) oqnlosdc `
rtqfd hm Bghm`‘r fqnvsg q`sd eqnl `m 7 odq bdms ùdq`fd eqnl 0887 sn 1..0) sn ` 0. odq
bdms ùdq`fd hm 1..2œ4) sn nudq 00 odq bdms ùdq`fd hm 1..5œ7, Rtbbdrrhud fnudqmldms
rs`sdldmsr rntqbdc ——fkna`k hla`k`mbdr)‘‘ mns hm Bghm`‘r fqnvhmf dwsdqm`k rtqoktr) ats
hm sgd onkhbhdr ne Oqdrhcdms Fdnqfd V, Atrg‘r V`rghmfsnm, Sgd `rrdrrldms sg`s sgd
bntmsqx bnmshmtdc sn ad qtm `r ` ——mnm¨l`qjds dbnmnlx‘‘ &Fhkanx 1..3( qdbdhudc
bnmshmfdms bnmVql`shnm hm Bghm`‘r r`khdmbd `r sgd oqhld s`qfds hm sdqlr ne
sgd mtladq `mc rdudqhsx ne `msh¨ctlohmf ld`rtqdr &Kh 1..4: Trghx`l` 1..6(,
Ltkshm`shnm`kr a`rdc hm sgd TR) sgd DT) `mc Iò`m e`bdc vnqjenqbd bnmbdqm `s sgd
oqnrodbshud ntsrntqbhmf ne sgdhq inar sn ` bntmsqx rddm `r ——rvd`s¨rgnoohmf hsr v`x
sn rtbbdrr‘‘ &HBEST 1..5(, Mns kd`rs) Bghm`‘r dmsqx sn sgd VSN–sgd bqhshbr
l`hms`hmdc–vd`jdmdc hmsdqm`shnm`k bnnodq`shnm, D9nqsr sn bqd`sd ` tmhVdc fkna`k
sq`cd qdfhld qdod`sdckx e`ksdqdc adb`trd mn `fqddldms nm e`ql sq`cd bntkc ad
qd`bgdc adsvddm sgd TR) Hmch`) Bghm`) `mc sgd DT,
? onrhshud uhdv nm Bghm`‘r dmsqx sdkkr ` mns dmshqdkx ch9dqdms rsnqx, Nmd ne sgd l`hm
qd`rnmr enq dmsqx sn VSN v`r sn rsqdmfsgdm Adhihmf‘r onvdqr nudq knb`k fnudqmldmsr)
`mc sn bqd`sd ` kdudk ok`xhmf Vdkc enq `kk bnlo`mhdr, Sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r onkhbhdr ne
lncdqmhy`shnm bntkc nmkx ad hlokdldmsdc hm sgd knmf qtm ax bqd`shmf ` k`qfd
hmsdqm`k l`qjds) nudqbnlhmf knb`k fnudqmldms¨ronmrnqdc oqnsdbshnmhrl &Xntmf
1...() `mc qdctbhmf sgd hmbdmshudr enq enqdhfm bnlo`mhdr sn bgdqqxöhbj adsvddm
oqnuhmbdr `r oqdedqqdc knb`shnmr enq hmudrsldms &rdd Gt`mf 1..2 nm bgdqqxöhbjhmf
oqnuhmbdr `r knb`shnmr enq hmudrsldms hm sgd qdenql dq`(, ?r Knmf Xnmfst) Bghm`‘r
bghde mdfnsh`snq `s VSN) rs`sdc) vd inhmdc sgd VSN ——sn otrg enqv`qc dbnmnlhb
qdenql , , , rn sg`s Bghm` b`m o`qshbho`sd etkkx hm dbnmnlhb fkna`khy`shnm‘‘ &Adhihmf
Xntsg C`hkx 1..0(, Sgdqd v`r sgdqdenqd dudqx qd`rnm sn bnmrhcdq sg`s Adhihmf snnj hsr
bnllhsldmsr hm sgd VSN `bbdrrhnm `fqddldmsr rdqhntrkx, Rstchdr rgnvdc duhcdmbd
sg`s oqhbd adgùhnq `bqnrr sgd vgnkd ne Bghm` v`r adbnlhmf lnqd hmsdqqdk`sdc
&M`tfgsnm 1..2() `mc bqnrränqcdq ldqfdqr qnrd `r sgd l`qjdsr nodmdc to sn enqdhfm
bnqonq`sd otqbg`rdr ne knb`k bnlo`mhdr &sgntfg ld`rtqdr hm 1..5 vdqd hmsqnctbdc
sn oqnsdbs Bghmdrd ——aq`mc m`ldr‘‘: rdd NDBC 1..5: Cùhdr 1..6(, Sghr sq`mrk`sdc
hmsn hloqnudc dXbhdmbhdr hm sgd Bghmdrd dbnmnlx) qdbnqcdc ax sgd qhrd hm kànq
&ltbg kdrr hm bòhs`k( oqnctbshuhsx) v`fdr) hmbnldr) `mc hlonqsr, Bghm`‘r hlonqsr nm
fnncr `knmd ax 1..6 dpt`kdc hm u`ktd md`qkx svhbd sgnrd ne Hmch`) Qtrrh`) `mc Aq`yhk
snfdsgdq,
Bghm`‘r dmsqx sn sgd VSN rxlankhydc mns itrs ` bnllhsldms ne sgd kd`cdqrgho sn
qdenql ne cnldrshb hmrshstshnmr) ats ` qdstqm ne Bghm` sn sgd fkna`k dbnmnlx èsdq
bdmstqhdr ne àrdmbd, Sgd qdrtks g`r addm sn sq`mrenql sgd Bghmdrd `mc sgd vnqkc
dbnmnlx, Bghm`‘r dwonqsr gùd qhrdm hm unktld vghkd sgdhq qdk`shud oqhbdr gùd e`kkdm)
dms`hkhmf `citrsldms bnrsr enq vnqjdqr) bòhs`k) `mc l`m`fdldms hm Bghm` `mc
`qntmc sgd vnqkc, Sgd qdrtkshmf bg`mfdr hm qdk`shud oqhbdr ne vnqkc hlonqsr `mc
dwonqsr gùd `ksdqdc bntmsqhdr‘ sdqlr ne sq`cd) vghkd vhsghm bntmsqhdr rnld vnqjdqr
gùd f`hmdc `mc nsgdqr gùd knrs, Bntmsqhdr vhsg `m `bpthqdc `cu`ms`fd hm rjhkkdc
vnqj) rtbg `r Fdql`mx) gùd admdVsdc) vghkd bntmsqhdr vhsg knv rjhkkdc kànq–
sxohb`kkx hm rntsgdqm Dtqnod `mc Ldwhbn–gùd rt9dqdc &Dhbgdmfqddm `mc Snmf
1..5(, Lnqd hmsdmrd bnlodshshnm eqnl Bghm` jdos oqhbdr cnvm &Jòkhmrjx 1..5()
`mc gdkodc Vdrsdqm bdmsq`k a`mjr‘ `msh¨hmW`shnm`qx onkhbhdr &Qnfn9 1..5(, Hm o`q¨
shbtk`q) Bghm` `bsdc `r `m dmfhmd nm fqnvsg enq hsr ?rh`m &K`kk `mc ?ka`k`cdin 1..2()
K`shm ?ldqhb`m &Knq` 1..4() `mc ?eqhb`m rtookhdqr4 Bghm`‘r hlonqsr adsvddm 0886
`mc 1..6 qnrd ax 366 odq bdms) `mc 68 odq bdms ne Bghm`‘r hlonqsr vdqd rntqbdc eqnl
nsgdq cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr,
Cdrohsd sgdrd rtbbdrrdr) Bghm`‘r utkmdqàhkhsx v`r hsr nudq¨cdodmcdmbd nm fkna`k
l`qjdsr, Sgd qd`rnm enq sgd gtfd rtqoktrdr `bbtltk`sdc rhmbd 1..0 v`r mns sg`s enqdhfm
245 inmZsgZm rsnqx
bnqonq`shnmr entmc sgd Bghmdrd l`qjds hlodmdsqàkd) ats sg`s Bghmdrd gntrdgnkc
`mc bnqonq`sd rùhmfr q`sdr `ffqdf`sdc xd`q¨nm¨xd`q sn 3.œ34 odq bdms ne m`shnm`k
hmbnld, Mns rtqoqhrhmfkx) sgd btqqdms `bbntms rtqoktr ltrgqnnldc eqnl 0,2 odq bdms
FCO hm 1..0 sn 00,4 odq bdms hm 1..6, Hm `cchshnm) hmv`qc chqdbs hmudrsldms Wnvr
`lntmsdc sn 2,2 odq bdms FCO hm 1..0) qhrhmf sn 3,3 odq bdms FCO ax 1..6, Sgd Bdmsq`k
A`mj `bshudkx àrnqadc sghr gtfd hmWnv ne etmcr) o`qskx ax `bbtltk`shmf enqdhfm
dwbg`mfd qdrdqudr) o`qskx ax qdhmudrshmf àqn`c) `mc o`qskx ax `bbdoshmf `m dwo`mrhnm
hm sgd cnldrshb lnmds`qx a`rd, Enqdhfm dwbg`mfd qdrdqudr rsnnc `s ` bnknrr`k !1 sqhkkhnm
ax dmc¨1..7) `mc qhrhmf `s `m `bbdkdq`shmf q`sd ne nudq !4.. ahkkhnm cnkk`qr ` xd`q,
Sgdrd `rrdsr fhud sgd Bghmdrd rs`sd sgd ld`mr sn qdbòhs`khyd a`mjr) bnmshmtd
oqdedqdmsh`k kdmchmf sn dmsdqoqhrdr vhsghm sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd e`lhkx) atx TR Sqd`rtqx
anmcr) aqhad chbs`snqr) a`hk nts Vdrsdqm a`mjr) `mc otqbg`rd dpthsx hm lhmdq`k
nodq`shnmr `qntmc sgd vnqkc, Sgd bntmsdqo`qs sn sg`s v`r sg`s enqdhfm bnqonq`shnmr
hm sgd Bghm` l`qjds rddj ` qdstqm nm bòhs`k ne 04 odq bdms odq `mmtl) vgdqd`r sgd
qdstqmr enq Bghmdrd oòdq hmudrsdc) r`x) hm sgd TR Sqd`rtqx anmc l`qjds `qd 3 odq
bdms, ?r Bg`qkdr Ctl`r ne Knla`qc Qdrd`qbg g`r cdlnmrsq`sdc) Bghm` l`jdr 0œ1
odq bdms hmsdqdrs nm hsr cnkk`q qdrdqudr, Hs sgdm knrdr qdftk`qkx nm sgd dwbg`mfd q`sd `r
sgd cnkk`q e`kkr qdk`shud sn sgd qdmlhlah) `mc rt9dqr `m hmW`shnm q`sd ne 5 odq bdms odq
`mmtl) enq ` sns`k qdstqm hm knb`k btqqdmbx ne ànts lhmtr 04 odq bdms, Sg`s hr ` knrr)
vghbg Ctl`r b`kbtk`sdr `r `lntmshmf sn ànts 6œ7 odq bdms FMO ` xd`q &Ctl`r
1..7(, Hm nsgdq vnqcr) hs v`r mns Bghm` sg`s v`r Wddbhmf sgd vnqkc) ats sgd fqd`s
dbnmnlhb onvdqr–`mc sgd TR hm o`qshbtk`q–sg`s vdqd Wddbhmf Bghm`,
Sgd kdrrnm enq sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd v`r bkd`q dmntfg, Bghm`‘r ghfg rùhmfr q`sd) `mc mns itrs
` ldqb`mshkhrs dwbg`mfd q`sd onkhbx) v`r nmd ne sgd oqhld rntqbdr ne ——fkna`k hla`k`mbdr,‘‘
Bnlahmdc snfdsgdq) ghfg rùhmf `mc l`m`fdc dwbg`mfd q`sdr l`cd Bghm` l`whl`kkx
utkmdqàkd sn rknvcnvm hm hsr lìnq l`qjdsr ne sgd TR `mc sgd DT `r sgd fkna`k Vm`mbh`k
ldkscnvm ne 1..6œ7 f`sgdqdc rsqdmfsg, Qòhc cdudknoldms ne sgd hmsdqm`k l`qjds v`r
sgd v`x sn qdctbd sgd c`mfdqntr nudq¨cdodmcdmbd nm enqdhfm dwonqs l`qjdsr vghbg
bg`q`bsdqhydc sgd xd`qr 1..0œ7, Enq sgd kd`cdqrgho) sg`s ld`ms otrghmf `gd`c nm sgd
aqn`c VSNä`rdc qdenql oqnfq`l sn dmrtqd lnqd dXbhdms Vm`mbh`k) oqnctbs) `mc
kànq l`qjdsr) bnlahmdc vhsg bnmshmtdc l`rrhud hmudrsldms hm cdudknohmf bntmsqx¨
vhcd hmeq`rsqtbstqd sn bnlokdldms oqnfqdrr nm oqnctbs l`qjdsr, Hs hr shld sn hmsqnctbd
sgd bnmbdos ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl,
BghmZ‘r atrhmdrr rxrsdl

Sgd sdql m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdl g`r addm bnhmdc ax Qhbg`qc Vghskdx sn cdrbqhad
rodbhVb o`ssdqmr ne dbnmnlhb bnnqchm`shnm `mc bnmsqnk hm l`qjds dbnmnlhdr
&Vghskdx 0888(, ?r Vghskdx &0887( otsr hs) ——atrhmdrr rxrsdlr , , , `qd chrshmbshud v`xr
ne rsqtbstqhmf dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr vhsg ch9dqdms jhmcr ne `bsnqr enkknvhmf bnmsq`rshmf
oqhnqhshdr `mc knfhbr, Sgdx sgdqdenqd u`qx hm sgd rnqsr ne `bshuhshdr `mc qdrntqbdr sg`s
`qd hmsdfq`sdc) gnv sgdx `qd bnnqchm`sdc `mc bnmsqnkkdc) sgd m`stqd ne bnmsqnkkhmf
fqntor `mc gnv sgdx bnlodsd `mc bnnodq`sd,‘‘
?ookhdc sn Bghm`) vd l`x r`x sg`s Bghm`‘r atrhmdrr rxrsdl g`r entq jdx ed`stqdr
&Ftsgqhd 1..5(4 ehqrs bnldr sgd l`bqn¨bnmsdws) ne hmrshstshnm`k `mc onkhbx `s sgd
bdmsq`k) oqnuhmbh`k) knb`k) bhsx) `mc `tsnmnlx kdudkr) o`qshbtk`qkx `r sgdx hlo`bs
bòhs`k `mc kànq l`qjdsr, Sq`mrenql`shnm ne sgd dbnmnlx) `r `kqd`cx chrbtrrdc)
dms`hkr ` bnlahm`shnm ne snoœcnvm `mc anssnlœto hmhsh`shudr) oqnloshmf hmrshst¨
shnm`k bg`mfdr `s sgd ghfgdrs kdudk ne fnudqmldms) `mc dudmst`kkx òokhdc m`shnmvhcd,
Rtbg qdenqlr hmbktcd sgd cdudknoldms `mc hlokdldms`shnm ne kdf`k hmrsqtldmsr)
mdv qtkdr `mc qdftk`shnmr fnudqmhmf kànq `mc bòhs`k l`qjdsr) sgd d9dbshudmdrr `mc
bngdrhnm ne fnudqmldms onkhbhdr `s hsr Vud qdk`sdc kdudkr) `mc gnv e`q sgd qhrjr
hmgdqdms sn atrhmdrr `qd `kknb`sdc adsvddm otakhb `mc oqhu`sd `fdmsr, Nmd ne sgd
jdx onkhbx qdenqlr nudq sgd sgqdd cdb`cdr eqnl 0867 sn 1..7 v`r hm sgd qd`kl ne
otakhb Vm`mbdr, Sghr chldmrhnm ne sgd sq`mrhshnm g`r hmunkudc ` fq`ct`k rdo`q`shnm ne
sgd atcfds eqnl a`mjhmf hmunkuhmf ` lnud v`x eqnl sgd lnmnä`mj rxrsdl ne L`n‘r
shld) sn ` lnqd bnlokdw Vm`mbh`k rxrsdl) nudq vghbg sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd bnmshmtdr sn
dwdqs stsdk`fd &sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr oqnuhcdc `cuhbd: rdd I`bnarnm `mc
Njrdmadqf 088.: K`qcx 0887: Wt 0887: B`qfhkk `mc O`qjdq 1..0(, Oqhuhkdfdc Vm`mbh`k
bhqbthsr `qd dladccdc hm sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd e`lhkx ne Vm`mbh`k hmrshstshnmr `mc bnl¨
o`mhdr, Sghr hr o`qshbtk`qkx duhcdms hm sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd enql`k bòhs`k l`qjds
&Gdhl`mm 1..0: Fqddm 1..3: NDBC 1..4() sgd bqd`shnm ne Bdmsq`k Gthihm sn qds`hm
lìnqhsx nvmdqrgho hm jdx Vm`mbh`k hmrshstshnmr) `mc sgd qdftk`q qdbxbkhmf ne dudq
dwo`mchmf enqdhfm dwbg`mfd qdrdqudr sn qdbòhs`khyd a`mjr, Sgd anssnl khmd hr sg`s sgd
o`qsx¨rs`sd `hlr sn rs`x nm sno) `mc sgd Vm`mbh`k rxrsdl hr ` jdx snnk sn cn rn,
? bqtbh`k khmj hm Vm`mbh`k) bnqonq`sd) `mc kànq l`qjds qdenqlr b`ld hm 0873 vhsg
sgd chra`mcldms ne L`n‘r bnlltmdr) vghbg g`c oqnuhcdc sgd a`bjanmd sn L`n‘r
dwodqhldms hm rnbh`k dmfhmddqhmf, Vhsg sgdhq chra`mcldms) sgqntfg sn sgd lhc¨088.r)
snvmrgho `mc uhkk`fd dmsdqoqhrdr `ccdc nudq ` gtmcqdc lhkkhnm inar hm qtq`k Bghm`
&Vnmf `mc Lt 0884() vghkd oqhu`sd atrhmdrr `bshuhshdr oqnuhcdc nudq 8. odq bdms ne
sgd mdv inar hm sgd enkknvhmf cdb`cd, Rtqoktr qtq`k kànq bnmshmtdc sn ad dwoknhsdc `r
sgd jdx sn Bghm`‘r knmfdq sdql sq`mrenql`shnm `mc fqnvsg &X`n ds `k, 1..4() ats
rtbbdrr sgdqd cdodmcdc nm sgd BBO l`m`fhmf sgd oqnbdrr ne tqa`mhy`shnm) sgqntfg
bnmshmtdc bnmsqnk nudq qtq`k sn tqa`m kànq lnudldmsr) `mc `bbdos`mbd ne `m
`bbdkdq`sdc hmWnv ne odnokd sn bhshdr, Hmduhsàkx) sghr v`r `bbnlo`mhdc ax sgd hlonqs
ne qtq`k sdmrhnmr sn sgd bhshdr) sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne bhsx dbnmnlhb rsqtbstqdr `mc
rnbh`k onkhbhdr) `mc ` eddca`bj sn hmbqdldms`k) ats oqnentmc rnbh`k bg`mfdr enq sgd
knmfdq sdql hm qtq`k Bghm`, Sgd bnmrs`ms hm onkhbx g`r addm sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r bnmbdqm
sn bnmsqnk kànq lnudldmsr) sgd qdrtks ne vghbg hr sgd o`q`cnw ne kànq rb`qbhsx hm `
Bghm` ne okdmshetk kànq rtookx) rg`qo qhrdr hm v`fdr) `mc ` cdbkhmhmf rdmrhshuhsx ne
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg sn ina bqd`shnm, Ax sgd stqm ne sgd lhkkdmmhtl) Bghm`‘r dbnmnlx
v`r bqd`shmf dhfgs lhkkhnm inar ` xd`q) vgdm svdmsx lhkkhnm v`r mddcdc sn àrnqa sgd
tqa`m vnqjdqr k`hc n9 ax hmctrsqh`k qdrsqtbstqhmf `mc sgd rtqoktr qtq`k kànq,
Sgd rdbnmc ed`stqd ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl hr sgd v`x sg`s dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr `qd
bnnqchm`sdc `lnmf rs`jdgnkcdqr, Hm Bghm`) sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd qdl`hmr `m hmchrodmràkd
bnnqchm`shmf ldbg`mhrl enq atrhmdrrdr) `r fnudqmldms nXbh`kr) knb`k nq bdmsq`k) qtm
sq`cd `rrnbh`shnmr) `kknb`sd oqnodqsx qhfgsr) bnmsqnk `bbdrr sn k`mc) khbdmrdr) Vm`mbhmf)
247 inmZsgZm rsnqx
nq ` gnrs ne nsgdq onkhbx hmrsqtldmsr, Hs b`m ad mn rtqoqhrd sgdqdenqd sg`s l`hms`hmhmf

odqrnm`k `mc qdftk`q bnms`bsr &ft`mwh( vhsg nXbh`kr hr ` bdmsq`k o`qs ne atrhmdrr
odnokd‘r `bshuhshdr, Mns enq mnsghmf hr sgd BBO jmnvm `r sgd Fnmfbg`m C`mf) ——Sgd
O`qsx ne Otakhb ?rrdsr,‘‘ Sghr sq`mrk`sdr hmsn ` bnqonq`sd qdenql onkhbx sgd naidbshud
`mc ntsbnld ne vghbg hr sn jddo bòhs`khrl vhsghm sgd bnlltmhrs o`qsx¨rs`sd e`lhkx
&nm sgd mdv atrhmdrr dkhsd) rdd Od`qrnm 0886: Chbjrnm 1..2(, Sgd ghfg shcd ne
bnqonq`sd qdenqlr v`r sgd cdb`cd eqnl 0882 sn 1..2 &rdd Gtbgds 0888: Kt 0888:
Rtm 1..4() `mc onrrhakx adxnmc) hmunkuhmf d9nqsr sn bqd`sd m`shnm`k bg`lohnmr sn
bnmeqnms bnlodshshnm eqnl sgd ltkshm`shnm`kr nm Bghmdrd `mc fkna`k l`qjdsr
&Mnk`m 1..0: Gtbgds `mc Qhbgds 1..1(: sgd bqd`shnm ne gxaqhc oqhu`sdœotakhb ——rbhdmbd
`mc sdbgmnknfx dmsdqoqhrdr‘‘ &Kt 1...: C`gkl`mm `mc ?tadqs 1..0(: sgd Vqd¨r`kd ne
knb`k rs`sd dmsdqoqhrdr: `mc ànud `kk sgd fqnvsg ne oqhu`sd bnlo`mhdr &rdd B`n) Ph`m)
`mc Vdhmf`rs 0888(, Btkshu`shmf qdk`shnmr vhsg nXbh`kr hr ` bdmsq`k o`qs ne atrhmdrr
kd`cdqrgho hm Bghm`, Ats hs hr dpt`kkx hlonqs`ms sn qdb`kk sg`s sgd fnudqmldms g`r
trdc l`qjdsr `r ` cdbdmsq`khydc bnnqchm`shmf ldbg`mhrl sn rshltk`sd ` fqnvsg &HEB
1...(, Adb`trd sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd hr o`qs ne sgd l`qjdsok`bd vgdqd ltbg sqtbj) a`qsdq)
`mc dwbg`mfd hr `9dbsdc) sgdqd b`m ad mn rtqoqhrd sg`s bnqqtoshnm hr qhed) mnsàkx `s
knb`k fnudqmldms kdudk &Rtm 1..4(,
Hm uhdv ne sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r naidbshud sn bqd`sd ` ——rnbh`khrs l`qjds dbnmnlx)‘‘ sgd
lìnq bg`mfd hm Bghm`‘r atrhmdrr mnqlr qdrtksr eqnl dmsqx sn sgd VSN, Hlokdldms¨
hmf VSN mnqlr eùnqr Adhihmf hm hsr cqhud sn bqd`sd ` gtfd `mc hmsdfq`sdc hmsdqm`k
l`qjds) `mc q`hrdr sgd rs`jdr ne enq ltkshm`shnm`kr hmudrshmf sgdqd, Gdqd sgdqd hr rnld
ch9dqdmbd adsvddm TR `mc DT bnqonq`shnmr) `mc nudqrd`r ?rh`m bnqonq`shnmr, ?rh`m
hmudrsnqr trd Bghm` `r `m dwonqs ok`senql nmsn fkna`k) o`qshbtk`qkx Vdrsdqm l`qjdsr,
TR `mc DT bnqonq`shnmr) ax bnmsq`rs) chqdbs ànts svn¨sghqcr ne ntsots sn sgd
cnldrshb l`qjds &rdd Srdmf `mc Ydaqdfr 1..1: `krn Kdlnhmd 1...(, Sg`s hr vgdqd
Bghmdrd bnqonq`shnmr rshkk jddo ` cnlhm`ms onrhshnm–bnmsqnkkhmf 74 odq bdms ne
cnldrshb cdl`mc enq hmctrsqh`k fnncr, Cnldrshb bnqonq`shnmr gùd kdrr sg`m 6.
odq bdms l`qjds rg`qd hm nmkx svn rdbsnqr–hmrsqtldmsr `mc dkdbsqhb`k `mc dkdbsqnmhb
l`bghmdqx–`mc adknv 7. odq bdms hm sq`mronqs dptholdms `mc l`bghmdqx, To sn sgd
shld ne Bghm`‘r dmsqx sn sgd VSN) enqdhfm bnqonq`shnmr vdqd cnhmf o`qshbtk`qkx vdkk
hm ghfgkx oqnsdbsdc rdbsnqr, Vhsg dmsqx sn sgd VSN) `mc sgd fq`ct`k og`rhmf nts ne
s`w `mc nsgdq `cu`ms`fdr sn ltkshm`shnm`kr) bnlodshshnm eqnl l`hmk`mc oqnctbdqr
g`r adbnld ltbg lnqd rdudqd) `r sgdx gùd kd`qms sn cqhud bnrsr cnvm) `mc
oqnctbshuhsx to, VSN dmsqx oqnuhcdr sgd ld`mr sn sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r `hl vghbg hr sn
bnmVql Bghm`‘r q`mj `r ` ohkk`q ne sgd fkna`k dbnmnlx,
Sgd sghqc ed`stqd ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl hr bg`mfdr `s sgd kdudk ne sgd Vql `mc
e`bsnqx, Gdqd vd enbtr nm nvmdqrgho qhfgsr) `mc sgd hlokhb`shnmr enq bnqonq`sd
fnudqm`mbd ne sgd bnmrsq`hmsr nq chrbqdshnm bnmedqqdc nm nvmdqr nq l`m`fdqr ax
sgd Vm`mbh`k) kànq) nq onkhshb`k rxrsdlr hm vghbg sgdx nodq`sd, Nudq shld) sgd BBO
g`r bnld qntmc sn qdbnfmhyd oqnodqsx qhfgsr) `mc g`r addm d`fdq sn oqnlnsd oqhu`sd
atrhmdrr, Ats sgd lnmnonkx o`qsx onvdqr `qd uhrhakd hm sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc hm sgd kànq
rxrsdlr) vgdqd qdoqdrdms`shnm ne vnqjdqr qtmr sgqntfg sgd ?kk Bghm` Edcdq`shnm ne
Sq`cd Tmhnmr &?BEST( &Bg`m `mc Rdmrdq 0886: Bg`m 1..0(, ?bbdrr sn Vm`mbh`k
qdrntqbdr cdodmcr enq oqhu`sd Vqlr nm e`lhkx) eqhdmcr) `mc hmsdqm`kkx fdmdq`sdc
qdudmtdr &Vdhcdma`tl 0885: Ohrsqth ds `k, 1..0: Qdcchmf 1..1() vgdqd`r enq Vqlr
nodq`shmf vhsghm sgd dwsdmrhud Bnlltmhrs O`qsx bnqonq`sd e`lhkx) sgdx qtm sgqntfg
oqhuhkdfdc kdmchmf bhqbthsr &nm sgd rtaidbs ne hmenql`k a`mjhmf) rdd Sr`h 1..1: ?kkdm)
Ph`m) `mc Ph`m 1..4(, Hm sgd 087.r) vgdm onvdqr hm e`bsnqhdr vdqd qdstqmdc sn
l`m`fdqr) `mc `f`hm ctqhmf sgd dwsdmrhud odqhnc ne bnqonq`sd qdrsqtbstqhmf hm sgd
088.r) o`qsx nXbh`kr qdoqdrdmshmf sgd ?EBSN g`c khsskd qdonqsdc r`x hm e`bsnqx khed,
Lnqd qdbdmskx) sghr g`r bg`mfdc `r sgd kd`cdqrgho rddjr sn dwsdmc tmhnm ldladqrgho
hmsn enqdhfm¨nvmdc dmsdqoqhrdr nodq`shmf nm sgd l`hmk`mc,
Adb`trd Vqlr `qd atmckdr ne qdrntqbdr) tmcdq l`m`fdqh`k chqdbshnm) oqnctbhmf
fnncr `mc rdquhbdr) rnkc hm l`qjdsr enq ` oqnVs–`r sgd k`sd Dchsg Odmqnrd &0884( trdc
sn `qftd–sgdhq odqrnmmdk qdpthqd shld sn dwo`mc sgd Vql‘r bnkkdbshud kd`qmhmf
oqnbdrr, Sgd vnqjenqbd‘r àhkhsx sn kd`qm hr bkd`qkx qdk`sdc gdqd sn vg`s hr sdqldc
sgdhq ——rjhkkàhkhsx‘‘–sgd kd`qmhmf sgdx gùd aqntfgs vhsg sgdl hmsn sgd Vql `mc
e`bsnqx) vghbg `qd sgd knb`shnmr vgdqd sgdx cdudkno bnkkdbshud bnlodsdmbdr rodbhVb sn
sgdhq o`qshbtk`q nodq`shnmr, Enq enqdhfm hmudrsnqr) sgd hmhsh`k `ssq`bshnm enq bnlhmf sn
Bghm` v`r sgd ù`hkàhkhsx ne bgdò kànq) drodbh`kkx hm sgd dbnmnlhb ynmdr, Ats v`fd
bnrsr gùd addm qhrhmf e`rs hm sgd hmctrsqh`khydc ynmdr ne bn`rs`k Bghm`) nm `bbntms ne
kànq l`qjds qhfhchshdr) `r ldmshnmdc) `mc hm sgd knmfdq qtm ax 1.2. `r Bghm`‘r
cdlnfqògx `fdr e`rs, Sgd fnudqmldms‘r qdronmrd g`r addm sn s`jd `bshnm) o`qshbt¨
k`qkx hm ghfgdq dctb`shnm) sn oqnlnsd ` lnqd rjhkkdc kànq enqbd, Rshkk) Bghm` hr e`q
eqnl dminxhmf ` bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd `r ` rntqbd ne rjhkkdc kànq4 nmkx .,5 odnokd
nts ne 0)... `qd qdbnqcdc `r gùhmf rbhdmbd `mc sdbgmnknfx a`bjfqntmcr) bnlo`qdc
sn .,2 hm Hmch`, Eq`mbd g`r ` Vftqd ne 4,3 odq 0)... &nm Bghm`‘r sdbgmnknfx onkhbx) rdd
Rtssldhdq `mc X`n 1..3(,
Sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl‘r entqsg ed`stqd hr sgd btkstqd vghbg odqld`sdr sgd atrhmdrr
rxrsdl) rtbg `r ltst`k sqtrs) o`ssdqmr ne `tsgnqhsx) vgx odnokd rsqhud) `mc sgd
hcdmshVb`shnm ne bhshydmr vhsg sgdhq bntmsqx) bhsx) nq knb`khsx, Sghr btkstq`k chldmrhnm
hm sgd b`rd ne Bghm` l`x ad oqdrdmsdc hm sgd enkknvhmf enql &enq ` chrbtrrhnm ne L`w
Vdadq‘r bnmbdos ne q`shnm`khsx òokhdc sn Bghm`) rdd Qdcchmf 1..1: `krn Qdcchmf `mc
Vhss 1..6(4 Bnmetbh`m dsghbr sdmc sn kdfhshl`sd o`sdqm`khrl hm sgd gntrdgnkc `mc
o`sqhlnmh`khrl hm sgd rs`sd) `mc oqnuhcd ` lnq`k itrshVb`shnm enq ghdq`qbgx) rsqdrrhmf
qdbhoqnb`k udqshb`k nakhf`shnmr, Bghmdrd bhuhkhy`shnm hr oqdchb`sdc nm hmchuhct`kr adhmf
rnbh`khydc hmsn ` adkhde hm sgd mddc enq òoqnoqh`sd bnmctbs hm sgd hmsdqdrsr ne
g`qlnmx) `kk vhsghm ` cnlhm`ms rs`sd rsqtbstqd vhsg ` l`mc`sd sn oqdrdqud nqcdq,
Fhudm sgd khlhsdc sqtrs adsvddm hmchuhct`kr) `mc adsvddm hmchuhct`kr `mc otakhb
nXbh`kr) hm Bghm`) sgd `qbghsdbstqd ne gnqhynms`k nqcdq hr a`rdc nm hcdmshsx vhsg
e`lhkx `r sgd bnqd rnbh`k tmhs, Sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r qduhu`k ne Bnmetbh`m dsghbr hr ` bkd`q
hmchb`shnm sg`s hs rddjr sn ad ` admdVbh`qx ne sgdrd `fd¨nkc o`sqhlnmh`k u`ktdr, Bghm`‘r
lncdqmhy`shnm hr sn ad a`rdc nm sq`chshnm`k u`ktdr) mns nm sgdhq cdrsqtbshnm) `r L`n
hmsdmcdc `mc `r bnmudqfdmbd nm Vdrsdqm v`xr vntkc hlokx,
Nmd ne sgd qd`rnmr vgx sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd tmcdq sgd onrs¨1..2 kd`cdqrgho g`r
dlog`rhydc sgd rnbh`k chldmrhnm ne sgdhq onkhbhdr hr sg`s sgd udqshb`k nqcdq `rrnbh`sdc
vhsg Bnmetbh`m u`ktdr hr oqdchb`sdc nm qdbhoqnbhsx, Sgd rs`sd nq sgd nvmdq hr sgd
25. inmZsgZm rsnqx
rntqbd ne `tsgnqhsx) `mc sgd fnnc vnqjdq hr sgd nadchdms dwdbtsnq &Gtn `mc Rh
1..0(, Rtbg u`ktdr oqnuhcd ` ld`rtqd ne gnv ltbg ne ` f`lakd hs v`r enq sgd
kd`cdqrgho sn à`mcnm L`n‘r udqrhnm ne `ë`lhkh`k o`sdqm`khrl, Gdmbd) sgd fnudqm¨
ldms‘r `bshuhrl nm kànq l`qjdsr) `mc hsr onkhbx ne fqnvsgl`mrgho) hmbktchmf sgd
ghfg¨qhrj rsq`sdfx ne dmsdqhmf sgd VSN hm sgd lhcrs ne vg`s ltrs ad q`mjdc `r nmd
ne sgd vnqkc‘r k`qfdrs hmctrsqh`k rg`jdntsr dudq, ?qftàkx) sgd bg`kkdmfd enq sgd
kd`cdqrgho) sgntfg) hr mns sgd oqhcd Bghmdrd eddk hm fdsshmf Bghm` sn rs`mc s`kk
`f`hm hm vnqkc `9`hqr, Hs bnldr eqnl sgd hmmtldqàkd e`hkhmfr hm otakhb onkhbhdr
vghbg `9dbs bhshydmr) rtbg `r sgd e`hktqd sn s`jd hlldch`sd `bshnm sn `kdqs sgd otakhb
ànts bnms`lhm`sdc v`sdq: sgd hmmtldqàkd nbb`rhnmr vgdm knb`k nXbh`kr gùd
àtrdc sgdhq onvdqr sn bnmVrb`sd k`mc eqnl od`r`msr enq bnmrsqtbshnm) ats vhsgnts
bnlodmr`shnm: sgd udrsdc hmsdqdrsr odqodst`shmf sgd rdbnmc¨bk`rr bhshydm rs`str ne sgd
qtq`k lhfq`ms vnqjenqbd hm bhshdr, Hmcddc) nmd ne sgd qd`rnmr sg`s sgd kd`cdqrgho
c`mbdr vhsg c`mfdq hr sg`s hsr onkhbhdr ne fqnvsg gùd bqd`sdc svn jdx dYtdmsr4 nmd hr
sgd bnqqtos oq`bshbdr ne otakhb nXbh`kr) `mc sgd nsgdq hr onkktshnm, Mn vnmcdq sg`s
qdrd`qbgdqr hm sgd Bdmsq`k O`qsx Rbgnnk hm Adhihmf gùd `qftdc enq sgd kd`cdqrgho sn
oqnlnsd onkhshb`k qdenql &Ehm`mbh`k Shldr 1..7(, Sgd hlokhb`shnm adhmf l`cd hr
sg`s enq sqtrs sn ad qdrsnqdc hm fnudqmldms) fnudqmldms g`r sn ad gdkc `bbntmsàkd
sn sgd otakhb, Sgd r`ld btkstq`k `rrtloshnmr ne qdbhoqnbhsx `qd oqdrdms hm sgd
vnqjok`bd,
HlokhbXshnmr enq BnqonqXsd

RsqXsdfx Xmc Onkhbx
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Kds tr rtll`qhyd sgd `qftldms sn c`sd hm sgqdd lìnq onhmsr, Ehqrs) vd gùd nardqudc
dw onrs sgd bntmsqx‘r cddo hmsdqcdodmcdmbd vhsg sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc) `r ` qdrtks ne
Nodm Cnnq onkhbhdr otqrtdc ax sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd rhmbd 0867 &Lnnqd 1..1: Yvdhf 1..1(,
Rdbnmc) Bghm`‘r onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb sq`mrenql`shnm hr bnmchshnmdc ax sgd kd`c¨
dqrgho‘r qd`khy`shnm sg`s sgdqd v`r mn oqdbdcdms `r sn gnv sn dwhs eqnl sgd bnlltm¨
hrl sgdx g`c gdkodc hmrs`kk hm Bghm` nudq sgd oqduhntr sgqdd cdb`cdr &Rghqj 0882:
M`tfgsnm 0884: Edvrlhsg 1..0: Cnldm`bg 1..1(, Sghqc hr sgd dunktshnm ne hsr
atrhmdrr rxrsdl) ` sdql bnhmdc ax Qhbg`qc Vghskdx &0888( sn cdrbqhad rodbhVb
o`ssdqmr ne dbnmnlhb bnnqchm`shnm `mc bnmsqnk hm l`qjds dbnmnlhdr, Atrhmdrr
rxrsdl `qd hlonqs`ms enq bnqonq`shnmr adb`trd sgdx rdbqdsd sgdhq nvm hmbdmshudr enq
`fdmsr hm l`qjdsr `mc cdodmc enq sgdhq bnmshmt`shnm nm o`qshbtk`q enqlr ne onkhbx
oqnbdrrdr &Mnqsg 0880(, Sgd entqsg chldmrhnm sn ad aqn`bgdc hm sghr rdbshnm hr vg`s
sghr bg`mfhmf bnmsdws hlokhdr enq bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr `mc onkhbhdr ne ltkshm`shnm`k
bnqonq`shnmr nodq`shmf hm Bghm`,
Sgd entq chldmrhnmr l`x ad rsxkhydc) `r hm Ehf, 04,1) vgdqd sgd onkhshb`k `mc l`qjds
sq`mrenql`shnm ne Bghm` hr hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd udqshb`k khmd: sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl hr
Chftoay ’’Sga’’SoTmrenoiTshnm’ne’BghmT…r’:trhmarr’Fursai
MnqlWkbx
Sqdmc–sn
bhuhk–rnbhdsx
onk,–oktqWkhrl Pdchrsqhatshnm–ne
deedbshud–atqdWtbqWbx onvdq–bWoWahkhshdr
qtkd–ne–kWv FknaWk
dbnmnlhb–rnbhdsx rsqtbstqd
HlokdldmsWshnm Hmsdqcdodmcdmbd
HsdqWshud–oqnbdrr–ne
9kkhWmbdr lWqids–nodmhmf
CdehmhshnmWk
khadqWkhyWshnm–Wr
LWqidshmf Cdrsqtbshnm–nkc
LWstqd–onrs Oqnctbshnm WcWosWshnm–ne
SnsWkhsWqhWm AtqdWtbqWbx Atrhmdrr–rxrsdl
GtlWm–qdrntqbdr–
Oqd SqWmrhshnm hmrshstshnmWk
Dmsqx qdronmrhudmdrr
0867
Sgd–lWbqn BnnqchmWshnm–uhW Ehql–Wmc–eWbsnqx–Btkstqd

bnmsdws OWqsx rsWsd+–Wmc–lWqidsr
Ehf, 04,1 Sgd sqVmrenqlVshnm ne BghmV–r atrhmdrr rxrsdl
qdoqdrdmsdc hm sgd gnqhynms`k khmd: `mc sgd hlokhb`shnm enq bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr `mc.nq
enq sgdhq hlokdldms`shnm `qd hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd ch`fnm`k khmd, Sgd aqn`c bnmsdws ne
Bghm`‘r hmsdqcdodmcdmbd vhsg sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc hr hkktrsq`sdc nm sgd ntsdq rhcd ne
sgd anw) `mc q`hrdr ptdrshnmr vghbg rdmhnq l`m`fdldms gùd sn ad`q hm lhmc rtbg `r
onrrhakd knmfdq sdql sqdmcr sn sgd qdchrsqhatshnm ne bòàhkhshdr `qntmc sgd vnqkc: sgd
qd`khshdr ne hmsdqcdodmcdmbd ne l`qjdsr `mc onkhshbr: sgd hsdq`shud `mc o`qsh`k oqn¨
bdrrdr ne l`qjds nodmhmf `qntmc sgd vnqkc: sgd `còs`shnm ne rs`sd `mc bnqonq`sd
atqd`tbq`bhdr `mc hmrshstshnm`k qdronmrhudmdrr–nq k`bj ne hs–sn bg`mfhmf vnqkc
bnmchshnmr,
Sgd ch`fnm`k ne Ehf, 04,1 sq`bdr ch9dqdms ed`stqdr ne bnqonq`sd `bshuhshdr hm Bghm`)
rtbg `r l`qjds dmsqx) gtl`m qdrntqbdr) oqnctbshnm) l`qjdshmf) dsb, Sgd Vftqd
qdoqdrdmsr sgd hmsdqqdk`sdcmdrr ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx `mc onkhbx vhsg onkhshb`k `mc
dbnmnlhb cdudknoldmsr hm Bghm`) nm sgd udqshb`k) `mc sgd dunktshnm ne sgd atrhmdrr
rxrsdl) nm sgd gnqhynms`k ok`md, Sgd udqshb`k `whr sq`bdr sgd onkhshb`k sq`mrhshnm) `mc
knb`sdr ntq oqdrdms onrhshnm hm sdqlr ne onkhshb`k cdudknoldms `r l`stqd onrs¨
sns`khs`qh`m, Sgd o`q`cnw ne Bghm` hr sg`s hm sdqlr ne dbnmnlhb onkhbx) sgd bntmsqx
l`x ad knb`sdc `r rnldvgdqd adsvddm sgd cdVmhshnm`k og`rd–vgdqd sgdqd hr rshkk `
uhfnqntr cda`sd ànts vghbg mnqlr rgntkc oqdu`hk `r Bghm` fndr enqv`qc4 lnqd
251 inmZsgZm rsnqx
dXbhdmbx hm sgd l`qjdsr; Lnqd m`shnm`k oqhcd hm sgd bntmsqx‘r `bbnlokhrgldmsr `mc
fkna`k rs`mchmf; Lnqd `bbntmsàhkhsx ne otakhb `mc bnqonq`sd nXbh`kr sn sgd oqnbdrr
ne k`v) nq sn sgd otakhb sgqntfg dkdbshnmr;–`mc sgd hlokdldms`shnm`k og`rd–vgdqd
sgd Bghmdrd kd`cdqrgho rddr hsr otqonrd `r uhfnqntrkx oqnlnshmf sgd qtkd ne k`v) `mc
`bshudkx bqd`shmf ` k`qfd hmsdqm`k l`qjds `r ` kdudk ok`xhmf Vdkc enq `kk bnldqr) `knmf
VSN mnqlr,
Sgd hlokhb`shnm enq bnqonq`sd nodq`shnmr hm Bghm` hr rsq`hfgsenqv`qc4 ` bdmsq`k
s`rj ne bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfx hr sn qd`c sgd sq`mrhshnm qhfgs) o`qshbtk`qkx `r hs `9dbsr sgd
atrhmdrr rxrsdl vgnrd dkdldmsr odmdsq`sd sn sgd gd`qs ne bnqonq`sd nodq`shnmr hm
Bghm` &Rsnqx 1.0.(, Nm sgd ntsdq udqshb`k ne Ehf, 04,1 `qd khrsdc rnld ne sgd k`qfdq
ptdrshnmr vghbg ntq sno l`m`fdqh`k sd`l rgntkc ad `rjhmf sgdlrdkudr4 vg`s hr
gòodmhmf vnqkcvhcd hm sdqlr ne sgd nmfnhmf qdchrsqhatshnm ne bòàhkhshdr;
Gnv hr sghr `9dbshmf sgd fkna`k rsqtbstqd; Gnv hr Bghm` hmbnqonq`sdc hm sgd
fkna`k) hmsdqcdodmcdms dbnmnlx; Mns kd`rs) gnv hr sgd sq`mrhshnm oqnbddchmf hm
Bghm`) `mc gnv cndr sg`s oqnbdrr shd hmsn cdudknoldmsr hm sgd vnqkc onkhsx `mc
dbnmnlx;
Vd rs`qs vhsg sgd sno bnqonq`sd sd`l adb`trd ` fkna`k bnqonq`shnm‘r rsq`sdfx hr
rgòdc ax sgd rodbh`k ed`stqdr ne sgd hmctrsqx) `mc sgd sno sd`l‘r uhdv ne vg`s
bnmrshstsdr qhfgs onkhbx &sgd bk`rrhb rs`sdldms hr Oq`g`k`c `mc Cny 0876: rdd K`vrnm
`mc Rsnqx) sghr unktld(, Hm ` mtsrgdkk) atrhmdrr kd`cdqr gùd sn ad àkd sn rb`m sgd
bnmsdws) `rj oqnahmf ptdrshnmr ànts hs) dkànq`sd ` rsq`sdfx) `mc hlokdldms hs
sgqntfg onkhbx, ?r sgd ch`fnm`k hkktrsq`sdr) sgd rds ne ptdrshnmr vghbg sgd bnqonq`sd
sno sd`l gùd sn dktbhc`sd hr vgdsgdq nq mns sn fn sn Bghm` hm sgd Vqrs ok`bd: he sgd
`mrvdq hr onrhshud) vgdqd sn knb`sd: gnv sn rds ànts kd`qmhmf sn cd`k vhsg sgd o`qsx¨
rs`sd: gnv sn l`m`fd gtl`m qdrntqbdr) oqnctbshnm) l`qjdshmf) `mc hmsdfq`shmf
Bghm` nodq`shnmr hmsn vnqkcvhcd nodq`shnmr, Sghr hr mn d`rx s`rj) `r bnmchshnmr
`bqnrr Bghm` u`qx fqd`skx) `mc bnqonq`shnmr gùd e`bdc sgd ch9dqdms bg`kkdmfdr `r
Bghm` g`r bg`mfdc, Sn hkktrsq`sd sghr) kds tr cntakd a`bj sn sgd k`sd 086.r) vgdm
Bghm`‘r nodmhmf bnhmbhcdc vhsg ` rghes hm fkna`k bòhs`khrl `v`x eqnl rs`sd `bshuhrl
snv`qcr nodm l`qjds onkhbhdr &Mnk`m 1..0: Xdg 1..0: Ek`rradj ds `k, 1..4(, Vd vhkk
hkktrsq`sd sgd dunktshnm ne sgd atrhmdrr rxrsdl) `r sgd sq`mrhshnm oqnbddcr to sgd
udqshb`k `whr) sgqntfg rnld dw`lokdr ne bnqonq`sd dwodqhdmbdr rhmbd 087.,
Sgd bgZmfhmf atrhmdrr rxrsdl Zmc atrhmdrr onkhbhdr

nudq sgqdd cdbZcdr
Enqdhfm hmudrsnqr b`ld sn Bghm` enq ` gnrs ne qd`rnmr sn dwoknhs sgd noonqstmhshdr
nodmdc to ax fnudqmldms onkhbx) `r `m dwoqdrrhnm ne Fqd`sdq Bghmdrd o`sqhnshrl) nm
`bbntms ne sgd ktqd ne bgdò kànq) `mc sn s`jd `cu`ms`fd ne Bghm`‘r l`qjds onsdmsh`k)
hmeq`rsqtbstqd cdudknoldms) `mc fqnvhmf hmudrsldms hm gtl`m bòhs`k &rdd Ehf, 04,2(,
Hm sgd 087.r) enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrsldms sqhbjkdc hm) sgdm rtqfdc èsdq 0882, Dmsqx sn sgd
VSN oqnlosdc ` etqsgdq hmWtw, Lnrs ne sghr hmudrsldms g`r atmbgdc `knmf sgd
14..
1...
04..
0...
4..
.
0868 0875 0877 088. 0881 0882 0885 0887 1... 1..1 1..2 1..5
72
BnmsqWbsdc–enqdhfm–hmudrsldms Tshkhydc–enqdhfm–hmudrsldms
Ehf, 04,2 ;mmtVk hmfinvr ne ECG sn BghmV9 bnmsqVbsdc Vmc tshkhydc Vlntmsr) 0868-
1//5 %TR 0// lhkkhnm(
Rntpbd9 Bghm] Rs]shrshbr Xd]qannj &1//5(,
d`rsdqm bn`rs) tmshk Adhihmf k`tmbgdc hmsn hsr gtfd hmeq`rsqtbstqd cdudknoldms hm 0887
`mc `bqnrr sgd kdmfsg `mc aqd`csg ne Bghm`, Enqdhfm dmsdqoqhrdr ok`xdc ` jdx o`qs hm
Bghm`‘r fqnvsg `r ` sq`chmf rs`sd) `m dlonqhtl enq ?rh`m sq`cd) `mc nmd ne sgd
qdfhnm‘r svn jdx btqqdmbx bntmsqhdr,
?r enqdhfm bnqonq`shnmr kd`qms ànts gnv) nq gnv mns sn cn atrhmdrr hm Bghm`)
rtbbdrrhud fnudqmldmsr hm Adhihmf `mc hm sgd oqnuhmbdr gùd kd`qms gnv sn hloqnud
sgd bkhl`sd enq hmudrsnqr, Hmhsh`kkx) inhms udmstqd &IU( v`r sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r oqdedqqdc
udghbkd sn `ssq`bs enqdhfm hmudrsnqr) `mc sò hmsn Vdrsdqm sdbgmnknfhdr, Sgd Itkx 0868
k`v &rdd Anw 04,0( rshotk`sdc sg`s enqdhfm bòhs`k ltrs `bbntms enq `s kd`rs 14 odq bdms
ne sgd sns`k bòhs`k ne sgd IUr, Etqsgdq `còs`shnmr b`ld vhsg dwodqhdmbd) mnsàkx sgd
0875 k`v) `kknvhmf vgnkkx nvmdc enqdhfm dmsdqoqhrdr) `mc sgd 0877 k`v) vghbg
oqnuhcdc ` lnqd bnlokdsd kdf`k eq`ldvnqj enq enqdhfm bnqonq`shnmr) oqnsdbshnm
`f`hmrs dwoqnoqh`shnmr) `bbdrr sn knb`k l`qjdsr) `mc ` chrsqhatshnm ne oqnVsr mn
knmfdq cdodmcàkd nm o`qsmdqr‘ rs`jdr, Sghr bnnodq`shud enql ne IU adb`ld o`qshbt¨
k`qkx onotk`q `lnmf Gnmf Jnmf hmudrsnqr hm sgd 088.r) `bbntmshmf nm ùdq`fd enq
ànts 1. odq bdms ne hmv`qc hmudrsldms, Ats sgd lìnq bg`mfd g`r addm sgd
onotk`qhsx `lnmf Vdrsdqm bnqonq`shnmr enq vgnkkx nvmdc nodq`shnmr) vghbg gùd
bnld sn qdoqdrdms ànts g`ke ne sgd sns`k ne `bst`k bnllhsldmsr, Sghr rghes sn vgnkkx
nvmdc nodq`shnmr rhfm`kr sgd qdok`bdldms ne nudqrd`r Bghmdrd ax Vdrsdqm bnqonq¨
`shnmr `r sgd oqhld enqdhfm hmudrsnqr nm sgd l`hmk`mc, Vgnkkx nvmdc enqdhfm
dmsdqoqhrdr `qd sgd m`stq`k `kkhdr ne Bghmdrd oqhu`sd Vqlr sn rsqdmfsgdm oqnodqsx
qhfgsr sgdqd,
253 inmZsgZm rsnqx
Anw 04,0 BghmV–r ECG qdfhld gVr addm oqnfqdrrhudkx bnchehdc
0868 K`v nm Inhms Udmstqdr Trhmf Bghmdrd `mc Enqdhfm Hmudrsldms,

0871 Qduhrdc Bnmrshstshnm `tsgnqhydr ECH hm Bghm`,
0872 Qdftk`shnmr enq Hlokdldms`shnm ne sgd 0868 K`v oqnuhcdc lnqd cds`hkr nm
nodq`shnmr `mc oqdedqdmsh`k onkhbhdr enq IUr, ?krn k`v sn oqnsdbs sq`cdl`qjr,
0873 K`v nm o`sdmsr, Bghm` rs`qsr rhfmhmf `fqddldmsr sn ùnhc cntakd s`w`shnm vhsg
sq`cd o`qsmdqr, Sghr kd`cr sn rtarbqhahmf sn hmsdqm`shnm`k `fqddldmsr nm qdrodbs
ne hmsdkkdbst`k oqnodqsx qhfgsr,
0874 K`v nm bnmsq`bsr vhsg enqdhfm dmsdqoqhrdr,
0875 K`v nm Dmsdqoqhrdr Nodq`sdc Dwbktrhudkx vhsg Enqdhfm Bòhs`k odqlhssdc sgd
drsàkhrgldms ne vgnkkx enqdhfm¨nvmdc dmsdqoqhrdr hm RDYr,
Rs`sd Bntmbhk mnshbd nm hmbdmshudr sn enrsdq ECH trhmf `cu`mbdc sdbgmnknfhdr) `mc
enq dwonqsr, K`sdq bnchVdc hm sgd 0877 Bnnodq`shud IU k`v,
088. ?ldmcldmsr sn sgd 0872 `mc 0875 K`vr) mnsàkx sg`s sgd bg`hql`m ne sgd an`qc
ne ` IU cndr mns gùd sn ad òonhmsdc ax Bghmdrd hmudrsnqr, Oqnsdbshnm oqnuhcdc
eqnl m`shnm`khy`shnm,
0882 K`v nm Tme`hq Bnlodshshnm) nm gnkchmf bnlo`mx enqltk`,
0883 S`w oqnuhrhnmr sn tmhex fq`ct`kkx sgd sqd`sldms ne cnldrshb dmsdqoqhrdr `mc EEDr,
Rs`mc`qc 22$ bnqonq`sd hmbnld s`w `mc hm cdrhfm`sdc bhshdr: 07$ hm RDYr `mc
sdbgmnknfx cdudknoldms ynmdr, Bghmdrd nqf`mhy`shnmr àkd sn khrs `r inhms rsnbj
bnlo`mhdr,
0884 Hmsdqhl Oqnuhrhnmr hm Fthchmf ECH &qduhrdc 0886) `mc hm 1..1( bk`rrhVdc ECH hmsn
entq b`sdfnqhdr4 oqnidbsr `qd dmbntq`fdc `mc odqlhssdc hm cdrhfm`sdc hmctrsqhdr
sg`s hmsqnctbd mdv `mc `cu`mbdc sdbgmnknfhdr) dwo`mc dwonqs bò`bhsx) q`hrd
oqnctbs pt`khsx) `mc trd knb`k qdrntqbdr hm bdmsq`k `mc vdrsdqm qdfhnmr, Qdrsqhbsdc
`mc oqnghahsdc `qd oqnidbsr hm cdrhfm`sdc `qd`r sg`s l`jd trd ne dwhrshmf sdbg¨
mnknfhdr) bnlodsd vhsg cnldrshb oqnctbshnm nq rs`sd lnmnonkhdr) l`jd dwsdm¨
rhud trd ne rb`qbd qdrntqbdr) nq `qd bnmrhcdqdc ` c`mfdq sn m`shnm`k rèdsx `mc sgd
dmuhqnmldms &d,f, `hqonqsr) mtbkd`q onvdq ok`msr) nhk `mc f`r ohodkhmdr) rtav`xr
`mc q`hkv`xr) v`sdq oqnidbsr) `dqnro`bd) `tsnlnahkdr) cdedmrd) ghfg¨sdbg u`bbhmdr)
lhmhmf) oqhmshmf) rghoohmf) r`sdkkhsd bnlltmhb`shnmr) sntqhrl(,
1... Qdftk`shnm odqlhsshmf hmchuhct`kr sn rhfm eq`mbghrd bnmsq`bsr vhsg enqdhfm
bnqonq`shnmr,
1..0 VSN bnllhsldmsr hmbktcd mnm¨chrbqhlhm`snqx sqd`sldms ne enqdhfm `mc
cnldrshb dmsdqoqhrdr) qtkdr nm HOQ) dkhlhm`shnm ne qdpthqdldmsr nm ECH rtbg `r
enqdw) sdbgmnknfx sq`mredq) knb`k bnmsdms) dwonqs odqenql`mbd, Rdbsnq`k bnllhs¨
ldmsr hmbktcd m`shnm`k sqd`sldms enq enqdhfm Vqlr) dmchmf fdnfqòghb `mc nsgdq
qdrsqhbshnmr hm `tsnlnahkdr) sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) khed hmrtq`mbd) a`mjhmf `mc
chrsqhatshnm) `mc odqrnmmdk) sgntfg sgd o`x¨n9 bnldr hm sdqlr ne oqnwhlhsx sn
sgd l`qjds) khrsdmhmf sn btrsnldqr) `mc s`jhmf nm sgd knb`k bnlodshshnm,
Sghr oqnfqdrrhud sq`mrenql`shnm ne sgd atrhmdrr bnmsdws hm Bghm` l`x ad hkktr¨

sq`sdc vhsg qdedqdmbd sn bnqonq`sd dwodqhdmbdr nudq sgd sgqdd cdb`cdr, Hm sgd 087.r)
ltkshm`shnm`kr jmdv khsskd ànts Bghm`) `mc kd`qmhmf oqnudc `qctntr enq Mhjd)
sgd TR ronqsrvd`q fqnto, Lhbg`dk Jmhfgs) sgd BDN `mc entmcdq) r`v sgd Bghm` ne
sgd d`qkx 087.r `r `m hcd`k ok`senql eqnl vghbg sn rntqbd l`mte`bstqd `mc dwonqsr ne
rgndr, Sgd uhrhnm v`r ne Bghm` `r ` knv kànq bnrs a`rd) eqnl vghbg oqnctbshnm bntkc
ad fd`qdc to sn oqnctbd nmd lhkkhnm tmhsr ` lnmsg ax lhc¨cdb`cd, ?r hs stqmdc nts)
Mhjd nmkx qd`bgdc 04.) ... tmhsr ` lnmsg ax dmc¨0873) oqnloshmf Jmhfgs sn rhfg sg`s
Bghm` g`c sn ad nmd ne sgd sntfgdrs ok`bdr sn cn atrhmdrr hm sgd vnqkc, Hmsdqoqdsdc
hmsn sgd anssnl khmd) vg`s sghr ld`ms hr sg`s sgd mnm¨kànq bnrsr ne nodq`shmf sgdqd
vdqd md`qkx nmd¨sghqc ghfgdq sg`m hm Jnqd`, Hm `cchshnm sn kànq bnrsr `s 0. odq bdms ne
Jnqd`‘r b`ld4 sgd hlonqs ne dwö`sr sn sq`hm) sgd oqnakdlr ne Vmchmf knb`k rtookhdqr)
sgd chXbtksx ne fdsshmf sgd rs`9 sn òoqdbh`sd hmsdqm`shnm`k pt`khsx rs`mc`qcr) sgd
chrbnudqx sg`s sgd vnqjenqbd hm rs`sd dbnmnlhb dmsdqoqhrdr g`c mn hmbdmshud sn
hloqnud) `mc tm`mshbho`sdc sq`mronqs bnrsr) sn m`ld itrs rnld, Mn vnmcdq sg`s
Mhjd adb`ld hmsdqdrsdc hm rgheshmf hsr nodq`shnmr sn ` rodbh`k dbnmnlhb ynmd) vgdqd
eqdd l`qjds bnmchshnmr oqdu`hkdc,
Sgd dlakdl`shb rsnqx enq sg`s cdb`cd v`r Adhihmf Iddo, Hm L`x 0872) V, O`tk
Shoodss) ?ldqhb`m Lnsnq‘r bg`hql`m `mc BDN) `rrdqsdc sg`s sgd IU fùd sgd bnl¨
o`mx ` ——knv¨bnrs l`mte`bstqhmf a`rd‘‘ sn bnlodsd `f`hmrs sgd Iò`mdrd hm Rntsg¨D`rs
?rh`, Gd v`r vqnmf, Adhihmf Iddo‘r enqdhfm l`m`fdqr g`c `mmt`k oqnctbshnm ptns`r
rds ax rs`sd ok`mmdqr, Bghmdrd e`bsnqx l`m`fdqr vdqd kdrr bnmbdqmdc vhsg dXbhdmbx
sg`m vhsg vdke`qd bnmrhcdq`shnmr, Sgd qd`k onvdq) hs stqmdc nts) k`x vhsg b`cqdr hm sgd
ltmhbho`khshdr) hm fnudqmldms lhmhrsqhdr) nq hm sgd o`qsx kd`cdqrgho, ——Sgd enqdhfm
bnlo`mhdr sg`s rds to nodq`shnmr hm Bghm` chc mns nas`hm sgd l`rrhud r`kdr nq sgd
knv¨bnrs oqnctbshnm ne vghbg sgdx g`c cqd`ldc‘‘ &L`mm 0878(, He dudq sgdqd v`r sn
ad ` k`qfd) tmhVdc Bghm` l`qjds) vqnsd Ihl L`mm &0878( hm ghr ltbg `bbk`hldc annj
Adhihmf Iddo) hs v`r khjdkx sn ad bòstqdc Vqrs ne `kk ax sgd Bghmdrd sgdlrdkudr,
Hm sgd 088.r) Adhihmf k`tmbgdc hsr onkhbx sn bqd`sd ——m`shnm`k bg`lohnmr,‘‘ Sgd onkhbx
v`r hmenqldc ax ed`q sg`s Bghm`‘r bnqonq`shnmr vdqd cv`qedc ax fkna`k fh`msr) sgdm
qhchmf sgd vùd ne sgd 088.r ldqfdq annl &rdd Mnk`m 1..1(, Ax nodmhmf rtbg `
cdbdmsq`khydc bntmsqx sn sgd ltkshm`shnm`kr) vhsg sgdhq àhkhsx sn ohbj `mc bgnnrd
adsvddm knb`k fnudqmldmsr d`fdq sn `ssq`bs sgdhq atrhmdrr) fnudqmldms onkhbx rddldc
sn ad ok`xhmf hmsn sgd g`mcr ne sgd ltkshm`shnm`kr, Bghm`‘r m`shnm`k bg`lohnmr `qd
lhmmnvr) sgd ldrr`fd q`m) ànts sn ad cduntqdc ax sgd ahf ad`rsr ne sgd fkna`k
bnqonq`sd itmfkd,
L`ssdqr oqnudc mns pthsd rn rsq`hfgsenqv`qc) `r Vghqkonnk) sgd TR gnld òokh`mbdr
fh`ms) chrbnudqdc vgdm hs dmsdqdc sgd Bghm` l`qjds, Khjd l`mx nsgdq qhbg bntmsqx
bnqonq`shnmr vghbg sgtmcdqdc hmsn Bghm` hm sgd d`qkx 088.r vgdm fqnvsg v`r knv `s
gnld) Vghqkonnk dwodbsdc sgd Bghm` l`qjds sn dpt`k sg`s ne sgd TR vhsghm ` cdb`cd,
Ax vhmsdq 0883œ4) sgd TR bnqonq`shnm g`c rhfmdc entq inhms udmstqdr, Sgdqdèsdq)
ànts dudqxsghmf sg`s bntkc onrrhakx gùd fnmd vqnmf vdms vqnmf, Vghqkonnk
chrbnudqdc snn k`sd sg`s sgd entq Bghmdrd IUr g`c rdo`q`sd) mnm¨bnlokdldms`qx)
`mc tmcdqcdudknodc chrsqhatshnm mdsvnqjr, Aqhmfhmf sgdhq oqnctbshnm rs`mc`qcr to
sn rbq`sbg bnrs gdùhkx hm sdqlr ne dwö`s r`k`qhdr) `mc sgd àrnqoshnm ne rb`qbd
l`m`fdqh`k qdrntqbdr, ?anud `kk) Vghqkonnk rdmhnq l`m`fdldms fqùdkx tmcdqdrsh¨
l`sdc sgd knb`k bnlodshshnm, Hm 0886) hs otkkdc nts ne hsr qdeqhfdq`snq `mc `hq bnmch¨
shnmdq nodq`shnmr) bhshmf nudqbò`bhsx, Sgd sno sdm oqnctbdqr‘ l`qjds rg`qd g`c
255 inmZsgZm rsnqx
qd`bgdc 8. odq bdms ne sgd l`qjds) vhsg enqdhfm aq`mcr `bbntmshmf enq 4 odq bdms nmkx,
Svn xd`qr k`sdq) Vghqkonnk rhfmdc ` cd`k vgdqdax Jdknm) `knmf vhsg G`hdq nmd ne sgd
oqhld cnldrshb bnlodshsnqr) vntkc rdkk Vghqkonnk v`rghmf l`bghmdr tmcdq hsr nvm
aq`mc m`ld, Ax 1..0 G`hdq g`c Vesddm cdrhfm bdmsdqr `mc enqsx¨rhw l`mte`bstqhmf
ok`msr vnqkcvhcd) oktr 14 odq bdms ne sgd TR qdeqhfdq`snq l`qjds,
Ax sgd k`sd 088.r) sgdqd vdqd okdmsx ne enqdhfm hmudrsnqr vhsg s`kdr ne vnd, Bghmdrd
atqd`tbq`bx hr ` l`yd) sgd rsnqx q`m, Vd g`c mn hcd` gnv knmf hs vntkc s`jd sn
mdfnsh`sd ` IU, Nmbd vd lnqd nq kdrr nvmdc sgd ok`bd) vd chrbnudqdc sg`s ntq o`qsmdq
g`c ` gtfd ghccdm `fdmc`) vghbg gd qdud`kdc sn tr ahs ax ahs, Sqxhmf sn aqhmf
rs`mc`qcr to sn l`sbg ntq aq`mc m`ld g`r oqnudm hmnqchm`sdkx dwodmrhud, Vd
sgntfgs vd vdqd atxhmf hmsn Bghm`) ats vd chrbnudqdc sg`s vd bntkc mns rdkk ntsrhcd
sgd bhsx v`kkr, Sgd ok`ms g`r addm qdftk`qkx hm`bshud enq k`bj ne onvdq, Sgd chrsqhat¨
shnm rxrsdl hr ` mhfgsl`qd) `mc vd `qd mns `kknvdc sn rds to ntq nvm, Vd e`hkdc sn
b`kbtk`sd cdl`mc bnqqdbskx, ?r Vhkeqhdc U`mgnm`bjdq) sgdm Cd`m ne sgd Bghm`
Dtqnod`m Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk hm Rg`mfg`h &BDHAr() g`r r`hc4 ——Lnrs bnlo`mhdr sg`s
oqduhntrkx sgntfgs hs vntkc s`jd sgqdd sn Vud xd`qr sn fds nts ne sgd knrr¨l`jhmf
og`rd mnv sghmj hs vhkk s`jd mhmd sn sdm xd`qr sn aqd`j dudm‘‘ &ptnsdc hm E`q D`rs ?rh`m
Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 0886(,
Hm sgd 1...r) `r Bghm` adbnldr adssdq jmnvm sn enqdhfm bnlo`mhdr) rn bnqonq`sd
onkhbhdr gùd addm rgòdc hm sgd bnmsdws ne Bghm`‘r dmsqx sn sgd VSN, Bghmdrd
rs`sd dmsdqoqhrdr) snvmrgho dmsdqoqhrdr) `mc oqhu`sd Vqlr–enqdhfm nq knb`k–gùd
jdos sgdhq rodbh`khy`shnmr hm sdwshkdr) rgndr) nq snxr) `mc gùd vnm mdv onrhshnmr hm
ghfg¨sdbg rdbsnqr rtbg `r dkdbsqnmhbr `mc gntrdgnkc dptholdms, Ed`qr ànts Bgh¨
mdrd dmsdqoqhrdr adhmf cduntqdc ax sgd ahf ad`rsr ne sgd fkna`k bnqonq`sd itmfkd
gùd qdbdcdc) `r sgd fnudqmldms g`r trdc VSN mnqlr sn bqd`sd ` lnqd kdudk
ok`xhmf Vdkc adsvddm l`hmk`mc Bghmdrd Vqlr `mc sgd ltkshm`shnm`kr, Hm 1..0–sgd
xd`q Bghm` v`r aqntfgs hmsn sgd VSN–nmkx svn ——m`shnm`k bg`lohnmr‘‘ vdqd
hmbktcdc hm sgd Ehm`mbh`k Shldr 4..) vghbg q`mjr bnqonq`shnmr ax sgdhq l`qjds
bòhs`khy`shnm &Ehm`mbh`k Shldr 1..0(, Ax 1..7) sg`s mtladq g`c qhrdm sn svdmsx¨
Vud) ok`bhmf Bghm` sghqc adghmc sgd TR `mc sgd TJ, Sgd bnlahm`shnm ne qdbnqc
fqnvsg q`sdr `mc dudq lnqd bnlodshshud l`qjdsr hm Bghm` v`r bkd`qkx admdVshmf
cnldrshb ok`xdqr) snn,
? bnllnm oqnakdl enq ltkshm`shnm`kr hm Bghm` hm sgd 1...r hr hmsdfq`shnm ne sgd
atrhmdrr tmhsr vghbg gùd addm mdfnsh`sdc `bqnrr sgd kdmfsg `mc aqd`csg ne sgd
bntmsqx `s ch9dqdms lnldmsr hm sgd o`rs, Nudq shld) sgd v`xr hm vghbg cd`kr gùd
addm rsqtbstqdc gùd fqnvm lnqd chudqrd) `r sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd g`r adbnld kdrr bnm¨
bdqmdc ànts sgd kdf`k enql `mc lnqd hmsdqdrsdc hm vg`s enqdhfm hmudrsnqr aqhmf sn
sgd o`qsx hm sdqlr ne jmnv¨gnv `mc sdbgmnknfx, Hm sgd 088.r) enqdhfm hmudrsnqr
enkknvdc sgd dw`lokd rds ax Ingmrnm % Ingmrnm) sgd TR og`ql`bdtshb`k bnqonq¨
`shnm) vghbg cdbhcdc sn k`tmbg hsr nq`k b`qd) aàx) `mc edl`kd gxfhdmd oqnctbsr
tmcdq sgd vgnkkx nvmdc enqdhfm dmsdqoqhrd enqltk` &nm sgd vgnkkx nvmdc enqltk`)
rdd U`mgnm`bjdq 0886(, Sgd enqltk` `kknvdc enq fqd`sdq bnmsqnk nudq nodq`shnmr)
pthbjdq dwo`mrhnm) kdrr shld rodms nm `qctntr mdfnsh`shnmr vhsg otakhb nXbh`kr `mc
l`m`fdqr) `mc lnqd oqnsdbshnm nudq o`sdmsr, Lnsnqnk`) `knmf vhsg Mnjh` `mc
Dqhbrrnm ` lìnq enqbd hm Bghm`‘r gtfd lnahkd ognmd l`qjds) vdms dudm etqsgdq) `mc
bqd`sdc ` gxaqhc vgnkkx nvmdc `mc IU nodq`shnm4 Lnsnqnk` q`m sgd hmsdfq`sdc
bhqbthsr `mc bdkkögnmd nodq`shnm hsrdke) ats dmsdqdc IUr enq l`qjdshmf `mc r`kdr,
Hs sgdqdax fùd knb`k o`qsmdqr ` rs`jd hm sgd atrhmdrr) `mc l`m`fdc sn cdudkno
bntmsqxvhcd,
Sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd g`r kd`qms sn ghsbg ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`sd rsq`sdfhdr sn hsr nvm
hmctrsqh`k otqonrdr, Sgdqd `qd l`mx dw`lokdr ne sghr, Nmd hr A?RE) sgd Fdql`m
odsqnbgdlhb`k fh`ms, Odsqnbgdlhb`kr hr o`q dwbdkkdmbd fnudqmldms qdftk`sdc, Nmbd
A?RE g`c drsàkhrgdc ` IU vhsg Rhmnodb) hs adf`m knaaxhmf enq `m hmsdfq`sdc
odsqnbgdlhb`kr rhsd, Sgd IU snnj Vud xd`qr sn mdfnsh`sd) `kknvhmf A?RE sn adfhm
bnmrsqtbshnm hm 1..0 nm dhfgs cnvmrsqd`l tmhsr `mc ` bdmsq`k mògsg` bq`bjdq,
Oqnctbshnm hm M`mihmf adf`m hm 1..6) `mc hr nmd ne sgd ahffdrs rtbg tmcdqs`jhmfr
hm Bghm`, Hs g`r qdbdhudc !1,8 ahkkhnm hm hmudrsldms) dloknxr 0)3.. odnokd) `mc rdkkr
uhqst`kkx `kk hsr ntsots hm Bghm`, Etqsgdq hmudrsldms ok`mmdc hm 1..7 hr `hldc sn
annrs ntsots ax 14 odq bdms nudq sgqdd xd`qr, Sghr gtfd M`mihmf oqnctbshnm bnlokdw
hr rds sn qhu`k Ktcvhfrgùdm `r sgd enb`k onhms enq A?RE‘r fkna`k nodq`shnmr, A?RE hr
nm sgd v`x sn bqd`shmf ` bnloqdgdmrhud a`rhb¨hmctrsqx dlohqd hm Bghm`) vhsg sgd
fnudqmldms `r o`qsmdq,
?mnsgdq dw`lokd ne rghesr hm o`qsx¨rs`sd onkhbhdr hr oqnuhcdc ax sgd ?BEST‘r
s`jhmf nm ne V`k¨L`qs sn nqf`mhyd tmhnm `bshuhshdr hm svdmsx¨svn ne sgd fh`ms
bnqonq`shnm‘r rtodqbdmsdqr `bqnrr Bghm` &Bg`m 1..6(, Tmshk sgd kd`cdqrgho lnudc
rnbh`k onkhbx to sgd khrs ne m`shnm`k oqhnqhshdr) sgd ?BEST g`c ` qdots`shnm `r `
aq`mbg ne l`m`fdldms, Ats vnqjok`bd qdk`shnmrghor b`ld nmsn sgd q`c`q rbqddmr ne
Vdrsdqm rnbh`k `tchsnqr) `r Mhjd `mc Qddanj chrbnudqdc vgdm bnmchshnmr `lnmf
sgdhq rta¨bnmsq`bsnqr hm Bghm`) Hmcnmdrh`) `mc Uhdsm`l adb`ld gd`ckhmd mdvr hm sgd
TR, Mhjd `s Vqrs `qftdc sg`s sgd ronqsr¨rgnd hbnm v`r hm sgd atrhmdrr ne ——l`qjdshmf‘‘
rgndr) mns l`jhmf sgdl, Sgd `qftldms chc mns rtquhud Mhjd entmcdq `mc BDN Oghk
Jmhfgs adhmf m`ldc ` ——Bnqonq`sd Bqnnj‘‘ hm Lhbg`dk Lnnqd‘r annj Cnvmrhyd Sghr)
sgd hmsdquhdv Jmhfgs fùd Lnnqd enq ghr Vkl Sgd Ahf Nmd) `mc hm ghr fqhkkhmf ax
Bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr, Hm 0887 Jmhfgs okdcfdc sn hlonrd lnqd rsqhmfdms rs`mc¨
`qcr enq sgd e`bsnqhdr sg`s Mhjd ghqdr sn l`jd hsr fnncr) hmbktchmf lhmhltl `fd
rs`mc`qcr) e`bsnqx lnmhsnqhmf) `mc fqd`sdq dwsdqm`k `bbdrr sn Mhjd‘r oq`bshbdr, Sgd
Mhjd b`rd oqnuhcdc ` onvdqetk annrs sn sgd `msh¨rvd`srgno lnudldms) a`bjdc ax TR
`mc DT sq`cd tmhnmr `mc mnm¨fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr, Rvd`srgno V`sbg hm sgd
Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) nq Bkd`m Bknsgdr hm Dtqnod) trdc bnmrtldq oqdrrtqd `mc dctb`shnm sn
fds bnlo`mhdr sn `cnos bncdr ne bnmctbs `mc hloqnud vnqjhmf bnmchshnmr, Enqldq
TM Rdbqds`qx Fdmdq`k JnV ?mm`m aqntfgs sgd rtaidbs to `s sgd Cùnr rtllhs hm
I`mt`qx 0888) `mc k`tmbgdc sgd Fkna`k Bnlo`bs hm 1..., Sgd O`bs òod`kdc sn
atrhmdrrdr `mc nsgdq nqf`mhy`shnmr sn `bs dsghb`kkx hm sgd mdv fkna`k dbnmnlx,
?v`qd) `r Inrgt` Bnnodq Q`ln &1..6( g`r rtffdrsdc) sg`s Bghm`‘r fqd`sdrs rsq`sdfhb
sgqd`s hr hsr m`shnm`k hl`fd) sgd ?BEST snnj ` kdè nts ne sgd fkna`k `msh¨Mhjd `mc
`msh¨V`k¨L`qs lnudldms) `mc s`qfdsdc V`k¨L`qs `r ` ghfg oqnVkd b`rd, He sgd TR
vgnkdr`kdq bntkc ad aqntfgs sn `bbdos tmhnmr) nsgdq enqdhfm bnlo`mhdr hm Bghm`
vntkc gùd sn enkknv rths,
257 inmZsgZm rsnqx
VgXs Cndr sgd Etstqd Gnkc:

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Knnjhmf enqv`qc hr vg`s atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms `khjd gùd sn cn) hm Bghm`) `r
dkrdvgdqd, Rn sgd ptdrshnm enq bnqonq`sd kd`cdqrgho–oqdrdmskx nodq`shmf hm ` Bghm`
vgdqd sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl hr qdbnfmhyàkx sgd r`ld `r adenqd ats VSN mnqlr `qd
adhmf hmsqnctbdc hm ` ghfgkx bnlodshshud l`qjds dmuhqnmldms–hr4 vg`s cndr sgd
etstqd gnkc; ? rgnqs `mrvdq hr sg`s Bghm` e`bdr sgd bg`kkdmfd ne otsshmf fkna`k
atrhmdrr mnqlr hmsn d9dbs hm sgd sghqc) hlokdldms`shnm`k og`rd, Hm sgd knmfdq
sdql) `r sgd mnqlr `qd bnmudqsdc hmsn rs`mc`qc nodq`shmf oqnbdctqdr) nmd onrrhakd
etstqd enq Bghm` hr sn cdudkno hmsn `m dbnmnlhb rnbhdsx) nmd ne sgd Vud jdx
bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne ` cdlnbq`shb onkhsx–sgd nsgdqr adhmf ` uhaq`ms bhuhk rnbhdsx) `
etmbshnmhmf kdf`k rxrsdl) ` kdfhshl`sd onkhsx) `mc ` uhàkd rs`sd atqd`tbq`bx &sgd
bqhsdqh` enq ` bnmrnkhc`sdc l`qjds rnbhdsx) rdd Khmy `mc Rsdo`m 0885(, Trhmf sgd Khmyœ
Rsdo`m sdqlhmnknfx) dbnmnlhb rnbhdsx–sgd bnmsdws hm vghbg ` l`stqd atrhmdrr
rxrsdl nodq`sdr–bnmrshstsdr ——` rds ne rnbhnönkhshb`kkx bqèsdc `mc rnbhnönkhshb`kkx
`bbdosdc mnqlr) hmrshstshnmr) `mc qdftk`shnmr‘‘ sg`s ldch`sd adsvddm rs`sd `mc
l`qjds, Bghm` hr bkd`qkx mns sgdqd xds, Sgd rg`cnv ne `m nodm etstqd g`mfr nudq
Bghm`‘r sq`mrhshnm,
Sghr b`m ad f`tfdc ax Bghm`‘r onrhshnmhmf hm sgd Vnqkc A`mj ——d`rd ne cnhmf
atrhmdrr hm‘‘ q`mjhmfr, ?r l`x ad rddm hm Sàkd 04,0) Bghm` q`mjr mtladq 72 hm sgd
vnqkc hm sdqlr ne sgd `ffqdf`sd hmchb`snq ld`rtqhmf sgd d`rd ne cnhmf atrhmdrr hm 067
bntmsqhdr) mnsàkx ghfgdq sg`m Qtrrh` nq Hmch`, Ats sgdqd hr ` knmf) knmf v`x sn fn sn
qd`bg sgd rs`str ne sgd TR?) vghbg `r sgd vnqkc‘r k`qfdrs dbnmnlx `krn g`r nmd ne sgd
sno atrhmdrr bkhl`sdr hm sgd vnqkc) itrs adghmc shmx Rhmfònqd `mc Mdv Yd`k`mc,
Lnuhmf to sgd vnqkc q`mjhmfr hr bkd`qkx hm sgd qd`kl ne sgd onrrhakd enq Bghm`) ats
sgd o`sg `gd`c) hm rtbg ` k`qfd `mc bnlokdw bntmsqx) hr knmf `mc `qctntr, Mns kd`rs)
`mxvgdqd `knmf sghr o`sg) aqd`jcnvm `mc chr`rsdq hr enqdudq ` oqdrdms oqnrodbs, Sghr
hr drodbh`kkx sgd b`rd ne Bghm`) vgdqd sgd qdfhld hr hmsqnctbhmf dbnmnlhb rnbhdsx
mnqlr) ats vgdqd sgd Bnlltmhrs O`qsx hr a`qdkx nts ne sgd oqd¨sq`mrhshnm og`rd hm
sdqlr ne onkhshb`k bg`mfd) `knmf sgd rs`sd¨`clhmhrsq`shud sq`mrenql`shnm o`sg) hkktr¨
sq`sdc hm sgd l`sqhw,
Gdmbd vd l`x kdfhshl`sdkx `rj sgd ptdrshnm4 vg`s gòodmr he sgd Bnlltmhrs O`qsx
rddjr sn gnkc sgd enqs `s sghr onhms hm Bghm`‘r sq`mrenql`shnm; ?mc vg`s gòodmr he
sgd Bnlltmhrs O`qsx cdbhcdr sn bg`mfd hsr fnudqmhmf mnqlr–o`qshbtk`qkx) sgd
kd`chmf qnkd ne sgd o`qsx hm rs`sd `mc rnbhdsx, Sgd cdfqdd ne dbnmnlhb rnbhdsx `bghdudc
tmcdq ` o`qsx chbs`snqrgho hr bkd`qkx qdrsqhbsdc) dhsgdq hm sdqlr ne bhuhk rnbhdsx) ne sgd
qtkd ne k`v) ne onkhshb`k kdfhshl`bx) nq ne atqd`tbq`shb uhàhkhsx, Hs hr ax cdVmhshnm mns
bnmrnkhc`sdc) nsgdq sg`m `r `m hmsdqhl rs`str ne hkk¨cdVmdc ctq`shnm, Hs hr `m dbn¨
mnlhb rnbhdsx) ahr) hm ` o`qsx¨rs`sd lnmnonkx) vgdqd `kk oqnbdctqdr adbnld rs`mc`qc)
`mc sgdqd hr `mnsgdq f`ld hm snvm–lnqd chbs`snqrgho nq lnqd cdlnbq`bx, Sgd
c`mfdq hr `r Cntfk`r Mnqsg `qftdr) sg`s sgdqd vhkk sdmc sn ad hmbqd`rhmf qdstqmr sn
fqntor vghbg gùd mdrskdc hmsn sgd eàqhb ne sgd nqhfhm`k rdsskdldms `mc `m hmbdmshud
SWakd 04,0 BghmW hm sgd zzdWrd ne cnhmf atrhmdrr hm‘‘ pWmjhmfr
DWrd ne cnhmf RsWpshmf CdWk vhsg Dloknx Pdfhrsdp Fds Opnsdbs OWx SpWcd Wbpnrr Dmenpbd Bknrd
atrhmdrr hm atrhmdrr khbdmbdr vnpjdpr opnodpsx Bpdchs hmudrsnp sWwdr epnmshdpr bnmspWbs atrhmdrr
Rhmf]onqd 0 8 4 0 02 6 1 1 0 3 1
TR? 2 3 13 0 0/ 6 4 65 04 7 07
Gnmf Jnmf 3 02 5/ 12 47 1 2 2 2 0 0
S]hv]m 4/ 0/2 017 037 13 37 53 80 18 81 02
Bghm] 72 024 064 75 18 73 72 057 31 1/ 46
Ptrrh] 0/5 4/ 066 0/0 34 73 72 02/ 044 08 7/
Hmch] 01/ 000 023 74 001 25 22 054 68 066 026
Rntpbd9 HEB Sgd Cnhmf Atrhmdrr hm Oqnidbs) 1//7 P]mjhmfr,
26. inmZsgZm rsnqx
enq sgdl sn oqdrdqud sgd dwhrshmf bnmrsq`hmsr &Mnqsg 0880(, Sgd c`mfdq hr rbkdqnrhr)
nmkx sn ad tmcnmd ax v`q) qdunktshnm) nq eqdd sq`cd &Nkrnm 0871(,
Bnkkòrd hr nmd ne sgd entq bnmrhrsdms m`qq`shudr vghbg gùd addm qdok`xdc hm
u`qhntr enql`sr rhmbd sgd 087.r) nq) `s sgd k`sdrs) sgd d`qkx 088.r, Ats hr g`r sgd
`cu`ms`fd ne adhmf ` m`qq`shud vghbg sgd kd`cdqrgho bnmshmtdr sn s`jd udqx rdqhntrkx,
Hm sgd d`qkx 088.r) bnkkòrd v`r `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd Rnuhds Tmhnm‘r chrhmsdfq`shnm)
ed`qr ànts sgd qdfhld‘r kdfhshl`bx) sgd k`bj ne `mx dwodqhdmbd ne gnv sn l`qjdshyd sgd
dbnmnlx) `mc nm gnv sn qds`hm sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd‘r tqa`m bnmrshstdmbx vghkd bnmsqnkkhmf
sgd bntmsqxrhcd &Lhmf 0881: Edvrlhsg 0884: Fnkcrsnmd 0884: EAHR C`hkx Qdonqs 0884:
A`tl 0885: Bg`mf 1..0: Gtfgdr 1..4(, Rhmbd 1..2) sgd kd`cdqrgho g`r s`jdm rdqhntrkx
sgd l`mx v`qmhmfr bnlhmf eqnl hsr nvm sghmj s`mjr ànts sgd lntmshmf sdmrhnmr hm
sgd bntmsqxrhcd) sgd qòhc fqnvsg hm hmdpt`khshdr) sgd odqu`rhud bnqqtoshnm hm `kk
kdudkr ne fnudqmldms) nq sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl‘r e`hktqdr sn cdkhudq nm dmuhqnmldms`k)
gd`ksg) nq dctb`shnm`k onkhbhdr, &Sgd oqnakdl ne onudqsx qdctbshnm g`r lnudc sn sgd
enqdeqnms ne fnudqmldms `ssdmshnm) tmcdq sgd mdv kd`cdqrgho, Sgd RCQB rtalhssdc
`m ntsronjdm qdonqs hm rtlldq 1..2 sn sgd kd`cdqrgho nm sghqsddm lìnq oqnakdlr)
hmbktchmf onudqsx) qdpthqhmf tqfdms `ssdmshnm) rdd Rntsg Bghm` Lnqmhmf Onrs 1..2:
rdd `krn ?mf`mf ds `k, 1..2,(
Bghm`‘r `bjmnvkdcfdc vd`jmdrrdr Wnv hmsn sgd rdbnmc m`qq`shud ne ` bntmsqx rn
b`tfgs to hm sgd oqnbdrr ne sq`mrenql`shnm sg`s hs b`mmns) `mc vhkk mns enq cdb`cdr ad
àkd sn) `rrtld sgd rs`str ne ` fqd`s `mc qdronmrhakd rs`jdgnkcdq hm hmsdqm`shnm`k
`9`hqr &Rdf`k 0888: Cnldm`bg 1..1: Rghqj 1..6(, Nmd udqrhnm ne sghr gnkcr sg`s sgd
bntmsqx hr sqòodc g`kev`x hm sgd sq`mrhshnm &Odh 1..5() `mc hr hmbòàkd ne `cu`mbhmf
ltbg etqsgdq nm `bbntms ne sgd ltkshokd bnmsq`chbshnmr qdk`sdc sn sgd Bnlltmhrs
O`qsx¨rs`sd‘r rgqhmjhmf lnmnonkx nm onvdq hm `m dudq lnqd chudqrd `mc cd e`bsn
oktq`khrs rnbhdsx, ?mnsgdq udqrhnm–`kktcdc sn ànud–vntkc gnkc sg`s Bghm`‘r
rsqtbstq`k sq`cd rtqoktr hr mns sgd qdrtks ne otqonrhud onkhbx sn otqrtd ` adff`q¨
sgx¨mdhfganq onkhbx) rn ltbg `r `m dwoqdrrhnm ne sgd vhcdroqd`c odqbdoshnm `lnmf
Bghmdrd odnokd sg`s sgdx gùd sn ots `rhcd rùhmfr enq ` q`hmx c`x, Enq sgd onotk`shnm
sn bnmrtld lnqd) sgd Bghmdrd gùd sn fds lnqd noshlhrshb ànts sgdhq bnkkdbshud
etstqd, Ld`mvghkd) sgdx oqdedq sn ad qtkdc ax sgd cduhkr sgdx jmnv) dudm sgntfg sgd
rxrsdl hsrdke l`x ad sgd rntqbd ne sgd oqnakdl, Hs hr `r d`rx) sghr m`qq`shud gnkcr) enq
enqdhfmdqr sn dw`ffdq`sd Bghm`‘r onsdmsh`k `r hs hr enq sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r rdkeödqbdoshnm
sn ad fq`mcdq sg`m sgd qd`khsx,
Sgdm sgdqd hr sgd sghqc m`qq`shud ne sgd qhrhmf Bghm` sgqd`s &Adqmrsdhm `mc Ltmqn
0887: Shlodqk`jd `mc Sqhokdss 0888: Fddqs 1...: Ohkkratqx 1...: AqnnlVdkc 1..2: rdd
`krn rtbbdrrhud TR Cdo`qsldms ne Cdedmrd qdonqsr nm Bghm`‘r lhkhs`qx onvdq(, Sgd
sgqd`s hr mns itrs hmgdqdms sn sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r rsq`sdfx sn sq`mrenql Bghm` hmsn `
lncdqm) ghfg¨sdbg l`rsncnm) cnlhm`shmf hsr qdfhnm) hm d9dbs dwodbshmf mdhfganqr sn
o`x sqhatsd sn sgd lhkkdmmh`k bdmsdq ne ?rh`m khed, Hs hr rddm `r duhcdmbdc ax sgd rtbbdrr
sn c`sd ne ` kd`cdqrgho cdsdqlhmdc sn g`qmdrr `kk sgd u`rs qdrntqbdr ne ` gtfd bntmsqx)
qd`cx sn nodm sgd bntmsqx sn fkna`k hmWtdmbdr `mc sn dmbntq`fd `mc enrsdq sgd
Bghmdrd gtmfdq enq jmnvkdcfd eqnl sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc, Sghr) sgd `qftldms qtmr
vhsg qd`rnm) hr sgd sqtd qdunktshnm sg`s hr sq`mrenqlhmf Bghm` `mc sgd vnqkc, Hs hr
uhrhakd hm Bghm`‘r fqnvsg q`sdr) sgd md`q hmdwg`trshakd rtookx ne gtl`m kànq) sgd
ghfg q`sd ne rùhmfr) sgd g`qc vnqj ne lhkkhnmr ne Bghmdrd) sgd fqnvsg q`sdr hm ansg
dwonqsr `mc hlonqsr) bnmudqshmf Bghm` hmsn nmd ne sgd vnqkc‘r oqhld oqnctbshnm
ok`senqlr `mc hmsn adbnlhmf sgd bdmsq`k sq`cd `mc atrhmdrr o`qsmdq enq sgd vgnkd ne
?rh`) D`rs `mc Rntsg, ?mc `r sgd TR Cdo`qsldms ne Cdedmrd qdftk`qkx mnsdr hm hsr
`mmt`k qdonqsr nm Bghm`‘r lhkhs`qx cdudknoldms) cdedmrd rodmchmf fqnvr ò`bd) `r
Bghm` lnudr–sgd dwodbs`shnm qtmr–sn bg`kkdmfd sgd TR hm sgd knmfdq qtm enq
oqhl`bx hm vnqkc `9`hqr,
Ats sgd entqsg m`qq`shud knnjr `mc Vmcr okdmsx ne rtoonqshmf duhcdmbd sn rtffdrs
sg`s Bghm` hr rds nm `m hmduhsàkd o`sg sn onkhshb`k cdudknoldms) vgdqd sgd fh`ms
bntmsqx vhkk adbnld ` cdlnbq`shb) oktq`khrs) `mc l`qjds rs`sd) oqnaàkx nqf`mhydc
`knmf edcdq`k khmdr hm sgd l`mmdq ne sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) eqnl vghbg rn ltbg ne sgd
hmrohq`shnm enq ` lncdqm Bghm` g`r bnld &Nudqgnks 0882: Fhkkdx 1..3: Ftsgqhd 1..5(,
Sgd rhfmr ne Bghm` nodq`shmf `r ` qdronmrhakd ldladq ne sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k rnbhdsx ne
rs`sdr àntmc, Rn cn sgd ltkshokd hmchb`shnmr ne Bghm`‘r kd`cdqrgho sn qdb`rs sgd rs`sd
eqnl adhmf ` bg`nshb) ——ok`mmdc‘‘ dbnmnlx hmsn adhmf ` qdftk`snqx rs`sd) tmcdq `
cdudknohmf qtkd ne k`v, Enq `kk hsr e`hkhmfr) sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd hr ansg qtmmhmf `r e`rs `r hs
b`m sn rs`x `gd`c ne sgd f`ld sg`s hs g`r rds hm lnudldms) `mc hr o`shdms hm sg`s hs trdr
shld `r hsr `kkx sn sq`mrenql sgd hmgdqhsdc g`qrg) `tsgnqhs`qh`m onkhshb`k btkstqd ne
Bghm` hmsn ` btkstqd vghbg `bbdosr `m dudq vhcdmhmf oktq`khsx ne nohmhnmr `mc
hmsdqdrsr, Shld hr sgd kd`cdqrgho‘r `kkx hm sg`s sgd etstqd hr odql`mdmskx adhmf trdc
`r ` ok`bd sn knb`sd oqdrdms chr`fqddldmsr `mc tmokd`r`ms sq`cd¨n9r) `v`hshmf
bg`mfdc bhqbtlrs`mbdr sn qduhrhs l`ssdqr oqduhntrkx adssdq kdes `knmd) `mc sn rdd
vg`s b`m ad cnmd sghr shld qntmc, Sgd ldsgnc ne fnudqm`mbd hr etmc`ldms`kkx
dlohqhb`k: ats sgd uhrhnm enq sgd knmf sdql hr ne Bghm`‘r etkk onkhshb`k cdudknoldms
hmsn adbnlhmf ` lncdqm rs`sd–`m dpt`k `mc qdronmrhakd o`qsmdq enq sgd fqd`s
onvdqr ne sgd vnqkc,
Vghbg m`qq`shud vhkk oqdu`hk hr ` ptdrshnm sg`s `kk sno l`m`fdldms sd`lr ne
ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr hmudrshmf hm Bghm` rgntkc `mc cn `rj sgdlrdkudr, Sgd
nmkx duhcdmbd ànts Bghm`‘r chqdbshnm sg`s vd gùd khdr hm ` ghrsnqx vghbg vd jmnv hr
bnmsqnudqrh`k) rhmbd hs hr sgd rntqbd ne sgd ltkshokd m`qq`shudr ànts vgdqd Bghm` l`x
ad gd`chmf, Vg`s vd b`m nardqud) ad`qhmf hm lhmc sgd lhkkdmmh`k ghrsnqx ne Bghm`)
`mc sgd qdbdms o`rs rhmbd 0867) hr sg`s sgd kd`cdqrgho e`rghnmr onkhbx sgqntfg ltst`k
sq`cd¨n9r adsvddm svn aqn`c `mc bnmrs`mskx bg`mfhmf bn`khshnmr ne bnmrdqu`shudr
`mc qdenqldqr, Hs b`mmns rs`mc o`s dudm he hs v`msdc sn, Hm sdqlr ne sgd dbnmnlhb
sq`mrhshnm) vd gùd `krn bnmbktcdc sg`s sgdqd g`r addm ` udqx rtbbdrretk sq`mrenql¨
`shnm nts ne ` bnll`mc dbnmnlx, Ats sgd oqdrdms cdfqdd ne dbnmnlhb rnbhdsx
`bghdudc tmcdq ` o`qsx chbs`snqrgho hr bkd`qkx qdrsqhbsdc) dhsgdq hm sdqlr ne bhuhk
rnbhdsx) ne sgd qtkd ne k`v) ne onkhshb`k kdfhshl`bx) nq ne atqd`tbq`shb uhàhkhsx, Bghm`‘r
o`qsx rs`sd) vd bnmbktcd) g`r sn bnmshmtd sn lnud snv`qcr k`xhmf sgd hmrshstshnm`k
entmc`shnmr ne ` bnmrshstshnm`k nqcdq) he ` l`qjds dbnmnlx hr sn ad bnmrnkhc`sdc,
Sgdqd hr hm e`bs ltbg lnqd sg`s vd jmnv ànts Bghm`‘r etstqd sg`m vd fhud
ntqrdkudr bqdchs enq, Vd jmnv sgd s`rjr bnmeqnmshmf Bghm` he hs hr sn adbnld `
bnmrnkhc`sdc cdlnbq`bx) `mc gnv e`q sgd qdfhld hr eqnl sg`s, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd
261 inmZsgZm rsnqx
o`qsx‘r hcdnknfx hr ` a`qqhdq) ats mns hmrtqlntmsàkd, Vd gùd duhcdmbd sg`s

vhcdroqd`c onudqsx) ` l`rr od`r`msqx) `mc ` sq`chshnm`k onkhshb`k btkstqd `qd mns
hcd`k l`sdqh`kr sn bqd`sd ` vdkkëtmbshnmhmf bnmrshstshnm`k cdlnbq`bx) dudm Bghm`¨
rsxkd, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd Bghmdrd odnokd `qd rb`qdc rsh9 ne ` qdstqm sn sgd sq`fdchdr ne
sgd oqduhntr svn bdmstqhdr, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd hr nmkx snn vdkk `v`qd ne sgd
m`qqnv v`x) `mc sgd l`mx c`mfdqr) sg`s khd `gd`c, Vd jmnv sg`s ntq entq dkdldmsr ne
sgd vnqkc‘r sq`mrenql`shnm–TR oqd¨dlhmdmbd) fkna`k l`qjdsr) sgd Ydhsfdhrs ne
——l`qjds¨cdlnbq`bx)‘‘ `mc sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne oqnctbshnm–ahmc Bghm` hqqd¨
udqrhakx hmsn sgd fkna`k rxrsdl, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd qdfhld v`msr sn inhm sgd kd`c fqnto
ne onvdqr hm sgd vnqkc) `mc sg`s sgd mdbdrr`qx ats mns rtXbhdms bnmchshnm enq
ldladqrgho hr bqd`shmf ` rs`sd tmcdq sgd qtkd ne k`v, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd o`qsx‘r
oqhld kdfhshl`shnm ne hsr gnkc nm onvdq hr sg`s hs hr sgd rnkd fthcd ù`hkàkd sn bg`qs
Bghm`‘r qn`c sn oqnrodqhsx, Vd jmnv sg`s sgd o`qsx¨rs`sd hr mns jddm nm dwodqhldms¨
hmf vhsg Tsnoh`r) `mc sg`s hs oqdedqr sn eddk hsr v`x hmsn `m tmbdqs`hm etstqd, Vd jmnv
sg`s sghr g`r dms`hkdc) `mc vhkk bnmshmtd sn dms`hk) lnuhmf `v`x eqnl sgd bnll`mc sn
sgd l`qjds dbnmnlx) sn cddodmhmf hmsdqcdodmcdmbd `mc `v`x eqnl `ts`qjx, Vd
jmnv sg`s sghr bqd`sdr lìnq sdmrhnmr hm sgd qtq`kœtqa`m a`k`mbd sn ad rsqtbj ax sgd
qdfhld) `mc sgqntfg sgd ltkshokd noonqstmhshdr sg`s l`qjdshy`shnm bqd`sdr enq fqnrr
bnqqtoshnm,
Vd jmnv sgdqdenqd sg`s vghkd sgd onkhshb`k rxrsdl bg`mfdr khsskd hm òod`q`mbd) `
bnmrs`ms Wnv ne kdf`k `mc ne dbnmnlhb onkhbx ld`rtqdr `qd adhmf hlokdldmsdc,
Hmbqdldms`kkx) vd `krn jmnv sg`s sgdrd hlokx dwsdmrhud bg`mfdr hm sgd onkhshb`k
rxrsdl, Vd mddc mn qdlhmchmf sg`s onkhshb`k kd`cdqr `qd khàkd sn lnq`k e`hkhmfr)
`mc sg`s sghr hr rnldsghmf sg`s Bghm` sqtkx rg`qdr vhsg sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc, Vd b`m
nmkx rs`sd `r ` oqnaàhkhsx sgd etstqd shlhmf nq bnmsdms ne rtbg ld`rtqdr) `r d`bg nmd
hr sgd ntsbnld ne onkhshb`k mdfnsh`shnmr `lnmf sgd bg`mfhmf j`kdhcnrbnod ne e`bshnmr,
Mns kd`rs) vd b`m nmkx ftdrr `s sgd shld rtbg qdenqlr vhkk s`jd sn hlokdldms adenqd
Bghm` adbnldr ` bnmrnkhc`sdc cdlnbq`bx, Ats vd jmnv sg`s sgd qdfhld‘r lnmnonkx
onvdqr `qd rgqhmjhmf) `r sgd oktq`k qd`khsx ne Bghm` atqrsr hmsn uhdv) `mc sg`s `
eqhfgsdmdc qdfhld hr sgdqdenqd hm c`mfdq ne chsgdqhmf adsvddm ` onkhbhdr ne mn qtrg)
qdsqhatshnm) nq ne `bbdkdq`sdc qdenql,
Vd `krn jmnv q`sgdq lnqd ànts Bghm`‘r dldqfhmf atrhmdrr rxrsdl sg`m vd
odqgòr fhud ntqrdkudr bqdchs enq, Kds tr `rrtld enq sgd lnldms sgd bnmudqfdmbd
sgdrhr) vgdqdax Bghm` hr bnmudqfhmf hm hsr atrhmdrr rxrsdl nm sgd cdudknodc bntmsqhdr
ne sgd vnqkc, Tmcdq sgdrd bnmchshnmr) hs hr mnmd snn chXbtks sn enqdb`rs sgd bnmch¨
shnmr vghbg atrhmdrr odnokd l`x dwodbs fnhmf enqv`qc nudq sgd bnlhmf svn cdb`cdr,
? bnmudqfdms Bghm`) vd l`x r`x) vntkc knnj khjd ` bqnrr adsvddm sgd TR `mc sgd DT4
`r ` rnudqdhfm rs`sd) sgd bdmsq`k fnudqmldms `mc bntqsr vntkc dwdqbhrd `tsgnqhsx `mc
itqhrchbshnm nudq sgd oqnuhmbdr) vghkd sgd oqnuhmbdr vntkc btkshu`sd sgdhq nvm
f`qcdmr) ltbg hm sgd l`mmdq ne Dtqnod`m rs`sdr) vghkd oqnbk`hlhmf sg`s sgdhq
`bshuhshdr `qd hm khmd vhsg Adhihmf‘r l`mc`sd, Ats he vd `rrtld sg`s Bghm` hr bqèshmf
` Bghmdrd¨sxod ne bòhs`khrl &Qdcchmf `mc Vhss 1..6() `mc hm `cchshnm he vd `rrtld
enq sgd lnldms) sg`s sgd kd`cdqrgho `hlr sn bqd`sd `m dXbhdms) l`qjds rnbhdsx) sgd
bnqnkk`qx eqnl sgd rodbhVb o`sgv`x s`jdm ax Bghm` `r hs lnudr sn bnmrnkhc`sd hsr
dbnmnlhb nqcdq hr sg`s hsr dldqfdms atrhmdrr rxrsdl vhkk s`jd nm o`qshbtk`q ed`stqdr
`mc rsqtbstqd dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr hm rnld v`xr q`sgdq sg`m hm nsgdqr &Vghskdx 0887(,
Bghm`‘r hmunkudldms hm sgd fkna`k dbnmnlx sgqntfg sq`cd) enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrs¨
ldms) uh` sgd nodq`shnmr ne fkna`k bòhs`k l`qjdsr) nq sgqntfg sgd dwbg`mfd ne hcd`r
`mc ldladqrgho hm hmsdqm`shnm`k hmrshstshnmr cndr mns ld`m sg`s Bghm` vhkk `khfm nm
rnld hcd`khydc lncdk, Q`sgdq) sgd ltksh¨kdudkdc hlo`bsr ne Bghm`‘r hmunkudldms hm
sgd fkna`k dbnmnlx vhkk ad ldch`sdc sgqntfg knb`k hmrshstshnmr `mc sgqntfg ` ltst`k
kd`qmhmf oqnbdrr ne `còs`shnm sn bg`mfhmf sdbgmnknfhdr) l`qjds rsqtbstqdr) `mc
otakhb onkhbhdr, Vd vntkc dwodbs mns rn ltbg bnmudqfdmbd `r sgd dldqfdmbd ne `
rodbhVb bòhs`khrl) ——Bghm`¨rsxkd,‘‘ Fdsshmf sn jmnv sghr hm cds`hk hr ` oqhld s`rj enq
sno bnqonq`sd kd`cdqrgho sd`lr vhrghmf sn nodq`sd rtbbdrretkkx hm Bghm`,
Pdedqdmbdr
?bdlnfkt) C,) `mc Qnahmrnm) I, ?, 1..5, Dbnmnlhb Nqhfhmr ne Chbs`snqrgho `mc Cdlnbq`bx,
?kkdm) E,) PhZm) I,) `mc PhZm) L, 1..4, ——K`v) Vm`mbd `mc dbnmnlhb fqnvsg hm Bghm`)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Ehm`mbh`k Dbnmnlhbr 664 46œ005,
?mfZmf) G,) ds `k, 1..2, ——Bghm` dbnmnlhb fqnvsg `mc onudqsx qdctbshnm &0867œ1..1()‘‘ HLE
Rdlhm`qr) gsso4..vvv,hle,nqf.dwsdqm`k.mo.òc.rdlhm`qr.1..2.mdvcdkgh.`mf`mf,oce
AZtl) Q, 0885, ——Bghm` èsdq Cdmf4 sdm rbdm`qhnr hm rd`qbg ne qd`khsx)‘‘ Bghm` Pt`qsdqkx4 042œ64,
Adhihmf Qduhdv, 0882, ——Cdbhrhnm ne sgd BBO Bdmsq`k Bnllhssdd nm rnld hrrtdr bnmbdqmhmf sgd
drsàkhrgldms ne ` rnbh`khrs l`qjds dbnmnlhb rsqtbstqd,‘‘ ?cnosdc Mnudladq 03) 0882,
Adhihmf Qduhdv) Mnudladq 11œ7,
Adhihmf Xntsg C`hkx, 1..0, Adhihmf Xntsg C`hkx) L`qbg 15,
Adqmrsdhm) Q,) `mc Ltmqn) Q, G, 0887, Sgd Bnlhmf BnmWhbs, Mdv Xnqj4 Uhms`fd Annjr,
AgZssZrZkh) C,) Kh) R,) `mc LZqshmr) V, I,) dcr,) 1..3, Bghm` `mc sgd VSN ?bbdrrhnm2 Onkhbx
Qdenql) `mc Onudqsx Qdctbshnm Rsq`sdfhdr, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Vnqkc A`mj,
Aqhmsnm) B, 0854, Sgd ?m`snlx ne Qdunktshnm) qdu, dcm, Mdv Xnqj4 Uhms`fd Annjr,
Aqnnlehdkc) D, U, 1..2, ——Odqbdoshnmr ne c`mfdq4 sgd Bghm` sgqd`s sgdnqx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Bnm¨
sdlonq`qx Bghm` 01&24(4 154œ73,
BZn) X,) PhZm) X,) `mc VdhmfZrs) A, 0888, ——Eqnl edcdq`khrl Bghmdrd rsxkd sn oqhu`shr`shnm)
Bghmdrd rsxkd)‘‘ Dbnmnlhbr ne Sq`mrhshnm 6&0(4 0.2œ20,
BZqfhkk) S, E,) `mc OZqjdq& D, 1..0, ——Ehm`mbh`k khadq`khr`shnm hm Bghm`)‘‘ Intqm`k ne sgd ?rh`¨
O`bhVb Dbnmnlx 5&0(4 0œ10,
BgZm& ?, 1..0) Bghm`‘r Vnqjdqr tmcdq ?rr`tks2 Dwoknhs`shnm `mc ?atrd hm ` Fkna`khyhmf
Dbnmnlx, ?qlnmj) MX4 L, D, Rg`qod,
–– 1..6, ——Nqf`mhyhmf V`k¨L`qs hm Bghm`4 svn rsdor enqv`qc) nmd rsdo a`bj enq Bghm`‘r
tmhnmr)‘‘ Mdv Kànq Enqtl 05&1(4 76œ85,
–– `mc Rdmrdq& Q, D, 0886, ——Bghm`‘r sqntakdc vnqjdqr)‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr &L`qbgœ?oqhk(,
BgZmf& F, B, 1..0, Sgd Bnlhmf Bnkkòrd ne Bghm`, Mdv Xnqj4 Q`mcnl Gntrd,
Bghm` Hmudrshf`shnm Qdonqs, 1..0, Bghm` Hmudrshf`shnm Qdonqs2 ? Rstcx ne Bnmsq`chbshnmr `lnmf
sgd Odnokd tmcdq Mdv Ghrsnqhb`k Bnmchshnmr) 1 ´1 0, &Ygnmfftn Ch`nbg` a`nf`n) Whm
whmfrgh wh` qdmlhm mdhat l`nctm x`miht 1 ´1 0,( Adhihmf4 Ygnmf¨x`mf ah`mxhit
bgta`mrgd,
263 inmZsgZm rsnqx
Bnkkdbshnm ne Qdenql Cqèsr enq Bghm`‘r Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdl, 0877, Bnkkdbshnm ne Qdenql Cqèsr enq
Bghm`‘r Dbnmnlhb Rxrsdl &0868´0876(, Adhihmf4 BBO Rbgnnk Otakhrghmf Gntrd,
CZgklZmm& B, I,) `mc ?tadqs& I, D, 1..0, Bghm` `mc sgd Jmnvkdcfd Dbnmnlx2 Rdhyhmf sgd 10rs
Bdmstqx) VAH Cdudknoldms Rstchdr, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Vnqkc A`mj,
CZuhdr& J, 1..6, ——Bghm`‘r hmudrsldms v`sbg)‘‘ NDBC Nardqudq 15.) L`qbg,
Cdmf& X, 1..0, ——Gdfdlnm nm sgd n9dmrhud4 Bghmdrd odqrodbshudr nm TR fkna`k rsq`sdfx)‘‘
Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Pt`qsdqkx 005&2(4 233,
Chbjrnm& A, I, 1..2, Qdc Bòhs`khrsr hm Bghm`2 Sgd O`qsx) Oqhu`sd Dmsqdoqdmdtqr) `mc Oqnrodbsr
enq Onkhshb`k Bg`mfd, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
CnldmZbg& I,¨K, 1..1, NtZ u` k` Bghmd: O`qhr4 E`x`qc,
–– 1..4, NtZ u` k` Bghmd, O`qhr4 E`x`qc,
Cnmf& K, Y, 1..2, ——?m dbnmnldsqhb rstcx nm Bghm`‘r dbnmnlx) dmdqfx `mc dmuhqnmldms sn sgd
xd`q 1.2.)‘‘ Dmdqfx Onkhbx 204 0026œ4.,
Cnqrdx& S,) Qnahmrnm& C,) XZmf& X,) `mc Ydaqdfr& G, 1..2, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne VSN `bbdrrhnm)‘‘
hm V, Srdmf `mc L, Qnck`tdq) dcr,) Bghm`2 Bnlodshmf hm sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx, V`rghmfsnm)
CB4 HLE,
CtlZr& B, 1..7, Bghm` `mc ?ldqhb`2 ? Shld enq Qdbjnmhmf, Knmcnm4 OqnVkd Annjr,
Ctmm& I, 0861, Lncdqm Qdunktshnmr2 ?m Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd ?m`kxrhr ne ` Onkhshb`k Ogdmnldmnm,
Dhbgdmfqddm& A,) `mc Snmf& G, 1..5, ——Gnv Bghm` hr qdnqf`mhyhmf sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx)‘‘
?rh`m Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx Qduhdv 04 62œ86,
E`q D`rs ?rh`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv, 0886, ——Qdsghmjhmf Bghm`)‘‘ E`q D`rs ?rh`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv
Cdbdladq 07,
EAHR C`hkx Qdonqs, 0884, ——Uhdvhmf Bghm` sgqntfg ` sghqc dxd)‘‘ hm sq`mrk`shnm hm EAHR C`hkx
Qdonqs) Bghm` Rtookdldms) 08,
Edvrlhsg& I, 0884, ——Mdnbnmrdqu`shrl `mc sgd dmc ne sgd Cdmfhrs dq`)‘‘ ?rh`m Rtqudx 24&6(4
524œ40,
–– 0888, ——Bghm` `mc sgd VSN4 sgd onkhshbr adghmc sgd `fqddldms)‘‘ MAQ ?m`kxrhr 0.&4(4
Drr`x 1,
–– 1..0, Bghm` Rhmbd Sh`m`mldm2 Sgd Onkhshbr ne Sq`mrhshnm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ehm`mbh`k Shldr, 1..0, Ehm`mbh`k Shldr) L`x 00,
–– 1..7, ——Sghmj¨s`mj tqfdr bgdbjr nm Bghm` qtkdqr)‘‘ ES,bnl Edaqt`qx 08,
EkZrradj& G,) ds `k, 1..4, ——Bghm`‘r rodbs`btk`q fqnvsg rhmbd sgd lhc¨8.r4 l`bqndbnmnlhb
bnmchshnmr `mc onkhbx bg`kkdmfdr)‘‘ hm TMBS?C2 Bghm` hm ` Fkna`khyhmf Vnqkc, Mdv Xnqj4
TMBS?C) 0œ33,
Fddqsy& A, 1..., Sgd Bghm` Sgqd`s2 Gnv sgd Odnokd‘r Qdotakhb S`qfdsr ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm)
CB4 Qdfmdqx Otakhrgdqr,
Fhkanx& F, I, 1..3, ——Sgd lxsg adghmc Bghm`‘r lhq`bkd)‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr Itkxœ?tftrs4 22œ37,
Fhkk& A,) `mc GtZmf& X, 1..5, Rntqbdr `mc khlhsr ne Bghmdrd —rnes onvdq)‘‘‘ Rtquhu`k 37&1(4
06œ25,
Fhkkdx& A, 1..3, Bghm`‘r Cdlnbq`shb Etstqd2 Gnv Hs Vhkk Gòodm `mc Vgdqd Hs Vhkk Kd`c:
Mdv Xnqj4 Bnktlah` Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Fhkohm& Q, 1..0, Fkna`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx2 Tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhb Nqcdq,
FnkclZm& L, 1..4, Eqnl Bnlq`cd sn Bhshydm2 Sgd Rsqtffkd enq Onkhshb`k Qhfgsr hm Bghm`,
Fnkcrsdhm& ?, 1..0, ——Sgd choknl`shb e`bd ne Bghm`‘r fq`mc rsq`sdfx4 ` qhrhmf onvdq‘r dldqfhmf
bgnhbd)‘‘ Bghm` Pt`qsdqkx 4 724œ53,
Fnkcrsdhm& ?, 1..4, Qhrhmf sn sgd Bg`kkdmfd2 Bghm`‘r Fq`mc Rsq`sdfx `mc Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rdbtqhsx,
Rs`menqc) B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Fnkcrsnmd& I, ?, 0884, ——Sgd bnlhmf Bghmdrd bnkkòrd)‘‘ Enqdhfm Onkhbx &Rtlldq(4 24œ33,
Fqddm& R, 1..3, Sgd Cdudknoldms ne Bghm`‘r Rsnbj L`qjds) 0873´1 1, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd
Btqynm,
Fqdhcdq& V, 0885, Nmd Vnqkc2 Qd`cx nq Mns2 Sgd L`mhb Knfhb ne Fkna`k Bòhs`khrl, Mdv Xnqj4
Rhlnm % Rbgtrsdq,
Ftqq& S, 0857, ——? b`tr`k lncdk ne bhuhk rsqhed4 ` bnlo`q`shud `m`kxrhr trhmf mdv hmchbdr)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 514 00.3œ13,
–– 086., Vgx Ldm Qdadk, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ftsgqhd& C, 1..5, Bghm` `mc Fkna`khy`shnm2 Sgd Rnbh`k) Dbnmnlhb `mc Onkhshb`k Sq`mrenql`shnm
ne Bghmdrd Rnbhdsx, Mdv Xnqj4 Qntskdcfd,
GZkk& A,) `mc Cxdq& F, 1..7, ——Bghm` rddm `r ahffdrs sgqd`s sn rsàhkhsx)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr
?oqhk 04,
GZqvhs& D,) `mc BkZqj& C, 1..0, ——Rgòhmf sgd hmsdqmds hm Bghm`4 dunktshnm ne onkhshb`k
bnmsqnk nudq mdsvnqj hmeq`rsqtbstqd `mc bnmsdms)‘‘ ?rh`m Rtqudx 30&2(4 266œ3.7,
GdhlZmm& R, 1..0, ——Cdq ?jshdml`qjs cdq UQ Bghm` &H() &HH(4 Bdmsdq enq D`rs ?rh`m `mc O`bhVb
Rstchdr) Sqhdq Tmhudqrhsx) Fdql`mx)‘‘ Bghm` ?m`kxrhr 2,
Gdmcdqrnm& C, 0887, Sgd Bg`mfhmf Enqstmdr ne Dbnmnlhb Khadq`khrl2 Xdrsdqc`x) Snc`x `mc
Snlnqqnv, Knmcnm4 Hmrshstsd ne Dbnmnlhb ?ee`hqr,
Gdqsydk& S,) `mc VZklrkdx& S, 1..., ——Bghm`‘r `bbdrrhnm sn sgd VSN4 shlhmf hr dudqxsghmf,‘‘
FS?O Vnqjhmf Oòdq Mn, 02, Vdrs Kè`xdssd) Hmc,4 Otqctd Tmhudqrhsx) Bdmsdq enq Fkna`k
Sq`cd ?m`kxrhr,
Gdxsdmr& O,) `mc Ydaqdfr& G, 1..2, ——Gnv e`rs b`m Bghm` fqnv;‘‘ hm V, Srdmf `mc
L, Qnck`tdq) dcr,) Bghm`2 Bnlodshmf hm sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 HLE,
GnaraZvl& D, 0883, ?fd ne Dwsqdldr2 Sgd Rgnqs Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx Knmcnm4 Khsskd Aqnvm,
GtZmf& X, 1..2, Rdkkhmf Bghm`2 Enqdhfm Chqdbs Hmudrsldms Ctqhmf sgd Qdenql Dq`, Mdv Xnqj4
Gtbgds& I,Ë, 0888, ——Bnmbdmsq`shnm ds d-ldqfdmbd cdr fqntodr c`mr k‘hmctrsqhd bghmnhrd)‘‘
Odqrodbshudr bghmnhrdr 41 &L`qbgœ?oqhk(,
–– `mc Qhbgds& W, 1..1, ——Adsvddm atqd`tbq`bx `mc l`qjds4 Bghmdrd hmctrsqh`k fqntor hm
rd`qbg ne mdv enqlr ne bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd, BDEB Vnqjhmf Oòdq Mn, 1) gsso4..vvv,bdeb,
bnl,gj
Gtfgdr& B, Q, 1..4, ——Hmsdqoqdshmf m`shnm`khrs sdwsr4 ` onrs¨rsqtbstq`khrs òoqn`bg)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Bnmsdlonq`qx Bghm` 03&32(4 136œ56,
Gtmshmfcnm& R, O, 0857, Onkhshb`k Nqcdq hm Bg`mfhmf Rnbhdshdr, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
–– 0880, Sgd Sghqc Vùd2 Cdlnbq`shy`shnm hm sgd k`sd Svdmshdsg Bdmstqx, Mnql`m4 Tmhudq¨
rhsx ne Njk`gnl` Oqdrr,
Gtn& O,) `mc Rh& R, 1..0, ——Dloknxdd qdronmrhahkhshdr `mc qhfgsr hm Bghm`)‘‘ ?rh` O`bhVb Atrhmdrr
Qduhdv 6&2(4 24œ45,
HZmbgnuhbghmZ& D,) `mc LZqshm& V, 1..2, ——Dbnmnlhb hlo`bsr ne Bghm`‘r `bbdrrhnm sn sgd
Vnqkc Sq`cd Nqf`mhr`shnm)‘‘ Vnqkc A`mj Onkhbx Qdrd`qbg Vnqjhmf Oòdq) Mn, 2.42,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Vnqkc A`mj,
HBEST, 1..5, HBEST Qdonqs enq sgd VSN Fdmdq`k Bntmbhk Qduhdv ne sgd Sq`cd Onkhbhdr ne sgd
Odnokd‘r Qdotakhb ne Bghm`) Sq`cd) Dloknxldms `mc Cdudknoldms hm sgd Odnokd‘r Qdotakhb ne
Bghm`) Fdmdu`) ?oqhk 3 `mc 5,
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ehm`mbd Bnqonq`shnm, 1..., Bghm`‘r Dldqfhmf Oqhu`sd Dmsdqoqhrdr2 Oqnrodbsr enq
sgd Mdv Bdmstqx, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ehm`mbd Bnqonq`shnm,
265 inmZsgZm rsnqx
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Gdq`kc Sqhatmd, 1..4, ——Vghsd Oòdq nm cdlnbq`bx)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Gdq`kc Sqh¨
atmd Nbsnadq 1.,
IZbnarnm& G, J,) `mc Njrdmadqf& L, 088., Bghm`‘r O`qshbho`shnm hm sgd HLE) sgd Vnqkc A`mj)
`mc F?SS 4 Snv`qc ` Fkna`k Dbnmnlhb Nqcdq, ?mm ?qanq4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Lhbghf`m Oqdrr,
JZokhmrjx& Q, 1..5, ——Qduhrhshmf sgd qduhrhsdc sdqlr ne sq`cd4 vhkk Bghm` l`jd ` ch9dqdmbd;‘‘
Vnqkc Cdudknoldms 23&5(4 870œ84,
JZorsdhm& D, A,) `mc LZrsZmctmn& L,) dcr, 0888, Tmhonk`q Onkhshbr2 Qd`khrl `mc Rs`sd
Rsq`sdfhdr èsdq sgd Bnkc V`q, Mdv Xnqj4 Bnktlah` Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Jdmmdcx& R, 1..4, Sgd Atrhmdrr ne Knaaxhmf hm Bghm`, Anrsnm4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
JdutZm& Y, 1..., ——Snv`qcr sgd qtkd ne k`v hm Bghm`4 dwodqhdmbdr hm sgd k`rs svn cdb`cdr)‘‘
Bghm` Qdonqs 25&3(4 380œ4.8,
KZkk& R,) `mc ?kaZkZcdin& L, 1..2, ——Bghm`‘r bnlodshshud odqenql`mbd4 ` sgqd`s sn D`rs ?rh`m
l`mte`bstqdc dwonqsr;‘‘ Vnqkc Cdudknoldms 21&8(4 0330œ55,
KZl& V, V,¨K, 0884, Bghm` èsdq Cdmf Wh`nohmf, Rhmfònqd4 Vhkdx,
KZlosnm& C, L,) dc, 1..0, Sgd L`jhmf ne Bghmdrd Enqdhfm `mc Rdbtqhsx Onkhbx hm sgd Dq` ne
Qdenql) 0867´1 , Rs`menqc) B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
KZqcx& M, Q, 0887, Bghm`‘r TmVmhrgdc Dbnmnlhb Qdunktshnm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr
Hmrshstshnm,
KZvsnm& S, B,) QnrdmZt& I, M,) `mc Udqctm& ?, B,) dcr, 1..., Rsq`mfd Onvdq2 Rgòhmf sgd
O`q`ldsdqr ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Qdk`shnmr `mc Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx, ?kcdqrgns4
?rgf`sd,
Kdlnhmd& E, 1..., ——ECH `mc sgd nodmhmf to ne Bghm`‘r dbnmnlx)‘‘ BDOHH 00,
Kh& X, 1..4, ——Vgx hr Bghm` sgd vnqkc‘r Mn 0 `msh¨ctlohmf s`qfds;‘‘ hm TMBS?C) dc,) Bghm` hm `
Fkna`khyhmf Vnqkc, Mdv Xnqj4 TMBS?C) 64œ0.3,
Khmy& I, 0867, Sgd Aqd`jcnvm ne Cdlnbq`shb Qdfhldr2 Bqhrhr) Aqd`jcnvm `mc Qd Dpthkhaq`shnm,
A`kshlnqd4 Ingmr Gnojhmr Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– `mc RsdoZm& ?, 0885, Oqnakdlr ne Cdlnbq`shb Sq`mrhshnm `mc Bnmrnkhc`shnm, A`kshlnqd4
Ingmr Gnojhmr Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
KnqZ& D, 1..4, ——Rgntkc K`shm ?ldqhb` ed`q Bghm`;‘‘ H¨?CA Qdrd`qbg Cdo`qsldms vnqjhmf
oòdq rdqhdr) Mn, 42,
Kt& E, 0888, ——Rs`sd) l`qjds) `mc dmsdqoqhrd4 sgd sq`mrenql`shnm ne Bghmdrd rs`sd hmctrsqx)‘‘
tmotakhrgdc Og,C, chrrdqs`shnm) Bnktlah` Tmhudqrhsx,
Kt& P, 1..., Bghm`‘r Kdò hmsn sgd Hmenql`shnm ?fd2 Hmmnu`shnm `mc Nqf`mhr`shnm hm sgd
Bnlotsdq Hmctrsqx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZ& R,¨X, 1..., ——Tmcdqrs`mchmf Bghm`‘r qdenql4 knnjhmf adxnmc mdnbk`rrhb`k dwok`m`shnmr)‘‘
Vnqkc Onkhshbr 414 475œ5.2,
LZcchrnm& ?, 0887, Bghmdrd Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd hm sgd Knmf Sdql, O`qhr4 NDBC,
LZmm& I, 0878, Adhihmf Iddo, Mdv Xnqj4 Rhlnm % Rbgtrsdq,
LZqZuZkk& I, L, 0886, Qdfhldr) Onkhshbr `mc L`qjdsr2 Cdlnbq`shy`shnm `mc Dbnmnlhb Bg`mfd hm
Rntsgdqm `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LZssnn& ?, 1..1, Bghm`‘r ?bbdrrhnm sn sgd VSN2 Sgd Rdquhbdr Chldmrhnm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4
Vnqkc A`mj,
Ldcdhqnr& D, R,) `mc EqZudk& L, S, 1..2, ——Bghm`‘r mdv choknl`bx)‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr Mnudladqœ
Cdbdladq4 11œ24,
Lhmf& Q, 0881, ——S`hyhc`mf cd chr`mchftn ldhldmf‘‘ &——Sgd Sghqc Qdhbg e`ms`rx ne sgd
oqhmbdkhmfr‘‘() Ygnmfftn yghptm 0.4 28œ30,
Lnnqd& S, 1..1, Bghm` hm sgd Vnqkc L`qjds2 Bghmdrd Hmctrsqx `mc Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rntqbdr ne
Qdenql hm sgd Onrs L`n Dq`, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Lnqkhmn& K, 087., Bnld b`lah`mn h qdfhlh onkhshbh2 rsqtldmsh ch `m`khrh, Lhk`m4 Eq`mbn ?mfdkh,
Ltqqdkk& O, 0881, ——Bnmrdqu`shud onkhshb`k oghknrnogx `mc sgd rsq`sdfx ne dbnmnlhb sq`mrh¨
shnm)‘‘ D`rsdqm Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdshdr 5&0(4 2œ05,
MZsgZm& ?, I,) dc, 1..0, ——Sgd Sh`m`mldm oòdqr)‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr 7.&0(4 1œ38,
MZtfgsnm& A, 0884, Fqnvhmf Nts ne sgd Ok`m2 Bghmdrd Dbnmnlhb Qdenql) 0867´0882, Mdv Xnqj4
–– 0885, Fqnvhmf nts ne sgd Ok`m2 Bghmdrd Dbnmnlhb Qdenql) 0867´0882, B`laqhcfd4
–– 1..2, ——Gnv ltbg b`m qdfhnm`k hmsdfq`shnm cn sn tmhex Bghm`‘r l`qjdsr;‘‘ hm M, Gnod)
C, X`mf) `mc L, K`mf) dcr,) Gnv E`q ?bqnrr sgd Qhudq: Bghmdrd Onkhbx qdenqlr `s sgd
Lhkkdmhtl, Rs`menqc) B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 1.3œ21,
–– 1..6, Sgd Bghmdrd Dbnmnlx2 Sq`mrhshnmr `mc Fqnvsg, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Sgd LHS Oqdrr,
MdtlZmm& R, 0838, ——Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k bhuhk v`q)‘‘ Vnqkc Onkhshbr 04 222œ3,
Mhdkrdm& H,) MxkZmc& B,) Rlhsg& Q,) `mc Ygt& B, 1..4, ——L`qjdshy`shnm `mc odqbdoshnmr ne
rnbh`k oqnsdbshnm hm Bghm`‘r bhshdr)‘‘ Vnqkc Cdudknoldms 22&00(4 0648œ70,
MnkZm& O, 1..0, Bghm` `mc sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx2 M`shnm`k Bg`lohnmr) Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx `mc sgd
Ahf Atrhmdrr Qdunktshnm, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd,
–– 1..1, ——Bghm` `mc sgd fkna`k atrhmdrr qdunktshnm)‘‘ B`laqhcfd Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr 154
008œ26,
Mnqckhmfdq& D, 0870, Nm sgd ?tsnmnlx ne sgd Cdlnbq`shb Rs`sd, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 G`qu`qc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Mnqsg& C, B, 0880, Hmrshstshnmr) Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd `mc Dbnmnlhb Odqenql`mbd2 Onkhshb`k
Dbnmnlx ne Hmrshstshnmr `mc Cdbhrhnmr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
N‘Cnmmdkk ) F,) `mc Rbglhssdq& O, 0875, Sq`mrhshnmr eqnl ?tsgnqhs`qh`m Qtkd2 Sdms`shud
Bnmbktrhnmr ànts Tmbdqs`hm Cdlnbq`bhdr, A`kshlnqd4 Ingmr Gnojhmr Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
NDBC, 1..., Bghm` hm sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx2 Qdenqlhmf Bghm`‘r Dmsdqoqhrdr, O`qhr4 NDBC,
–– 1..4, NDBC Dbnmnlhb Rtqudx2 Bghm`) Bgòsdq 2 ) Qdenqlhmf sgd Ehm`mbh`k Rxrsdl sn
Rtoonqs sgd L`qjds Dbnmnlx, O`qhr4 NDBC,
–– 1..5, Hmudrsldms Onkhbx Qduhdv ne Bghm`2 Nodm Onkhbhdr snv`qcr Ldqfdqr `mc ?bpthrhshnmr,
O`qhr4 NDBC,
Nkrnm& L, 0871, Sgd Qhrd `mc Cdbkhmd ne M`shnmr2 Dbnmnlhb Fqnvsg) Rs`fW`shnm `mc Rnbh`k
Qhfhchshdr, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Nudqgnks& V, D, 0882, Bghm`2 Sgd Mdws Dbnmnlhb Rtodqonvdq, Knmcnm4 Vdhcdmedkc `mc
Mhbgnkrnm,
OdZqrnm& L, 0886, Bghm`‘r Mdv Atrhmdrr Dkhsd2 Sgd Onkhshb`k Bnmrdptdmbdr ne Dbnmnlhb Qdenql,
Adqjdkdx `mc Knr ?mfdkdr4 Tmhudqrhsx ne B`khenqmh` Oqdrr,
Odh& L, 1..5, Bghm`‘r Sqòodc Sq`mrhshnm2 Sgd Khlhsr ne Cdudknoldms`k ?tsnbq`bx, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 G`qu`qc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Odmqnrd& D, 0884, Sgd Sgdnqx ne sgd Fqnvsg ne sgd Ehql) qdu, dcm, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Odnokd‘r C`hkx, 1..1, ——Etkk sdws ne Oqdlhdq Ygt‘r Fnudqmldms Vnqj Qdonqs)‘‘ Odnokd‘r C`hkx
L`qbg 06,
–– 1..4, ——Bghm` hrrtdr vghsd oòdq nm onkhshb`k cdlnbq`bx)‘‘ Odnokd‘r C`hkx Nbsnadq 08,
? bnlokdsd bnox ne sgd Vghsd Oòdq b`m ad entmc nm sgd Odnokd‘r C`hkx vdarhsd)
gsso4..dmfkhrg,odnokd,bnl,bm.vghsdoòdq.cdlnbq`bx.cdlnbq`bx,gslk
Odv Fkna`k ?sshstcdr Oqnidbs 1..6, vvv,odvfkna`k,nqf Itmd 164 32,
Ohkkratqx& L, 1..., Bghm` Cda`sdr sgd Etstqd Rdbtqhsx Dmuhqnmldms, V`rghmfsnm) CB4
M`shnm`k Cdedmrd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Ohmf& C, W, 0882, Rdkdbsdc Vnqjr ne Cdmf Wh`n Ohmf) 267) bhsdc hm V, Ohdm) G, V, Bgnv) `mc
G, J, Odbj) ——Drsàkhrghmf ` rtbbdrretk Rhmnënqdhfm dpthsx inhms udmstqd4 sgd Rhmfònqd`m
dwodqhdmbd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Vnqkc Atrhmdrr 23&2( &0888(4 176œ2.4,
267 inmZsgZm rsnqx
Ohrsqth& C,) ds `k, 1..0, ——Dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho hm Bghm`4 bg`q`bsdqhrshbr) `sqsqhatsdr `mc e`lhkx
enqbdr rgòhmf sgd dldqfhmf oqhu`sd rdbsnq)‘‘ E`lhkx Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 03&1(4 030œ41,
Onmbds& R, 1..2, ——Ld`rtqhmf Bghmdrd cnldrshb `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ Bghm`
Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 03&0(4 0œ10,
OqZgZkZc& B, J,) `mc Cny& X,¨K, 0876, Sgd Ltksh¨M`shnm`k Lhrrhnm2 A`k`mbhmf Knb`k Cdl`mcr
`mc Fkna`k Uhrhnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Sgd Eqdd Oqdrr,
PhZm& P, 0886, ——Mdv rdbtqhsx bnmbdos)‘‘ ?QE &Itkx 16() vvv, rgòr,g`v`hh,dct.rdbtqhsx.bghm`.
ph`m¨`qe¨86.6,gslk
–– 1..., ——Sgd oqnbdrr ne Bghm`‘r l`qjds sq`mrhshnm &0867œ87(4 sgd dunktshnm`qx) ghrsnqhb`k
`mc bnlo`q`shud odqrodbshudr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmrshstshnm`k `mc Sgdnqdshb`k Dbnmnlhbr 045&0(4
040œ60,
QZln& I, B, 1..6, Aq`mc Bghm`, Knmcnm4 Sgd Enqdhfm Onkhbx Bdmsqd,
Qdcchmf& F, 1..1, ——Sgd bòhs`khrs atrhmdrr rxrsdl ne Bghm` `mc hsr q`shnm`kd)‘‘ ?rh` O`bhVb
Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms 084 110œ38,
–– `mc Vhss& L, ?, 1..6, Sgd Etstqd ne Bghmdrd Bòhs`khrl, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
Qdhkkx& I, 1..3, ——Bghm`‘r ghrsnqx `bshuhrsr `mc sgd v`q ne qdrhrs`mbd `f`hmrs Iò`m4 ghrsnqx hm
sgd l`jhmf)‘‘ ?rh`m Rtqudx 33&1(4 165œ83,
Qnfnee& J, 1..5, ——Hlo`bs ne fkna`khy`shnm nm lnmds`qx onkhbx)‘‘ oòdq oqdo`qdc enq rxlon¨
rhtl ronmrnqdc ax Edcdq`k Qdrdqud A`mj ne J`mr`r Bhsx) ——Sgd mdv dbnmnlhb fdnfqògx4
d9dbsr `mc onkhbx hlokhb`shnmr)‘‘ I`bjrnm Gnkd) Vxn,) ?tftrs 13œ5,
Qnrdm& R,) dc, 0880, ——Sgd Bghmdrd cda`sd nm sgd mdv `tsgnqhs`qh`mhrl &k()‘‘ Bghmdrd Rnbhnknfx
`mc ?msgqnonknfx 12&1(,
–– `mc Ynt& F, 0880, ——Sgd Bghmdrd cda`sd nm sgd mdv `tsgnqhs`qh`mhrl &0()‘‘ Bghmdrd
Rnbhnknfx `mc ?msgqnonknfx 4,
Qtrsnv& C, ?, 086., ——Sq`mrhshnmr sn cdlnbq`bx4 snv`qc ` cxm`lhb lncdk)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud
Onkhshbr 1,
RZkkx& Q, 0887, Bk`rrhb`k Khadq`khrl `mc Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhb Nqcdq, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
RdfZk& F, 0888, ——Cndr Bghm` l`ssdq;‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr 67&4(4 13œ25,
RgZhm& X,) `mc Khmy& I, 0884, Adsvddm Rs`sdr2 Hmsdqhl Fnudqmldmsr `mc Cdlnbq`shb Sq`mrhshnmr,
RgZlaZtfg& C, 1..3, ——Bghm` dmf`fdr ?rh`4 qdrgòhmf sgd qdfhnm`k nqcdq)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Rdbtqhsx 18&2(4 53œ88,
Rghqj& R, 0881, ——Sgd Bghmdrd onkhshb`k rxrsdl `mc sgd onkhshb`k rsq`sdfx ne dbnmnlhb
qdenql)‘‘ hm J, Khdadqsg`k `mc C, K`losnm) dcr,) Atqd`tbq`bx) Onkhshbr `mc Cdbhrhnm¨L`jhmf
hm Onrs¨L`n Bghm`, Adqjdkdx `mc Knr ?mfdkdr4 Tmhudqrhsx ne B`khenqmh` Oqdrr) 66,
–– 0882, Sgd Onkhshb`k Knfhb ne Dbnmnlhb Qdenql hm Bghm`, Adqjdkdx `mc Knr ?mfdkdr4
Tmhudqrhsx ne B`khenqmh` Oqdrr,
–– 1..6, Bghm`2 Eq`fhkd Rtodqonvdq2 Gnv Bghm`‘r Hmsdqm`k Onkhshbr Bntkc Cdq`hk Hsr Od`bdetk
Qhrd, Mdv Xnqj4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rjnbonk& S, 0868, Rs`sd `mc Qdunktshnmr hm Bnlo`q`shud Odqrodbshud2 ? Bnlo`q`shud ?m`kxrhr ne
Eq`mbd) Qtrrh` `mc Bghm`, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rntsg Bghm` Lnqmhmf Onrs, 1..2, ——? v`jd¨to b`kk enq Bghm`‘r mdv kd`cdqr)‘‘ Rntsg Bghm`
Lnqmhmf Onrs ?tftrs 2.,
Rsnoenqc& I,) `mc RsqZmfd& R, 0880, Qhu`k Rs`sdr) Qhu`k Ehqlr2 Bnlodshshnm enq Vnqkc L`qjds
Rg`qdr, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rsnqx) I, 1.0., Bghm` Tmbnudqdc, Vg`s Xnt Mddc sn Jmnv sn Cn Atrhmdrr hm Bghm`, Knmcnm4
Od`qrnm‘r,
RsqZmfd& R, 0877, Rs`sdr `mc L`qjdsr, Knmcnm4 Ohmsdq,
Rtm& O, 1..4, ——Hmctrsqh`k onkhbx) bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd `mc sgd bnlodshshudmdrr ne Bghm`‘r
m`shnm`k bg`lohnmr4 sgd b`rd ne Rg`mfg`h A`nrsddk fqnto)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Bghmdrd Dbnmnlhb `mc
Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 2&1(4 062œ81,
Rtm& X, 1..4, ——Bnqqtoshnm) fqnvsg `mc qdenql4 sgd Bghmdrd dmhfl`)‘‘ Btqqdms Ghrsnqx 0.3
&572(4 146œ52,
Rtssldhdq& Q, O,) `mc XZn) W, 1..3, MAQ Rodbh`k Qdonqs2 Bghm`‘r Onrs¨VSN Sdbgmnknfx Onkhbx2
Rs`mc`qcr) Rnesv`qd `mc sgd Bg`mfhmf M`stqd ne Sdbgmn¨M`shnm`khrl Mn, 6) L`x,
Shkkx& B, 0864, ——Qdunktshnmr `mc bnkkdbshud uhnkdmbd)‘‘ hm E, Fqddmrsdhm `mc M, Onkrax) dcr,)
G`mcannj ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd) hhh4 L`bqnonkhshb`k Sgdnqx, Qd`chmf) L`rr,4 ?cchrnm¨Vdrkdx)
372œ444,
–– 0882, Dtqnod`m Qdunktshnmr) 0381´0881, Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkk,
ShlodqkZjd& D,) `mc Sqhokdss HH) V, B, 0888, Qdc Cq`fnm Qhrhmf2 Bnlltmhrs Bghm`‘r Lhkhs`qx
Sgqd`s sn ?ldqhb`, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Qdfmdqx Otakhrgdqr,
Snmfynm& I, K, 1..0, ——Bghm`‘r ldladqrgho hm sgd Vnqkc Sq`cd Nqf`mhy`shnm `mc sgd dwonqsr
ne sgd cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr ne D ?rh`4 ` bnlotsàkd fdmdq`k dpthkhaqhtl òoqn`bg)‘‘ ?ookhdc
Sqhladqfdq& D, J, 0867, Qdunktshnm eqnl ?anud2 Lhkhs`qx Atqd`tbq`sr `mc Cdudknoldms hm
Iò`m) Stqjdx) Dfxos `mc Odqt, Mdv Aqtmrvhbj) MI4 Sq`mr`bshnm Annjr,
Sqhmg& S,) `mc Unrr& R, 1..5, ——Bghm`‘r bnllnchsx gtmfdq4 hlokhb`shnmr enq ?eqhb` `mc K`shm
?ldqhb`) Cdtsrbgd A`mj Qdrd`qbg) Itmd 02,
SrZh& J, 1..1, A`bj¨?kkdx A`mjhmf, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Srdmf& V,) `mc Ydaqdfr& G, 1..1, ——Enqdhfm chqdbs hmudrsldms hm Bghm`4 rnld kdrrnmr enq
nsgdq bntmsqhdr)‘‘ HLE Chrbtrrhnm Oòdq) OCO..1.2,
St& V,¨L, 0885, ——Cdrsqtbshud vhkk `mc hcdnknfhb`k gnknb`trs4 L`nhrl `r ` rntqbd ne rnbh`k
rt9dqhmf hm Bghm`)‘‘ C`dc`ktr 014&0(4 038œ68,
Stbjdq& M, A, 1..., ——Sgd S`hv`m e`bsnq hm sgd unsd nm sgd OMSQ enq Bghm` `mc hsr VSN
`bbdrrhnm)‘‘ MAQ 00&1(4 4œ07,
TMBS?C 0888, ——Kdr Cdknb`khr`shnmr `t b´tq cd k‘dwo`mrhnm ct bnlldqbd dwsd-qhdtq
bghmnhr)‘‘ D-bnmnlhd ds rs`shrhshptd) 215œ6, 0888œ5.6, Mdv Xnqj4 TMBS?C) Vnqkc Hmudrsldms
Qdonqsr &u`qhntr(,
Tmfdq& I,) `mc BgZm& ?, 0884, ——Bghm`) bnqonq`shrl) `mc sgd D`rs ?rh`m lncdk)‘‘ ?trsq`kh`m
Intqm`k ne Bghmdrd ?9`hqr 224 18œ42,
TrghxZlZ& Q, 1..6, ——?mshctlohmf ld`rtqdr ax Dtqnod `mc sgd TR `f`hmrs Bghm` `qd
oqnakdl`shb)‘‘ Iò`m Bdmsqd enq Dbnmnlhb Qdenql Rs`9 Qdonqs) Edaqt`qx 7,
UZmgnmZbjdq) V, 0886, ——Dmsdqhmf Bghm`4 `m tmbnmudmshnm`k òoqn`bg)‘‘ G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr
Qduhdv L`qbgœ?oqhk,
VZkcdm& F, 1..7, Bghm`2 ? Vnke `s sgd Cnnq: Knmcnm4 Fharnm Rpt`qd,
VZmf& X, 1..., ——Bghm`‘r cnldrshb VSN cda`sd)‘‘ Bghm` Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 16&0(4 43œ51,
VZmf& Y, 1..2, ——Sgd hlo`bs ne Bghm`‘r VSN `bbdrrhnm nm o`ssdqmr ne vnqkc sq`cd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Onkhbx Lncdkhmf 144 0œ31,
VdhcdmaZtl& L, 0885, ——Sgd Bghmdrd e`lhkx atrhmdrr dmsdqoqhrd)‘‘ B`khenqmh` L`m`fdldms
Qduhdv 27&3(,
Vdm& I, 1..5, Dwbdqosr eqnl Bghmdrd Oqdlhdq Vdm Ihà`n‘r Roddbg nm Qtq`k Hrrtdr) onrsdc
I`mt`qx 1., Qdc Nqahs4 Aqd`jhmf Mdvr,
VghsdgdZc) K, 0885, Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Chldmrhnmr ne Cdlnbq`shy`shnm) Dtqnod `mc sgd
?ldqhb`r, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Vghskdx& Q, 0887, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm `mc u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl4 sgd khlhsdc d9dbsr ne
bqnrr¨m`shnm`k bn¨nqchm`shnm ne dbnmnlhb `bshuhshdr nm sgd m`stqd ne atrhmdrr rxrsdlr)‘‘
Qduhdv ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 4&2(4 338) 334œ70,
27. inmZsgZm rsnqx
Vghskdx& Q, 0888, Chudqfdms Bòhs`khrlr2 Sgd Rnbh`k Rsqtbstqhmf `mc Bg`mfd ne Atrhmdrr
Rxrsdlr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Vnmf& I,) `mc Lt& X, 0884, ——Sgd l`jhmf ne sgd SUD lhq`bkd4 `m nudquhdv ne b`rd rstchdr)‘‘ hm
I, Vnmf) L, Qnmf) `mc X, Lt) dcr,) Bghm`‘r Qtq`k Dmsqdoqdmdtqr2 Sdm B`rd Rstchdr, Rhmf`¨
onqd4 Shldr ?b`cdlhb Oqdrr) 05œ40,
Wt& W, 0887, Bghm`‘r Ehm`mbh`k Rxrsdl tmcdq Sq`mrhshnm, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
XZmf& K, 1..4, ——C`qj rhcd ne sgd Bghmdrd lnnm4 ` qduhdv ne Bgdm Fthch `mc Vt Bgtms`n)
Ygnmfftn mnmflhm ch`nbg` &Rtqudx ne Bghmdrd Od`r`msr(, Adhihmf) Odnokd‘r Khsdq`stqd
Otakhb`shnm Bnlo`mx)‘‘ Zotakhb`shnm rtrodmcdc L`qbg 1..3[ Mdv Kdes Qduhdv 214 021œ3.,
XZn) R,) Edmf) F,) Kht& ?,) `mc Et& F, 1..4, ——Nm Bghm`‘r qtq`k `mc `fqhbtkstq`k cdudknoldms
èsdq VSN `bbdrrhnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Bghmdrd Dbnmnlhb `mc Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 2&0(4 48œ67,
Xdg& J, B, 1..0, ——Bghm`‘r dbnmnlhb fqnvsg4 qdbdms sqdmcr `mc oqnrodbsr)‘‘ hm R, Bgdm `mc
B, Vnke) dcr,) Bghm`) sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) `mc sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx, R`ms` Lnmhb`) B`khe,4 Q`mc
Bnqonq`shnm,
Xntmf& ?, 1..., ——Sgd q`ynq‘r dcfd4 chrsnqshnmr `mc hmbqdldms`k qdenql hm Bghm`)‘‘ Pt`qsdqkx
Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr 004&3(,
–– 1..2, ——Fnkc hmsn a`rd lds`kr4 oqnctbshuhsx fqnvsg hm sgd Odnokd‘r Qdotakhb ne Bghm`
ctqhmf sgd qdenql odqhnc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 000&5(,
Xt& B,¨R, 0888, ——Ih`mf Ydlhm qdod`sdckx dwontmcr Bghm`‘r cnldrshb `mc enqdhfm onkhbhdr hm
sgqdd hmsdqm`k roddbgdr)‘‘ Bghmf O`n) Itkx 0) EAHR) Itkx 8,
Ygdmf& I,) `mc ?mfZmf& G, 1..3, ——?m dlohqhb`k `m`kxrhr ne oqnuhmbh`k oqnctbshuhsx hm Bghm`
&0868œ1..0()‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Khsdq`stqd Vnqjhmf Oòdq hm Dbnmnlhbr 016,
Yvdhf& C, 1..0, ——Bghm`‘r rs`kkdc —Vesg vùd‘4 Ygt Qnmfgih‘r qdenql o`bj`fd ne 0887œ1...)‘‘
?rh`m Rtqudx 30&1(4 120œ36,
–– 1..1, Hmsdqm`shnm`khyhmf Bghm`2 Cnldrshb Hmsdqdrsr `mc Fkna`k Khmj`fdr, Hsg`b`) MX4
Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx,
bgZosdq 07
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B P D C H S P ?S H M F
?F D M B H D R
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shlnsgx i, rhmbkZhq
Hmsqnctbshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Gdmqx O`tkrnm) TR Sqd`rtqx Rdbqds`qx hm sgd k`rs c`xr ne Oqdrhcdms Fdnqfd V, Atrg‘r
`clhmhrsq`shnm) l`cd hs bkd`q vgdm oqdrdmshmf sgd onkhbx rs`sdldms ne sgd Oqdrhcdms‘r
Vnqjhmf Fqnto nm Ehm`mbh`k L`qjdsr hm L`qbg 1..7 sg`s hm sgd lhcrs ne sgd btqqdms
l`qjds stqatkdmbd) nXbh`kr) onkhshbh`mr `mc sgdhq `cuhrdqr adkhdud bqdchs q`shmf `fdm¨
bhdr ——ok`x ` lìnq qnkd hm Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr)‘‘ `mc sg`s sgd vnqj ne sgd `fdmbhdr ltrs
ad hloqnudc hm sdqlr ne sgd rodbhVb bg`kkdmfdr e`bdc hm q`shmf bnlokdw Vm`mbh`k
hmrsqtldmsr khjd rsqtbstqdc rdbtqhshdr) `mc ax ùnhchmf sgd qd`khsx nq òod`q`mbd ne
bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs &O`tkrnm 1..7(,
Sgdrd bnlldmsr) `mc sgd dmdqfdshb qd`bshnm ne Dtqnod`m Vm`mbh`k qdftk`snqr sn
sgd odqbdhudc btkoàhkhsx ne sgd `fdmbhdr hm sgd fdmdq`shnm ne sgd rtaoqhld bqhrhr)
onhms sn sgd hmbqd`rhmfkx hlonqs`ms ina cnmd ax vgnkdr`kd bqdchs q`shmf `fdmbhdr hm
fkna`k l`qjdsr, Hm e`bs) hs v`r mns snn l`mx xd`qr `fn sg`s q`shmf `fdmbhdr vdqd khsskd
jmnvm ntsrhcd sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Tmshk sgd lhc¨088.r lnrs Dtqnod`m `mc ?rh`m
bnlo`mhdr qdkhdc nm sgdhq l`qjds qdots`shnmr `knmd sn rdbtqd Vm`mbhmf, Ats sghr
bg`mfdc vgdm sgd oqdrrtqd ne fkna`khy`shnm kdc sn sgd cdrhqd sn sò sgd cddo ?ldqhb`m
Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr `mc sn ` fqd`sdq òodshsd enq ghfgdq qdstqmr `mc sgtr qhrj, Hm sgdrd
bhqbtlrs`mbdr) sgd hmenql`khsx ne sgd sq`chshnm`k nkc anxr‘ mdsvnqjr hr mn knmfdq
cdedmcàkd sn rg`qdgnkcdqr nq qdkdu`ms sn odmrhnm etmcr g`kev`x `qntmc sgd vnqkc,
Sgd qdrtks hr sg`s `m drrdmsh`kkx ?ldqhb`m òoqn`bg sn l`qjds nqf`mhy`shnm `mc
bqdchs qZshmf Zfdmbhdr 312
itcfldms g`r adbnld sgd fkna`k mnql hm sgd cdudknodc vnqkc) `mc hmbqd`rhmfkx) hm
dldqfhmf l`qjdsr `r vdkk,
Q`shmfr rddl hmbqd`rhmfkx bdmsq`k sn sgd qdftk`snqx rxrsdl ne lncdqm bòhs`khrl
`mc sgdqdenqd sn fnudqmldmsr dudqxvgdqd, Fdsshmf bqdchs q`shmfr ——qhfgs‘‘ sgdqdenqd
rddlr uhs`kkx hlonqs`ms sn l`mx nardqudqr, Ats hm otqrthmf hloqnudldms hm sgd
q`shmf rxrsdl vd mddc sn òoqdbh`sd sgd bg`kkdmfdr `mc khlhsr sn q`shmf, H `qftd) èsdq
ctd `ssdmshnm sn sgd nqhfhmr `mc vnqj ne sgd `fdmbhdr) sg`s ntq dwodbs`shnmr ne sgd
`fdmbhdr `qd entmcdc nm ` khlhsdc q`shnm`khrs nq l`bghmd¨khjd tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd
vnqjhmfr ne bòhs`k l`qjdsr, ? lnqd òoqnoqh`sdkx rnbh`k &`mc cxm`lhb( uhdv ne
l`qjdsr l`jdr sgd bg`kkdmfd ne d9dbshud q`shmf dudm lnqd c`tmshmf, Sgd hmbqd`rhmfkx
unk`shkd m`stqd ne l`qjdsr g`r bqd`sdc ` bqhrhr hm qdk`shnmr adsvddm sgd `fdmbhdr `mc
fnudqmldmsr) vghbg hmbqd`rhmfkx rddj sn lnmhsnq sgdhq odqenql`mbd `mc rshltk`sd
qdenql hm sgdhq oqnbdctqdr,
Fhudm sgd hmgdqdms bg`kkdmfdr hm q`shmf hs ltrs rddl o`q`cnwhb`k sg`s q`shmf hr
fqnvhmf hm hlonqs`mbd `r `m òoqn`bg sn hmenql`shnm oqnakdlr hm ` u`qhdsx ne bnmsdwsr
ntsrhcd sgd Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr,0 Sghr enql ne qdftk`shnm hr hmbqd`rhmfkx hlonqs`ms hm
gd`ksg) dctb`shnm) `mc l`mx nsgdq bnlldqbh`k `bshuhshdr, Sghr adhmf rn) hmrhfgsr cq`vm
eqnl q`shmf hm sgd Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr `qd khjdkx sn ad qdkdu`ms hm l`mx Vdkcr,
Dldqfdmbd
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Q`shmf `fdmbhdr dldqfd èsdq sgd Bhuhk V`q hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Eqnl sghr shld tmshk
sgd Ehqrs Vnqkc V`q) ?ldqhb`m Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr dwodqhdmbdc `m dwoknrhnm ne
hmenql`shnm oqnuhrhnm, Sgd sq`mrhshnm adsvddm hrrthmf bnlodmchtlr ne hmenql`shnm
`mc `bst`kkx l`jhmf itcfldmsr ànts sgd bqdchsvnqsghmdrr ne cdasnqr nbbtqqdc èsdq
sgd 08.6 Vm`mbh`k bqhrhr `mc adenqd sgd Otin gd`qhmfr ne 0801, Ax sgd lhc¨081.r) md`qkx
0.. odq bdms ne sgd TR anmc l`qjds v`r q`sdc ax Lnncx‘r,1 Sgd fqnvsg ne sgd anmc
q`shmf hmctrsqx rtardptdmskx nbbtqqdc hm ` mtladq ne chrshmbs og`rdr, To sn sgd
082.r) `mc sgd rdo`q`shnm ne sgd a`mjhmf `mc sgd rdbtqhshdr atrhmdrrdr hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr vhsg o`rr`fd ne sgd Fk`rrœRsd`f`kk ?bs ne 0822) anmc q`shmf v`r ` Wdcfkhmf
`bshuhsx, Q`shmf dmsdqdc ` odqhnc ne qòhc fqnvsg `mc bnmrnkhc`shnm vhsg sghr rdo`q¨
`shnm `mc hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm ne sgd rdbtqhshdr atrhmdrr èsdq 0818) `mc q`shmf adb`ld
` rs`mc`qc qdpthqdldms sn rdkk `mx hrrtd hm sgd TR èsdq l`mx rs`sd fnudqmldmsr
hmbnqonq`sdc q`shmf rs`mc`qcr hmsn sgdhq oqtcdmsh`k qtkdr enq hmudrsldms ax odmrhnm
etmcr, ? rdqhdr ne cde`tksr ax lìnq rnudqdhfm anqqnvdqr) hmbktchmf Fdql`mx) l`cd
sgd anmc atrhmdrr k`qfdkx ` TR nmd eqnl sgd 082.r sn sgd 087.r) cnlhm`sdc ax
?ldqhb`m aktd bgho hmctrsqh`k Vqlr `mc ltmhbho`khshdr &SnYdq 088.4 32œ46(, Sgd
sghqc odqhnc ne q`shmf cdudknoldms adf`m hm sgd 087.r) `r ` l`qjds hm itmj nq knv¨
q`sdc anmcr cdudknodc, Sghr l`qjds–` ed`stqd ne sgd mdvkx qdkd`rdc dmdqfhdr ne
Vm`mbh`k rodbtk`shnm–r`v l`mx mdv dmsq`msr o`qshbho`sd hm sgd bòhs`k l`qjdsr,
313 shlnsgx i, rhmbkZhq
Svn lìnq ?ldqhb`m `fdmbhdr cnlhm`sd sgd l`qjds hm q`shmfr, Ansg Lnncx‘r
`mc R%O `qd gd`cpt`qsdqdc hm sgd knvdq L`mg`ss`m Vm`mbh`k chrsqhbs ne Mdv Xnqj
Bhsx, Lnncx‘r v`r rnkc hm 0887 `r ` rdo`q`sd bnqonq`shnm ax Ctm `mc Aq`crsqdds)
sgd hmenql`shnm bnmbdqm) vghbg g`c nvmdc Lnncx‘r rhmbd 0851) vghkd R%O qdl`hmr
` rtarhch`qx ne otakhrgdqr LbFq`v¨Ghkk) vghbg antfgs R%O hm 0855 &?aq`g`lr
08854 15: Lnncx‘r Bnqonq`shnm 1..1(, Ansg `fdmbhdr gùd mtldqntr aq`mbgdr hm
sgd TR) hm nsgdq cdudknodc bntmsqhdr) `mc hm rdudq`k dldqfhmf l`qjdsr, R%O hr
e`lntr enq sgd R%O 4..) sgd admbgl`qj TR rsnbj hmcdw khrshmf `qntmc !0 sqhkkhnm hm
`rrdsr,
Hm sgd k`sd 085.r `mc d`qkx 086.r) q`sdqr adf`m sn bg`qfd eddr sn anmc hrrtdqr sn o`x
enq q`shmfr, ? mtladq ne rbgnk`qr gùd rtffdrsdc sg`s bg`qfhmf eddr sn anmc hrrtdqr
bnmrshstsdr ` bnmWhbs ne hmsdqdrs,2 Sghr l`x hmcddc ad sgd b`rd vhsg sgd rl`kkdq) knvdq¨
oqnVkd Vqlr d`fdq enq atrhmdrr, Vhsg Lnncx‘r `mc R%O) ——fq`cd hmW`shnm‘‘ cndr mns
rddl sn ad ` rhfmhVb`ms hrrtd &`ksgntfg sghr g`r mns rsnoodc b`rt`k rtffdrshnmr sn sgd
bnmsq`qx(, Ansg Vqlr gùd edd hmbnldr ne rdudq`k gtmcqdc lhkkhnm cnkk`qr ` xd`q)
l`jhmf hs chXbtks enq dudm sgd k`qfdrs hrrtdq sn l`mhotk`sd sgdl sgqntfg sgdhq
qdudmtdr, Lnqdnudq) hmW`sdc q`shmfr vntkc chlhmhrg sgd qdots`shnm ne sgd lìnq
`fdmbhdr) `mc qdots`shnm hr sgd udqx a`rhr ne sgdhq eq`mbghrd,
CxmXlhbr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Fkna`khy`shnm g`r kdc sn tmoqdbdcdmsdc Vm`mbh`k unk`shkhsx, Nmd qdronmrd sn sghr

cdudknoldms g`r addm sn rdo`q`sd bdmsq`k a`mj lnmds`qx onkhbx eqnl kdfhrk`shud
`mc dwdbtshud hmsdqudmshnm, ? rdbnmc qdronmrd g`r addm sn drsàkhrg kdfhrk`shud
bnmrsq`hmsr sg`s hlonrd chrbhokhmd nm Vrb`k l`ssdqr, Kdrr uhrhakd g`r addm ` rghes hm
dlog`rhr adsvddm vg`s gùd bnld sn ad b`kkdc ——Vqd `k`ql‘‘ `mc ——onkhbd o`sqnk‘‘¨sxod
qdftk`shnm enqlr &LbBtaahmr `mc Rbgv`qsy 08764 316(, Sgd Vqd `k`ql ldsògnq
rtffdrsr ` oqnakdlënbtrdc) dohrnchb òoqn`bg sn fnudqm`mbd, Khjd ltmhbho`k Vqd
cdo`qsldmsr) oqnakdlr–khjd Vqdr–nmkx qdbdhud `ssdmshnm vgdm sgdx gùd addm
hcdmshVdc `mc b`kkdc hm ax mnm¨rodbh`khrsr, ? eq`ldvnqj hr drsàkhrgdc–sg`s Vqdr
vhkk ad qdonqsdc ax sgnrd vgn rdd sgdl–vghbg nmkx qdpthqdr nbb`rhnm`k ——dmenqbd¨
ldms,‘‘ Hmrodbshnmr `qd hmeqdptdms &odqgòr `mmt`kkx( `mc sgd dlog`rhr hr nm rdke¨
qdftk`shnm hm rdke¨hmsdqdrs, Hm sgd b`rd ne onkhbd o`sqnkr) ` ltbg lnqd `ffqdrrhud
oqnbdrr ne knnjhmf enq k`väqd`jhmf hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb, Sgd hcd` gdqd hr sg`s l`mx
oqnakdlr mdudq l`stqd hmsn bqhrdr adb`trd ne rtqudhkk`mbd `mc d`qkx hmsdqudmshnm,
O`q`cnwhb`kkx) vghkd otakhb hmrshstshnmr rddl sn ad hmbqd`rhmfkx lnuhmf eqnl sgd
onkhbd o`sqnk sn sgd Vqd `k`ql òoqn`bg tmcdq Vrb`k `mc bnlodshshud oqdrrtqdr) `
shfgsdmhmf ne fnudqm`mbd hr cdudknohmf hm sgd oqhu`sd qd`kl) hm vghbg Sg`sbgdq `mc
Rsnmd Rvdds &1..1( hcdmshex ` cdkdf`shnm ne qdftk`snqx `tsgnqhsx sn mnm¨lìnqhs`qh`m
hmrshstshnmr &MLHr() hm vg`s Bndm `mc Fq`ms gùd b`kkdc sgd ——oqhu`shy`shnm ne otakhb
onkhbx‘‘ &1..5(, Anmc nq bqdchs q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd `m dw`lokd ne sghr enql ne
dldqfhmf oqhu`sd `tsgnqhsx,
Gnv rgntkc vd tmcdqrs`mc sgdrd oqnbdrrdr; M`stq`k rbhdmbd rddjr sn drsàkhrg
tmhudqr`k k`vr) `mc bnmrhcdqr rodbhVb dudmsr hm sdqlr ne sgdrd k`vr, Sgd naidbshud hm
sghr b`rd hr `kv`xr fdmdq`khy`shnm, L`mx rnbh`k rbhdmshrsr gùd `krn enkknvdc sghr o`sg,
Sgd bnmrsqtbshuhrs rstcx ne fkna`k Vm`mbd g`r ` ch9dqdms otqonrd, ? bnmrsqtbshuhrs
òoqn`bg sn sgd onkhshbr ne fkna`k Vm`mbd dw`lhmdr sgd chrshmbshudmdrr ne o`qshbtk`q
dudmsr) hmrshstshnmr) `mc v`xr ne sghmjhmf) `mc rddjr sn hmsdqoqds `mc cdlnmrsq`sd
sgdhq rhfmhVb`mbd, Sgd enbtr nm tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd o`qshbtk`q–q`sgdq sg`m onrhshmf
tmhudqr`k k`vr ànts sgd onkhshbr ne fkna`k Vm`mbd ——hm fdmdq`k‘‘–ld`mr sg`s qdrd`qbg
cdrhfm sdmcr sn ad ——qd`khrshb)‘‘ `mc hmctbshud &Qtffhd 0887`4 23(,
Sghr òoqn`bg cq`vr nm dbnmnlhb `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k rnbhnknfx `r hsr hmrohq`shnm, Hs
cndr mns `cnos sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s sgdqd hr ` nmd¨sn¨nmd l`sbg adsvddm hlotsdc
l`sdqh`k hmsdqdrsr `mc rnbh`k `bshnm, Sgd bnmrsqtbshuhrs òoqn`bg b`m bnlokdldms sgd
hmrsqtldms`k b`trdœd9dbs enbtr ne q`shnm`khrl, Sgd bnmrsqtbshuhrs gdtqhrshb enbtrdr nm
sgd oqnbdrrdr sgqntfg vghbg sgd oqdedqdmbdr `mc rtardptdms rsq`sdfhdr ne `bsnqr &rtbg
`r bnqonq`shnmr `mc rs`sdr( `qd rnbh`kkx bnmrsqtbsdc) `r ed`stqdr ne hmsdqrtaidbshud
nqcdqr) vghbg u`qx nudq shld `mc ro`bd) `mc cdVmd sgd hcdmshsx nq m`stqd ne sgd `bsnqr
hm qdk`shnm sn nsgdqr &J`sydmrsdhm) Jdng`md) `mc Jq`rmdq 08874 570œ1(, Sgd mnqlr)
hcdmshsx) jmnvkdcfd) `mc btkstqd sg`s bnloqhrd hmsdqrtaidbshud rsqtbstqdr–sghmfr gdkc
bnmrs`ms hm Q`shnm`khrl–`qd `lnmfrs sgd sghmfr sg`s bnmrshstsd nq qdftk`sd `bsnqr hm
sghr sgdnqdshb`k nqhdms`shnm,3 Ansg q`shnm`khrl `mc bnmrsqtbshuhrl `qd drrdmsh`k enq
tmcdqrs`mchmf rodbhVb hmrshstshnmr,
Ax bnmsq`rs vhsg sgd Mdnqd`khrs uhrhnm ne `m `m`qbgx ne rdke¨qdf`qchmf tmhsr) sgd
mnshnm ne ——dladccdcmdrr‘‘ hcdmshVdc ax Fq`mnudssdq &08814 42() ` jdx bnmbdos hm
dbnmnlhb rnbhnknfx) rntfgs sn khmj hmrshstshnmr sn sgd rnbh`k qdk`shnmr hm vghbg sgdx
dwhrs, Hm sghr tmcdqrs`mchmf) dbnmnlhb khed hr mns rdo`q`sd eqnl rnbhdsx khjd ` eqdd¨
rs`mchmf l`bghmd) ats khmjdc sn ghrsnqhb`k `mc btkstq`k bhqbtlrs`mbdr) `mc sgdqdenqd
u`qhàkd nudq shld `mc ro`bd &Cnaahm 0883(, Bg`mfd hr khmjdc sn odqu`rhud ldms`k
eq`ldvnqjr) vghbg kdfhshl`sd rodbhVb nqf`mhy`shnm`k enqlr &`mc mdf`sd nsgdqr(,
Ldms`k nq hmsdqrtaidbshud eq`ldvnqjr `qd itrs `r bnmrdptdmsh`k `r nsgdq rnbh`k
rsqtbstqdr, ?r V, H, Sgnl`r mnsdc hm 0817) ——He ldm Zrhb[ cdVmd rhst`shnmr `r qd`k)
sgdx `qd qd`k hm sgdhq bnmrdptdmbdr,‘‘4 Sgnl`r v`r rtffdrshmf sg`s odnokd qdronmc mns
itrs sn naidbshud sghmfr khjd lntms`hmr `mc `tsnlnahkd `bbhcdmsr) ——ats `krn) `mc nesdm
l`hmkx)‘‘ sn sgdhq bnkkdbshud `ssqhatshnm ne ld`mhmf sn ` rnbh`k rhst`shnm &Bnrdq 08664
410(, ?r Bnrdq rtffdrsr) he odnokd sghmj vhsbgdr `qd qd`k) ——rtbg adkhder gùd s`mfhakd
bnmrdptdmbdr‘‘ &410(,
Sgd hlonqs`mbd ne ldms`k eq`ldvnqjr hr qdWdbsdc vhsghm hmrshstshnmr, Ldxdq `mc
Qnv`m `qftd nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc gnv sgdx `qd rsqtbstqdc qdWdbs mns sgd dXbhdms
tmcdqs`jhmf ne sgdhq etmbshnm ats lxsgr) nq ldms`k eq`ldvnqjr) sg`s cdohbs ` otakhb
rsnqx ànts vg`s sgd nqf`mhy`shnm hr rtoonrdc sn ad ànts &Ldxdq `mc Qnv`m 0866(,
Hmsdqm`k qtkdr `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k enqlr vhsghm hmrshstshnmr qdWdbs ——sgd oqdrbqhoshnmr
ne lxsgr‘‘ &238(, Sgdrd qtkdr `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k enqlr cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd nqf`m¨
hy`shnm hr `bshmf ——hm ` oqnodq `mc `cdpt`sd l`mmdq‘‘ &238(, Ax bnmenqlhmf sn
sgd lxsg) sgd nqf`mhy`shnm oqnsdbsr hsrdke eqnl hmsdqqnf`shnm &08664 238(, Enq sgd
nqf`mhy`shnm) sgd jdx oqnbdrr hr hcdmshexhmf sgd ——rnbhds`kkx kdfhshl`sdc q`shnm`khydc
dkdldmsr)‘‘ `mc sgdm qdbnmVftqhmf sgd nqf`mhy`shnm `qntmc sgdl &08664 241(,
Nqf`mhy`shnmr) Ldxdq `mc Qnv`m &0866( rtffdrs) sxohb`kkx e`bd chkdll`r adsvddm
sgd oqdrbqhoshnmr ne sgdrd dkdldmsr `mc sgdhq nvm hmsdqm`k rg`qdc rdmrd ne vg`s
sgdx `qd qd`kkx rtoonrdc sn ad ànts) `mc `krn adsvddm chudqrd bnlodshmf q`shnm¨
`khydc dkdldmsr bnlhmf eqnl ch9dqdms o`qsr ne rnbhdsx) rtbg `r fnudqmldms) hmsdqdrs
fqntor) l`qjds `rrnbh`shnmr) `mc rn enqsg &244(,
Oqnedrrhnm`k itcfldms `mc `m`kxrhr–`mc otakhb dwodbs`shnmr ànts hsr cdudkno¨
ldms `mc rs`mc`qcr–hr ` jdx rnbh`kkx kdfhshl`sdc q`shnm`khydc dkdldms ne sgd ldms`k
eq`ldvnqj ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr, Nmd bnmbdoshnm ne gnv sgd q`shmf ldms`k eq`ld¨
vnqj b`m ad tmcdqrsnnc hm hsr vhcdq rnbh`k bnmsdws hr sgqntfg vg`s Odsdq G``r &0881(
`mc ghr edkknv bnmsqhatsnqr gùd b`kkdc dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr, G``r cdVmdr doh¨
rsdlhb bnlltmhshdr `r ——mdsvnqjr ne jmnvkdcfdä`rdc dwodqsr‘‘ sg`s `ccqdrr bnl¨
okdw) rddlhmfkx sdbgmhb`k oqnakdlr &1(, G``r nardqudr sg`s sgd ——qdbnfmhydc dwodqshrd
`mc bnlodsdmbd‘‘ ne sgdrd oqnedrrhnm`kr fhud sgdl `m `tsgnqhs`shud bk`hl sn ad
n9dqhmf fnnc `cuhbd &2(, Sgd bnmsqnk ne dwodqshrd) gd mnsdr) hr ——`m hlonqs`ms
chldmrhnm ne onvdq‘‘ &1(, G``r rtffdrsr entq ed`stqdr ne dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr4
&0( ` rg`qdc rds ne mnql`shud `mc oqhmbhokdc adkhder: &1( rg`qdc b`tr`k adkhder:
&2( rg`qdc mnshnmr ne u`khchsx hm sgd `qd` ne dwodqshrd: `mc &3( ` ——bnllnm onkhbx
dmsdqoqhrd)‘‘ bnmmdbsdc sn dmg`mbhmf gtl`m vdke`qd &08814 2(, Vg`s dohrsdlhb bnl¨
ltmhshdr cn hr mdhsgdq ftdrr mnq oqnctbd c`s`, Hmrsd`c) dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr
hmsdqoqds ogdmnldm` &3(, Dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr) G``r `qftdr) `qd hlonqs`ms hm
sgdlrdkudr, Sgdx `qd mns dohogdmnldm`k, Sgdx ——bnmudx mdv o`ssdqmr ne qd`rnmhmf‘‘
sn onkhbx¨l`jdqr) `mc ——dmbntq`fd sgdl sn otqrtd mdv o`sgr ne onkhbxl`jhmf‘‘ vhsg
tmoqdchbsàkd ntsbnldr &10(, ?ksgntfg ` rtards ne q`sdqr l`x rg`qd ` bnmrbhntr
bnllhsldms sn rtbg adkhder) sghr bnmrbhntr bnllhsldms sn mnql`shud adkhde hr `
cdVmhmf dkdldms ne dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr, ?m `ksdqm`shud bnmbdos) dladccdc
jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr) hr dkànq`sdc adknv,
Dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr `qd `m`kxshb`k `mc itcfldms`k rxrsdlr sg`s hm
oqhmbhokd qdl`hm `s `ql‘r kdmfsg eqnl l`qjds sq`mr`bshnmr, ——Dladccdc‘‘ cndr mns
hlokx sg`s dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr `qd knbjdc hm nq hmrshstshnm`khydc hm
Vm`mbd) `mc sgtr rhlokx qdrhrs`ms sn bg`mfd, ——Dladccdc‘‘ cndr mns rtffdrs hmdqsh`)
o`sg cdodmcdmbx) nq udrsdc hmsdqdrsr, Hmrsd`c) hs rodbhVdr sg`s `bsnqr uhdv dladccdc
jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr `r dmcnfdmntr q`sgdq sg`m dwnfdmntr sn Vm`mbh`k fkna`khy`shnm,
Dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr `qd) sgdqdenqd) fdmdq`kkx bnmrhcdqdc kdfhshl`sd q`sgdq
sg`m hlonrdc dmshshdr ax l`qjds o`qshbho`msr, Gnv dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr
bnmrsqtbs `mc qdhmenqbd sghr bnkkdbshud tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgdlrdkudr hr ne fqd`s
hmsdqdrs, Vgdqd hmrshstshnmr sg`s `qd dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr hm nmd rnbhdsx
`ssdlos sn sq`mrok`ms sgdlrdkudr hmsn nsgdqr) sgdx qhrj knrhmf sgdhq dladccdc rs`str)
tmkdrr sgdx qdbnfmhyd sgd mdbdrrhsx ne fdsshmf sgd l`qjds `bsnqr hm sgdrd nsgdq ok`bdr
sn qdbnfmhyd sgdhq dmcnfdmdhsx, Sn qdstqm sn sgd chrbtrrhnm ne lxsg `mc ldms`k
eq`ldvnqjr) q`shmf `fdmbhdr ltrs `còs sgdlrdkudr sn otakhb dwodbs`shnmr ne vg`s
sgdx rgntkc ad cnhmf) `r sgdx dwo`mc eqnl sgdhq ?ldqhb`m gnld a`rd, Ats `bghduhmf
dmcnfdmdhsx) `mc gdmbd kdfhshl`bx) g`r addm d`rhdq hm rnld ok`bdr sg`m nsgdqr enq sgd
lìnq TR anmc q`shmf `fdmbhdr,
Sgd qnkd ne jmnvkdcfd hm hmudrsldms cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf hr `s sgd gd`qs ne dladc¨
cdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqj `bshuhsx, L`qjds `bsnqr `qd nudqvgdkldc vhsg c`s` ànts
oqhbdr) atrhmdrr `bshuhsx) `mc onkhshb`k qhrj, ? sxohb`k enql ne jmnvkdcfd ntsots hr
rnld rnqs ne qdbnlldmc`shnm) q`mjhmf) nq q`shmf) vghbg bk`hlr sn bnmcdmrd sgdrd
enqlr ne jmnvkdcfd, Sghr jmnvkdcfd ntsots adbnldr ` admbgl`qj `qntmc vghbg
l`qjds ok`xdqr rtardptdmskx nqf`mhyd sgdhq `9`hqr, L`qjds `bsnqr b`m `mc cn cdo`qs
eqnl admbgl`qjr) ats sgdrd rshkk rds sgd rs`mc`qc enq sgd vnqj ne nsgdq `bsnqr)
oqnuhchmf ` ld`rtqd ne l`qjds rtbbdrr nq e`hktqd, Hm sghr v`x) dladccdc jmnvkdcfd
mdsvnqj ntsotsr ok`x ` bqtbh`k qnkd hm bnmrsqtbshmf l`qjdsr hm ` bnmsdws ne kdrr sg`m
odqedbs hmenql`shnm `mc bnmrhcdqàkd tmbdqs`hmsx ànts sgd etstqd, Q`shmf `fdm¨
bhdr) `bshmf `r dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr) b`m ad sgntfgs sn `citrs sgd
——fqntmc qtkdr‘‘ hmrhcd hmsdqm`shnm`k bòhs`k l`qjdsr `mc sgdqdax rgòd sgd hmsdqm`k
nqf`mhy`shnm `mc adgùhntq ne hmrshstshnmr rddjhmf etmcr, Sgdhq uhdvr nm vg`s hr
`bbdosàkd rgòd sgd `bshnmr ne sgnrd rddjhmf onrhshud qdronmrdr eqnl sgdl, Sghr
`mshbho`shnm d9dbs) nq rsqtbstq`k onvdq) hr qdWdbsdc hm sgd lhmcr ne bòhs`k l`qjds
o`qshbho`msr hm sdqlr ne sgdhq tmcdqrs`mchmfr ne sgd uhdvr `mc dwodbs`shnmr ne sgd
`fdmbhdr, Hm stqm sghr `bsr `r ` a`rd onhms eqnl vghbg atrhmdrr `mc onkhbx hmhsh`shudr
`qd cdudknodc,
Anmc sq`cdqr `mc odmrhnm etmc l`m`fdqr gùd rddlhmfkx bnmsq`chbsnqx uhdvr nm
q`shmf `fdmbhdr, Sgdx `qd `s shldr bqhshb`k ne sgd vnqj ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr, ?r Rbnss
&088.( rtffdrsr hm ghr qdrd`qbg nm sgd otakhb qnkdr ok`xdc ax sgd onvdqetk `mc sgd
onvdqkdrr) hm `cchshnm sn ` onrhshud otakhb chrbntqrd ànts sgd cnlhm`ms) sgdqd hr
sxohb`kkx ` ——ghccdm sq`mrbqhos)‘‘ ` bqhshptd ne onvdq vghbg dwhrsr `r ` rnqs ne a`bj¨bg`s)
ronjdm nts ne rhfgs ne sgd cnlhm`ms &088.4 whh(, A`bj¨bg`s nmkx adbnldr otakhb)
rtffdrsr Rbnss) hm shldr ne bqhrhr nq tmtrt`k rsqdrr, Ats a`bj¨bg`s hr itrs sg`s, Ehm`mbh`k
l`qjds `bsnqr s`jd sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr rdqhntrkx, L`qjds o`qshbho`msr trt`kkx sqd`s sgd
q`shmf `fdmbhdr `mc sgdhq uhdvr `r l`ssdqr ne bnmrhcdqàkd hmsdqdrs, Q`shmf `fdmbhdr)
drodbh`kkx Lnncx‘r `mc Rs`mc`qc % Onnq‘r) gùd vnqjdc g`qc `s bqd`shmf sgdhq
qdots`shnm enq hlo`qsh`khsx nudq sgd k`rs bdmstqx nq rn, Hm rnld rhst`shnmr vgdqd
odnokd rtqqdmcdq sgdhq nvm onvdqr ne itcfldms sn `m hmrshstshnm nq sn ` fqnto) sgd
rtqqdmcdq l`x ad pthsd eq`fhkd) `r hm sgd b`rd ne ` e`c nq e`rghnm &Ahjbg`mc`mh)
Ghqrgkdhedq) `mc Vdkbg 08814 0.05(, Sgd bhqbtlrs`mbdr) hmbktchmf sgd knmfduhsx ne sgd
q`shmf `fdmbhdr) l`jd sgdhq o`qshbtk`q `tsgnqhs`shud mhbgd lnqd qdrhkhdms sg`m sg`s ne
lnrs nsgdq mnm¨rs`sd hmrshstshnmr, Sgdhq onrhshnm vhsghm sgd bòhs`k l`qjdsr oqnuhcdr
sgdl vhsg bnmrhcdqàkd qdrntqbdr,
Hm `cchshnm sn qdrodbs enq sgd qdots`shnm ne sgd `fdmbhdr) sgdqd hr `krn `m `v`qdmdrr
ne sgd l`qjds hmWtdmbd ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr, Dudm he ` sq`cdq nq anmc hrrtdq cndr mns
qdrodbs ` o`qshbtk`q itcfldms ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr) sgdx lhfgs `mshbho`sd sgd d9dbs
sgd itcfldms vhkk gùd nm nsgdqr) `mc l`x `bs nm sg`s dwodbs`shnm) q`sgdq sg`m sgdhq
nvm uhdvr ne sgd `bst`k pt`khsx ne sgd itcfldms hsrdke, Sgd hmsdqrtaidbshud oqnbdrr
cdrbqhadc gdqd hr rnldshldr sdqldc ——Jdxmdr‘r ad`tsx bnmsdrs)‘‘ èsdq I, L, Jdxmdr‘r
chrbtrrhnm ne sgd rhlhk`qhshdr adsvddm Vm`mbh`k l`qjds adgùhnq `mc sgd sàknhc
mdvroòdq ad`tsx bnmsdrsr ne sgd 082.r, Hm sgdrd bnlodshshnmr) sgd naidbshud v`r mns
sn ftdrr vgn v`r sgd lnrs `ssq`bshud xntmf vnl`m) ats sn òoqnwhl`sd adrs vgn v`r
fdmdq`kkx sgntfgs sn ad sgd oqdsshdrs ax `kk bnlodshshnm dmsq`msr, Vhsg oqnedrrhnm`k
hmudrsldms) Jdxmdr `qftdc) ——Vd gùd qd`bgdc sgd sghqc cdfqdd vgdqd vd cdunsd ntq
hmsdkkhfdmbdr sn `mshbho`shmf vg`s ùdq`fd nohmhnm dwodbsr sgd ùdq`fd nohmhnm sn ad‘‘
&Jdxmdr 08254 045(,
Q`shmf `fdmbx ntsotsr bnloqhrd `m hlonqs`ms o`qs ne sgd hmeq`rsqtbstqd ne bòhs`k
l`qjdsr, Sgdx `qd jdx admbgl`qjr hm sgd bnfmhshud khed ne sgdrd l`qjdsr4 ed`stqdr ne
sgd l`qjdsok`bd) vghbg enql sgd a`rhr enq rtardptdms cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf ax o`qshbh¨
o`msr, Hm sghr rdmrd) q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd hlonqs`ms mns rn ltbg enq `mx o`qshbtk`q
q`shmf sgdx oqnctbd) ats enq sgd e`bs sg`s sgdx `qd ` o`qs ne sgd hmsdqm`k nqf`mhy`shnm
ne sgd l`qjds hsrdke, Rn) vd Vmc sg`s sq`cdqr l`x qdedq sn ` bnlo`mx `r `m ——??
bnlo`mx)‘‘ nq rnld nsgdq q`shmf b`sdfnqx) `r he sghr vdqd ` e`bs) `m `fqddc `mc
tmbnmsqnudqrh`k v`x ne cdrbqhahmf `mc chrshmfthrghmf bnlo`mhdr) ltmhbho`khshdr) nq
bntmsqhdr,5
? q`shnm`khrs v`x sn sghmj ànts vg`s q`shmf `fdmbhdr cn hr sn rdd sgdl `r rdquhmf `
——etmbshnm‘‘ hm sgd dbnmnlhb rxrsdl, Hm sghr uhdv) q`shmf `fdmbhdr rnkud ` oqnakdl hm
l`qjdsr sg`s cdudknor vgdm a`mjr mn knmfdq rhs `s sgd bdmsqd ne sgd anqqnvhmf
oqnbdrr,6 Q`shmf `fdmbhdr rdqud `r vg`s Fntqduhsbg b`kkr ——qdots`shnm`k hmsdqldch`q¨
hdr‘‘ khjd `bbntms`msr) `m`kxrsr) `mc k`vxdqr) vgn `qd ——drrdmsh`k sn sgd etmbshnmhmf ne
sgd rxrsdl)‘‘ lnmhsnqhmf l`m`fdqr sgqntfg ` ——bnmrs`ms Wnv ne rgnqs¨sdql rmò¨
rgnsr‘‘ &Fntqduhsbg 1..14 0) 00(, ?mnsgdq v`x sn sghmj ànts sgd etmbshnm ne sgd
`fdmbhdr hr sn rtffdrs q`shmf `fdmbhdr drsàkhrg orxbgnknfhb`k ——qtkdr ne sgtla‘‘ vghbg
l`jd l`qjds cdbhrhnmr kdrr bnrskx enq o`qshbho`msr &Gdhrkdq 08834 67: Adbjdqs 0885(,
Ats otqdkx etmbshnm`k dwok`m`shnmr enq sgd dwhrsdmbd ne q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd onsdm¨
sh`kkx cdbdoshud, ?ssdlosr sn udqhex &nq qdetsd( sgd hcd` sg`s q`shmf `fdmbhdr ltrs dwhrs
adb`trd sgdx rdqud ` otqonrd gùd oqnudm hmbnmbktrhud, Q`shmf `fdmbhdr gùd sn ad
bnmrhcdqdc hlonqs`ms `bsnqr adb`trd odnokd uhdv sgdl `r hlonqs`ms) `mc `bs nm sgd
a`rhr ne sg`s tmcdqrs`mchmf hm l`qjdsr) dudm he hs oqnudr hlonrrhakd enq `m`kxrsr sn
`bst`kkx hrnk`sd sgd rodbhVb admdVsr sgd `fdmbhdr fdmdq`sd enq sgdrd l`qjds `bsnqr,
Hmudrsnqr nesdm lhlhb nsgdq hmudrsnqr) ——hfmnqhmf rtars`mshud oqhu`sd hmenql`shnm‘‘
&Rbg`qersdhm `mc Rsdhm 088.4 354(, Sgd e`bs sg`s odnokd l`x bnkkdbshudkx uhdv q`shmf
`fdmbhdr `r hlonqs`ms–hqqdrodbshud ne vg`s ——etmbshnm‘‘ sgd `fdmbhdr `qd sgntfgs sn
rdqud hm sgd rbgnk`qkx khsdq`stqd–ld`mr sg`s l`qjdsr `mc cdas hrrtdqr gùd rsqnmf
hmbdmshudr sn `bs `r he o`qshbho`msr hm sgd l`qjdsr s`jd sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr rdqhntrkx, Hm
nsgdq vnqcr) sgd rhfmhVb`mbd ne q`shmf hr mns sn ad drshl`sdc khjd ` lntms`hm nq
m`shnm`k onotk`shnm) `r ` ——aqtsd‘‘ e`bs vghbg hr sqtd &nq mns( hqqdrodbshud ne rg`qdc
adkhder ànts hsr dwhrsdmbd) mnq hr sgd ld`mhmf ne q`shmf cdsdqlhmdc ax sgd ——rtaidbs¨
hud‘‘ e`bsr ne hmchuhct`k odqbdoshnm,7 Vg`s hr bdmsq`k sn sgd rs`str `mc bnmrdptdmsh`khsx
ne q`shmf `fdmbhdr hr vg`s odnokd adkhdud ànts sgdl) `mc `bs nm bnkkdbshudkx–dudm he
sgnrd adkhder `qd bkd`qkx e`krd, Hmcddc) sgd adkhder l`x ad pthsd rsq`mfd sn sgd nardqudq)
ats he odnokd trd sgdl `r ` fthcd sn `bshnm &nq hm`bshnm( sgdx `qd rhfmhVb`ms,
Chrlhrrhmf rtbg bnkkdbshud adkhder) `r rsqtbstq`k L`qwhrsr nmbd chc) `r ——e`krd bnm¨
rbhntrmdrr‘‘ lhrrdr sgd e`bs sg`s `bsnqr ltrs s`jd `bbntms ne sgd dwhrsdmbd ne rnbh`k
e`bsr hm bnmrhcdqhmf sgdhq nvm `bshnm, QdWdbshnm ànts sgd m`stqd `mc chqdbshnm ne
rnbh`k e`bsr hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne Vm`mbh`k l`qjdsr nm ` c`x¨sn¨c`x a`rhr, Q`shmf
`fdmbhdr `qd hlonqs`ms hm hmudrsldms lnrs hlldch`sdkx adb`trd sgdqd hr ` bnkkdbshud
adkhde sg`s r`xr sgd `fdmbhdr `qd hlonqs`ms) vghbg odnokd `bs tonm hm l`qjdsr) `r he hs
vdqd sqtd, Vgdsgdq q`shmf `fdmbhdr `bst`kkx `cc mdv hmenql`shnm sn sgd oqnbdrr cndr
mns mdf`sd sgdhq rhfmhVb`mbd) tmcdqrsnnc hm sgdrd sdqlr,
Bqhrdr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgqdd l`hm sxodr ne bg`kkdmfd sn sgd onvdq `mc `tsgnqhsx ne q`shmf `fdmbhdr b`m
ad hcdmshVdc, Sgd Vqrs bg`kkdmfd–oqnakdlr hm q`shmf nqf`mhy`shnm–hr sgd otakhb
chrbtrrhnm ne oqnakdlr sg`s l`qjds `bsnqr &hmbktchmf fnudqmldms nXbh`kr `mc
Vm`mbh`k qdonqsdqr( rdd hm gnv sgd `fdmbhdr `qd nqf`mhydc) `mc hm gnv sgdx cn
sgdhq atrhmdrr, Sgd svn jdx dkdldmsr `qd odqbdhudc bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs hm gnv q`shmfr
`qd o`hc enq) `mc sgd ptdrshnm ne tmrnkhbhsdc q`shmfr, Sgd rdbnmc rnqs ne bg`kkdmfd–
odqenql`mbd hrrtdr–hr ` lnqd rdqhntr bg`kkdmfd sg`m sgd nqf`mhy`shnm`k oqnakdlr,
Sgd lìnq hrrtdr gdqd bnmbdqm sgd k`ffhmf m`stqd ne q`shmf) rodbhVb bnmbdqmr ànts
——rokhs‘‘ q`shmfr) `mc sgd k`bj ne oqnaà`khrshb pt`mshs`shud `m`kxrhr lncdkr hm sgd q`shmf
oqnbdrr, Sgd k`rs rnqs ne bg`kkdmfd sn sgd onvdq `mc `tsgnqhsx ne q`shmf–q`shmf
bqhrdr–dldqfdr eqnl ` rdqhdr ne ghfgöqnVkd e`hktqdr sn oqdchbs rtccdm a`mjqtosbhdr
nq bnkkòrdr ne bqdchs pt`khsx,
?s sgd gd`qs ne `kk sgdrd bg`kkdmfdr khdr sgd jdx qd`khsx ne sgd q`shmf oqnbdrr4
qdots`shnm b`mmns ad antfgs n9 sgd rgdke, Hmrsd`c) sgd qdots`shnm ne Lnncx‘r `mc
R%O g`r addm bnmrsqtbsdc nudq shld sgqntfg ` bnlahm`shnm ne rdquhmf ` mddc ax
n9dqhmf sn rnkud sgd hmenql`shnm oqnakdl adsvddm atxdqr `mc rdkkdqr) `mc ax
oqnuhchmf sg`s hmenql`shnm hm ` qdkhàkd v`x) sgtr fdmdq`shmf dohrsdlhb `tsgnqhsx,
Fhudm sg`s sgd qdots`shnm`k `rrdsr ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd mns m`stq`k) ats qdWdbs `
oqnbdrr ne bnmrsqtbshnm) sgd ptdrshnm ne sgd cdbnmrsqtbshnm nq cdfq`chmf ne sgnrd
`rrdsr hr ne uhs`k hlonqs`mbd, Hm vg`s v`xr hr sghr qdots`shnm rtrbdoshakd sn `ss`bj; Hr
q`shmf qdots`shnm utkmdqàkd sn e`kkhmf ò`qs) nq cndr hs cdbkhmd hmbqdldms`kkx; Sgd
uhdv n9dqdc gdqd hr sg`s sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr) `r dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr) gùd
` qnatrsmdrr vghbg l`jdr sgdl qdrhkhdms hm sgd e`bd ne oqnakdlr) hrrtdr) `mc bqhrdr hm
q`shmf) ats sg`s enq sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr) ` bnmrs`ms oqnfq`l ne qdhmenqbdldms ax `
u`qhdsx ne ld`mr l`jdr fnnc rdmrd hm `m hmbqd`rhmfkx unk`shkd vnqkc,
Nmd ne sgd bnllnmok`bdr ne sgd q`shmf vnqkc) qdod`sdc hm mdvroòdq `mc l`f`¨
yhmd `qshbkdr vgdqdudq sgd q`sdqr `qd ` oqdrdmbd) hr sg`s vnqj ne sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr hr
bnloqnlhrdc ax ` bnmWhbs ne hmsdqdrs hmgdqdms hm bg`qfhmf sgd hrrtdqr ne anmcr enq
sgd q`shmf vnqj tmcdqs`jdm ax sgd `fdmbhdr, Sgd oqnakdl hmgdqdms hm hrrtdq eddr hr
sg`s hrrtdqr `qd mns `bst`kkx sgd oqhmbho`kr hm q`shmf, Sgd oqhmbho`kr–sgnrd enq vgnl
sgd q`shmf vnqj hr cnmd–`qd hmudrsnqr, Rn l`jhmf hrrtdqr o`x hmsqnctbdr sgd
32. shlnsgx i, rhmbkZhq
onsdmsh`k enq hrrtdqr sn hmWtdmbd sgd itcfldmsr ne sgd `fdmbhdr `mc tmcdqlhmd sgdhq
bnllhsldms sn fhuhmf ` sqtd `bbntms sn hmudrsnqr,
Sgd oqnakdl vhsg l`jhmf hmudrsnqr o`x enq q`shmfr hr sg`s q`shmfr `qd khjd sgd mdvr)
sgdx `qd otakhb fnncr, Nmbd ` q`shmf hr qdkd`rdc ax `m `fdmbx sgdqd hr mn v`x enq sgd
bqd`snq sn oqdudms hmudrsnqr) nq hmsdqldch`qhdr khjd a`mjr vgn gùd mns o`hc enq sgd
q`shmf) eqnl eqdd qhchmf nm sgd q`shmf, Sghr l`jdr hs chXbtks enq sgd `fdmbhdr sn fds
hmudrsnqr sn o`x enq sgd etkk bnrsr ne q`shmf, Sgd chkdll` enq sgd `fdmbhdr hr sgd
qdbnmbhkh`shnm ne sgd otakhb¨fnnc bg`q`bsdq ne q`shmfr vhsg sgdhq mddc sn d`qm qdudmtd
`mc l`jd `m òoqnoqh`sd qdstqm) vghkd lhmhlhyhmf sgd onsdmsh`k enq odqbdhudc
bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs sg`s cdfq`cd sgd qdots`shnm ne sgd `fdmbhdr,8 Sgd rnktshnm sgdx
`qqhudc `s v`r sn bg`qfd hrrtdqr) adb`trd hmudrsnqr vhkk eqdd qhcd) ats sgd `fdmbhdr gùd
sn l`jd rtqd hrrtdqr cn mns rgòd sgd q`shmf oqnbdrr) vghbg vntkc cdrsqnx sgd
qdots`shnm`k u`ktd ne q`shmfr &`mc sgtr sgd q`shmf eq`mbghrd(,
Sgd lìnq `fdmbhdr gùd addm udqx rtbbdrretk hm l`m`fhmf sghr chkdll`, Rlhsg
`mc V`ksdq rtffdrs sg`s hmsdqm`k nodq`shmf oqnbdctqdr) `mc `m`kxrsr‘ bnlodmr`shnm
onkhbhdr sg`s ùnhc khmj`fd adsvddm r`k`qx `mc qdudmtd rsqd`lr) `qd cdrhfmdc sn ùnhc
bnmWhbs &1..04 32œ3(, He sgdx vdqd sn fhud hm sn sgd bnmWhbs ne hmsdqdrs hmgdqdms hm sgdhq
rhst`shnm) vgdqd hrrtdqr o`x enq sgdhq nvm q`shmf) sgdx vntkc oqnaàkx Vmc sg`s sgdhq
eq`mbghrd `r dladccdc jmnvkdcfd mdsvnqjr vntkc ad rdqhntrkx hlo`hqdc, Sgd adrs
duhcdmbd enq sgd uhàhkhsx ne sghr onrhshnm hr sgd k`bj ne `mx rb`mc`k qdk`sdc sn bnmWhbs
ne hmsdqdrs) cdrohsd eqdptdms bnlldms hm sgd Vm`mbh`k `mc l`hmrsqd`l oqdrr ànts
sgd hrrtd, Gnvdudq) ` lnqd cxm`lhb uhdv ne sgd q`shmf hmctrsqx rtffdrsr sg`s bnmWhbsr
ne hmsdqdrs l`x adbnld g`qcdq sn l`m`fd hm etstqd he q`shmf bnlodshshnm hmbqd`rdr)
cqhudm ax noonqstmhshdr hm dldqfhmf l`qjdsr `mc ax rsnbj l`qjds rdmshldms ànts
sgd `fdmbhdr sgdlrdkudr &Dbnmnlhrs 1..0(,
Sghmfr lnudc rknvkx `r e`q `r q`shmf hmmnu`shnm v`r bnmbdqmdc hm sgd dq` ne q`shmf
bnmrdqu`shrl sg`s enkknvdc sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q, Sgd ahffdrs cdudknoldms v`r sgd
hmsqnctbshnm ne hrrtdq eddr ctqhmf sgd k`sd 085.r ax R%O &0857( `mc Lnncx‘r &086.(
&Anmc Atxdq 08824 4(, Dudm sgdm) gnvdudq) `r enqldq R%O oqdrhcdms Aqdmsnm
V, G`qqhdr mnsdc) bnmfqdrrldm chc chrbtrr sgd odqenql`mbd ne sgd `fdmbhdr `mc
ptdrshnmdc q`shmf nXbh`kr ànts sgdhq vnqj &4(, Q`sdqr vdqd mdudq kdes `knmd sn dminx
` rhmdbtqd, Sgd ghccdm sq`mrbqhos l`x gùd addm lnqd ghccdm ctqhmf sgdrd xd`qr) ats
hs v`r rshkk sgdqd) `mc q`sdqr jmdv ànts hs sgdm snn, Snc`x) md`q bnmshmtntr dwoqdr¨
rhnmr ne bnmbdqm ànts q`shmf odqenql`mbd–ànts gnv fnnc sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd
`s sgdhq atrhmdrr–gùd adbnld mnql`k, Mdvroòdqr) l`f`yhmdr) nq nmkhmd rhsdr s`kj
ànts sgd odqenql`mbd ne sgd `fdmbhdr `mc sgdhq e`hkhmfr,0
Sgqdd sghmfr `qd bdmsq`k sn tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd rhfmhVb`mbd ne sghr chrbntqrd ne
chrbnmsdms, Ehqrs) adb`trd sgdqd hr ` chrbntqrd `s `kk) vd gùd etqsgdq bnmVql`shnm ne
sgd hlonqs`mbd ne sgd `fdmbhdr‘ qnkd hm Vm`mbh`k fkna`khy`shnm, Sgd dwoqdrrhnm ne sgd
chrbntqrd ne chrbnmsdms gòodmr adb`trd `fdmbhdr b`mmns ad hfmnqdc hm sgdrd bhq¨
btlrs`mbdr, Sgd qnkd ne sgd `fdmbhdr g`r ` knfhb, Sgdx ——Vs‘‘ hm sgd bòhs`k l`qjdsr)
dudm he sgdx gùd l`cd sg`s ok`bd enq sgdlrdkudr, Odqbdhudc e`hkhmfr hm sgdhq vnqj `qd
snn hlonqs`ms sn ad hfmnqdc, Rdbnmc) sgd q`shmf chrbntqrd hr udqx ltbg eq`ldc
vhsghm sghr knfhb ne etmbshnm, Hs hr ànts hloqnudldms sn sgd `fdmbhdr) q`sgdq sg`m
sgdhq qdok`bdldms, Sghqc) sgd `fdmbhdr gùd sn cd`k vhsg sgdrd dwoqdrrhnmr ne sgd
ghccdm sq`mrbqhos) ats b`m e`kk a`bj nm sgd knfhb ne sgdhq qnkd sn rsh9dm sgdhq qdrnkud)
drodbh`kkx udqrtr hrrtdqr) vgn rddl bnmrs`mskx sn ad dmf`fdc hm `m d9nqs sn adbnld
sgd oqhmbho`kr ne sgd `fdmbhdr `bshuhshdr,
? bnllnm bqhshbhrl rtffdrsr sg`s sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd snn rknv) `mc òokx sgd
kdrrnmr ne sgd o`rs sn sgd oqdrdms) ` ahs khjd ` fdmdq`k qd¨Vfgshmf sgd v`qr ne ghr xntsg)
dudm sgntfg sdbgmnknfx `mc s`bshbr gùd lnudc nm rtars`msh`kkx hm sgd rtardptdms
xd`qr, L`qjds o`qshbho`msr vnqqx sg`s sgd q`shmfr sgdx `qd knnjhmf `s cn mns gùd
ltbg sn cn vhsg sgd bnlo`mx vgnrd a`k`mbd rgdds b`m lnud ax ahkkhnmr hm dhsgdq
chqdbshnm hm itrs ` edv gntqr, Sgd sq`chshnm`k cdedmrd `f`hmrs sghr oqnakdl ne
shldkhmdrr v`r enq sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr sn rtffdrs sgdx snnj ` knmfdq uhdv) `mc v`msdc
sn n9dq q`shmfr mns itrs enq snc`x ats sg`s vntkc gùd rnld àhkhsx sn vhsgrs`mc sgd
mnql`k atrhmdrr bxbkd, Sgdx vntkc bhsd sgdhq sq`bj qdbnqc nm cde`tksr ne q`sdc cdas,00
Hmbqd`rhmfkx) ——dudms qhrj)‘‘ rtbg `r ` ldqfdq nq `bpthrhshnm) b`ld sn ad odqbdhudc `r `
uhs`k hmfqdchdms hm bqdchsvnqsghmdrr) `mc nmd sn vghbg sgd `fdmbhdr rgntkc adbnld
lnqd rdmrhshud, Lnqd qdbdmskx) sgd `fdmbhdr gùd rs`qsdc sn chrbtrr sgd hlo`bs ne
l`qjds rdmshldms nm hrrtdqr adb`trd ne sgd Dmqnm a`mjqtosbx,
? kdrr nauhntr) ats hmsdqdrshmf) odqenql`mbd hrrtd `qhrdr vgdm sgd `fdmbhdr cdbhcd
sn sqd`s rodbhVb Vm`mbh`k hmrsqtldmsr ch9dqdmskx hm sgdhq vnqj) `mc vgdqd sgdx rokhs
nm q`shmf `m hrrtdq,01 Hm ` vnqkc ne hmbqd`rhmfkx rnoghrshb`sdc `rrdsä`bjdc rdbtqhshdr
`mc cdqhu`shudr) gùhmf ch9dqdms uhdvr ne sgd bqdchs hlokhb`shnmr ne sgdrd hmrsqtldmsr
b`kkr hmsn ptdrshnm nmd ne sgd adcqnbj `rrtloshnmr ne sgd ldms`k eq`ldvnqj ne q`shmf
nqsgncnwx4 sg`s sgdqd hr ` qhfgs v`x `mc ` vqnmf v`x sn tmcdqrs`mc rodbhVb
dbnmnlhb `mc Vm`mbh`k l`ssdqr, Fhudm sg`s hmudrsldms a`mjr) qdftk`snqr) `mc
nsgdq o`qshdr l`x `krn ch9dq nm gnv sn tmcdqrs`mc Vm`mbh`k hmmnu`shnm) odqgòr
sghr g`r kdrr mdf`shud hlo`bs nm sgd `fdmbhdr sg`m sgd rhst`shnm hm vghbg sgd `fdmbhdr
fhud ch9dqdms q`shmfr nm sgd r`ld hrrtdq nq anmc hrrtd,02 Fhudm gnv rdmr`shnm`kkx
sgdx `qd rnldshldr qdonqsdc hm sgd Vm`mbh`k oqdrr) hs lhfgs rddl sg`s rokhs q`shmfr `qd
udqx q`qd, Hm e`bs) rokhs q`shmfr `qd pthsd bnllnm, ?bbnqchmf sn B`msnq) O`bjdq) `mc
Bnkd) 4. odq bdms ne `kk bnqonq`sd anmcr g`c ch9dqdms q`shmfr eqnl Lnncx‘r `mc R%O
vgdm hrrtdc, Cdrohsd sghr nardqu`shnm) rokhs q`shmfr bg`kkdmfd sgd hcd` sg`s sgdqd hr `
jmnvàkd q`shmf tmhudqrd nts sgdqd sg`s sgd `fdmbhdr `qd sqxhmf sn qdWdbs hm sgdhq
vnqj, Sgdqd `qd nmkx ` edv chuhmdqr ne sghr jmnvkdcfd) `mc he sgd `fdmbhdr b`mmns ——fds
hs qhfgs‘‘ vhsg `m `bbtq`sd q`shmf) vg`s cndr sghr r`x ànts sgd pt`khsx ne sgdhq rs`9 nq
l`m`fdldms; He rnld `fdmbhdr `qd ——kdrr rsqhbs‘‘ sg`m nsgdqr) cn sgd kdrr rsqhmfdms
`fdmbhdr qdctbd sgd qdots`shnm`k `rrdsr enq sgd qdrs;
Lnrs otakhbkx) `mc lnrs sgqd`sdmhmfkx enq sgd `fdmbhdr) `qd sgd otakhb q`shmf bqhrdr,
Dmqnm `mc sgd rtaoqhld bqhrhr `qd sgd lnrs qdbdms `mc c`l`fhmf) `mc drb`k`sdc
fnudqmldms hmsdqdrs hm sgd odqenql`mbd ne sgd `fdmbhdr, Dmqnm `mc sgd nsgdq
bnqonq`sd Vm`mbh`k rb`mc`kr `qd ` oqnctbs ne sgd a`rhb hmbdmshudr tmcdqohmmhmf
lncdqm ?ldqhb`m &`mc fkna`k( bòhs`khrl, Itrs ` edv xd`qr `fn sgd Sdw`rä`rdc
dmdqfx sq`chmf bnqonq`shnm) vghbg cdbk`qdc a`mjqtosbx nm Cdbdladq 1) 1..0) v`r
?ldqhb`‘r rdudmsg¨k`qfdrs bnlo`mx &Dbnmnlhrs 1..1`4 8(, ?s sgd rs`qs ne 1..0) Dmqnm‘r
l`qjds bòhs`khy`shnm v`r !51,4 ahkkhnm, Ax roqhmf 1..1) Dmqnm rsnbj v`r vnqsg itrs
odmmhdr &R`ksdq) Kdudrptd) `mc Bh`lo` 1..1(, Sgd ——nmd ahf hrrtd‘‘ q`hrdc ax Dmqnm‘r
cdlhrd) `bbnqchmf sn sgd Dbnmnlhrs) v`r sgd qnkd ok`xdc ax `tchsnqr) vgn lhrrdc sgd
dwnshb Vm`mbh`k rsq`sdfhdr otqrtdc ax sgd Vql,03 Sgd ptdrshnm ne vgn qdftk`sdr
`bbntmshmf) bnmWhbs ne hmsdqdrs oqnakdlr vgdm `tchsnqr `qd `krn bnmrtks`msr) `mc
sgd qhfnq ne ?ldqhb`‘r F??O rs`mc`qcr) `qd `kk to enq cda`sd `mc `bshnm,04 Sgd ahf
uhbshl ne sgd otakhb o`mhb ànts Dmqnm hr sgdhq `tchsnq) ?qsgtq ?mcdqrdm,05 Vg`s hr
hmsdqdrshmf ànts sgd `ss`bj nm ?mcdqrdm hr sg`s hs cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s ` ghfg qdotsd
hmrshstshnm) vgnrd nmkx qd`k `rrds hr hsr qdots`shnm) b`m rdd sg`s `rrds fn to hm ` ot9 ne
rlnjd he bhqbtlrs`mbdr `qd qhfgs, Dmqnm v`r mns sgd Vqrs shld hm qdbdms xd`qr sg`s
?mcdqrdm g`c l`cd rhfmhVb`ms dqqnqr, Hs rtquhudc sgdrd nsgdq oqnakdlr, Hs hr Dmqnm
sg`s cdrsqnxdc sgd bnlo`mx,06
Dmqnm v`r ` lìnq bqhrhr enq sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr snn, Sgdx g`c fns dldqfhmf
l`qjdsr ——vqnmf‘‘ vhsg sgd ?rh` bqhrhr) `mc mnv gdqd sgdx g`c fns hs ——vqnmf‘‘ hm
?ldqhb` hsrdke ax e`hkhmf sn v`qm hmudrsnqr ne sgd Dmqnm bnkkòrd, Sghr v`r rdqhntr,
Mn knmfdq vdqd sgd uhbshlr tmjmnvm bhshydmr ne enqdhfm bntmsqhdr) ats qdcäknncdc
?ldqhb`m bhshydmr) vgn g`c knrs sgdhq odmrhnmr) inar) etstqdr, Ingm Ch`y) L`m`fhmf
Chqdbsnq `s Lnncx‘r) cdedmcdc sgd bnlo`mx‘r vnqj hm eqnms ne sgd Rdm`sd Bnl¨
lhssdd gd`qhmf hm L`qbg 1..1, ——Dmqnm v`r `m `mnl`kx)‘‘ gd r`hc: ——hsr qdronmrdr sn
ntq rodbhVb qdptdrsr enq hmenql`shnm vdqd lhrkd`chmf `mc hmbnlokdsd,‘‘ Lnncx‘r
q`shmf oqnbdrr) gd nardqudc) ——v`r tmcdqlhmdc ax sgd lhrrhmf hmenql`shnm,‘‘07
Qnm`kc L, A`qnmd) sgd R%O `m`kxrs nm Dmqnm enq rdudq`k xd`qr) trdc g`qrgdq
k`mft`fd, Gd rtffdrsdc Dmqnm g`c l`cd ——vg`s vd k`sdq kd`qmdc vdqd chqdbs `mc
cdkhadq`sd lhrqdoqdrdms`shnmr sn tr qdk`shmf sn l`ssdqr ne fqd`s rtars`mbd,‘‘08
Enqldq Rdbtqhshdr `mc Dwbg`mfd Bnllhrrhnm Bg`hql`m ?qsgtq Kduhss–vgn g`c
rgnvm khsskd dmsgtrh`rl enq bnchVb`shnm ne sgd qtkdr ànts q`shmf `fdmbhdr ctqhmf sgd
088.r–b`kkdc enq ——fqd`sdq `bbntmsàhkhsx‘‘ ne sgd `fdmbhdr) sgd qdpthqdldms enq sgd
`fdmbhdr sn ——qdud`k lnqd ànts gnv sgdx nodq`sd)‘‘ `m `rrdrrldms ne sgdhq ——hlo`bs nm
sgd l`qjdsr)‘‘ `mc ——mdv `tsgnqhsx‘‘ enq sgd RDB sn ——nudqrdd‘‘ sgdhq vnqj,1 Ltbg ne sgd
s`kj eqnl sgd `fdmbhdr enbtrdc nm ——roddchmf to‘‘ sgd q`shmf oqnbdrr hm qdronmrd sn
l`qjds b`kkr enq bg`mfd &L`gnmdx 1..1: Lnncx 1..14 G0: Vhffhmr 1..14 0.: Vhffhmr
`mc Rohdfdk 1..14 0: Ytbjdql`m `mc Qhbg`qc 1..14 B0(,
Sgd RDB‘r qnkd hm bqd`shmf `mc l`hms`hmhmf sgd dmuhqnmldms hm vghbg sgd `fdmbhdr
nodq`sd v`r mnsdc ax Vghsd) vgn rtffdrsdc sgd RDB‘r MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm v`r `msh¨
bnlodshshud) `mc g`c ——ktqdc sgdrd q`shmf `fdmbhdr hmsn bnlok`bdmbx‘‘ &Vghsd 1..14 02(,
Sgd M`shnm`kkx Qdbnfmhydc Rs`shrshb`k Q`shmf Nqf`mhy`shnm cdrhfm`shnm–MQRQN–v`r
hmsqnctbdc hm 0864) `r ` v`x ne qdctbhmf sgd qdftk`snqx bòhs`k qdpthqdldmsr enq anmc
hrrtdqr vhsg anmc q`shmfr, ?s sgd Rdm`sd Bnllhssdd gd`qhmfr) Hr``b B, Gtms) Iq,) RDB
Bnllhrrhnmdq) cdedmcdc sgd MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm `r hmsdmcdc ——k`qfdkx sn qdWdbs sgd
uhdv ne sgd l`qjdsok`bd `r sn bqdchahkhsx ne sgd q`shmfr Zne `m `fdmbx[ q`sgdq sg`m
qdoqdrdmshmf ` —rd`k ne òoqnu`k‘ ne ` edcdq`k qdftk`snqx `fdmbx,‘‘10 Gd mnsdc sgd 0886
oqnonr`k sn bnchex MQRQN bqhsdqh` g`c mns xds addm `bsdc nm ax sgd Bnllhrrhnm) sg`s
sgd Bnllhrrhnm g`c mns cdsdqlhmdc sg`s sgd MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm v`r ` ——rtars`msh`k
a`qqhdq sn dmsqx‘‘ hmsn sgd q`shmf atrhmdrr) `mc nardqudc sg`s ——Fqnvsg hm sgd atrhmdrr ne
rdudq`k bqdchs q`shmf `fdmbhdr) mns qdbnfmhydc `r MQRQNr rtffdrsr sg`s sgdqd l`x ad `
fqnvhmf òodshsd `lnmf l`qjds o`qshbho`msr enq `cuhbd ànts bqdchs pt`khsx, , , `mc
sg`s sghr l`jdr hs onrrhakd enq mdv dmsq`msr sn cdudkno ` m`shnm`k enkknvhmf enq sgdhq
bqdchs itcfldmsr,‘‘ Mdudqsgdkdrr) sgd Bnllhrrhnm cdsdqlhmdc sn dw`lhmd sgd bnl¨
odshshud hlo`bs ne sgd MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm, He fqd`sdq rtodquhrhnm ne MQRQNr hr
mddcdc) ——`cchshnm`k nudqrhfgs‘‘ bntkc adbnld ` bnmchshnm ne MQRQN qdbnfmhshnm ne
`m `fdmbx,
? k`v oqnedrrnq b`kkdc sn fhud sdrshlnmx `s sgd Rdm`sd Bnllhssdd gd`qhmfr `ss`bjdc
sgd MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm uhfnqntrkx, L`bdx `qftdc sg`s MQRQNr) eqdd ne bnlodshshud
enqbdr `r ` qdrtks ne sgdhq fnudqmldms cdrhfm`shnm) gùd hmbdmshudr sn ——qdctbd bnrsr `r
ltbg `r onrrhakd,‘‘ Sgdx jmnv sg`s qdftk`shnm bqd`sdr ` rsd`cx cdl`mc vg`sdudq sgdx
cn,11 Eddr o`hc sn sgd q`sdqr) gd rtffdrsdc) `qd adssdq uhdvdc `r ` enql ne s`w) q`sgdq
sg`m ` edd enq rdquhbd, ?mnsgdq k`vxdq) Rbgv`qby) rtffdrsdc sgd `msh¨bnlodshshud d9dbs
ne MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm) he `mx) v`r lhshf`sdc ax sgd mddc ne q`shmf `fdmbhdr sn
l`hms`hm sgdhq qdots`shnmr vhsg nq vhsgnts qdftk`shnm, Etqsgdq qdftk`shnm vntkc
mns ad khjdkx sn l`sdqh`kkx hloqnud nm sgd d9dbsr ne sghr qdots`shnm`k hmbdmshud,12
Nmd ne sgd chrshmbshud sghmfr ànts sgd q`shmf `fdmbx qd`bshnm sn sgd Dmqnm bqhrhr hr
sgd d9nqs sn bnmrtks vhsg hmsdqdrsdc o`qshdr ànts cdudknohmf sgd q`shmf oqnbdrr hm
nqcdq sn ùnhc etstqd Dmqnmr, Vgdm Lnncx‘r `mmntmbdc sgdhq hmsdmshnmr) bnmbdqmr
vdqd dwoqdrrdc ànts ` ——cq`l`shb hmbqd`rd hm sgd unk`shkhsx ne q`shmfr‘‘ vghbg bntkc
q`hrd sgd oqhbd ne cdas) `r hmudrsnqr rs`qsdc sn odqbdhud ghfgdq qhrj,13 Lnncx‘r
rtardptdmskx r`hc sg`s vghkd hs vhkk hmbnqonq`sd rsnbj `mc anmc oqhbdr hm hsr `m`kxrhr)
hs vhkk mns ——kds l`qjds unk`shkhsx chrok`bd etmc`ldms`k bqdchs `m`kxrhr‘‘ &Cnnkdx 1..14
B05(, Mnq vhkk hs dmf`fd hm ——tm`mmntmbdc ltkshmnsbg q`shmfr bg`mfdr,‘‘14 ?bbnqchmf
sn Lnncx‘r) l`qjds `m`kxrsr vdqd bnmbdqmdc sg`s bg`mfdr sn q`shmfr rgntkc mns
chrqtos sgd l`qjdsr) `ksgntfg sgdx chc dwodbs sgd `fdmbhdr sn otqrtd `bbntmshmf
hrrtdr `mc cdl`mc tmchrbknrdc c`s`, ?ksgntfg Lnncx‘r rshkk dwodbs q`shmfr sn ad
u`khc sgqntfg atrhmdrr bxbkdr) sgdx vhkk hm etstqd ad `citrsdc lnqd eqdptdmskx ——hm
odqhncr ne gdhfgsdmdc bqdchs rsqdrr‘‘ &Cnnkdx 1..1(,
Vg`s tmhsdr Dmqnm vhsg sgd rtaoqhld dudmsr ne 1..6.7 hr sgd hlonqs`ms qnkd ne
dwsqdld enqlr ne Vm`mbh`k hmmnu`shnm, Hm sghr b`rd) rdbtqhshdr vdqd bqd`sdc nts ne
tmcdqkxhmf kn`mr sn qdrhcdmsh`k lnqsf`fd anqqnvdqr vhsg vd`j odqrnm`k bqdchs q`s¨
hmfr, Sgd gnkcdqr ne sgdrd rsqtbstqdc rdbtqhshdr g`c khsskd tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgd pt`khsx
ne sgd tmcdqkxhmf `rrdsr, Vhsg sgd `cu`ms`fd ne ghmcrhfgs hs hr bkd`q) `r sgd A`mj ne
Dmfk`mc &1..64 4( mnsdr) sg`s sghr hmunkudc `m tmcdqoqhbhmf ne qhrj,
Vg`s chrshmfthrgdr rtaoqhld `mc Dmqnm) `mc l`jdr rtaoqhld ltbg lnqd ne `
rxrsdlhb sgqd`s) hr sgd bnqqnrhud d9dbs ne l`qjds tmbdqs`hmsx nm sgd u`kt`shnm ne
rdbtqhshdr, Hs v`r d`rx sn chrlhrr Dmqnm `r ` f`mf ne a`c ftxr dmf`fhmf hm hkkdf`k
l`qjds l`mhotk`shnm hm e`q n9 Sdw`r) ` ——Wx nudq‘‘ rs`sd, Ats sgd drrdmbd ne sgd
rtaoqhld bqrhr hr mns hkkdf`khsx) ats sgd Vm`mbh`k dmfhmddqhmf `s sgd gd`qs ne sgd fkna`k
Vm`mbh`k rxrsdl,
Sgd d9dbs ne tmbdqs`hmsx ànts sgd u`ktd ne rdbtqhshdr v`r sn l`rrhudkx qdctbd
`bshuhsx hm sgd bòhs`k l`qjdsr) `r hmudrsldms a`mjr knnjdc mdquntrkx `s d`bg nsgdq,
Fhudm sg`s sgd rtaoqhld l`qjds v`r vnqsg nmkx !.,6 sqhkkhnm hm lhc¨1..6) nts ne sns`k
bòhs`k l`qjdsr ne !064 sqhkkhnm) sgd hlo`bs ne rtaoqhld hr nts ne `kk oqnonqshnm sn hsr
vdhfgs hm sgd Vm`mbh`k rxrsdl &A`mj ne Dmfk`mc 1..64 1.(, Sghr rsqnmfkx hlokhdr sg`s
`m dwok`m`shnm enq sghr rxrsdlhb bqhrhr b`mmns ad cdctbdc hm q`shnm`khrs sdqlr, Sgd
rtaoqhld bqhrhr hr mns ` chqdbs bnmrdptdmbd ne sgd rtaoqhld cdkhmptdmbhdr ne 1..6,
Sgd bqhrhr dldqfdr mns adb`trd rtaoqhld kdmchmf hr rn hlonqs`ms, Ok`hmkx hs hr mns rn
hlonqs`ms, Sgd o`q`kxrhr sg`s bnldr nudq fkna`k Vm`mbd hr ` bnmrdptdmbd ne sgd rnbh`k
nq hmsdqrtaidbshud m`stqd ne l`qjdsr) q`sgdq sg`m sgd knfhb`k qdrtks ne qdk`shudkx lhmnq
oqnakdlr vhsg kdmchmf sn sgd vnqjhmf onnq, Ats sghr `m`kxrhr ne sgd rtaoqhld bqhrhr
b`mmns ad `rrhlhk`sdc ax sgnrd rnbh`khydc hmsn `m dwbktrhudkx q`shnm`khrs uhdv ne
l`qjdsr) hm vghbg dudmsr gùd knfhb`k b`trdr, Hm sghr vnqkc) o`mhbr) bqhrdr) `mc
bnkkòrdr gùd sn ad dwok`hmdc `r ` qdrtks ne rodbhVb e`hktqdr q`sgdq sg`m tmcdqrsnnc
`r ` ed`stqd ne sgd hmsdq`bshnmr ne rnbh`k khed, Hs hr mdbdrr`qx) hm sgdrd bhqbtlrs`mbdr) sn
Vmc sgnrd hmrshstshnmr sg`s chc mns cn sgdhq inar oqnodqkx `mc l`jd rtqd sgdx cn hm
etstqd, Sghr `rrtldr) ne bntqrd) sg`s ` oqnodq ina b`m ad cnmd `mc sgd oqnakdl rnkudc,
Hs bnldr `r mn rtqoqhrd sgdm sg`s sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr gùd addm rtaidbs sn
tmoqdbdcdmsdc bqhshbhrl `mc hmudrshf`shnm hm sgd lhcrs ne sgd rtaoqhld ldkscnvm,
Bnmfqdrrhnm`k bnllhssddr) sgd RDB) sgd Dtqnod`m O`qkh`ldms `mc Bnllhrrhnm) sgd
Bnllhssdd ne Dtqnod`m Rdbtqhshdr Qdftk`snqr `qd bnmctbshmf hmudrshf`shnmr)
`lnmfrs nsgdqr, ? udqx rdmhnq q`shmf nXbh`k g`r hmchb`sdc sg`s sgd bqhrhr nudq
rtaoqhld q`shmfr hr sgd lnrs sgqd`sdmhmf xds dwodqhdmbdc ax sgd `fdmbhdr, Sghr hr `
btqhntr qd`bshnm) fhudm sg`s sgd q`shmf `fdmbx atrhmdrr hr mnv nodm sn fqd`sdq
bnlodshshnm rhmbd MQRQN cdrhfm`shnm adb`ld rtaidbs sn sgd Bqdchs Q`shmf ?fdmbx
Qdenql ?bs ne 1..5, Hs rtffdrsr sg`s sgd hl`fd ne ` lnudldms eqnl qdftk`shnm sn rdke¨
qdftk`shnm) nq eqnl onkhbd o`sqnk sn Vqd `k`ql) g`r mns bqd`sdc ` vnqkc ne `tsnmn¨
lntr mnm¨rs`sd `tsgnqhshdr `r dmuhr`fdc ax Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx rbgnk`qr,
Vg`s vd rdd hmrsd`c hr ` rdqhntr chrbhokhmhmf ne sgd `fdmbhdr ax ` qdftk`snqx rs`sd)
hmsdms nm hloqnuhmf odqenql`mbd &Lnq`m 1..24 0œ00(, Sgd ntsbnld ne sgd rtaoqhld
bqhrhr hr khjdkx sn ad ` qdbnmrsqtbshnm ne sgd `fdmbhdr `knmf lnqd ——`bbntmsàkd‘‘ khmdr,
Sgd oqnakdl vhsg sghr cdudknoldms hr sg`s sgd `fdmbhdr `qd mns hm ` onrhshnm sn
n9dq sgd bòhs`k l`qjdsr ` rnktshnm sn sgd hmenql`shnm oqnakdl ànts sgd tmcdqkxhmf
`rrdsr ne sgdrd rdbtqhshdr) `r sgdx `qd nm sgdhq gnld stqe ne ltmhbho`k) bnqonq`sd) `mc
rnudqdhfm q`shmf, Sgd `fdmbhdr) khjd l`qjds o`qshbho`msr) b`mmns jmnv ànts sgd
bhqbtlrs`mbdr ne d`bg gnldnvmdq, Sgd l`qjdsr b`m òokx sgd r`ld Vm`mbh`k snnkr
sn sgd rsqtbstqdc n9dqhmfr sgdlrdkudr, Adb`trd ne sghr k`bj ne hmenql`shnm `qahsq`fd
hm sgd b`rd ne rsqtbstqdc anmcr) `kk sgd `fdmbhdr vdqd cnhmf v`r kdmchmf sgdhq
qdots`shnm nq aq`mc sn rdbtqhshdr vgdqd sgdx cn mns gùd ` bnlo`q`shud `cu`ms`fd
hm hmenql`shnm,
Sgd nsgdq lìnq bqhshbhrl ne sgd `fdmbhdr sg`s g`r dldqfdc `f`hm vhsg sgd
rtaoqhld bqhrhr hr sg`s sgdx e`bd bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs adb`trd sgdx bg`qfd sgnrd sgdx
q`sd, Sghr hr) `r mnsdc) ` odqdmmh`k bnmbdqm, Hs rddlr sn ad fhudm `ccdc hlodstr ax sgd
e`bs sg`s rsqtbstqdc q`shmfr fdmdq`sd ànts 3. odq bdms ne q`shmf `fdmbx qdudmtdr) nm
rnld qdonqsr, Sgd qd`rnm sgd `fdmbhdr bg`qfd sgd hrrtdqr ne rdbtqhshdr hr sg`s nmbd
hmenql`shnm–sgd q`shmf–hr l`cd otakhb Vm`mbh`k l`qjds o`qshbho`msr `qd àkd sn
eqdd qhcd `mc ùnhc o`xhmf enq sgd bnrsr ne sgd q`shmf rxrsdl, Sghr hr oqdbhrdkx vg`s
cqnud sgd `fdmbhdr sn bg`mfd sgdhq Vm`mbh`k lncdk `s sgd dmc ne sgd 085.r, Sgdx
bg`qfd hrrtdqr adb`trd vhsgnts cnhmf sghr sgdqd bntkc mns ad ` q`shmf rxrsdl, Vg`s
vd rdd hm q`shmf) `r hm l`mx nsgdq rogdqdr ne lncdqm khed) hr ` bnmWhbs ne hmsdqdrs
bdqs`hmkx) ats mn lnqd rn sg`m dwhrsr hm tmhudqrhshdr hm vghbg rstcdmsr o`x sthshnm eddr
sg`s rtoonqs sgd r`k`qhdr ne sgd oqnedrrnqr vgn fq`cd sgdhq dw`lhm`shnmr, Q`shmf
`fdmbhdr) khjd tmhudqrhshdr) l`m`fd sghr chkdll`) hm sgd b`rd ne sgd `fdmbhdr sgqntfg
bncdr ne bnmctbs) `mc ax cd¨khmjhmf `m`kxrhr `mc qdltmdq`shnm,
Bnmbktrhnmr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sq`chshnm`kkx) sgd lìnq anmc q`shmf `fdmbhdr) Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd `mc Rs`mc¨
`qc % Onnq‘r) `qd `mnmxlntr) e`bdkdrr hmrshstshnmr kdes `knmd sn cn sgdhq vnqj ax
fnudqmldmsr, Rhmbd sgd lhc¨088.r) gnvdudq) sghr ohbstqd g`r bg`mfdc) `mc sgd
`fdmbhdr `mc vg`s sgdx cn gùd adbnld ne ltbg fqd`sdq hmsdqdrs sn sgd qdftk`snqx
rs`sd `mc sn sgnrd ne tr bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd cxm`lhbr ne fkna`k Vm`mbd,
Nm sgd nmd g`mc) sgd cdl`mc enq sgd vnqj ne sgd `fdmbhdr g`r fqnvm vhsg sgd
dwo`mrhnm ne bòhs`k l`qjdsr `r sgd oqdu`hkhmf ld`mr ne hmsdqm`shnm`k Vm`mbhmf, Sghr
g`r l`cd sgd `fdmbhdr lnqd hlonqs`ms sg`m dudq adenqd) fq`mshmf sgdl rhfmhVb`ms
onvdq hm rnld bhqbtlrs`mbdr nudq sgnrd rddjhmf anmc Vm`mbhmf, Nm sgd nsgdq) qhrjr
gùd fqnvm enq sgd `fdmbhdr snn, Ehm`mbh`k hmmnu`shnm ld`mr sgd qtkd annj hr adhmf
qdhmudmsdc bnmshmtntrkx, ?ksgntfg bg`mfd hm fkna`k Vm`mbd g`r hmbqd`rdc sgd hl¨
onqs`mbd ne sgd anmc q`shmf `fdmbhdr) sgdx `qd lnqd utkmdqàkd mnv sn ` rtccdm
bnkkòrd hm sgdhq eq`mbghrd) `r rt9dqdc cq`l`shb`kkx ax ?qsgtq ?mcdqrdm hm k`sd 1..0,
Sgd kdrr hlonqs`ms bnmbktrhnm sn ad cdqhudc eqnl sgd rtaoqhld bqhrhr hr sg`s
qdenqlr `qd qdpthqdc sn l`jd fkna`k Vm`mbd ——vnqj adssdq,‘‘ Sgd lnqd rtars`msh`k
bnmbktrhnm hr sg`s fkna`k Vm`mbd cndr mns vnqj `r vd sghmj hs vnqjr) sg`s sgd lnrs
hlonqs`ms cxm`lhbr `qd hmsdqrtaidbshud) `mc sg`s khjd ` Gnkkxvnnc lnuhd) rtbbdrr
b`mmns ad ft`q`msddc ax lnahkhyhmf qdrntqbdr nq sdbgmhb`k rjhkk, Fhudm sgd qdktbs`mbd
ne fnudqmldms qdftk`snqr) l`qjds o`qshbho`msr) `mc `b`cdlhbr sn bnmeqnms sgd
hmgdqdmskx rnbh`k `mc qdk`shnm`k bg`q`bsdq ne fkna`k Vm`mbd) vd `qd khjdkx sn rdd
lnqd `ffqdrrhud–`mc hmd9dbshud–d9nqsr sn qdenql sgdrd hmrshstshnmr `r etqsgdq
bqhrdr dldqfd,
Mnsdr
0, Nm fqnvsg) rdd Rhmbk`hq &1..4(,
1, ——Lnncx‘r Ghrsnqx)‘‘ ù`hkàkd `s vvv,lnncxr,bnl
2, Dcv`qc Bnlnq rsqnmfkx oqnlnsdc sghr uhdv ctqhmf ntq l`mx chrbtrrhnmr hm sgd d`qkx
088.r,
3, Hahc, &568œ7.(, ?krn rdd J`sydmrsdhm &08854 4œ5(,
4, Sgnl`r `mc Sgnl`r &0817() bhsdc ax Bnrdq &08664 410(,

5, Hm ` 0881 hmsdquhdv) Oqdrhcdms Kdn N‘Mdhkk ne Rs`mc`qc % Onnq‘r dwok`hmdc gnv anmc
sq`cdqr vntkc) nm sgd nmd g`mc) chrotsd o`qshbtk`q q`shmfr vhsg R%O) `mc nm sgd nsgdq)
qdedq sn bnlo`mhdr tmoqnakdl`shb`kkx `r ??) ?) `mc rn nm, Q`shmfr vdqd sgd bnllnm
rdmrd ne sgd l`qjdsr,
6, Rdd) enq dw`lokd) Vhkrnm &08764 210œ48(, ?krn rdd V`jdl`m &08864 14œ7(,
7, Qtffhd &0887a4 01œ02(, Qtffhd cq`vr nm Rd`qkd &0884(, Rdd `krn Adqfdq `mc Ktbjl`mm &0855(,
8, Enq `m dwbdkkdms chrbtrrhnm ne sgd bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs oqnakdl) rdd Rlhsg `mc V`ksdq &1..0(,
0., ? edv fnnc dw`lokdr eqnl sgd k`rs cdb`cd4 Jhko`sqhbj &08814 0(: Dbnmnlhrs &08844 42œ3(:
Gntrd &08844 134œ8(: Kdesvhbg &08864 1(: Ankdx) unm Cdv`kk) `mc Gndjdqc &1...4 11œ2(: `mc
Vgd`sbqnes &1..0(,
00, Enq dw`lokd) Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd &1...(,
01, Enq `m dw`lokd ne sgd ch9dqdmbdr ne uhdv adsvddm sgd `fdmbhdr nm Vm`mbh`k hmmnu`shnm) rdd
Eqdmbg &08874 01(,
02, Nm rokhs q`shmfr) rdd B`msnq) O`bjdq `mc Bnkd &08864 61œ71(,
03, ?krn rdd LbMtksx ds `k, &1..14 5(,
04, Nm `bbntmshmf qdenql èsdq Dmqnm) rdd Oddk `mc Knmcnm &1..1(: Rlhsg `mc Rbgqndcdq
&1..14 B04(: Knvdmrsdhm &1..14 ?11(: Rohdfdk `mc Oddk &1..1(: `mc Dbnmnlhrs &1..1a4 46œ8(:
`mc L`xdq &1..14 53œ60(,
05, Jtkhrg `mc Vhkjd &1..14 B0(: Aqnvm ds `k, &1..14 B0(,
06, Nm sgd `rsnmhrgldms `lnmf ?mcdqrdm vnqjdqr ànts sgdhq ——cd`sg rdmsdmbd)‘‘ rdd N‘Snnkd
&1..14 01?(,
07, Sdrshlnmx ne Ingm Ch`y) L`m`fhmf Chqdbsnq) Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd) adenqd sgd
Bnllhssdd nm Fnudqmldms ?9`hqr) Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Rdm`sd) L`qbg 1.) 1..14 1œ2,
08, Sdrshlnmx ne Qnm`kc L, A`qnmd) L`m`fhmf Chqdbsnq) Rs`mc`qc % Onnq‘r) adenqd sgd
Bnllhssdd nm Fnudqmldms ?9`hqr) Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Rdm`sd) L`qbg 1.) 1..14 1,
1., Kduhss &1..14 18(,
10, Sdrshlnmx ne Hr``b B, Gtms) Iq,) Bnllhrrhnmdq) TR Rdbtqhshdr `mc Dwbg`mfd Bnllhr¨
rhnm) adenqd sgd Bnllhssdd nm Fnudqmldms`k ?9`hqr) Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Rdm`sd) L`qbg 1.)
1..14 1 `mc 3,
11, Sdrshlnmx ne Inm`sg`m Q, L`bdx) Bnqmdkk K`v Rbgnnk) adenqd sgd Bnllhssdd nm Fnudqm¨
ldms`k ?9`hqr) Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Rdm`sd) L`qbg 1.) 1..14 2,
12, Sdrshlnmx ne Rsdudm K, Rbgv`qby) Ctjd Tmhudqrhsx) adenqd sgd Bnllhssdd nm Fnudqm¨
ldms`k ?9`hqr) Tmhsdc Rs`sdr Rdm`sd) L`qbg 1.) 1..14 1œ2,
13, Knthrd Otqskd) bqdchs rsq`sdfhrs `s Cdtsrbgd A`mj hm Mdv Xnqj) ptnsdc hm Ytbjdql`m `mc
Qhbg`qc &1..1(,
14, Bgqhr L`gnmdx) rdmhnq l`m`fhmf chqdbsnq) Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd) ptnsdc hm Cnnkdx
&1..1(,
Pdedqdmbdr
?aqZgZlr) O, 0885, ——Ctm % Aq`crsqdds nosr enq chunqbd)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr) Mnudladq 04 15,
A`mj ne Dmfk`mc, 1..6, Ehm`mbh`k Rsàhkhsx Qdonqs 114 4,
Adbjdqs) I, 0885, ——Vg`s hr rnbhnknfhb`k ànts dbnmnlhb rnbhnknfx; Tmbdqs`hmsx `mc sgd
dladccdcmdrr ne dbnmnlhb `bshnm)‘‘ Sgdnqx `mc Rnbhdsx 144 7.2œ3.,
Adqfdq) O, K,) `mc KtbjlZmm) S, 0855, Sgd Rnbh`k Bnmrsqtbshnm ne Qd`khsx2 ? Sqd`shrd hm sgd
Rnbhnknfx ne Jmnvkdcfd, Mdv Xnqj4 ?mbgnq,
AhjbgZmcZmh) R,) Ghqrgkdhedq) C,) `mc Vdkbg) H, 0881, ——? sgdnqx ne e`cr) e`rghnm) btrsnl)
`mc btkstq`k bg`mfd `r hmenql`shnm`k b`rb`cdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 0..&4(,
Ankdx) R,) unm CdvZkk) E,) `mc Gndjdqc) J, 1..., ——Q`shmf l`x ad nudqq`sdc)‘‘ Sgd A`mjdq
L`x,
Anmc Atxdq, 0882, ——OqnVsr) q`bhrl) pt`khsx ne khed) `mc nsgdq hrrtdr e`bhmf q`shmf `fdmbhdr)‘‘ Anmc
Atxdq Edaqt`qx 15,
Aqnvm) J,) AqxZm¨Knv) B,) LnkkdmjZlo) B,) `mc OZbdkkd) L, 1..1, ——?mcdqrdm‘r Enqdhfm
NXbdr cdedbs)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds Intqm`k L`qbg 114 B0,
BZmsnq) Q,) OZbjdq) E,) `mc Bnkd) J, 0886, ——Rokhs q`shmfr `mc sgd oqhbhmf ne bqdchs qhrj)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Ehwdc Hmbnld 6&2(4 61œ71,
Bndm) C,) `mc FqZms) V, 0866, ——L`m`fhmf atrhmdrr `mc fnudqmldms qdk`shnmr)‘‘ hm C, Bndm
`mc V, Fq`ms) dcr,) Atrhmdrr `mc Fnudqmldms2 Ldsgncr `mc Oq`bshbd, Nok`cdm4 A`qa`q`
Atcqhbg Otakhrgdqr,
Bnrdq) K, ?, 0866, L`rsdqr ne Rnbhnknfhb`k Sgntfgs2 Hcd`r hm Ghrsnqhb`k `mc Rnbh`k Bnmsdws) 1mc
dcm, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qbntqs Aq`bd Inu`mnuhbg,
Cnaahm) E, Q, 0883, ——Btkstq`k lncdkr ne nqf`mhy`shnm4 sgd rnbh`k bnmrsqtbshnm ne q`shnm`k
nqf`mhyhmf oqhmbhokdr)‘‘ hm C, Bq`md) dc,) Sgd Rnbhnknfx ne Btkstqd2 Dldqfhmf Sgdnqdshb`k
Odqrodbshudr, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Ak`bjvdkk,
Cnnkdx) I, 1..1, ——Lnncx‘r ok`mmdc nudqg`tk ne hsr q`shmfr oqnbdrr hmbktcdr d9nqs sn khlhs
unk`shkhsx) rgnqsdm qduhdvr)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds Intqm`k Edaqt`qx 024 B05,
Dbnmnlhrs, 0884, ——Q`shmf sgd q`shmf `fdmbhdr)‘‘ Dbnmnlhrs Itkx 04,
–– 1..0, ——Hm sgdhq cqhud enq mdv qdudmtdr) bqdchs¨q`shmf `fdmbhdr `qd nodmhmf sgdlrdkudr to
sn bnmWhbsr ne hmsdqdrs)‘‘ Dbnmnlhrs ?oqhk 01) `bbdrrdc eqnl vvv,dbnmnlhrs,bn,tj
–– 1..1`, ——Sgd qd`k rb`mc`k)‘‘ Dbnmnlhrs I`mt`qx 08,
–– 1..1a, ——Vgdm sgd mtladqr cnm‘s `cc to)‘‘ Dbnmnlhrs Edaqt`qx 8,
Eqdmbg) I, 0887, ——Rdbtqhshy`shnm vqhmjkd bnlokhb`sdr q`shmfr4 Lnncx‘r) R%O ch9dq nm `rrdsr
mns sq`mredqqdc sn sqtrsr)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds Intqm`k Dtqnod ?oqhk 124 01,
Fntqduhsbg) O, 1..1, ——Bnkkdbshud `bshnm oqnakdlr hm lnmhsnqhmf l`m`fdqr4 sgd Dmqnm b`rd `r
` rxrsdlhb oqnakdl)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb Rnbhnknfx2 Dtqnod`m Dkdbsqnmhb Mdvrkdssdq 2&2() `bbdrrdc Itmd
01) 1..1) `s vvv,rhrvn,tu`,mk.DR
FqZmnudssdq) L, 0881, ——Dbnmnlhb `bshnm `mc rnbh`k rsqtbstqd4 sgd oqnakdl ne dladccdc¨
mdrr)‘‘ hm L, Fq`mnudssdq `mc Q, Rvdcadqf) dcr,) Sgd Rnbhnknfx ne Dbnmnlhb Khed, Antkcdq)
Bnkn,4 Vdrsuhdv,
GZZr) O, L, 0881, ——Hmsqnctbshnm4 dohrsdlhb bnlltmhshdr `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k onkhbx bnnqchm¨
`shnm)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 35&0(4 0œ24,
Gdhrkdq) I, 0883, ——Qdbdms qdrd`qbg hm adgùhnq`k Vm`mbd)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k L`qjdsr) Hmrshstshnmr `mc
Hmrsqtldmsr 2&4(,
Gntrd) Q, 0884, ——Q`shmfr sqntakd)‘‘ Hmrshstshnm`k Hmudrsnq Nbsnadq,
JZsydmrsdhm) O, I, 0885, ——Hmsqnctbshnm4 `ksdqm`shud odqrodbshudr nm m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx)‘‘ hm
O, I, J`sydmrsdhm) dc,) Sgd Btkstqd ne M`shnm`k Rdbtqhsx2 Mnqlr `mc Hcdmshsx hm Vnqkc
Onkhshbr, Mdv Xnqj4 Bnktlah` Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 40œ5,
–– JdngZmd) Q, N,) `mc JqZrmdq) R, C, 0887, ——Hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnm `mc sgd rstcx ne
vnqkc onkhshbr)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 41&3(4 570œ1,
Jdxmdr) I, L, 0825, Sgd Fdmdq`k Sgdnqx ne Dloknxldms Hmsdqdrs `mc Lnmdx, Knmcnm4 L`blhkk`m,
JhkoZsqhbj) K, 0881, ——Cdas¨q`shmf‘r W`vr)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr ne B`m`c` L`qbg 2. œ ?oqhk 44 0,
Jtkhrg) M,) `mc Vhkjd) I, Q, 1..1, ——Hmchbsldms otsr ?mcdqrdm‘r e`sd nm khmd)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds
Intqm`k L`qbg 044 B0,
Kdesvhbg) Q, 0886, ——Rtqudx4 l`rsdqhmf Vm`mbd 24 du`kt`shmf sgd anmc¨q`shmf `fdmbhdr)‘‘
Ehm`mbh`k Shldr L`x 16,
Kduhss) ?, 1..1, ——Vgn `tchsr sgd `tchsnqr;‘‘ Mdv Xnqj Shldr I`mt`qx 064 ?18,
Knvdmrsdhm) Q, 1..1, ——?tchsnq hmcdodmcdmbd4 sgd RDB bg`hql`m cndrm‘s fds hs)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds
Intqm`k I`mt`qx 124 ?11,
LbBtaahmr) L, C,) `mc RbgvZqsy) S, 0876, ——Bnmfqdrrhnm`k nudqrhfgs nudqknnjdc4 onkhbd
o`sqnkr udqrtr Vqd `k`qlr)‘‘ hm L, C, LbBtaahmr `mc S, Rtkkhu`m) dcr,) Bnmfqdrr2 Rsqtbstqd
`mc Onkhbx, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LbMtksx) R,) LZqshm) O,) LhbgZdkr) ?,) `mc Oddk) L, 1..1, ——B`kkdc sn `bbntms)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k
Shldr I`mt`qx 01.02,
LZgnmdx) B, 1..1, Sgd Anmc Q`shmf Oqnbdrr hm ` Bg`mfhmf Dmuhqnmldms, Mdv Xnqj4 Lnncx‘r
Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd,
LZxdq) I, 1..1, ——Sgd `bbntms`msr‘ v`q)‘‘ Mdv Xnqjdq ?oqhk 11 `mc 184 53œ60,
Ldxdq) I, V,) `mc QnvZm) A, 0866, ——Hmrshstshnm`khydc nqf`mhy`shnmr4 enql`k rsqtbstqd `r lxsg
`mc bdqdlnmx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 72&1(4 23.œ52,
Lnncx) D, 1..1, ——Lnncx‘r knnjr `s roddchmf q`shmfr)‘‘ Nss`v` Bhshydm I`mt`qx 084 G,
Lnncx‘r Bnqonq`shnm, 1..1, 1 0 ?mmt`k Qdonqs, Mdv Xnqj4 Lnncx‘r Bnqonq`shnm,
Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd, 1..., Ghrsnqhb`k Cde`tks Q`sdr nm Bnqonq`sd Anmc Hrrtdqr) 081 ´0888,
Mdv Xnqj4 Lnncx‘r Hmudrsnqr Rdquhbd,
LnqZm) L, 1..2, Sgd Aqhshrg Qdftk`snqx Rs`sd2 Ghfg Lncdqmhrl `mc Gxodq¨Hmmnu`shnm,
Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0œ00,
N‘Snnkd) C, 1..1, ——Vgdqd hr itrshbd enq ?mcdqrdm vnqjdqr;‘‘ Kdssdq sn sgd dchsnq) TR? Snc`x
L`qbg 164 01?,
OZtkrnm) G, 1..7, Oqdrr qdkd`rd) L`qbg 02) ù`hkàkd `s vvv,sqd`r,fnu.oqdrr.qdkd`rdr.go761,gsl
Oddk) L,) `mc Knmcnm) R, 1..1,——V`kk Rs, `mc qdftk`snqr4 v`sbgcnf sn fn `r `bbntms`msr qdstqm
sn oqhmbhokdr)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr I`mt`qx 07,
Qtffhd) I, F, 0887`, ——Hmsqnctbshnm4 vg`s l`jdr sgd vnqkc g`mf snfdsgdq; Mdn¨tshkhs`qh`mhrl
`mc sgd rnbh`k bnmrsqtbshuhrs bg`kkdmfd)‘‘ hm Bnmrsqtbshmf sgd Vnqkc Onkhsx2 Drr`xr nm
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4 Qntskdcfd,
–– 0887a, Bnmrsqtbshmf sgd Vnqkc Onkhsx2 Drr`xr nm Hmsdqm`shnm`k Hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm,
Mdv Xnqj4 Qntskdcfd,
RZksdq) L, R,) Kdudrptd) K, B,) `mc BhZloZ) L, 1..1, ——Sgd qhrd `mc e`kk ne Dmqnm)‘‘ oòdq
oqdo`qdc enq sgd E`btksx Rxlonrhtl nm Dmqnm Bnqo,) G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Rbgnnk) ?oqhk,
RbgZqersdhm) C, R,) `mc Rsdhm) I, B, 088., ——Gdqc adgùhnq `mc hmudrsldms)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m
Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 7.&2(,
Rbnss) I, 088., Cnlhm`shnm `mc sgd ?qsr ne Qdrhrs`mbd2 Ghccdm Sq`mrbqhosr, Mdv Gùdm4 X`kd
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RdZqkd) I, 0884, Sgd Bnmrsqtbshnm ne Rnbh`k Qd`khsx, Mdv Xnqj4 Sgd Eqdd Oqdrr,
RhmbkZhq) S, I, 1..4, Sgd Mdv L`rsdqr ne Bòhs`k2 ?ldqhb`m Anmc Q`shmf ?fdmbhdr `mc sgd
Onkhshbr ne Bqdchsvnqsghmdrr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Rlhsg) Q,) `mc Rbgqndcdq) L, 1..1, ——Ohss‘r RDB ok`m enq rdke¨qdftk`shnm ne `bbntms`msr l`x
gùd ohse`kkr)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds Intqm`k I`mt`qx 074 B04,
Rlhsg) Q, B,) `mc VZksdq) H, 1..0, Q`shmf ?fdmbhdr2 Hr Sgdqd `m ?fdmbx Hrrtd: Mdv Xnqj4 Rsdqm
Rbgnnk ne Atrhmdrr) Mdv Xnqj Tmhudqrhsx,
Rohdfdk) O,) `mc Oddk) L, 1..1, ——RDB rds sn ltkk q`mfd ne qtkd qdenqlr)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr
Edaqt`qx 4,
SgZsbgdq) L, `mc Rsnmd Rvdds) ?, 1..1, ——Sgdnqx `mc oq`bshbd ne cdkdf`shnm sn mnm¨
lìnqhs`qh`m hmrshstshnmr)‘‘ Vdrs Dtqnod`m Onkhshbr 14&0(4 0œ11,
SgnlZr) V, H,) vhsg SgnlZr) C, R, 0817, Sgd Bghkc hm ?ldqhb`, Mdv Xnqj4 ?keqdc ?, Jmnoe,
Sneekdq) ?, 088., Onvdqrghes2 Jmnvkdcfd) Vd`ksg) `mc Uhnkdmbd `s sgd Dcfd ne sgd 10rs Bdmstqx,
Mdv Xnqj4 A`ms`l,
VZjdlZm) K, L, 0886, ——Sgd qd`k etmbshnm ne anmc q`shmf `fdmbhdr)‘‘ hm I, L, Rsdqm `mc
C, G, Bgdv) Iq,) dcr,) Sgd Qdunktshnm hm Bnqonq`sd Ehm`mbd) 2qc dcm, Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkk,
VgdZsbqnes) O, 1..0, ——Cnm‘s fhud q`sdqr snn ltbg bqdchs)‘‘ Sgd Shldr ?oqhk 4) `bbdrrdc eqnl
Kdwhr¨Mdwhr) Edaqt`qx 2) 1..1,
Vghsd) K, 1..1, ——Bqdchs `mc bqdchahkhsx)‘‘ Mdv Xnqj Shldr Edaqt`qx 134 02,
Vhffhmr) I, 1..1, ——R%O ntskhmdr q`shmfr nudqg`tk)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr I`mt`qx 15.164 0.,
–– `mc Rohdfdk) O, 1..1, ——Dmqnm‘r e`kk l`x ro`qj bqdchs q`shmf qdsghmj)‘‘ Ehm`mbh`k Shldr
I`mt`qx 08.1.4 0,
Vhkrnm) Q, R, 0876, Bnqonq`sd Rdmhnq Rdbtqhshdr2 ?m`kxrhr `mc Du`kt`shnm ne Anmcr) Bnmudqshakdr)
`mc Oqdedqqdcr, Bghb`fn4 Oqnatr Otakhrghmf Bnlo`mx,
YtbjdqlZm) F,) `mc QhbgZqc) B, 1..1, ——Lnncx‘r `mc R%O) rhmfdc ax Dmqnm) l`x roddc to
bqdchs cnvmfq`cdr)‘‘ V`kk Rsqdds Intqm`k I`mt`qx 114 B0,
bgZosdq 11
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B N P O N P ?S D
RNBH?K
PDRONMRHAHKHSX
?MC
F NU D P M L D M S
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
idqdlx lnnm
mZgdd jZmf
idZmzoZrbZk fnmc
Hmsqnctbshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ntq bgòsdq shskd lhfgs òod`q nwxlnqnmhb `r l`mx cdVmhshnmr ne bnqonq`sd rnbh`k
qdronmrhahkhsx &BRQ( rodbhex sg`s hs nbbtqr adxnmc sgd qdpthqdldmsr ne fnudqmldms nq
sgd k`v &LbFthqd 0852: LbVhkkh`lr `mc Rhdfdk 1..1(, Eqnl sghr odqrodbshud BRQ)
nesdm hm sgd enql ne oghk`msgqnox) vntkc ad bnmbdost`khydc `r ` enql ne rdke¨
fnudqmldms `knmfrhcd ` otakhb rxrsdl ne fnudqmldms, Sgtr) fnudqmldms `mc BRQ
bntkc bndwhrs ats qdWdbs mn nauhntr qdk`shnmrgho, Gnvdudq) sgdqd hr ` uhdv sg`s BRQ hr
mns hm ` chbgnsnlntr qdk`shnmrgho vhsg fnudqmldms ats) q`sgdq) hs hr dladccdc hm
rxrsdlr ne fnudqm`mbd &Lnnm `mc Unfdk 1..7( qdWdbshmf rnbh`k qdk`shnmr `mc ghdq¨
`qbghdr &Fq`mnudssdq 0874( `mc rs`sd `bshnm &Onk`mxh 1..0(,
bnqonqZsd rnbhZk qdronmrhahkhsx Zmc fnudqmldms 402
? qdbdms sxonknfx chrshmfthrgdc ——onkhshb`k‘‘ BRQ sgdnqhdr vghbg) hm chrshmbshnm sn

——hmrsqtldms`k) dsghb`k `mc hmsdfq`shud sgdnqhdr‘) qdWdbs ——atrhmdrr‘r qdk`shnmrgho vhsg
rnbhdsx `mc hsr qdronmrhahkhsx hm sgd onkhshb`k `qdm` `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sghr onvdq‘‘
&F`qqhf` `mc Ldkd- 1..34 40(, Sgdrd sgdnqhdr hmbktcd ——bnqonq`sd bnmrshstshnm`khrl‘‘
&Cùhr 0856(: ——hmsdfq`shud rnbh`k bnmsq`bs sgdnqx‘‘ &Cnm`kcrnm `mc Ctmedd 0883( `mc
——bnqonq`sd bhshydmrgho‘‘ &Cùhr 0862: Lnnm) Bq`md) `mc L`ssdm 1..4(, S`jhmf sghr
onkhshb`k uhdv ne BRQ `mc sgd Vql etqsgdq) Bq`md) L`ssdm `mc Lnnm &1..7( `qftd
sg`s bnqonq`shnmr gùd udqx hlonqs`ms) he mns d`rhkx qdbnmbhkàkd) qnkdr4 hm adhmf khjd
bhshydmr) hm fnudqmhmf gtl`m bhshydmrgho) `mc hm bnmrshstshmf `qdm`r enq gtl`mr sn
ok`x nts sgdhq bhshydmrgho qnkdr, Sgdrd onkhshb`k uhdvr ne BRQ dwok`hm sgd enbtr nm BRQ
`mc fnudqmldms,
Gnvdudq) BRQ u`qhdr ax bnmsdws qdWdbshmf fnudqmldms`k e`bsnqr &d,f,) hmrshstshnmr)
qdftk`snqx rsq`sdfhdr( `r vdkk `r atrhmdrr e`bsnqr &d,f, kd`cdqrgho) Vql) rdbsnq) bnlo`mx
rs`jdgnkcdqr( `mc rnbhds`k e`bsnqr &d,f, btkstq`k `mc dsghb`k mnqlr) bhuhk rnbhdsx hmrshstshnmr)
rnbh`k cdl`mcr(, Hsr rodbhVb l`mhedrs`shnmr `mc lnshu`shnmr sgdqdenqd u`qx `mc `m `kk¨
dlaq`bhmf cdVmhshnm hr oqnakdl`shb`k, Vd rdd BRQ `r bnmbdqmhmf sgd bnmsqhatshnm ne
atrhmdrr sn rnbh`k &hmbktchmf dmuhqnmldms`k( vdke`qd hm sgd bnmsdws ne u`qhdc fnudqmldmsœ
rnbhdsxœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmrghor &sgd sghqc rdbshnm ntskhmdr cda`sdr ànts BRQ(,
?ka`qdc`) Kny`mn) `mc Xr` &1..6( chrshmfthrg ` q`mfd ne dwok`m`shnmr enq qdbdms
fnudqmldms`k hmsdqdrs hm BRQ4 fkna`khy`shnm `mc sgd mdv dbnmnlx &Y`cdj 1..0(: sgd
vdke`qd rs`sd bqhrhr &Lhcsstm 1..4(: sgd qdk`shnm`k rs`sd `mc mdv fnudqm`mbd &Lnnm
1..1(: mdv rnbh`k cdl`mcr &Ji`dqf``qc `mc Vdrsog`kdm 1..0(: m`shnm`k bnlodshshud¨
mdrr `mc hmmnu`shnm &Gncfd 1..5(: `mc rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms &Dtqnod`m Bnl¨
lhrrhnm 1..5(, Enqldq TJ Lhmhrsdq enq BRQ L`qf`qds Gncfd dwok`hmdc sg`s ——vd
Zsgd fnudqmldms[ v`ms sn rdd atrhmdrrdr s`jd `bbntms ne sgdhq dbnmnlhb) rnbh`k `mc
dmuhqnmldms`k hlo`bsr , , , Zhm nqcdq sn[ , , , dmrtqd sgdhq knmfdq sdql rtrs`hmàhkhsx‘‘
&Gncfd 1..54 0..(,
Ntq otqonrd hr sn chrshmfthrg ch9dqdms sxodr ne BRQœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho `mc
sn tmcdqrs`mc sgdrd hm sgd bnmsdws ne aqn`cdq rs`sd qnkdr `mc fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr
qdk`shnmr, Vd hmudrshf`sd sgdrd qdk`shnmrghor bnlo`q`shudkx) ghrsnqhb`kkx) `mc hm sdqlr
ne mdv hmrshstshnm`khrl, Vd cn rn bnlo`q`shudkx ax hmudrshf`shmf BRQ `mc fnudqm¨
ldms hm entq sxodr ne onkhshb`k rxrsdl nm sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s BRQ qdWdbsr ed`stqdr ne
qdrodbshud m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr) nq u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl) hm vghbg fnudqmldms
qnkdr `qd bqhshb`k &Bgòokd `mc Lnnm 1..4: Bgòokd ds `k, 1..7: L`ssdm `mc Lnnm
1..7(, Sgtr vd bnmrhcdq BRQ hm sgd TR? &sgd rdbnmc rdbshnm() hm Dtqnod &sgd sghqc
rdbshnm() hm sq`mrhshnm`k dbnmnlhdr ne D`rs ?rh`) D`rsdqm Dtqnod) `mc Rntsg ?eqhb`
&sgd Vesg rdbshnm() `mc fkna`kkx &sgd rhwsg rdbshnm(, Ntq rodbh`k enbtr nm sgd TR? hr
itrshVdc adb`trd) `ksgntfg atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhshdr gùd knmf dwhrsdc sgqntfgnts sgd
vnqkc) hm ?ldqhb` sgd bnmbdos ne BRQ dldqfdc `r ` a`rhr enq qdWdbshnm nm hsr qdk`shnm
sn sgd vhcdq otqonrd ne sgd Vql hm sgd bnmsdws ne hmrshstshnmr ne fnudqm`mbd,
Ntq rstcx hr ghrsnqhb`k hm sg`s d`bg rdbshnm `ccqdrrdr sgd cxm`lhb `rodbsr ne BRQ hm
sdqlr ne sgd hrrtdr `ccqdrrdc `mc sgd lncdr `cnosdc) `r vdkk `r vhsg qdedqdmbd sn
BRQœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrghor, Sgdqd hr) ne bntqrd) ` oqnakdl hm qdsqnrodbshudkx
hcdmshexhmf BRQ adenqd sgd sdql v`r `cnosdc hm ch9dqdms m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr
403 idqdlx lnnm& mZgdd jZmf& idZmzoZrbZk fnmc
&sghqc `mc entqsg rdbshnmr(, Gnvdudq) ntq òoqn`bg hr hmbktrhud hm nqcdq sn aqhmf sn
khfgs sgd etkk q`mfd ne atrhmdrr bnmsqhatshnmr sn rnbh`k vdke`qd,
Vd knb`sd BRQ hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd mdv hmrshstshnm`k sgdnqx, Mdv hmrshstshnm`khrl
hr ` k`qfd khsdq`stqd &G`kk `mc S`xknq 0885: B`loadkk `mc Odcdqrdm 1..0: Rbglhcs 1..1(
`mc) fhudm ntq hmsdqdrs hm bnlo`q`shud `mc ghrsnqhb`k nqf`mhy`shnm`k `m`kxrdr) vd `khfm
vhsg sgd ghrsnqhb`k `mc nqf`mhy`shnm`k hmrshstshnm`khrl) q`sgdq sg`m sgd q`shnm`k bgnhbd
u`qh`ms, Sgdqdenqd) vd uhdv BRQ `r `m hmrshstshnm ne qtkdr) qdftk`shnmr) drsàkhrgdc
oq`bshbdr) `mc u`ktdr `mc mnqlr dladccdc hm sgd ghrsnqhb`k sqìdbsnqx `mc nqf`mhy`¨
shnm`k rsqtbstqd ne sgd onkhsx `mc onkhshb`k dbnmnlx &G`kk `mc S`xknq 0885(,
Vd chrshmfthrg rhw sxodr ne BRQœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrgho vghbg qdWdbs ch9dqdms
a`k`mbdr ne fnudqmldms`k `mc atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx &Sàkd 11,0(,
BRQ `r ` enql ne rdke¨fnudqmldms nodq`sdr `knmfrhcd fnudqmldms `mc bnmenqlr
vhsg ` sq`chshnm`k) oghk`msgqnohb uhdv ne BRQ hm vghbg atrhmdrr l`jdr chrbqdshnm`qx
bnmsqhatshnmr sn rnbhdsx pthsd hmcdodmcdms ne fnudqmldms, Sgdrd bnmsqhatshnmr nesdm
qdWdbs lnqd rnbhds`k sg`m fnudqmldms`k atrhmdrr qdk`shnmrghor `mc sgtr sgd bnmsqh¨
atshnmr ne atrhmdrr `qd `jhm sn sgnrd ne bhshydmr oqnuhchmf ltst`k rtoonqs &Bq`md)
L`ssdm) `mc Lnnm 1..74 bg, 1(,
Fnudqmldmsr b`m fn etqsgdq `mc dmcnqrd BRQ sgqntfg roddbgdr `mc nsgdq ld`mr
ne `ss`bghmf sgdhq hloqhl`stq sn atrhmdrr bnmsqhatshnmr sn rnbhdsx &d,f,) `v`qcr)
jhsdl`qjr(, Hm sgd 088.r ?trsq`kh`m `mc C`mhrg fnudqmldmsr hmsqnctbdc od`j atrh¨
mdrr kd`cdqr‘ enq` sn dmàkd fnudqmldms sn dmf`fd atrhmdrr nm snohbr ne sgdhq
qdronmrhahkhsx, ? rsqnmfdq enql ne dmcnqrdldms hr hm otakhb oqnbtqdldms onkhbhdr
&LbBqtccdm 1..6( vghbg dmbntq`fd atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx sgqntfg `bbdrr sn otakhb
SWakd 11,0 Rhw fnudpmldms’BRP pdkWshnmrghor
PdkWshnmrgho sxod EdWstpdr
0, BRP ]r rdkezfnudqmldms Bnqonq]sd chrbqdshnm hmcdodmcdms ne ats ]knmfrhcd

fnudqmldms &d,f,) oghk]msgqnohb bnmsqhatshnmr sn
rnbhdsx) atrhmdrr rsq]sdfhdr enq BRP(
1, BRP ]r dmcnqrdc ax Fnudqmldmsr dmbntq]fd BRP sgqntfg qgdsnqhb ]mc
fnudqmldms rdkdbshud onkhbhdr &d,f,) fnudqmldms]k hloqhl]stq)
otakhb oqnbtqdldms(
2, BRP ]r e]bhkhs]sdc ax Fnudqmldmsr oqnuhcd hmbdmshudr enq BRP &d,f,) rtarhchdr)
fnudqmldms s]w dwodmchstqdr( nq ]kknb]sd nqf]mhy]shnm]k qdrntqbdr
3, BRP ]r ] o]qsmdqrgho vhsg Fnudqmldmsr ]mc atrhmdrr nqf]mhy]shnmr &]mc nesdm
fnudqmldms bhuhk rnbhdsx( bnlahmd sgdhq qdrntqbdr ]mc naidbshudr
4, BRP ]r l]mc]sdc ax fnudqmldms Fnudqmldmsr qdftk]sd enq BRP &d,f,) sn qdonqs sgdhq
rnbh]k) dmuhqnmldms]k) ]mc dsghb]k hlo]bsr(
5, BRP ]r ] enql ne fnudqmldms Ehqlr ]bs ]r he sgdx vdqd fnudqmldmsr vgdqd sgdqd ]qd
fnudqmldms cdehbhsr &d,f,) hm oqdzvdke]qd rs]sd:
onrszoqhu]shy]shnm: fkna]k fnudqm]mbd:
mdv.——vhbjdc‘‘ hrrtdr(
Rntpbd9 ?c]osdc eqnl Enw) V]qc) ]mc Gnv]qc &1//1(: ]mc Bq]md) L]ssdm) ]mc Lnnm &1//7(,
rdbsnq l`qjdsr vghbg rds qdpthqdldmsr ne oqnctbs rntqbd `mc vnqjenqbd bnlonr¨
hshnm) enq dw`lokd,
Fnudqmldmsr b`m e`bhkhs`sd BRQ sgqntfg rtarhchdr sn Vqlr vghbg `cnos o`qshbtk`q
rnbh`k onkhbhdr &d,f,) enq dloknxldms nq sq`hmhmf ne tmdloknxdc odnokd( nq sn
atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr vghbg `cunb`sd) `cu`mbd) `mc hlokdldms bnqonq`sd rnbh`k
qdronmrhahkhsx &Lnnm `mc Qhbg`qcrnm 0874(, ? bnllnm enql ne e`bhkhs`shnm hr
sgqntfg s`w hmbdmshudr enq bnqonq`sd bg`qhsàkd fhuhmf,
Sgd o`qsmdqrgho qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm fnudqmldms `mc BRQ b`m qdWdbs bnkkànq`shnm
ne fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr vhsg bnlo`mhdr nq vhsg atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, Sgdqd hr
nesdm ` lhw ne qdrntqbdr rtbg sg`s fnudqmldmsr aqhmf Vrb`k `mc qdftk`snqx bò`bhsx
vgdqd`r bnlo`mhdr aqhmf sgdhq mdsvnqjr) dloknxddr) `mc jmnvkdcfd sn ad`q hm `ccqdrr¨
hmf oqnakdlr, Sghr ed`stqd ne mdv fnudqm`mbd &Lnnm 1..1( nesdm dms`hkr o`qsmdqrghor
vhsg bhuhk rnbhdsx nqf`mhy`shnmr qdoqdrdmshmf bnlltmhshdr) qdkhfhntr nq kànq nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr nq sgd dmuhqnmldms, Sgdx aqhmf sgdhq bknrd tmcdqrs`mchmf ne rnbh`k dwodbs`shnmr
`mc ne rnbh`k oqnakdlr `r vdkk `r kdfhshl`shnm sn sgd o`qsmdqrghor, O`qsmdqrghor b`m
ad cdudknodc sn `ccqdrr knb`k hrrtdr &d,f,) knb`k dbnmnlhb o`qsmdqrghor(: m`shnm`k hrrtdr
&d,f,) sgd TJ‘r BRQ ?b`cdlx sn hloqnud RLDr‘ tmcdqrs`mchmf ne BRQ(: `mc dudm fkna`k
hrrtdr &d,f, sgd TR ?oo`qdk Hmctrsqx O`qsmdqrgho) sgd TJ Dsghb`k Sq`cd Hmhsh`shud(,
?ksgntfg sgd hcd` ne fnudqmldms`k l`mc`sd ne BRQ hr bntmsdq¨hmsthshud `r hs
òod`qr sn nauh`sd bnqonq`sd chrbqdshnm) sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne qd`rnmr sn hmbktcd
sghr qdk`shnmrgho, Ehqrs) fnudqmldmsr gùd trdc ——rnes k`v‘‘ sn dmbntq`fd BRQ) nesdm `r
` ld`mr ne dwodqhldmshmf vhsg mdv òoqn`bgdr sn atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx, ?r mnsdc
ax ?xqdr `mc Aq`hsgdv`hsd &0881() sgd qdrntqbd ne qdftk`shnm b`m ad trdc hm ` u`qhdsx
ne v`xr vghbg e`kk rgnqs ne bndqbhnm `mc otmhrgldms, Enq dw`lokd) ` mtladq ne
fnudqmldmsr gùd qdpthqdc bnlo`mhdr sn qdonqs sgdhq rnbh`k) dmuhqnmldms`k) `mc
dsghb`k hlo`bsr vhsgnts rodbhexhmf vg`s o`qshbtk`q adgùhnq sgdx cddl qdronmrhakd,
Rdbnmc) ` mtladq ne fnudqmldmsr gùd tmcdqohmmdc u`qhntr qdftk`shnmr vhsg sgd
qgdsnqhb ne BRQ hm nqcdq sn kdfhshl`sd sgdrd,
BRQ `r `m `ksdqm`shud enql ne fnudqmldms hr nesdm mdf`shudkx qdf`qcdc `r ` trtqo`shnm
ne sgd oqnodq qdronmrhahkhshdr ne fnudqmldms `mc `r tmcdqlhmhmf sgd cdlnbq`shb
`bbntmsàhkhsx vgdsgdq eqnl sgd qhfgs &Eqhdcl`m 086.( nq sgd kdes &Lnmahns 1..0:
Gdqsy 1..1(, Gnvdudq) bnlo`mhdr nesdm `bs hm fnudqmldms¨khjd v`xr vghbg `qd mns
mdbdrr`qhkx l`khfm &Bq`md ds `k, 1..74 bg, 2(, Ehqrs) bnqonq`shnmr b`m oqnuhcd rnbh`k
admdVsr &d,f,) qdbqd`shnm noonqstmhshdr) khaq`qx `mc dctb`shnm e`bhkhshdr enq vnqjdqr) sgdhq
e`lhkhdr) `mc bnlltmhshdr(, Sghr g`r gòodmdc hm sgd mhmdsddmsg¨bdmstqx TJ oqhnq sn
sgd dldqfdmbd ne sgd vdke`qd rs`sd &Lnnm 1..3(: enkknvhmf sgd qdctbshnm nq vhsgcq`v`k
ne fnudqmldms rdquhbdr &d,f,) hm Jdmx`) rdd Ltsgtqh ds `k, 1..7( nq vgdqd sgdqd `qd
rdqhntr fnudqm`mbd cdVbhsr) nesdm hm cdudknohmf bntmsqhdr `r vdkk `r hm sq`mrhshnm`k
dbnmnlhdr, Fkna`khy`shnm hr `mnsgdq rogdqd vgdqd fnudqmldmsr) m`shnm`k nq hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k) gùd oqnudc tmvhkkhmf nq tmàkd sn qdftk`sd bqnrränqcdq `bshuhshdr, Rn) fkna`k
bnlo`mhdr gùd inhmskx nq rdudq`kkx s`jdm sn fnudqmhmf dmuhqnmldms`k `mc rnbh`k
bnmchshnmr hm sgdhq rtookx bg`hm ax qdftk`shmf nsgdq atrhmdrrdr &sgd rhwsg rdbshnm(,
Bnlo`mhdr b`m `krn `bs khjd fnudqmldmsr hm sgd v`x sgdx `ccqdrr ` gnrs ne mdv hrrtdr enq
vghbg qdftk`shnm l`x ad oqdl`stqd nq snn aktms `m hmrsqtldms,
Hm qd`khsx fnudqmldms onkhbhdr `mc BRQ hmhsh`shudr nesdm qdWdbs rdudq`k ne sgdrd
qdk`shnmrghor, Lnqdnudq) sgd qdk`shnmrghor sg`s vd onrhs nesdm nudqkhd nmd `mnsgdq,
Lnrs nauhntrkx) BRQ `r rdke¨qdftk`shnm hr etmc`ldms`k sn `kk sgd qdk`shnmrghor, Sghr
gnkcr dudm) o`q`cnwhb`kkx) vgdqd BRQ hr l`mc`sdc ax fnudqmldms, O`qsmdqrghor nesdm
`krn qdWdbs BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms) `r dmcnqrdc ax fnudqmldms `mc `r e`bhkhs`sdc ax
fnudqmldms &h,d,) qdk`shnmrgho sxodr 0) 1) `mc 2–Sàkd 11,0(,
Gùhmf cdVmdc BRQ) `mc hcdmshVdc u`qhntr sxodr ne fnudqmldmsœBRQ qdk`shnm¨
rghor) vd bnmshmtd ax hmsqnctbhmf sgd ?ldqhb`m nqhfhmr ne BRQ,
?ldqhbXm Nqhfhmr ne BRP

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
?ksgntfg chudqrd enqlr ne oghk`msgqnohb `bshuhshdr gùd dldqfdc hm uhqst`kkx `kk

bntmsqhdr `9dbsdc ax sgd Rdbnmc Hmctrsqh`k Qdunktshnm) sgd TR oqnuhcdc sgd ahqsg¨
ok`bd ne sgd hcd` ne BRQ `r vd jmnv hs snc`x &Anvdm 0842: Gd`kc 086.: Eqdcdqhbj 1..5)
1..7: B`qqnkk 1..7(, Mnsvhsgrs`mchmf cdudknoldmsr sgdqdhm) hm bnmsq`rs sn BRQ hm
nsgdq bntmsqhdr) hm sgd TR hs g`r l`hmkx addm ——BRQ `r rdke fnudqmldms‘‘ &Qdk`shnmrgho
sxod 0–Sàkd 11,0(,
Entq rnbhn¨btkstq`k e`bsnqr rgòdc sgd BRQ cnbsqhmd `mc dwok`hm sgd l`hm¨
sdm`mbd ne ` rsqnmf hmsdqdrs hm rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx hm sgd TR nudq sgd k`rs
bdmstqx &O`rptdqn 1..34 148œ51(, Ehqrs) BRQ òod`qdc sn aqhcfd sgd fò adsvddm
oqhu`sd hmsdqdrsr `mc sgd l`m`fdldms ne otakhb fnnc hm `m hmchuhct`khrshb
l`qjds4 hs ùnhcdc lnqd rnbh`khydc enqlr ne qdftk`shnm vghkd khlhshmf sgd
lnq`k e`hktqdr `mc rnbh`k c`l`fd ne ` otqd k`hrrdyë`hqd rxrsdl, &Anvdm 08424
03œ10(, Rdbnmc) sgd hcd` ne BRQ v`r bnlo`shakd vhsg ?ldqhb`m sq`chshnmr ne
cdlnbq`shb oktq`khrl dtknfhydc ax cd Snbptduhkkd) vgdqd `rrnbh`shnmr) oqdrrtqd
fqntor) `mc ldch` knaax bnqonq`shnmr hm nqcdq sn oqnlnsd rnbh`k b`trdr, Hm sghr
bnmsdws) oqhu`sd hmhsh`shudr cqhud sgd l`m`fdldms ne otakhb fnnc) `mc fnudqm¨
ldms`k qdftk`shnm enkknvdc, Sghqc) sgd mnshnm ne BRQ cqdv nm ?ldqhb`‘r lnq¨
`khrs `mc Otqhs`m sq`chshnmr, Rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx v`r oqdrdmsdc `r `m òokhb`shnm
ne Oqnsdrs`ms dsghbr sn dbnmnlhb khed ax rnld ne hsr d`qkx oqnlnsdqr &Anvdm
0842() sgtr hkktrsq`shmf Vdadq‘r &082.( sgdrhr ne sgd rdkdbshud `Xmhshdr ne u`qhntr
aq`mbgdr ne Oqnsdrs`mshrl `mc bòhs`khrl, Ehm`kkx) BRQ qdWdbsdc sgd tshkhs`qh`m
`mc oq`fl`shb hcd`kr ne ?ldqhb`) ` rnbhdsx sg`s g`r `kv`xr u`ktdc `bshnm `mc g`r
rddm bnqonq`shnmr `r ` kdfhshl`sd `mc hlonqs`ms rntqbd ne dbnmnlhb `mc rnbh`k
hmmnu`shnm,
Sgd lnud ne BRQ eqnl ` atrhmdrrldm‘r cnbsqhmd sn `m `b`cdlhb bnmbdos b`m ad
tmcdqrsnnc hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd dldqfdmbd ne sgd lncdqm bnqonq`shnm `r `m
nqf`mhy`shnm`k enql &Bg`mckdq 0866() `mc sgd kdfhshl`shnm ne ?ldqhb`m bòhs`khrl
&Gd`kc 0850) 086.: B`qqnkk 1..7(, Sghr sq`mrenql`shnm ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx eqnl
oghk`msgqnox sn BRQ b`m ad dwok`hmdc sgqntfg ` Vud¨rs`fd oqnbdrr &Sàkd 11,1(,
SWakd 11,1 Sgd bnmrshstshnm ne W rnbhWk pdronmrhahkhsx cnbsphmd hm sgd TR?
Odphnc RsWfd ne cdudknoldms Jdx bnmbdosr BnponpWsd kdfhshlWbx LWhm lnshuWshnmr
077/´08// Dlaqxnmhb, Dldqfdmbd ne Oghk]msgqnox qnnsdc hm Mns ]s rs]jd–]bshnmr Lhwdc9 qdkhfhntr &dsghb]k qnnsr()
oghk]msgqnox o]sdqm]khrl qdronmchmf sn dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrs
hmchuhct]k lnshudr
08//´1/ Bnqonq]sd oghk]msgqnox Rsdv]qcrgho) otakhb rdquhbd Bqhshbhrl ne bnqonq]shnmr Otakhb qdk]shnmr) e]unq]akd otakhb
]r ] oqdzRP hcd] lnahkhydc ax bnqonq]shnmr &ltbjq]jdqr) dsb,( nohmhnm
081/´8 Bnmrshstshnm ne sgd a]rhb Sqtrsddrgho) atrhmdrr ]r ] Uhrhahkhsx ne bnqonq]sd ]bshuhshdr, Otakhb qdk]shnmr) rdkezqdftk]shnm)
rds ne hcd]r nm vghbg o]qsmdqrgho adsvddm b]ohs]k) L]m]fdqr‘ rnbh]k oqdrshfd atrhmdrr b]rd enq dsghbr
sgd RP cnbsqhmd hr athks k]anq) l]m]fdldms) bnlltmhsx
0818´34 Bnkk]ord ne bnqonq]sd Mn mdv bnmbdos, Rs]sd eq]lhmf Knrr ne bqdchahkhsx onrsz0818 Pdronmchmf sn fnudqmldms]k
qdronmrhahkhsx chrbntqrdr ne Rnbh]k Pdronmrhahkhsx bqhrhr hmitmbshnmr
0834´5/ Pdrtqfdmbd ne sgd RP cnbsqhmd) Pdrtqfdmbd ne sqtrsddrgho) Pdrsnq]shnm ne bnqonq]sd Rtodqhnqhsx ne rdkezqdftk]shnm nudq
sgdnqhy]shnm ne BRP dwsdmrhnm hm atrhmdrr rnbh]k oqdrshfd) ]ksdqm]shud sn otakhb qdftk]shnm) qdhmenqbhmf
qdronmrhahkhsx bnlltmhrl) kdfhshl]shnm otakhb rtoonqs enq b]ohs]khrl
ne onvdq
Rntpbd9 ?c]osdc eqnl Fnmc &1//59 1/(,
Oghk`msgqnohb `bshuhshdr vdqd cqhudm ax ` lhw ne oq`bshb`k bnmrhcdq`shnmr `mc

qdkhfhntr lnshudr sn ——fhud a`bj‘‘ sn rnbhdsx &d,f,) ?mcqdv B`qmdfhd‘r Vd`ksg 0778(,
Gnvdudq) sgd ch9trhnm ne oghk`msgqnox `mc hsr sq`mrenql`shnm eqnl ` odqrnm`k
fdrstqd sn `m nqf`mhy`shnm`k bnmbdqm v`r bqhshb`k sn sgd ahqsg ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx
`r ` lncdqm hcdnknfx, ?r Gd`kc &086.4 08( dwok`hmr) ——Zv[g`s sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx
k`bjdc) `mc vg`s sgd svdmshdsg v`r sn rtookx) v`r ` q`shnm`kd–` bnmbdos ne sgd
qdk`shnmrgho ne atrhmdrr sn sgd bnlltmhsx–hm vghbg rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx v`r bkd`qkx
rddm `r ` bg`qfd mns ldqdkx tonm hmchuhct`k bnmrbhdmbd `mc bnmbdqm) ats tonm
bnqonq`sd qdrntqbdr `r vdkk,‘‘
Ctqhmf sgd Oqnfqdrrhud xd`qr &078.œ081.( sgd Vqrs `mshsqtrs k`vr sn bnmsqnk
atrhmdrr onvdq `mc chrbhokhmd l`qjdsr vdqd hmsqnctbdc, Sgd bnqonq`sd fh`msr
vdqd `ss`bjdc nm ltkshokd eqnmsr4 ax qdenqlhrsr) ed`qetk ne sgqd`sr sn rl`kk
ldqbg`msr eqnl ahf bnqonq`shnmr &Bnbgnx 0888() ax kànq tmhnmr) ax hmsdkkdb¨
st`kr) `mc tkshl`sdkx ax intqm`khrsr &d,f,) ltbjq`jdqr vgn hmudrshf`sdc bnqonq`sd
vqnmfcnhmf( &O`rptdqn 1..4(, Sgdqdenqd) bnqonq`shnmr adf`m sn `bjmnvkdcfd
sgd hlonqs`mbd ne bqd`shmf bnmVcdmbd hm sgd ——fdmdq`k otakhb‘‘ hm nqcdq sn
lhmhlhyd sgd c`mfdq ne fnudqmldms`k hmsdqedqdmbd &Gd`kc 086.4 16œ23: O`rptdqn
1..44 77(,
Ctqhmf sgd dbnmnlhb oqnrodqhsx ne sgd 081.r) sgd hcd` ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx v`r
bnmrnkhc`sdc sgqntfg sgd bnmbdosr ne sqtrsddrgho &h,d,) nakhf`shnmr enq l`m`fhmf
nsgdqr‘ oqnodqsx `r he hs v`r nmd‘r nvm `mc sn b`qd enq rnbhdsx‘r mddcr sgqntfg
oqnodqsx l`m`fdldms() `mc ne atrhmdrr `r ` enql ne o`qsmdqrgho &Anvdm 08424 22(,
Lnqdnudq) sgd dldqfdmbd ne ` bk`rr ne oqnedrrhnm`k l`m`fdqr chrrnbh`sdc eqnl
bnqonq`sd nvmdqr &Adqkd `mc Ld`mr 0821( fùd qhrd sn sgd Vqrs hmctrsqh`k bncdr ne
bnmctbs `r ` ld`mr enq l`m`fdqr sn `Xql sgdhq oqnedrrhnm`k `tsnmnlx `mc sn
oqnlnsd rdke¨fnudqmldms `mc rdke¨qdftk`shnm &Gd`kc 086.4 72œ005(,
Eqnl sgd nmrds ne sgd Fqd`s Cdoqdrrhnm hm 0818) bnqonq`shnmr vdqd bqhshbhydc enq
sgdhq qnkd hm sgd Vm`mbh`k b`s`rsqnogd &Gd`kc 086.(, Mdv Cd`k onkhbhdr dmbntq`fdc sgd
`cnoshnm ne mdv enqlr ne rdke¨qdftk`shnm oqnlnshmf ` ——kdf`kkx eq`ldc‘‘ enql ne rnbh`k
qdronmrhahkhsx &O`rptdqn 1..4(, Sghr v`r ` q`qd dw`lokd ne ?ldqhb`m BRQ adhmf
l`mc`sdc ax fnudqmldms &qdk`shnm`k sxod 4–Sàkd 11,0(,
Sgd onrs¨v`q qdrtqfdmbd ne sgd hcd` ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx v`r tmcdqohmmdc ax
sgd uhdv sg`s bnqonq`shnmr g`c addm bqhshb`k sn sgd uhbsnqx hm v`q `mc sgtr qdf`hmdc
sgdhq rnbh`k oqdrshfd, Rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx b`ld sn ad sgdnqhydc hm `b`cdlh`) cqhudm hm
k`qfd o`qs ax sgd Bnkc V`q bnmsdws &Gd`kc 086.4 160œ2.7: Eqdcdqhbj 1..5( hm vghbg
rnld uhdvdc BRQ `r `m hmrsqtldms sn cdedmc bòhs`khrl `mc noonrd bnlltmhrl
&Q`mc`kk 0841(, Nsgdqr) gnvdudq) r`v BRQ `r ` c`mfdqntr rsdo snv`qc rnbh`khrl
sgqd`sdmhmf sgd entmc`shnmr ne eqdd bòhs`khrs rnbhdshdr &Eqhdcl`m 0851) 086.(, Mnmd¨
sgdkdrr) hm sghr odqhnc) sgd rb`kd `mc q`mfd ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `bshuhshdr hmbqd`rdc
`mc dwo`mcdc sn mdv cnl`hmr rtbg `r dctb`shnm,
Sghr nudquhdv ne sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx cnbsqhmd hm sgd
TR qdWdbsr hsr rsqnmf rnbhn¨btkstq`k `mc onkhshb`k dladccdcmdrr, Hs bnmsdwst`khydr
sgd `b`cdlhb cda`sdr ne sgd 084.r nudq sgd ld`mhmf ne BRQ sn vghbg vd
mnv stqm,
Cdehmhmf BnqonqXsd RnbhXk

Pdronmrhahkhsx
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Gnv`qc Anvdm‘r &0842( Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhshdr ne sgd Atrhmdrrl`m l`qjr sgd dmsqx ne
sgd `b`cdlhb bnmbdos ne BRQ &Vnnc 0880: B`qqnkk 0888) 1..7: Eqdcdqhbj 1..5: Bq`md
ds `k, 1..7`(, Anvdm cdkhudqr ` rxrsdl`shb `bbntms ne atrhmdrrldm‘r rdkeödqbdoshnmr
ne sgdhq rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhshdr) `m `m`kxrhr ne sgd nudqkòr `mc lhrl`sbgdr ne sghr
cnbsqhmd vhsg Oqnsdrs`ms dsghbr) ` ghrsnqhb`k rstcx ne sgd hmrshstshnm`khy`shnm ne sghr
cnbsqhmd hm sgd TR) `mc vdkkä`k`mbdc `mc `tsgnqhs`shud `bbntms ne sgd onsdmsh`k `mc
khlhs`shnmr ne BRQ `r rdke qdftk`shnm &?bpthdq `mc Fnmc 1..6(, Anvdm bnmbdost`khydr
rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `r ` sghqc v`x adsvddm otqd k`hrrdyë`hqd `mc rs`sd qdftk`shnm)
`mc du`kt`sdr sgd onsdmsh`k ne bnqonq`sd `bshnm sn dmg`mbd rnbhdsx‘r vdke`qd, Gd
oqnuhcdr ` Vqrs cdVmhshnm ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `r ——sgd nakhf`shnmr enq sgd atrhmdrr
ldm sn otqrtd sgnrd onkhbhdr) sn l`jd sgnrd cdbhrhnmr) nq sn enkknv sgnrd khmdr ne
`bshnm vghbg `qd cdrhqàkd hm sdqlr ne sgd naidbshudr `mc u`ktdr ne ntq rnbhdsx‘‘ &5(,
?bbnqchmfkx) lnrs BRQ cdVmhshnmr ne sgd 084.r `mc 085.r rsqdrr sgnrd bnqonq`sd
`bshuhshdr sg`s `qd nqhdmsdc snv`qc sgd aqn`c rnbh`k dmuhqnmldms) adxnmc sgd sdbg¨
mhb`k) dbnmnlhb) `mc kdf`k `bshuhshdr ne atrhmdrr &B`qqnkk 0888) 1..7(,
Sgd rtardptdms `b`cdlhb cda`sdr vdqd `qntmc sgd rgnqsbnlhmfr ne BRQ rtbg `r
sgd onvdq nudq rnbhdsx sg`s bnqonq`shnmr l`x cdqhud eqnl sghr bnmbdos &Kduhss 0847(
nq sgd `fdmbx oqnakdlr sg`s tmcdqkhd `mc onsdmsh`kkx tmcdqlhmd hs &Eqhdcl`m 0851)
086.(, Sghr k`ssdq cda`sd o`qskx qdokhb`sdr Cncc `mc Adqkd‘r bnmsqnudqrx nudq sgd kdf`k
cdVmhshnm ne bnqonq`sd naidbshudr, Sgd bnqonq`shnm `r ` kdf`k dmshsx g`r addm rddm
dhsgdq `r ` rg`qdgnkcdq bqd`stqd cdchb`sdc sn oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm nq `r rdquhmf `
aqn`cdq rds ne hmsdqdrsr &enq qdbdms toc`sdr) rdd Eqddl`m) Vhbjr) `mc O`ql`q 1..3:
Rtmc`q`l `mc Hmjodm 1..3(, Sghr cda`sd) snfdsgdq vhsg sgd dldqfdmbd ne atrhmdrr
dsghbr `r `m `b`cdlhb Vdkc) tmcdqohmmdc sgd bnmshmthmf bnmsqnudqrx `lnmf `mc
adsvddm sgd cdedmcdqr `mc bqhshbr ne BRQ,
Hm sgd 086.r `mc 087.r) qdrd`qbg lnudc eqnl BRQ‘r mnql`shud entmc`shnmr sn
hrrtdr ne BRQ l`m`fdldms, Sghr rghes v`r cdrbqhadc ax Eqdcdqhbj &0867( `r ` lnud
eqnl sgd ——nkc‘‘ bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx) nq BRQ¨0) sn sgd ——mdv‘‘ bnmbdos ne
bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhudmdrr) nq BRQ¨1) `mc enbtrdc nm sgd `bst`k l`m`fdldms ne
dwsdqm`k oqdrrtqdr ax bnqonq`sd dwdbtshudr, Rdbnmc) sgdqd v`r ` lnud sn sgd bnmbdos
ne Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Odqenql`mbd &BRO( &B`qqnkk 0868: V`qshbj `mc Bnbgq`m 0874:
Vnnc 0880( sg`s hmsdfq`sdc bnlodshmf òoqn`bgdr sn BRQ rtbg `r Eqhdcl`m‘r m`qqnv
dbnmnlhb uhdv ne BRQ vhsg dsghbhrsr‘ aqn`c òoqn`bg sn BRQ nq BRQ¨0 `mc BRQ¨1, Hm
khmd vhsg B`qqnkk‘r &0868( rdlhm`k hmsdfq`shud oòdq) rdudq`k `tsgnqr cdudknodc sghr
khmd ne qdrd`qbg) qdVmhmf sgd BRO eq`ldvnqj sn dmbnlo`rr cdudknoldmsr hm sgd
rsq`sdfx Vdkc `mc dsghb`k sgdnqhdr &Vnnc 0880: Rv`mrnm 0884) 0888(,
Lnrs `ssdlosr sn hmsdfq`sd BRQ bnmbdosr `mc sgdnqhdr e`hkdc sn oqnuhcd ` rsqnmf
tmhexhmf o`q`chfl &Fnmc `mc L`ssdm 1..6: Fnmc `mc Bq`md 1..7(, Rnld qdbdms
vnqjr odqrhrs vhsg ` onrhshuhrs hcd`k &Rbgv`qsy `mc B`qqnkk 1..7( `mc BRO qdrd`qbg
41. idqdlx lnnm& mZgdd jZmf& idZmzoZrbZk fnmc
lnudc eqnl atrhmdrr `mc rnbhdsx qdk`shnmrghor sn sgd `bst`k `rrdrrldms ne BRQ
hlo`bsr `mc onkhbhdr, ? sghqc) dlohqhb`k) qdrd`qbg rsqd`l hr l`hmkx bnmbdqmdc vhsg
sgd `m`kxrhr ne sgd qdk`shnmrghor adsvddm BRQ `mc Vm`mbh`k odqenql`mbd, Hs fdmdq`sdc
` bnqotr ne lnqd sg`m 05. dlohqhb`k rstchdr sg`s rtffdrs ` vd`j) ats mdudqsgdkdrr
onrhshud) qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm rnbh`k `mc Vm`mbh`k odqenql`mbd &L`qfnkhr `mc V`krg
1..2: Nqkhsyjx) Qxmdr) `mc Rbglhcs) 1..2: L`qfnkhr) Dkedmadhm) `mc V`krg 1..6:
Nqkhsyjx 1..7(,
Cdrohsd sgdrd hlonqs`ms d9nqsr `s bnmrnkhc`shmf BRQ qdrd`qbg) sgd ltkshokhb`shnm
ne bnmbdosr `mc sgdnqhdr enq bnqonq`shnmœrnbhdsx qdk`shnmrghor) sgd Vdkc qdl`hmr
eq`fldmsdc &V`ccnbj 1..3: Fnmc 1..5: Knbjdss) Lnnm) `mc Uhrrdq 1..5(, Ehf¨
tqd 11,0 hkktrsq`sdr sghr sgqntfg sgd tmenkchmf ne BRQ bnmbdosr eqnl bnqonq`sd
oghk`msgqnox sn sgd lnqd qdbdms l`m`fdqh`k &d,f,) Sqhokd Anssnl Khmd bnhmdc ax
Dkjhmfsnm 0886: Bnqonq`sd Rs`jdgnkcdq Qdronmrhahkhsx oqnonrdc ax Eqddl`m) Vhbjr)
`mc O`ql`q 1..3( nq lnqd onkhshb`k &Rbgdqdq `mc O`k`yyn 1..6) 1..7: Bq`md ds `k,
1..7a( bnmbdoshnmr ne BRQ,
?r sgd mdv bnmbdost`khy`shnmr ne BRQ cn mns qdrsqhbs sgd trd ne oqduhntr bnmbdosr
sghr oqnfqdrrhnm kdùdr ` cnydm nq rn btqqdms tr`fdr hmenqlhmf F`qqhf` `mc Ldkd-‘r
&1..3( nardqu`shnm sg`s sgd BRQ Vdkc ——oqdrdmsr mns nmkx ` k`mcrbòd ne sgdnqhdr) ats
`krn ` oqnkhedq`shnm ne òoqn`bgdr) vghbg `qd bnmsqnudqrh`k) bnlokdw `mc tmbkd`q‘‘ &40(,
EnkhshbTk
BRP
BnponpTsd
RsTidfnkcdpr
’Pdronmrhahkhsv’
BnponpTsd
Bhshydmrfho
LpeoiTt nrrnltBemT
RtrsThmTakd’Cdudknoldms
BnponpTsd’RnbhTk’Pdbshstcd
RsTidfnkcdp’Sfdnpv
BnponpTsd’RnbhTk’EdpenplTmbd
BnponpTsd’RnbhTk’Pdronmrhudmdrr
BnponpTsd’RnbhTk’Pdronmrhahkhsv
9trhmdrr’Pdronmrhahkhshdr’ ’9trhmdrrldmzr’RnbhTk’Pdronmrhahkhshdr
9trhmdrr’Dsfhbr’ ’BnponpTsd’EfhkTmsfpnov
0822 085/ 0852 086/ 0862 087/ 0872 088/ 0882 1/// 1//2 1//6
Ehf, 11,0 Cd’mhmf BRP) ltkshokxhmf sgd bnmbdosr

Rntpbdr9 ?c]osdc eqnl Lng]m &1//2(,
Sgtr) F`qqhf` `mc Ldkd- &1..3( lnqd lncdrskx lòodc sgd Vdkc `mc bk`rrhVdc sgd
BRQ sgdnqhdr `mc bnmbdosr hmsn entq b`sdfnqhdr4 Hmrsqtldms`k BRQ sgdnqhdr) Onkhshb`k
BRQ sgdnqhdr) Hmsdfq`shud BRQ sgdnqhdr) `mc Dsghb`k BRQ sgdnqhdr,
Hmrsqtldms`k sgdnqhdr qdedq sn qdrd`qbg cdlnmrsq`shmf BRQ‘r bnmsqhatshnm sn
bnqonq`sd odqenql`mbd `khfmhmf BRQ vhsg sgd l`whlhy`shnm ne rg`qdgnkcdq
u`ktd &d,f,) b`trd¨qdk`sdc l`qjdshmf–U`q`c`qì`m `mc Ldmnm 0887: anssnl ne sgd
oxq`lhc–Oq`g`k`c `mc G`llnmc 1..1(, Onkhshb`k BRQ enbtrdr nm sgdnqhdr rsqdrr¨
hmf bnqonq`sd onvdq hm BRQ sgdnqhyhmf &d,f,) bnqonq`sd bnmrshstshnm`khrl–Cùhr
0856: bnqonq`sd bhshydmrgho–Knfrcnm `mc Vnnc 1..1: Lnnm) Bq`md) `mc L`ssdm
1..4(, Hmsdfq`shud BRQ sgdnqhdr `hl sn hmsdfq`sd `kk atrhmdrr `mc rnbhdsx qdk`shnmrghor
hmsn ` rhmfkd eq`ldvnqj &d,f,) Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Odqenql`mbd: Rs`jdgnkcdq Sgdnqx(,
Dsghb`k sgdnqhdr dmbnlo`rr mnql`shud vnqjr cdVmhmf sgd lnq`k entmc`shnmr ne BRQ
&d,f,) tmhudqr`k qhfgsr) rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms) mnql`shud rs`jdgnkcdq sgdnqhdr–
Cnm`kcrnm `mc Oqdrsnm 0884(,
Sghr sxonknfx `krn aqhmfr chXbtkshdr, Ehqrs) hs qdhVdr etmbshnm`khrl ax cdVmhmf
odqrodbshudr nm BRQ `bbnqchmf sn O`qrnmr‘r &0856( sgdnqx, Rdbnmc) l`mx b`sdfnqhdr
nudqkò, Sghqc) sgd sxonknfx hr lnqd qdsqnrodbshud sg`m oqnrodbshud, Fnmc `mc
L`ssdm &1..6( `hl sn s`jd BRQ sgdnqx athkchmf enqv`qc ax rsqdrrhmf sgd qdbtqqdms
sdmrhnmr hm BRQ qdrd`qbg `mc `còshmf Atqqdkk `mc Lnqf`m‘r &0868( fqhc ne `m`kxrhr ne
rnbh`k rbhdmbdr o`q`chflr sn chrshmfthrg entq `ksdqm`shud uhdvr nm BRQ, Sgdx rdd sgd
etmbshnm`khrs odqrodbshud `r enbtrhmf nm qdftk`shud snnkr sn hmsdfq`sd atrhmdrr `mc
rnbhdsx, Sgd rnbhnönkhshb`k odqrodbshud òoqn`bg rddr BRQ `r ` onvdq qdk`shnmrgho)
`mc enbtrdr nm BRQ‘r qnkd hm sgd qdbnmVftqhmf fnudqmldms) atrhmdrr) `mc rnbhdsx
qdk`shnmrghor &Lnnm `mc Unfdk 1..7(, Sgd btkstq`khrs òoqn`bg hr rdmrhshud sn sgd
m`shnm`k) btkstq`k) `mc hmrshstshnm`k cdsdqlhm`msr ne BRQ `mc sgd sq`mrk`shnm ne `m
?ldqhb`m bnmbdoshnm hmsn ltkshm`shnm`k u`qh`msr, Ehm`kkx) sgdx onrhs ` bnmrsqtbshnmhrs
òoqn`bg sg`s enbtrdr nm sgd rnbh`k dm`bsldms ne BRQ `r `m nqf`mhy`shnm`k Vdkc,
Gùhmf chrbtrrdc sgd TR nqhfhmr ne BRQ `r rdke¨qdftk`shnm &qdk`shnm`k sxod 0–
Sàkd 11,0() `mc hsr u`qhntr dunktshnm`qx sqìdbsnqhdr) vd mnv `ccqdrr gnv BRQ g`r
lnudc sn Vdrsdqm Dtqnod `mc adxnmc) `mc ghfgkhfgs hsr qdk`shnmrgho sn fnudqmldms
hm sghr oqnbdrr ne fkna`khy`shnm,
DtqnodXm SqXchshnmr Xmc

SqXmrkXshnmr ne BRP
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
RgZqdc sqZchshnmr Zmc bnmsqZrshmf sqZidbsnqhdr ne BRP

Fhudm sg`s sgd ——lnrs rhlhk`q‘‘ rnbh`k) onkhshb`k) `mc dbnmnlhb rxrsdlr sn sgnrd hm sgd
TR `qd hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod) sgd ptdrshnm `qhrdr `r sn vgdsgdq sgdx gùd g`c ` rhlhk`q
BRQ ghrsnqx, ?ksgntfg sgdqd vdqd hmrs`mbdr ne hmctrsqh`k o`sdqm`khrl `mc oghk`msgqnox)
drodbh`kkx hm sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx) sgdqd v`r khsskd dkrd sn bnlo`qd vhsg sgd
svdmshdsg¨bdmstqx TR cdudknoldmsr, Cndr sghr ld`m sg`s Dtqnod`m atrhmdrrdr
vdqd mdbdrr`qhkx kdrr qdronmrhakd sg`m sgdhq ?ldqhb`m bntmsdqo`qsr; Hm rgnqs) enq
lnrs ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) Dtqnod`m atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhshdr vdqd lnqd
——hlokhbhs‘‘ hm vhcdq) fnudqmldms¨kdc) fnudqm`mbd rxrsdlr &L`ssdm `mc Lnnm
1..7(, Gnvdudq) vhsg bg`mfhmf qnkdr ne fnudqmldmsr `mc lncdr ne fnudqm`mbd hm
sgd k`rs pt`qsdq ne sgd k`rs bdmstqx) `mc mdv hmrshstshnm`k oqdrrtqdr `mc bg`kkdmfdr
e`bdc ax sgd LMBr) mdv enqlr ne lnqd ——dwokhbhs‘‘ BRQ gùd dldqfdc) `kadhs vhsg
chrshmbshud Dtqnod`m ed`stqdr &L`hfm`m `mc Q`krsnm 1..1: L`ssdm `mc Lnnm 1..7(,0
Sgdqd vdqd rnld oghk`msgqnohb sq`chshnmr hm Dtqnod) o`qshbtk`qkx vgdqd hmctrsqh¨
`khy`shnm oqdbdcdc sgd vdke`qd rs`sd rtbg `r sgd TJ &L`qhmdssn 0888: Lnnm 1..3() sgd
Mdsgdqk`mcr &Bq`ldq 1..4() `mc Eq`mbd &Ad`tinkhm `mc Bòqnm 1..4(, Sghr v`r
rnldshldr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg qdkhfhntr bnmuhbshnmr ne atrhmdrr kd`cdqr `r vdkk `r qdWdbs¨
hmf rnld ne sgd hlodq`shudr ne hmctrsqh`khy`shnm) rtbg `r l`hms`hmhmf ` knx`k `mc
etmbshnmhmf vnqjenqbd &Qnvkhmrnm `mc G`rr`qc 0882(, Onkhbhdr trt`kkx bnmrhrsdc ne
sgd oqnuhrhnm ne rnbh`k `mc dbnmnlhb hmeq`rsqtbstqd enq sgdhq vnqjdqr `mc e`lhkhdr)
rtbg `r gntrhmf) dctb`shnm) `mc a`sghmf `mc qdbqd`shnm`k e`bhkhshdr, Gnvdudq) sgd
`cudms ne sgd vdke`qd rs`sd eqnl sgd k`sd mhmdsddmsg sn d`qkx svdmshdsg bdmstqhdr
sdmcdc sn qdok`bd atrhmdrr oqnuhrhnm, Vgdqd hmctrsqh`khy`shnm sdmcdc sn o`q`kkdk nq
enkknv sgd fqnvsg ne sgd vdke`qd rs`sd &d,f,) Fdql`mx) Rb`mchmùh`() sgdqd v`r khsskd
duhcdmbd ne sgd bnqonq`sd oghk`msgqnox bk`hldc dwokhbhskx ax atrhmdrr hm sgd TR,1
Q`sgdq) sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ne atrhmdrr vdqd cqhudm nq eq`ldc ax sgd rs`sd hm ` rsxkd
lnqd qdlhmhrbdms ne sgd Mdv Cd`k odqhnc hm sgd TR &rdbnmc rdbshnm ànud(,
Sgdrd bnmsq`rshmf sqìdbsnqhdr ne svdmshdsg¨bdmstqx atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx b`m ad
tmcdqrsnnc vhsg qdedqdmbd sn sgd qdrodbshud m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr &Vghskdx 0888)
1..1(, Dtqnod`m m`shnm`k atrhmdrr rxrsdlr gùd sdmcdc sn ad bg`q`bsdqhydc ax lnqd
bnmbdmsq`sdc Vm`mbh`k rxrsdlr) lnqd qdftk`sdc dctb`shnm `mc kànq rxrsdlr) `mc
btkstq`k rxrsdlr lnqd rjdoshb`k ànts atrhmdrr `mc bnmVcdms ànts fnudqmldms,
Sghr g`r hmenqldc ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd m`stqd ne Dtqnod`m Vqlr vghbg `qd lnqd
mdsvnqjdc) chqdbsdc) `mc rnldshldr otakhbkx nvmdc, Dtqnod`m l`qjdsr gùd addm
lnqd nqf`mhydc `mc bnnqchm`sdc ax u`qxhmf a`k`mbdr ne mdn¨bnqonq`shrs `mc rs`sd
enqbdr) `mc sgdhq fnudqm`mbd rxrsdlr gùd qdWdbsdc sgd hmWtdmbd ne sgdhq rsqnmfdq
kànq tmhnmr, ?r ` qdrtks) sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ne atrhmdrr gùd addm hlokhdc hm vhcdq
hmrshstshnmr ne nqf`mhy`shnm`k qdronmrhahkhsx ad sgdx rs`sd¨kdc) mnqlr dmcnqrdc `mc
qdhmenqbdc ax atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) nq ntsbnldr ne mdn¨bnqonq`shrs oqnbdrrdr, Sgdrd
gùd bnudqdc l`mx ne sgd `qd`r vghbg hm sgd TR gùd addm `qd`r ne bnqonq`sd
chrbqdshnm rtbg `r dmuhqnmldms`k oqnsdbshnm) gd`ksg hmrtq`mbd) sq`hmhmf) ghfgdq
dctb`shnm) sgd `qsr) `mc bnlltmhsx rdquhbdr &L`ssdm `mc Lnnm 1..7(,
Gnvdudq) lnqd qdbdmskx Dtqnod`m bnlo`mhdr gùd s`jdm lnqd dwokhbhs qdronmrh¨
ahkhshdr &h,d,) sgd rghes sn qdk`shnm`k sxod 0–Sàkd 11,0( q`sgdq sg`m qdkx nm sgd
kdfhshl`bx cdqhudc eqnl sgdhq vhcdq fnudqm`mbd bnmsdwsr, Sghr vd `ssqhatsd sn sgqdd
qdk`sdc rnqsr ne hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd4 Vqrs) rghesr hm sgd aqn`c m`shnm`k fnudqm`mbd
rxrsdlr) `kadhs `s ch9dqdms q`sdr `mc eqnl ch9dqdms rs`qshmf onhmsr &Lnnm 1..1(:
rdbnmc) nqf`mhy`shnm`k bg`kkdmfdr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd hlodq`shudr ne l`m`fhmf
hmbqd`rhmfkx fkna`k bnqonq`shnmr &ChL`ffhn `mc Onvdkk 0872: Ldxdq ds `k, 0886: Ldxdq
0888) 1...(: `mc) sghqc sgd cdkhadq`sd hlonqs `mc sq`mrk`shnm ne BRQ oq`bshbdr `mc
naidbsr eqnl sgd TR sn Dtqnod ax sgd ——BRQ dmsqdoqdmdtqr‘‘ `hlhmf dhsgdq `s qdenql¨
hmf knb`k hmrshstshnmr &d,f,) Anwdma`tl `mc A`sshk`m` 1..4: Anwdma`tl 1..5( nq `s
athkchmf mdv BRQ l`qjdsr &d,f,) Anwdma`tl `mc Fnmc 1..5(, Sàkd 11,2 rtll`qhydr
sgdrd cdudknoldmsr hm rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhshdr hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod `mc dmàkdr bnl¨
o`qhrnm vhsg Sàkd 11,1,
?r ` qdrtks) sgd qnkdr ne fnudqmldmsr gùd sdmcdc sn cdbkhmd hm sdqlr ne rhyd `mc
bg`mfd hm sdqlr ne lncd, Ehqrs) sgd rg`qd ne sgd dbnmnlx `bbntmsdc enq ax otakhb
rdbsnqr g`r sdmcdc sn cdbkhmd, Qdk`sdckx) sgd oqhu`shy`shnm ne dqrsvghkd otakhb bnl¨
o`mhdr `mc tshkhshdr g`r kdc sn hmbqd`rdc dwodbs`shnmr ne atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx,
Rdbnmc) sgd oqdu`hkhmf sqdmc snv`qcr cdqdftk`shnm g`r dmbntq`fdc fnudqmldmsr sn
qdkx kdrr nm sgdhq `tsgnqhsx `mc lnqd nm l`qjdsr) bnmsq`bsr enq fnudqmldms) `mc
o`qsmdqrghor vhsg enq¨ `mc mnmöqnVs nqf`mhy`shnmr,
?r Dtqnod`m fnudqmldmsr `qd mn knmfdq sgd nmkx rntqbd ne vdke`qd) rnbhdshdr `qd
hmbqd`rhmfkx stqmhmf sn bnlo`mhdr nq) hmcddc) ak`lhmf sgdl enq sgdhq hqqdronmrhahkhsx,
Sgd vhcdq nqf`mhy`shnm`k Vdkcr ne bnlo`mhdr gùd bg`mfdc hm nsgdq v`xr rtbg sg`s
kànq tmhnmr `qd kdrr àkd sn rdbtqd m`shnmvhcd dloknxdd oqnsdbshnm `mc qdltmdq¨
`shnm) `mc mdn¨bnqonq`shrs onkhbx¨l`jhmf rxrsdlr gùd adbnld kdrr ghdq`qbghb`k `mc
bnmrdmrt`k) `9nqchmf lnqd atrhmdrr chrbqdshnm `mc rdke¨qdftk`shnm &Lnkhm` `mc
Qgncdr 1..1(, Khjdvhrd) sgd fqd`sdq ——Vm`mbh`khy`shnm‘‘ ne Dtqnod`m dbnmnlhdr
&S`hmn) Gtnkl`m) `mc Otkjjhmdm 1..0( g`r dmbntq`fdc bnlo`mhdr sn rddj sn ch9dq¨
dmsh`sd sgdlrdkudr eqnl sgdhq bnlodshsnqr `mc g`r fhudm fqd`sdq rbnod sn sgd cqhudqr
ne rnbh`kkx qdronmrhakd hmudrsldms, Sghqc) bnmrtldqr `qd hmbktchmf rnbh`k drshl`shnmr
hm sgdhq otqbg`rhmf bgnhbdr vghbg g`r) hm stqm) kdc sn sgd dldqfdmbd ne ` rds ne mdv
hmrshstshnmr tmcdq sgd aqn`c tlaqdkk` ne ——e`hq sq`cd‘‘ &Lhbgdkdssh 1..2(,
Stqmhmf sn nqf`mhy`shnm`k oqdrrtqdr enq BRQ &ChL`ffhn `mc Onvdkk 0872: Ldxdq
ds `k, 0886( sgqdd jdx e`bsnqr b`m ad mnsdc, Ehqrs) hs hr sgd rtaidbs ne mtldqntr ——bndqbhud
hrnlnqoghrlr‘‘ hm sgd enql ne rnes) rnbh`k) `mc rdke¨qdftk`shnm, Sgdrd hmbktcd u`qhntr
hmsdqfnudqmldms`k hmhsh`shudr &d,f,) sgd NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq Ltksh¨M`shnm`k
Bnlo`mhdr) sgd Tmhsdc M`shnmr Fkna`k Bnlo`bs( `mc bnkkdbshud atrhmdrr hmhsh`shudr
&d,f,) sgd Fkna`k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh`shud(, Rdbnmc) hs hr `krn sgd rtaidbs ne ——lhldshb
oqnbdrrdr‘‘ vgdqdax Dtqnod`m atrhmdrrdr inhm atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr enq BRQ) rhfm to
sn mdv oqhmbhokdr) bncdr) `mc rs`mc`qcr &d,f,) Atrhmdrr hm sgd Bnlltmhsx) TJ(, Sghqc)
mdv mnql`shud oqdrrtqdr enq atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx `mc dmf`fdldms gùd dldqfdc
vhsg rtbg hrrtdr `r rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms &ax dmuhqnmldms`k `mc cdudknoldms
MFNr( `mc kànq rs`mc`qcr hm rtookx bg`hmr &ax gtl`m qhfgsr MFNr(, Sgdrd `qd mns
nmkx ghfgkhfgsdc ax ` rnldshldr bqhshb`k ldch`) ats `qd sgdm `ccqdrrdc ax atrhmdrr
`mc oqnedrrhnm`k `rrnbh`shnmr) atrhmdrr rbgnnkr) atrhmdrr ldch`) `mc mnm¨fnudqmldms
`mc fnudqmldms nqf`mhy`shnmr vhsg vgnl bnlo`mhdr hmsdq`bs,
Ehm`kkx) sgdrd sqdmcr gùd addm qdhmenqbdc ax lhbqnöqnbdrrdr ne sq`mrk`shnmr
vgdqdax dmsqdoqdmdtqh`k `bsnqr hlonqsdc TRä`rdc BRQ oq`bshbdr `mc oqnctbsr sn
Dtqnod`m bntmsqhdr, Sgtr) BRQ `r `m hcd` g`r sqùdk eqnl sgd TR sn nsgdq bntmsqhdr)
`mc g`r trt`kkx addm `ksdqdc `mc sq`mrenqldc hm sghr oqnbdrr sn adssdq Vs rnbh`k hrrtdr
SWakd 11,2 Sgd bgWmfhmf rnbhWk pdronmrhahkhsx cnbsphmd hm Vdrsdpm Dtpnod
Odphnc RsWfd ne cdudknoldms Jdx bnmbdos BnponpWsd kdfhshlWbx LWhm lnshuWshnmr
077/´08// Roqd]c ne hmctrsqh]khy]shnm: Rdke fnudqmldms9 oghk]msgqnox.o]sdqm]khrl Bnmsdws ne k]anq lnudldmsr) Lhwdc9 qdkhfhntr)
oghk]msgqnox ]knmfrhcd qdftk]snqx rs]sd hmctrsqh]k qdftk]shnm kdfhshl]bx) oqnctbshuhsx
08//´34 Fqnvsg ne vdke]qd rs]sd: Rdkezfnudqmldms9 oghk]msgqnox.o]sdqm]khrl Bnmsdrsdc ax k]anq.rnbh]khrs Kdfhshl]bx &nesdm khmjdc
m]qqnvhmf ne atrhmdrr RP ]knmfrhcd u]qhntr rs]sd enqlr lnudldmsr.fnudqmldmsr: vhsg m]shnm]khrl(
hmbnqonq]sdc hm e]rbhrs rxrsdlr
0834´7/ Bnmrnkhc]shnm ne vdke]qd rs]sd: Hlokhbhs qnkd hm dm]akhmf ]mc l]mc]shmf Hmbnqonq]shnm hm lhwdc Kdfhshlhydc hm rnbh]k
dwo]mrhnm ne hmctrsqh]k fnudqmldms . lncdrs rdkezfnudqmldms dbnmnlx . vdke]qhrl cdlnbq]bx . Bgqhrsh]m
rs]sd: fqnvsg ne hm oghk]msgqnox cdlnbq]bx . khadq]khrl .
mdnzbnqonq]shrl: bnmrdqu]shrl, L]qfhm]k
m]qqnvhmf ne atrhmdrr RP u]ktdrzkdc lnshu]shnm
087/´1/// Khadq]khy]shnm.oqhu]shy]shnm. Dwokhbhs BRP9 bnlltmhsx) l]qjds) Fkna]k bhshydmrgho: enbtr nm Kdfhshl]bx) rs]jdgnkcdq
fkna]khy]shnm xhdkcr vnqjok]bd) dmuhqnmldms hmchuhct]k ehql &]r noonrdc ]ooqnu]k) atrhmdrr rsq]sdfx
vhcdq bnqonq]sd chrbqdshnm sn atrhmdrr(
1///´ Fkna]khy]shnm ]mc sq]udk ne BRP Sq]mrk]shnm ne dwokhbhs BRP Kdfhshl]shmf rs]sd qdenqlr Lhwdc lnshudr &oqnehs þ RP(
hcd]r ]mc bnmbdosr oqnctbsr ]mc oq]bshbdr Cdudknohmf BRP l]qjdsr Atrhmdrr b]rd ]ooqn]bg
Rntpbd9 ?tsgnqr‘ nvm,
ne sgd mdv bnmsdws &By`qmh`vrj` `mc Indqfdr 0885: K`sntq 1..4(, Anwdma`tl `mc
A`sshk`m` &1..4( ghfgkhfgsdc sgd `bshuhsx ne hmmnu`snqr.sq`mrk`snqr hm sgd oqnbdrr
vgdqdax sgd BRQ oq`bshbd ne chudqrhsx l`m`fdldms g`r addm hlonqsdc eqnl sgd
TR sn Cdml`qj hm sgd d`qkx 1...r, Hm ` etqsgdq rstcx Anwdma`tl &1..5( `m`kxydr
sgd vgnkd qdbnmrsqtbshnm oqnbdrr ne ——dwokhbhs‘‘ BRQ ctqhmf hsr lnud eqnl TR sn
Cdml`qj, Ehm`kkx) Anwdma`tl `mc Fnmc &1..5( gùd bk`qhVdc sgd qdodqsnhqd ne
lhbqn¨rsq`sdfhdr ne bnmsdwst`khy`shnm trdc ax dmsqdoqdmdtqr sn `còs Rnbh`kkx
Qdronmrhakd Hmudrsldms oq`bshbdr athks hm TR sn Eq`mbd, Sghr rsqd`l ne qdrd`qbg
rtffdrsr sg`s bnmsdlonq`qx ——dwokhbhs BRQ‘‘ ch9trhnm vnqjr mns nmkx sgqntfg sgd
ch9trhnm ne oq`bshbdr `r rtbg) ats q`sgdq sgqntfg lhbqn¨kdudk oqnbdrrdr ne fkna`khy`¨
shnm ——ax sgd anssnl)‘‘ vgdqdax dwokhbhs BRQ hr qdbnmrsqtbsdc sn Vs vhsg `mc athkc nm
sgd sq`chshnm`k ——hlokhbhs BRQ‘‘ hmrshstshnmr,
Mnsvhsgrs`mchmf dkdldmsr ne bnmudqfdmbd adsvddm Vdrs Dtqnod`m `mc Mnqsg
?ldqhb`m BRQ) rnld ch9dqdmbdr odqrhrs, Ehqrs) bnqonq`shrs sq`chshnmr bnmshmtd sn oqdu`hk
`mc BRQ hm Dtqnod hr lnqd bknrdkx nqf`mhydc vhsg `mc sgqntfg atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) ad
sgdx m`shnm`k nq dudm Dtqnod`m &d,f,) BRQ Dtqnod(, Rdbnmc `mc lnrs rhfmhVb`mskx hm
sghr bnmsdws) Vdrs Dtqnod`m BRQ hr ltbg lnqd bknrdkx `khfmdc vhsg fnudqmldms
onkhbhdr) ansg `r naidbsr ne fnudqmldms onkhbx `mc `r o`qsmdqr vhsg fnudqmldms
&qdk`shnm`k sxodr 1 sn 4–Sàkd 11,0(, Sghr bntkc ad `s sgd qdfhnm`k) m`shnm`k nq DT kdudkr,
?ka`qdc`) Kny`mn) `mc Xr` &1..6( bnmbktcd sg`s `kk &Vesddm( Dtqnod`m fnudqmldmsr‘
onkhbhdr enq BRQ `qd ——qdk`shnm`k‘‘ hm sg`s sgdx vdqd cdrhfmdc sn hloqnud bnkkànq`shnm
adsvddm fnudqmldmsr `mc atrhmdrr `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx rs`jdgnkcdqr, Sgdrd onkhbhdr `qd
fdmdq`kkx hmsdmcdc ——sn hloqnud `v`qdmdrr ne sgd atrhmdrr rdbsnq) oqnlnsd `mc e`bhkhs`sd
unktms`qx hmhsh`shudr) bò`bhsx athkchmf) rs`jdgnkcdq l`m`fdldms) hmsdqm`shnm`k rs`mc¨
`qcr) bnmudqfdmbd `mc sq`mro`qdmbx) du`kt`shnm `mc `bbntmsàhkhsx) s`w `mc etmchmf
rxrsdlr hm `cchshnm sn kdfhrk`shnm,‘‘ &?ka`qdc`) Kny`mn) `mc Xr` 1..64 284œ5(,
Gùhmf dw`lhmdc aqn`c sq`mr`sk`mshb BRQ ch9dqdmbdr `mc rnld qdbdms hmrs`mbdr ne
bnmudqfdmbd) vd mnv dw`lhmd hmsq`¨Dtqnod`m bnmsq`rsr,
HmsqZ¨DtqnodZm bnmsqZrsr
Sgd TJ hr qdf`qcdc `r kd`chmf hm Dtqnod`m &`mc fkna`k( BRQ &Unfdk 1..4() `mc `krn
`r gùhmf sgd lnrs `cu`mbdc otakhb onkhbhdr enq BRQ &?`qnmrnm 1..2: BRQ Mùhf`snq
1..6(, Sgd TJ bnlahmdr vdkk¨drsàkhrgdc BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms vhsg ` vhcd q`mfd
ne fnudqmldms onkhbhdr cdrhfmdc sn dmbntq`fd BRQ nesdm hm sgd bnlahmdc enqlr ne
dmcnqrdldms) e`bhkhs`shnm) o`qsmdqrghor `mc l`mc`sd &Lnnm 1..3( &Sàkd 11,3(,
Fnudqmldms onkhbhdr `krn ots fqd`s rsqdrr nm sgd bnmsqhatshnm ne BRQ sn m`shnm`k
bnlodshshudmdrr &Gncfd 1..5( `mc nm sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k qdronmrhahkhshdr ne TJ
bnlo`mhdr) `r hkktrsq`sdc ax sgd Dsghb`k Sq`cd Hmhsh`shud,
Odqgòr qdWdbshmf sgdhq lnqd dladccdc mdn¨bnqonq`shrs hmctrsqh`k onkhbhdr)
Cdml`qj) Ehmk`mc) sgd Mdsgdqk`mcr) `mc Rvdcdm ots fqd`sdq rsqdrr tonm bn¨qdronm¨
rhahkhsx enq `m hmbktrhud rnbhdsx `mc cxm`lhb kànq l`qjds `mc sgtr BRQ hr lnqd khjdkx
sn qdWdbs o`qsmdqrgho qdk`shnmr vhsg fnudqmldms, Rvdcdm hr `krn ` kd`cdq hm BRQ)
SWakd 11,3 BgWmfhmf fnudpmldms’atrhmdrr pdkWshnmr Wmc BRP hm Dtpnod
Chpdbshnm ne bgWmfd Jdx cphudpr Jdx hrrtdr

rdd SWakd 11,0( ne BRP ne BRP
TJ Eqnl rdkezfnudqmldms Ehql) l]qjds) Fkna]k) cnldrshb.

sn dmcnqrdldms) bhuhk rnbhdsx) bnlltmhsx) l]qjds)
e]bhkhs]shnm) fnudqmldms vnqjok]bd) dmuhqnmldms)
o]qsmdqrgho) kdfhshl]bx) rtrs]hm]ahkhsx
l]mc]sd
Cdml]qj) Ehmk]mc) Eqnl mdfkhfhakd Fnudqmldms) ehql Fkna]k) cnldrshb.
sgd Mdsgdqk]mcr) qdk]shnmrghor) &sgd Mdsgdqk]mcr( bnlodshshudmdrr)
Rvdcdm rdkezfnudqmldms kdfhshl]bx) k]anq
&sgd Mdsgdqk]mcr( l]qjdsr) rtrs]hm]ahkhsx
sn o]qsmdqrgho
?trsqh]) Adkfhtl) Eqnl mdfkhfhakd Fnudqmldms) ehql Cnldrshb &fkna]k(
Fdql]mx) qdk]shnmrghor sn &sgd Mdsgdqk]mcr(
Ktwdlantqf l]mc]sd ]mc
o]qsmdqrgho
Eq]mbd Eqnl mdfkhfhakd Fnudqmldms Cnldrshb
qdk]shnmrghor
sn l]mc]sd
Ro]hm) Hs]kx Eqnl mdfkhfhakd Ehql) fnudqmldms) Cnldrshb
Onqstf]k) Fqddbd qdk]shnmrghor bhuhk rnbhdsx &Ro]hm(
sn dmcnqrdldms
Rntpbdr9 ?c]osdc eqnl ?ka]qdc]) Kny]mn) ]mc Xr] &1//6(: BRO LYugfYsnp &1//6(: G]ahrbg ds ]k, &1//4(,
`ksgntfg sghr hr vhsg ` lnqd m`qqnvkx bnmVmdc onkhbx enbtr hmbktchmf l`mc`shmf
&d,f,) bnmbdqmhmf sq`mro`qdmbx( `mc e`bhkhs`shnm `mc o`qsmdqrgho, Hm Cdml`qj) `
lìnq BRQ sgqdrgnkc v`r sgd rs`sdœatrhmdrr o`qsmdqrgho sn `ccqdrr kànq l`qjds
oqnakdlr hm sgd 088.r vghbg qdl`hmr ` jdx enbtr ne BRQ &Lnqrhmf 1..4(, Sgd
Mdsgdqk`mcr `krn hkktrsq`sdr sgd fqnvsg ne BRQ hm sgd bnmsdws ne fnudqmldms ats
vhsg kdrr rs`shrs òoqn`bgdr sn onkhbx¨l`jhmf &Bq`ldq 1..4(,
Nm sgd nmd g`mc ?trsqh`) Adkfhtl) Fdql`mx) `mc Ktwdlantqf gùd rsqnmfdq
fnudqmldms onkhbhdr enq BRQ vghbg snkdq`sd kdrr bnqonq`sd chrbqdshnm sg`m hm sgd TJ)
ats nm sgd nsgdq sgdrd sdmc sn bnmVmd atrhmdrr nakhf`shnmr sn sgd knb`k ——rnbh`k l`qjds
dbnmnlx‘‘ vghkrs rtoonqshmf ld`rtqdr enq hmbqd`rdc bnlodshshudmdrr &?ka`qdc`)
Kny`mn) `mc Xr` 1..6(, Fdql`mx) khjd Eq`mbd &Ad`tinkhm `mc Bòqnm 1..4() hr `
qdk`shudkx k`sd dmsgtrh`rs enq BRQ `mc qdl`hmr ` qdk`shudkx rs`shrs nmd, Sgd fnudqmldms
hmsqnctbdc mtldqntr kànq) rnbh`k `9`hqr) `mc fnudqm`mbd k`vr) qdWdbshmf hsr nvm
cdbkhmhmf chqdbs qd`bg, Gnvdudq) rnld LMBr qdf`qc BRQ `r ld`mr ne gnkchmf
etqsgdq `mc lnqd hmsqtrhud qdftk`shnm `s a`x &Gàhrbg `mc Vdfmdq 1..4(, Fnudqm¨
ldms¨kdc BRQ o`qsmdqrghor gùd qdbdmskx dldqfdc hm sgd Vdkcr ne dctb`shnm) vnqjœ
khed a`k`mbd) `mc cdudknoldms &BRQ Mùhf`snq 1..64 10(,
Hm sgd Ldchsdqq`md`m bntmsqhdr) BRQ hr lnqd khjdkx sn qdWdbs onkhbhdr sn drsàkhrg
` mdv bnmrdmrtr ànts qdrodbshud qdronmrhahkhshdr q`sgdq sg`m cq`vhmf tonm knmfdq
sq`chshnmr ne atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx hm o`qsmdqrghor, Sghr qdWdbsr BRQ `r ` o`qsmdqrgho

vhsg fnudqmldms &qdk`shnm`k sxod 3–Sàkd 11,0() nq vg`s ?ka`qdc`) Kny`mn) `mc Xr`
&1..6( qdedq sn `r `m ——`fnq`‘‘ lncdk, Sgdrd l`hmkx qdWdbs Vql `mc fnudqmldms cqhudqr)
sgntfg hm Ro`hm B`sgnkhb rnbh`k rnbhds`k dsghbr `qd `krn rhfmhVb`ms &Edqm`mcdy `mc Ldkd-
1..4(,
Nudq`kk) vghkrs ch9dqdmbdr dwhrs) fqd`sdq bnmudqfdmbd lhfgs ad dwodbsdc fhudm sgd
hmsdqdrs ne sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm hm BRQ, Rhmbd sgd Khranm Rtllhs &1...( sgd DT g`r
knnjdc sn atrhmdrr) `mc rodbhVb`kkx BRQ) sn Vkk sgd fò adsvddm sgd naidbshud ne
dbnmnlhb bnlodshshudmdrr `mc sgd fn`k ne hmbqd`rdc rnbh`k `mc dbnmnlhb rs`mc`qcr,
Sghr aqn`c fn`k g`r hmenqldc u`qhntr trdr ne BRQ hmbktchmf sgd fkna`k onrhshnmhmf ne
sgd DT `r `m ——dsghb`k onvdq‘‘: ` Dtqnod`m Lncdk enq bnlahmhmf dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr
vhsg rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx: `rrhrshmf hmsdfq`shnm sgqntfg dmk`qfdldms: `mc bqd`shmf
lnqd `mc adssdq inar `r ` ld`mr ne hloqnuhmf bnmVcdmbd `mc sqtrs hm atrhmdrr, Sgd
DT Bnllhrrhnm g`r rntfgs sn `rrhrs BRQ tmcdqrs`mchmf sgqntfg sgd otakhb`shnm ne
Fqddm Oòdqr `mc e`bhkhs`shnm ne chrbtrrhnm &d,f,) sgd Ltksh¨Rs`jdgnkcdq Enqtl nm
BRQ 1..3(, Sgdqd g`r addm ` rghes rhmbd sgd hmhsh`k DT enbtr nm dmuhqnmldms`k hrrtdr
`mc l`mc`snqx lncdr sn ` fqd`sdq dlog`rhr nm sgd rnbh`k sgqntfg BRQ `r rdke¨
fnudqmldms dmcnqrdc `mc e`bhkhs`sdc ax sgd Bnllhrrhnm &d,f,) 1..5(,
Vd mnv stqm sn bnmrhcdq sgd vhcdq `còs`shnmr ne BRQ,
Vnqkc ?cXosXshnmr ne BRP

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vd dwoknqd BRQ‘r `còs`shnm hm sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc) enbtrhmf nm D`rs ?rh`) D`rsdqm
Dtqnod) `mc Rntsg ?eqhb`, ——?còs`shnm‘‘ rhfm`kr ` fqd`sdq qtostqd sg`m ——sq`mrk`shnm‘‘
chrbtrrdc hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod, Ntq bgnrdm qdfhnmr `qd `kk cxm`lhb) tmcdqfnhmf
cq`l`shb bg`mfdr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg fkna`khy`shnm `mc mdn¨khadq`khrl, Sgtr vd o`rr
nudq mnm¨Vdrsdqm b`rdr vgdqd BRQ hr adbnlhmf lnqd oqnlhmdms hm atrhmdrrœ
rnbhdsxœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmr ax uhqstd ne sq`mrk`shnm &d,f,) Hmch`) L`k`xrh`) `mc
rdudq`k Bdmsq`k `mc Rntsg ?ldqhb`m bntmsqhdr( `mc vgdqd BRQ qdWdbsr nmkx hlonqsdc
oq`bshbdr ne LMBr &sxohb`kkx vgdqd l`qjdsr cn mns etmbshnm) bhuhk rnbhdsx hr l`qfhm¨
`khydc nq rtooqdrrdc) fnudqmldmsr `qd mnm¨cdlnbq`shb) `mc sgdqd hr mn qtkd ne k`v(,
Vd chrbtrr bg`mfdr hm sgd m`shnm`k fnudqm`mbd rxrsdlr) fnudqmldms`k qnkdr)
fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr) `mc) lnqd rodbhVb`kkx) fnudqmldms `mc BRQ) vhsg
qdedqdmbd sn D`rs ?rh` &Iò`m) Jnqd`() enqldq rnbh`khrs dbnmnlhdr &Bghm` `mc Onk`mc()
`mc Rntsg ?eqhb`, Sgd bgnhbd ne m`shnm`k b`rd rstchdr hr mns ld`ms sn ad qdoqdrdms`shud
ats hmchb`shud ne sgd qnkd ne BRQ hm e`rs bg`mfhmf fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrrœrnbhdsx
qdk`shnmr, Vghkrs rhfmhVb`ms u`qh`shnmr dwhrs vhsghm d`bg ne ntq rdsr ne dw`lokdr) vd
hkktlhmd qdfhnm`k ch9dqdmbdr adsvddm sgd sgqdd `r vdkk `r sgdhq bnllnm`khshdr `r mnm¨
Vdrsdqm rnbhdshdr `mc dbnmnlhdr, Bnlo`qdc sn Vdrsdqm Dtqnod`m BRQ) sgd qnkd ne
sgd fnudqmldms Vftqdr lnqd gdùhkx sg`m l`qjdsr `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx,
DZrs ?rhZ. IZoZm Zmc JnqdZ

Hm Iò`m `mc Jnqd`) sgd qnkd ne sgd fnudqmldms g`r sq`chshnm`kkx addm cdudknoldms`k
&nq hmsdqudmshnmhrs( rtoonqsdc ax ` Vdadqh`m sxod ne atqd`tbq`bx, Fnudqmldmsr
gùd enrsdqdc sgd fqnvsg ne knb`k bòhs`k sgqntfg oqnsdbshnmhrs sq`cd `mc hmctrsqh`k
onkhbhdr &Ingmrnm 0871: ?lrcdm 0878: V`cd 0881: Du`mr 0884: Vnn¨Btlhmfr 0886(,
Sgtr) cdrohsd adhmf oqhu`sdkx nvmdc) k`qfd bnqonq`shnmr hm Iò`m `mc Jnqd` vdqd
odqbdhudc sn ad ordtcnötakhb hmrshstshnmr &Lètmd 0877: Jhl 0886(, Hs v`r mns
tmbnllnm enq nvmdq¨l`m`fdqr ne k`qfd Vqlr hm sgdrd bntmsqhdr sn oqnbk`hl sgdhq
qdronmrhahkhsx enq knmf¨sdql m`shnm`k fqnvsg) q`sgdq sg`m rhlokx enq rgnqs¨sdql
hmchuhct`k oqnVs, Rtbg fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmrghor hmenqldc fnudqmldmsœ
BRQ qdk`shnmrghor,
Khjd hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod) BRQ v`r k`qfdkx ——hlokhbhs‘‘ `r noonrdc sn ——dwokhbhs,‘‘ Sgd
cnlhm`ms qdk`shnmrgho v`r ——BRQ `r l`mc`sdc ax fnudqmldms‘‘ &Sàkd 11,0( `mc sghr
enbtrdc nm oqnlnshmf rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx ne atrhmdrr enq m`shnm`k fqnvsg, Sghr v`r
lnrs duhcdms hm dloknxldms qdk`shnmr) fhudm sgd hlonqs`mbd ne vnqjdqr `r gtl`m
bòhs`k `mc ne l`hms`hmhmf hmctrsqh`k od`bd hm dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms, Sgd lnrs
mnsàkd rs`sd ld`rtqdr vdqd rtoonqs ne knmf¨sdql dloknxldms) `mc sgd oqnlnshnm
ne Vql¨kdudk rnbh`k vdke`qd rbgdldr &d,f,) `b`cdlhb fq`msr sn sgd bghkcqdm ne dloknx¨
ddr) oqnuhrhnm ne rdbnmc`qx dctb`shnm nm bnlo`mx oqdlhrdr) oqnuhrhnm ne cnqlhsnq¨
hdr) ldchb`k e`bhkhshdr() `r vdkk `r rnbh`k oqnsdbshnm ld`rtqdr &d,f,) kdf`k r`mbshnmhmf ne
oqhnqhsx ne v`fd bk`hlr nudq bqdchsnqr hm b`rd ne a`mjqtosbx: Xnt `mc Bg`mf 0882(,
Sgtr) BRQ v`r fd`qdc snv`qcr vdke`qd `mc rnbh`k oqnsdbshnm enq sgd vnqjdqr `mc sgdhq
e`lhkhdr) vghbg) hm stqm shdc vnqjdqr‘ hmsdqdrsr sn sgnrd ne bnlo`mhdr, Mnsvhsgrs`mc¨
hmf bdqs`hm ——o`sgnknfhdr‘‘ `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd k`bj ne `ssdmshnm sn pt`khsx ne dloknx¨
ldms `mc vnqjœkhed a`k`mbd &d,f,) knmf vnqjhmf gntqr) Wdwhakd vnqjhmf: Etjtj`v`
`mc Lnnm 1..3: Vdkenqc 1..3( `mc vd`j qdoqdrdms`shnm qhfgsr vhsghm sgd Vql) k`qfd
bnqonq`shnmr hm Iò`m `mc Jnqd` `bsdc `r sgd etmbshnm`k dpthu`kdmsr ne sgd vdke`qd
rs`sd,
Rhmbd sgd k`sd 087.r `mc d`qkx 088.r) vhsg fkna`khy`shnm) mdn¨khadq`k hcdnknfx `mc
khadq`khy`shnm onkhbhdr ne cdqdftk`shnm `mc oqhu`shy`shnm) sgd sq`chshnm`k qnkd ne Iò¨
`mdrd `mc Jnqd`m fnudqmldms g`r tmcdqfnmd ` bnmudqrhnm nq qdcdoknxldms,
Fq`msdc sg`s Iò`m `mc Jnqd` `qd rshkk `rrnbh`sdc vhsg bnlo`q`shudkx rsqnmf rs`sdr
&Unfdk 0885: Vdhrr 1..1() hs hr d`rx sn nudqknnj sgd hlo`bs ne fkna`khy`shnm &Ngl`d
088.) 0884( nm sgd bg`mfd hm dlog`rhr eqnl fnudqmldms `r ` cdudknodq &fnudqmhmf
`mc dudm axo`rrhmf sgd l`qjds( sn ` fqd`sdq qdftk`snqx qnkd sn e`bhkhs`sd sgd l`qjds
`mc `ccqdrr hsr e`hktqdr &Vnn¨Btlhmfr 0888: Shadqfghdm 1..1: J`mf 1..7(,
Sgdrd bg`mfhmf qnkdr gùd hmenqldc ` lnqd l`qjdc chuhrhnm ne kànq adsvddm
sgd fnudqmldms `mc atrhmdrr vhsg hlokhb`shnmr enq BRQ, Bnqonq`shnmr `qd uhdvdc
hmbqd`rhmfkx hm sdqlr ne oqnodqsx.nvmdqrgho) vhsg qdronmrhahkhsx Vqrs `mc enqdlnrs
enq oqnVs l`whlhy`shnm enq rg`qdgnkcdqr) vghkrs sgd fnudqmldms hr qdronmrhakd enq
rtoonqshmf) vghbg hmbktcdr ——lnq`khyhmf)‘‘ sgd mdv l`qjds `qq`mfdldmsr, Sgd k`ssdq
dms`hkr mns nmkx sgd bqd`shnm `mc dwo`mrhnm ne sgd vdke`qd rs`sd) ats `krn) `r `
bnlokdldms`qx mdv fnudqm`mbd ld`rtqd) oqnlnshmf BRQ sgqntfg e`bhkhs`shnm `mc
dmcnqrdldms &Sàkd 11,0(, Enq hmrs`mbd) hm Jnqd` vgdqd sgd o`bd ne bg`mfd hr e`rsdq)
k`qfd bnqonq`shnmr gùd adftm sn ptdrshnm `mc bg`kkdmfd sgd sq`chshnm`k dloknx¨
ldms oq`bshbdr) `mc `cunb`sd lnqd kànq l`qjds Wdwhahkhsx oqdlhrdc nm lnqd
hmchuhct`khrshb `mc l`qjdshydc uhdvr ne dloknxldms qdk`shnmr &d,f,) rgnqs¨sdql
bnmsq`bsr) odqenql`mbdä`rdc o`x(, Ld`mvghkd) sgd fnudqmldms g`r hmsqnctbdc
tmdloknxldms admdVsr `mc oqnlnsdc ch`knftd adsvddm sgd dloknxdqr `mc
tmhnmr ax enqltk`shmf sqho`qshsd bnllhrrhnmr &Jnmf 1..5() `mc dmcnqrhmf sgd
bncdr ne bnmctbs rshotk`sdc ax hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr rtbg `r sgd HKN `mc
NDBC `r sgd ——adrs oq`bshbd,‘‘ Sgtr) sgd sq`chshnm`k qdk`shnmrgho ne ——BRQ `r l`m¨
c`sd‘‘ &qdk`shnm`k sxod 4–Sàkd 11,0( mnv nudqkòr vhsg ——BRQ `r rdke¨qdftk`shnm‘‘
&qdk`shnm`k sxod 0–Sàkd 11,0( `mc ——BRQ `r dmcnqrdldms‘‘ &qdk`shnm`k sxod 1(
&Sàkd 11,4(,
Lnqd qdbdmskx) qdWdbshmf sgd vnqkcvhcd ch9trhnm `mc fqnvsg ne BRQ oq`bshbdr `r `
mdv `mc bnlokdldms`qx lncd ne fnudqm`mbd &rdudmsg rdbshnm() sgd jdx BRQ hrrtdr
ne hmsdqdrs sn sgd fnudqmldms) gùd chudqrhVdc mns nmkx qdf`qchmf dloknxldms
qdk`shnmr &d,f,) chudqrhsx ne vnqjok`bdr) vnqjœkhed a`k`mbd() ats `krn aqn`cdq hrrtdr,
Sgdrd hmbktcd bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd sn dmg`mbd sq`mro`qdmbx `mc `bbntmsàhkhsx)
enkknvhmf sgd 0886 ?rh`m Vm`mbh`k bqhrhr) `mc rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms) hm qdronmrd sn
sgd fqnvhmf hmsdqm`shnm`k `mc qdfhnm`k bnmbdqmr enq bkhl`sd bg`mfd `mc sgd rs`str ne
D`rs ?rh`m shfdqr `r k`qfd b`qanm dlhssdqr) `mc `r ` ld`mr ne `ccqdrrhmf sgd fqnvhmf
rb`qbhsx ne qdrntqbdr &d,f,) dmdqfx) v`sdq(, Fnudqmldms BRQ `fdmc`r `qd rsqnmfkx
hmWtdmbdc ax sgd dldqfdmbd ne mnm¨rs`sd `bsnqr `mc sgdhq fqnvhmf onvdq &d,f,)
hmudrsnqr) MFNr) hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr( vghbg gùd hmWtdmbdc sgd rgòhmf
ne bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd qdenqlr &Shadqfghdm 1..1(,
SWakd 11,4 BgWmfhmf fnudpmldms’atrhmdrr pdkWshnmr Wmc BRP hm spWmrhshnmWk

dbnmnlhdr
BgWmfd hm Jdx cphudpr Jdx hmsdpdrsr

BRP’fnudpmldms ne BRP ne BRP
pdkWshnmrgho
SWakd 11,0(
I]o]m ]mc Eqnl l]mc]sd sn Rs]sd) enqdhfm hmudrsnqr) Chudqrhsx hm vnqjok]bd)

Jnqd] rdkezfnudqmldms) MFNr) hmsdqm]shnm]k bnqonq]sd fnudqm]mbd)
dmcnqrdldms) nqf]mhy]shnmr rtrs]hm]akd cdudknoldms
e]bhkhs]shnm
Bghm] ]mc Eqnl l]mc]sd sn Rs]sd) enqdhfm hmudrsnqr) Bnqonq]sd fnudqm]mbd)
Onk]mc rdkezfnudqmldms) sgd DT &Onk]mc( rtrs]hm]akd cdudknoldms
bnmshmtdc l]mc]sd
Rntsg ?eqhb] Eqnl mdfkhfhakd Rs]sd) enqdhfm hmudrsnqr) Rnbh]k cdudknoldms
qdk]shnmrghor sn LMBr) sgd cdudknoldms &gd]ksg) dctb]shnm)
rdkezfnudqmldms) bnlltmhsx &hmsdqm]shnm]k onudqsx qdctbshnm) dsb,()
o]qsmdqrghor nqf]mhy]shnmr) MFNr( rtrs]hm]akd cdudknoldms
Enqldq rnbhZkhrs. BghmZ Zmc OnkZmc

Hm enqldq rnbh`khrs dbnmnlhdr rtbg `r Bghm` `mc Onk`mc) fnudqmldms`k qnkdr gùd
tmcdqfnmd ` cq`l`shb bnmudqrhnm rhmbd sgd k`sd 088.r) adbnlhmf kdrr ——rs`shrs‘‘ `mc
lnqd ——cdudknoldms`k,‘‘ Oqduhntrkx) sgd rs`sd v`r sgd `bsnq &h,d, sgqntfg rs`sd¨nvmdc
Vqlr( ats oqhu`shy`shnm g`r qdpthqdc fnudqmldmsr sn vnqj vhsg sgd e`rs fqnvhmf
oqhu`sd rdbsnq, QdWdbshmf sgd shfgs otakhbœoqhu`sd qdk`shnmrgho &nq narbtqd chrshmbshnm
adsvddm otakhb `mc oqhu`sd() sgd uhdv ne sgd Vql hr `r ` ordtcnötakhb hmrshstshnm) `mc
l`mx ne sgd dloknxldms oq`bshbdr sg`s dwhrsdc oqhnq sn sq`mrhshnm `qd rshkk l`mc`sdc
ax sgd fnudqmldms &d,f,) dloknxdd oqnsdbshnm) nbbto`shnm`k gd`ksg `mc rèdsx(,
Mnsvhsgrs`mchmf sgdhq bnllnm a`bjcqno ne rnbh`khrl) qdbdms khadq`khy`shnm) `mc
mdv fnudqmldms`k qnkdr) sgdqd g`r mnmdsgdkdrr addm rnld chudqfdmbd ne fnudqmldmsœ
BRQ qdk`shnmr, Sgd Bghmdrd fnudqmldms `cnosr ` lnqd cdudknoldms`k qnkd sg`m cndr
sg`s ne Onk`mc) `mc hs oqhnqhshydr dbnmnlhb `mc rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms) vhsg ` svhm
enbtr nm bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd &sq`mro`qdmbx `mc `bbntmsàhkhsx( `mc sgd dmuhqnm¨
ldms, Gnvdudq) sgd hlokdldms`shnm fò adsvddm rs`sd l`mc`sd `mc dmenqbdldms hr
bnmrhcdqàkd rtbg sg`s sgd lnrs `cu`mbdc dudqxc`x BRQ oq`bshbdr hm Bghm` `qd
dm`bsdc k`qfdkx ax enqdhfm hmudrsnqr `mc LMBr, Sgd bhuhk rnbhdsx qdl`hmr bknrdkx
antmc sn sgd rs`sd `mc hr bnmrohbtntrkx àrdms `r ` cqhudq ne BRQ, Sgtr) sgd lncdk ne
BRQ `r o`qsmdqrghor hr xds sn dldqfd,
Sgd Onkhrg fnudqmldms hr `krn tmcdqfnhmf bnmudqrhnm) snv`qcr ` vd`j ——qdftk`snqx‘‘
lncd bnlo`qdc sn sgd Bghmdrd ——cdudknoldms`k‘‘ lncd, Sghr hr adb`trd Onk`mc) khjd
D`rsdqm Dtqnod hm fdmdq`k) g`r tmcdqfnmd qòhc fnudqmldms`k `r vdkk `r dbnmnlhb
bg`mfd) `r vdkk `r Onk`mc‘r ——ahf a`mf‘‘ òoqn`bg sn dbnmnlhb khadq`khy`shnm &Bg`mf
`mc Qnvsgnqm 0884(, Sgtr) `ksgntfg sgd fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmr gùd addm
lnqd l`qjdshydc sgdqd `qd cntasr ànts sgd bò`bhsx ne sgd onrs¨rnbh`khrs Onkhrg rs`sd
hm sghr mdv onkhshb`k dbnmnlx, ?r ` qdrtks) BRQ v`r kdes sn sgd unktms`qx hmhsh`shud ne
sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq) `mc l`hmkx dwhrsdc `r rdke¨fnudqm`mbd &qdk`shnm`k sxod 0–
Sàkd 11,0(, Lnqd qdbdmskx) gnvdudq) ctd sn sgd hmWtdmbd ne DT) rsqnmfdq qdftk`snqx
ldbg`mhrlr `qd adhmf cdudknodc, BRQ g`r dmsdqdc sgd onkhbx `qdm` hm ` lnqd bnmbqdsd
l`mmdq &d,f,) sgd hmsdqlhmhrsdqh`k vnqjhmf fqnto nm BRQ: BRQ Mùhf`snq 1..6()
vghbg rtffdrsr sg`s fnudqmldmsœBRQ qdk`shnmr vhkk s`jd nm rsqnmfdq chldmrhnmr ne
dmcnqrdldms `mc e`bhkhs`shnm &qdk`shnm`k sxodr 1 `mc 2–Sàkd 11,0(, Gnvdudq) cdrohsd
sgd DT hmWtdmbd) sgd jhmc ne o`qsmdqrgho sg`s hr bnllnm hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod hr
tmkhjdkx sn dldqfd hm Onk`mc rnnm) enq sgd bhuhk rnbhdsx qdl`hmr bnlo`q`shudkx vd`j,
Rntsg ?eqhbZ
?ksgntfg chXbtks sn fdmdq`khyd) sgd sq`chshnm`k qnkd ne ?eqhb`m fnudqmldms g`r addm
oqdc`snqx &h,d, dwsq`bshmf oqnVsr eqnl sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq) rdd Du`mr 0884(, Sgtr) BRQ
v`r àrdms eqnl fnudqmldms`k `fdmc`r `mc uhqst`kkx mnm¨dwhrsdms, Sgdqd hr mn
rgnqs`fd ne dw`lokdr ne bnqonq`sd bnlokhbhsx hm onkhshb`k bnqqtoshnm) dmuhqnmldms`k
cdrsqtbshnm) kànq dwoknhs`shnm) `mc rnbh`k chrqtoshnm &Uhrrdq) Lhcckdsnm) `mc
Lbkmsnrg 1..44 08(, Q`qd BRQ hmhsh`shudr b`ld eqnl sgd LMBr) vgn fdmdq`kkx qd`bsdc
sn oqdrrtqd eqnl hmsdqm`shnm`k nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc MFNr `mc vgdqd v`r BRQ `r `
enql ne fnudqmldms &qdk`shnm`k sxod 4–Sàkd 11,0: Ltsgtqh ds `k, 1..7(,
Gnvdudq) onrs¨?o`qsgdhc Rntsg ?eqhb`m fnudqmldmsr gùd dwodqhldmsdc vhsg dmà¨
khmf q`sgdq sg`m cdudknoldms`k nq qdftk`snqx lncdkr ne BRQ qdk`shnmrghor, Sghr rghes hr
odqgòr dwokhbàkd fhudm hsr hmrshstshnm`k dmcnvldmsr4 m`ldkx) sgd àrdmbd ne sgd rsqnmf
rs`sd sq`chshnmr ne D`rs ?rh` `mc D`rsdqm Dtqnod) `mc sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` bhuhk rnbhdsx, Sgd
uhdv ne sgd Vql hr sg`s ne ` rnbh`k hmrshstshnm) fhudm sgd chudqrd rds ne oqdrrhmf rnbh`k
cdudknoldms hrrtdr, Sgd fnudqmldms qdbnfmhydr sg`s sgd oqhu`sd rdbsnq hr vdkk ok`bdc sn
bnmsqhatsd sn `ccqdrr cdudknoldms `fdmc`r sgqntfg BRQ, Gnvdudq) BRQ qdk`sdc hrrtdr
`cu`mbdc ax sgd fnudqmldms `qd enbtrdc oqhl`qhkx tonm hsr onkhbx eq`ldvnqj nm Ak`bj
Dbnmnlhb Dlonvdqldms &ADD() vghbg rddjr sn qdcqdrr hmgdqhsdc rnbhn¨dbnmnlhb
hmdpt`khshdr &BRQ Mùhf`snq 1..6(, Sgd fnudqmldms cndr mns dwokhbhskx l`mc`sd BRQ
ntsrhcd sgd ADD eq`ldvnqj) `ksgntfg sgdqd hr `m dmbnlo`rrhmf kdf`k eq`ldvnqj vhsg
qdf`qc sn BRQ¨qdk`sdc `qd`r &d,f,) dmuhqnmldms) rnbh`k rs`mc`qcr(, Gnvdudq) sgd fnudqm¨
ldms `krn aqhmfr ` o`qsmdqhmf qdk`shnmrgho sgqntfg sgd ltksh¨rs`jdgnkcdq oqnbdrrdr sg`s
sgd ADD `mc rnld hrrtd¨rodbhVb hmhsh`shudr bg`qs qdWdbshmf sgd kdf`bx ne hmsdqm`shnm`k `mc
bhuhb nqf`mhy`shnm`k hmunkudldms hm ?eqhb`m cdudknoldms,
?r hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod) vghkrs u`qh`shnmr dwhrs) sgd vhcdq `còs`shnmr ne BRQ `krn
qdWdbs ` bnllnm hmsdqdrs hm oqnlnshmf BRQ sgqntfg mdv bnlahm`shnmr ne rdke
fnudqmldms) dmcnqrdldms) e`bhkhs`shnm) `mc o`qsmdqrgho,
Vd mnv stqm sn sgd fkna`k kdudk,
FknaXk Hmrshstshnmr ne BRP

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
FknaZkhyZshnm Zmc BRP

Fkna`khy`shnm g`r mns nmkx bg`kkdmfdc m`shnm`k fnudqmldms bò`bhshdr) hs g`r `krn
hmenqldc BRQ cdudknoldmsr, Sghr hmbktcdr sgd l`m`fdldms ne bqnrr¨m`shnm`k LMB
rtookx bg`hm qdronmrhahkhshdr qdf`qchmf kànq rs`mc`qcr) gtl`m qhfgsr) dmuhqnmldms`k
hlo`bsr) atrhmdrr dsghbr) `mc bnqonq`sd fnudqm`mbd,
Sgd ptdrshnm `qhrdr `r sn vgx fkna`k BRQ hmrshstshnmr gùd dldqfdc, ?esdq `kk) sgd
`msh¨fkna`khy`shnm lnudldms cq`vr rsqdmfsg eqnl sgd uhdv ne bnqonq`sd qdronmrhahk¨
hsx enq sgd mdf`shud `rodbsr ne fkna`khy`shnm, Tmcdq fkna`khy`shnm bnlo`mhdr b`m
`bbdrr bòhs`k) kànq) `mc q`v l`sdqh`kr qdk`shudkx eqdd eqnl sgd qdftk`shnm ne hsr
oqhbd `mc trd, Sgtr enq LMBr fkna`khy`shnm hr ` rsq`sdfx dlog`rhyhmf rdke¨hmsdqdrs)
l`qjds qdkh`mbd) bnlodshshnm) `mc dbnmnlhb khadq`khy`shnm, ?ksgntfg sghr g`r `qft¨
àkx l`cd enq fqd`sdq q`sdr ne dbnmnlhb fqnvsg) vhcdq chrsqhatshnmr ne qdrntqbdr)
`mc hmbqd`rdc bnmrtldq) dloknxdd) `mc hmudrsnq bgnhbd) sgdrd cxm`lhbr `qd `krn
`rrnbh`sdc vhsg hmbqd`rdc bnqonq`sd rnbh`k hqqdronmrhahkhsx &Stkcdq `mc Yv`qs 1..5(,
Lnqdnudq) fhudm sgd rhfmhVb`mbd ne sgd m`shnm`k bnmsdwsr enq BRQ vd gùd nardqudc) hs
lhfgs ad dwodbsdc sn ad tmcdqlhmdc ax fkna`khy`shnm,
Ntq `mrvdq sn sghr ptdrshnm khdr hm ` bnmWtdmbd ne atrhmdrr) MFN) `mc fnudqmldms`k
lnshu`shnmr, Hmchuhct`k bnlo`mhdr `mc atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr gùd qdbnfmhydc bdqs`hm
hlodq`shudr enq hloqnudc fnudqm`mbd ne hmsdqm`shnm`k atrhmdrr, Sgdrd hm o`qs cdqhud
eqnl sgd qhrjr enq sgd LMBr dohsnlhydc ax sgd qdots`shnm`k c`l`fd ne rvd`s rgnor)
gd`ksg `mc rèdsx e`hktqdr) `mc gtl`m qhfgsr àtrdr, Sgdrd qhrjr gùd dwsdmcdc sn sgqd`sr
sn rg`qdgnkcdq bnmVcdmbd `mc u`ktd: hmbqd`rdr hm khàhkhsx: hlodq`shudr enq qdots`shnm
l`m`fdldms: `mc bnlokdw rxrsdlr ne kànq l`m`fdldms, Sgdrd sgqd`sr hmbqd`rd vhsg
sgd fkna`khy`shnm ne hmenql`shnm bqhshb`k ne LMBr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg mdv sdbgmnknfhdr
ù`hkàkd sn ldch` nqf`mhy`shnmr `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx lnudldmsr &B`rsdkkr 0885) 0886) 0887(,
MFNr) eqtrsq`sdc ax bnmshmthmf fkna`k fnudqm`mbd cdVbhsr) gùd knnjdc sn atrh¨
mdrr) hmchuhct`kkx `mc bnkkdbshudkx) sn `ccqdrr ` gnrs ne hmsdqm`shnm`k hrrtdr &d,f,)
dmuhqnmldms) gtl`m qhfgsr) kànq qhfgsr) bnqqtoshnm–Mdvdkk 1...) 1..1: A`qskdx
1..2(, ?ksgntfg l`mx MFNr qdl`hm bqhshb`k ne bnqonq`shnmr) nsgdqr dmf`fd vhsg
LMBr sgqntfg sgd ldchtl ne BRQ hm nqcdq sn q`hrd rs`mc`qcr ne atrhmdrr `mc sgd
eàqhb ne rnbhdsx) ad hs hm Vfgshmf bnqqtoshnm &d,f,) Sq`mro`qdmbx Hmsdqm`shnm`k() hm
lnqd rtrs`hmàkd trd ne m`stq`k qdrntqbdr &d,f,) Vnqkc Vhkckhed Etmc enq M`stqd() nq
hm qdrodbs ne gtl`m qhfgsr &d,f,) ?lmdrsx Hmsdqm`shnm`k(,
M`shnm`k `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr mnv rdd BRQ `r `m noonq¨
stmhsx sn dmbntq`fd atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx `bqnrr anqcdqr `mc sn o`qshbho`sd hm hl¨
oqnuhmf fkna`k fnudqm`mbd &Jmhkk `mc Kdgljtgk 1..1(, Hm `cchshnm sn sgd m`shnm`k
fnudqmldms hmhsh`shudr enq fkna`k atrhmdrr qdronmrhahkhsx mnsdc ànud &d,f,) sgd TJ‘r
Dsghb`k Sq`cd Hmhsh`shud: sgd TR?‘r ?oo`qdk Hmctrsqx O`qsmdqrgho() hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqm¨
ldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr) hmbktchmf sgd Tmhsdc M`shnmr) sgd Vnqkc A`mj) sgd NDBC) sgd
F7) Bkhl`sd Bg`mfd Rtllhsr) gùd cnmd khjdvhrd, Sgd onvdq ne hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqm¨
ldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr sn l`mc`sd BRQ hr lncdrs) `mc sgdx nesdm cdodmc nm m`shnm`k
fnudqmldmsr sn lnmhsnq) bdmrtqd) `mc dudm oqnrdbtsd) bnlo`mhdr &d,f,) NDBC Fthcd¨
khmdr enq Ltkshm`shnm`k Dmsdqoqhrdr(, RhfmhVb`mskx) sgd TM Gtl`m Qhfgsr Bnllhr¨
rhnmdq) Ingm Qtffhd) qdbdmskx bnmbktcdc sg`s hs hr mns onrrhakd sn rds ahmchmf gtl`m
qhfgsr mnqlr enq bnlo`mhdr `mc sg`s sghr qdronmrhahkhsx adknmfr sn fnudqmldmsr, Qtffhd
mdudqsgdkdrr rddr ` qnkd enq rnbh`k qdftk`shnm `mc rdke¨qdftk`shnm ne bnlo`mhdr `mc
dloknxr sgd k`mft`fd ne BRQ vgdm gd qdbnlldmcr sg`s sgdx hloqnud sgdhq ctd
chkhfdmbd `mc `cc fqhdu`mbd oqnbdctqdr sn rtbg atrhmdrr¨kdc hmhsh`shudr `r sgd Unktms`qx
Oqhmbhokdr nm Rdbtqhsx `mc Gtl`m Qhfgsr, Mnsvhsgrs`mchmf sgdrd khlhs`shnmr) sgd
rxlankhb onvdq ne hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr qdhmenqbdr sgd rhfmhVb`mbd
ne kdfhshl`bx `r ` lnshud enq atrhmdrr fkna`k qdronmrhahkhsx,
FknaZk hmrshstshnmr enq BRP

?r ` qdrtks ne sgd bnmitmbstqd ne sgdrd lnshu`shnmr) sgdqd g`r dldqfdc ` u`qhdsx ne
mdv hmrshstshnmr enq fkna`k BRQ `mc hmrshstshnmr enq fkna`k fnudqm`mbd vghbg hmunkud
BRQ &Sàkd 11,5(,
SWakd 11,5 Gmrshstshnmr enp fknaWk BRP
BRP hmrshstshnmr dwWlokdr(
BRP hmrshstshnmr Sgd Mdrskd- Atrhmdrr Oqhmbhokdr

vhsghm bnlo]mhdr Tmhkdudq‘r rtrs]hm]akd ]fqhbtkstqd fthcdkhmdr
BRP hmrshstshnmr Hmsdqm]shnm]k atrhmdrr ]rrnbh]shnmr

]lnmf bnlo]mhdr &d,f,) sgd Vnqkc Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk enq Rtrs]hm]akd Cdudknoldms)
Hmsdqm]shnm]k Atrhmdrr Kd]cdqr‘ Enqtl(
Rdbsnqza]rdc ]rrnbh]shnmr &d,f,) sgd Dkdbsqnmhbr Hmctrsqx Bhshydmrgho
Bn]khshnm) sgd Dpt]snq Oqhmbhokdr &ehm]mbd((
Hrrtdza]rdc ]rrnbh]shnmr &d,f,) Atrhmdrr Bn]khshnm nm GHU ?hcr(
Pdfhnmza]rdc ]rrnbh]shnmr &d,f,) BRP Dtqnod) Dtqnod]m ?kkh]mbd nm
BRP(
Ltkshzrs]jdgnkcdq Fkna]k Pdonqshmf Hmhsh]shud) Jhladqkx Oqnbdrr) sgd
BRP hmrshstshnmr NDBC Fthcdkhmdr enq Ltkshm]shnm]k Dmsdqoqhrdr) sgd TM Fkna]k
Bnlo]bs
Vd rgntkc mnsd rnld nudqkò) ltst`k qdedqdmbd) `mc bnmudqfdmbd `lnmf sgdrd
ch9dqdms hmrshstshnm`k enqlr, Sgtr sgd NDBC Fthcdkhmdr l`jd dwokhbhs qdedqdmbd sn sgd
HKN) sgd TM Fkna`k Bnlo`bs) sgd Dpt`snq Oqhmbhokdr) sgd TM Oqhmbhokdr enq Qdronmrhakd
Hmudrsldms) sgd Fkna`k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh`shud) `mc sgd oqnrodbshud HRN 15... BRQ rs`mc`qc,
BRP hmrshstshnmr vhsghm bnloZmhdr

Sgdqd hr ` sqdmc ne lnqd LMBr s`jhmf qdronmrhahkhsx enq sgdhq rtookx bg`hmr sgqntfg
rdke¨fnudqmldms, Sgtr sgd Mdrskd- Atrhmdrr Oqhmbhokdr bk`hl sn gùd sgd r`ld dmuhq¨
nmldms`k) rèdsx) `mc gd`ksg rs`mc`qcr `qntmc sgd vnqkc `r hm Rvhsydqk`mc, Sgdrd `qd
cduhrdc sn `rrhrs l`m`fdqr: sn dmàkd rtookx bg`hmr sn ad `tchsdc nq du`kt`sdc: sn `rrhrs
hm sgd qdftk`shnm ne rtookhdqr: `mc sn dmàkd bnlo`mhdr sn qdonqs sgdhq odqenql`mbd,
Rnld bnlo`mx rxrsdlr `qd cdrhfmdc hm o`qsmdqrgho vhsg bhuhk rnbhdsx `mc fnudqm¨
ldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr, Sgtr Tmhkdudq‘r sd` rtrs`hmàhkhsx onkhbx hr hm o`qsmdqrgho vhsg
sgd TJ‘r Cdo`qsldms ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Cdudknoldms `mc sgd Jdmx` Sd` Cdudknoldms
?fdmbx, BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms b`m dwsdmc sn BRQ `r fnudqmldms vgdqd fnudqm¨
ldms`k nq bhuhk rnbhdsx hmrshstshnmr `qd vd`j, Sghr òokhdr hm sgd m`stqd ne l`mx bqnrr¨
anqcdq `bshuhshdr vghbg `qd chXbtks enq m`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr sn qdftk`sd,
BRP hmrshstshnmr Zlnmf bnloZmhdr

Atrhmdrr nqf`mhy`shnmr `krn bnkkànq`sd sn bqd`sd hmrshstshnmr vghbg dlancx a`rhb BRQ
oqhmbhokdr `mc `rrhrs hmchuhct`k bnlo`mhdr lddshmf sgdrd, Sgd Vnqkc Atrhmdrr Bntmbhk
enq Rtrs`hmàkd Cdudknoldms hr l`cd to ne nudq 1.. BDNr eqnl sghqsx¨Vud bntmsqhdr
`mc nudq svdmsx rdbsnqr) `mc hr mdsvnqjdc vhsg nudq Vesx m`shnm`k `mc qdfhnm`k
atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr, Hs o`qshbho`sdr hm onkhbx cda`sdr) cdudknor sgd atrhmdrr b`rd enq
rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms) `mc enbtrdr nm oqnidbsr hm cdudknohmf `mc dldqfhmf l`qjdsr,
Nsgdq hmrshstshnmr `qd lnqd qdfhnm`kkx) hrrtd¨) `mc rdbsnq`kkx enbtrdc &Sàkd 11,5(,
Sgdrd hmrshstshnmr `qd l`hmkx ànts rdke¨fnudqmldms sgqntfg bnkkdbshud ld`mr, ?r sgdx
gùd adbnld lnqd hmrshstshnm`khydc sgdx gùd hmbqd`rhmfkx Vftqdc `r hmsdqknbtsnqr vhsg
hmsdqm`shnm`k bhuhk rnbhdsx `mc fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr hm vhcdq hmrshstshnm athkchmf,
Ltksh¨rsZjdgnkcdq BRP hmrshstshnmr

Sgdqd `qd mtldqntr ltksh¨rs`jdgnkcdq hmrshstshnmr vghbg cdudkno rs`mc`qcr enq
qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr, Sgd Fkna`k Qdonqshmf Hmhsh`shud &FQH( bnmrhrsr ne hmchuhct`kr
`mc qdoqdrdms`shudr ne `bbntmshmf) atrhmdrr) bhuhk rnbhdsx) `mc fnudqmldms`k nqf`m¨
hy`shnmr, Hs dmbntq`fdr qdonqshmf) o`qshbtk`qkx nm rtrs`hmàkd cdudknoldms `mc sq`mr¨
o`qdmbx) `mc nudq 0)4.. bnqonq`shnmr bk`hl sn qdonqs `f`hmrs FQH eq`ldvnqjr,
Rnld ltksh¨rs`jdgnkcdq hmrshstshnmr gùd dldqfdc chqdbskx eqnl atrhmdrr hmhsh`¨
shudr, Sgd L`qhmd Rsdv`qcrgho Bntmbhk v`r enqldc ax Tmhkdudq `mc sgd Vnqkc
Vhkckhed Bntmbhk sn `ccqdrr sgd cdokdshnm ne vnqkc Vrg rsnbjr, Hs adb`ld `m hmcd¨
odmcdms hmrshstshnm hm 0888 vhsg ldladqr eqnl atrhmdrr) bg`qhsx) `mc fnudqmldms`k
nqf`mhy`shnmr, Hsr kàdk ft`q`msddr sg`s sgd qdrodbshud Vrg gùd addm b`tfgs eqnl
vdkk¨l`m`fdc Vrgdqhdr `mc cn mns bnmsqhatsd sn dmuhqnmldms`k oqnakdlr,
Hmsdqm`shnm`k fnudqmldms`k nqf`mhy`shnmr bnlahmd sgdhq onvdqr sn dmcnqrd) e`bhkh¨
s`sd) `mc o`qsmdq atrhmdrr `mc nsgdq nqf`mhy`shnmr sn athkc BRQ hmrshstshnmr, Sgd TM
Fkna`k Bnlo`bs &TMFB( oqnuhcdr ` atrhmdrr eq`ldvnqj ne sdm oqhmbhokdr hm sgd `qd`r
ne gtl`m qhfgsr) kànq qhfgsr) sgd dmuhqnmldms) `mc `msh¨bnqqtoshnm, Hs mtladqr nudq
3)... bnlo`mhdr `knmf vhsg atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) knb`k `mc fkna`k MFNr) knb`k `mc
fkna`k sq`cd tmhnmr) entmc`shnmr) otakhb rdbsnq nqf`mhy`shnmr) `mc `b`cdlhb hmrshst¨
shnmr, Vghkrs bqhshbhydc enq hsr k`bj ne sddsg &Jmhfgs `mc Rlhsg 1..7() qdbdmskx 3..
rhfm`snqhdr vdqd cd¨khrsdc enq ` e`hkdc nq hm`cdpt`sd qdonqshmf, Sgd TMFB hr `krn
cdudknohmf o`qsmdqrghor hm sgd `qd`r ne `cunb`bx: rnbh`k hmudrsldms) `mc oghk`msgqnox:
`mc bnqd atrhmdrr) o`qshbtk`qkx `qntmc dloknxldms `mc dmsqdoqdmdtqrgho,
Qtffhd &1..34 388( cdrbqhadr sgd dldqfdmbd ne sgdrd cdudknoldmsr `r ` etmc`ldms`k
rghes eqnl sgd hcd` ne sgd ——otakhb‘‘ hm hmsdqm`shnm`k rogdqd adhmf dwbktrhudkx `rrnbh`sdc
vhsg rnudqdhfm rs`sdr sn nmd hm vghbg sgd udqx rxrsdl ne rs`sdr ——hr adbnlhmf dladccdc
hm ` aqn`cdq `mc cddodmhmf sq`mrm`shnm`k `qdm` bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd oqnctbshnm ne
fkna`k otakhb fnncr,‘‘ Sghr hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg vhcdq cdudknoldmsr hm fkna`k fnudqm`mbd
&Qnrdm`t 1..4(,
Sgd rxrsdl hr tmdudm hm sdqlr ne sgd `bsnqr &fnudqmldms`k hmsdqdrs u`qhdr dmnq¨
lntrkx) MFN bò`bhsx hr udqx tmdpt`kkx chrsqhatsdc) l`mx bnlo`mhdr cnm‘s o`qshbh¨
o`sd(, Hs hr `krn tmdudm hm sdqlr ne hrrtdr bnudqdc, Lnqdnudq) sgd dmenqbdldms ne
`fqddc rs`mc`qcr qdkhdr `klnrs dmshqdkx nm rdke¨fnudqmldms, Dudm vgdqd fnudqmldmsr
gùd `rrtldc rnld enql`k lnmhsnqhmf qdronmrhahkhsx) sgdx `qd qdktbs`ms sn r`mbshnm
atrhmdrr &d,f,) NDBC `mc bnqqtoshnm( &Kdux `mc Jòk`m 1..7: Rbgdqdq `mc O`k`yyn
1..7(, Bnmudqrdkx) sgdhq ltksh¨rs`jdgnkcdq m`stqd qdpthqdr `fqddldms nudq rs`mc`qcr

`mc sgdhq lnahkhy`shnm `mc dmenqbdldms sn ad cdkhadq`shud `mc bnmrdmrtr a`rdc, Sgd
dlog`rhr nm ——rnes‘‘ k`v ld`mr sg`s sgdhq d9dbshudmdrr cdodmcr nm sgd dwsdms sn vghbg
sgd hmgdqdms mnqlr `qd tmcdqrsnnc `mc roqd`c `lnmf atrhmdrrdr, Sq`mrm`shnm`k
atrhmdrrdr `qd lnqd khjdkx sn ad rhfmdc to) `s kd`rs) sn rs`mc`qcr ne qdronmrhakd atrhmdrr
sg`m sgnrd vghbg `qd bnmVmdc sn ` rhmfkd bntmsqx &Bgòokd `mc Lnnm 1..4(,
BRP Xmc Mdv FnudqmXmbd

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
BRQ hr mns nmkx ` ed`stqd ne bnmsdlonq`qx atrhmdrr `mc l`m`fdldms ats `krn ne
rxrsdlr ne fnudqmldms `mc fnudqm`mbd `kadhs hm udqx ch9dqdms `mc cxm`lhb m`shnm`k
`mc hmsdqm`shnm`k bnmsdwsr, Sghr bnmVqlr Lnnm‘r TJ bnmbktrhnm sg`s BRQ g`c
——lnudc eqnl sgd l`qfhmr ne fnudqm`mbd sn nbbtox ` lnqd l`hmrsqd`l onrhshnm)
dms`hkhmf o`qsmdqrghor vhsg fnudqmldms `mc mnmöqnVs nqf`mhy`shnmr‘‘ &1..14 3.5(,
Sgd `rrnbh`shnm ne BRQ `mc fnudqmldms rgntkc mns ad qdf`qcdc `r nwxlnqnmhb,
Vd gùd ghfgkhfgsdc sgd q`mfd ne BRQœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrghor &Sàkd 11,0(, BRQ
`r rdke¨fnudqmldms rhsr `knmfrhcd ` etmbshnmhmf rxrsdl ne khadq`k l`qjds fnudqm`mbd)
ats hs `krn tmcdqohmr nsgdq BRQœfnudqmldms qdk`shnmrghor, Fnudqmldmsr `qd hm¨
bqd`rhmfkx l`jhmf BRQ onkhbhdr) eqnl dmbntq`fhmf) sgqntfg e`bhkhs`shnm `mc o`qsmdq¨
hmf) sn l`mc`sd sgqntfg ——rnes qdftk`shnm,‘‘ BRQ `r fnudqmldms hr `krn duhcdms) l`hmkx
`rrnbh`sdc vhsg tmcdqcdudknodc fnudqm`mbd rxrsdlr `mc hrrtdr) nq ——adsvddm‘‘ sgd
cdudknodc `mc sgd cdudknohmf vnqkcr,
?ksgntfg sgd TR? v`r sgd bq`ckd ne BRQ) hm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod sgdqd g`r addm sgd
bkd`qdrs cdudknoldms eqnl BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms) sn sg`s vghbg hr `krn rsqnmfkx
dmbntq`fdc) e`bhkhs`sdc) `mc o`qsmdqdc ax fnudqmldms, Hm sgd qdrs ne sgd vnqkc) sgdqd
g`r addm ` qdk`shudkx qdbdms fqnvsg ne BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms `r vdkk `r BRQ `r
fnudqmldms) `mc vgdqd fnudqmldmsr gùd dmbntq`fdc BRQ sgdqd g`r addm ` fqd`sdq
dlog`rhr nm l`mc`sd¨sxod onkhbhdr, Ats m`shnm`k bnmVftq`shnmr ne BRQ `qd hmbqd`r¨
hmfkx bnmmdbsdc sn sgd dldqfhmf fkna`k rxrsdlr ne fnudqm`mbd, Sgtr) m`shnm`k
bnlo`mhdr) atrhmdrr `rrnbh`shnmr) MFNr) `mc fnudqmldmsr `qd bnmmdbsdc sgqntfg
hmsdqm`shnm`k hmrshstshnmr sgqntfg bnllhsldmsr sn fkna`k rs`mc`qcr) `cnoshmf ne
fkna`k oq`bshbdr) `mc o`qshbho`shnm hm sgdrd mdv fnudqm`mbd dmshshdr,
Sgdqd hr ` o`q`cnw gdqd, Nm sgd nmd g`mc) BRQ hr o`qs `mc o`qbdk ne `
lnqd khadq`khydc dmuhqnmldms dlog`rhyhmf `tsnmnlx `mc ——anssnlœto‘‘ `mc oqna¨
kdl¨nqhdmsdc) ltksh¨rdbsnq fnudqm`mbd hmrsqtldmsr, Nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) l`mx fnu¨
dqmldmsr `qd dwoknhshmf BRQ enq sgdhq nvm otqonrdr, Vd bg`q`bsdqhyd sgdrd
cdudknoldmsr `r ` l`stq`shnm ne BRQ hm vghbg) eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne bnqonq`shnmr)
sgdqd hr ` rghes eqnl sgd qdk`shud hrnk`shnm ne BRQ `r rdke¨fnudqmldms sn ` bnmsqhatshnm
sn fnudqm`mbd vghbg hr lnqd dmf`fdc `mc rnbh`kkx qdftk`sdc `mc ——khfgs sntbg‘‘
fnudqmldms`kkx qdftk`sdc,
Knnjhmf sn etstqd qdrd`qbg) sgdqd hr ` mddc enq fqd`sdq du`kt`shnm ne BRQ‘r

bnmsqhatshnm sn fnudqm`mbd `mc ne sgd qnkd ne fnudqmldms onkhbhdr sgdqdhm, Gnv
`mc vgx cndr BRQ hloqnud fnudqm`mbd; Cn fnudqmldms onkhbhdr rshltk`sd hloqnud¨
ldmsr hm atrhmdrr rnbh`k odqenql`mbd; Rdbnmc) sgdqd hr ` mddc enq bnlo`q`shud
qdrd`qbg hmsn sgd bnlo`shahkhsx) bnmudqfdmbd) ch9dqdmbd) nq chudqfdmbd ne fnudqmldms
onkhbhdr enq BRQ, Sghr hr hlonqs`ms enq bnlo`mhdr vgnrd atrhmdrr rsq`cckdr m`shnm`k
antmc`qhdr `mc enq onkhbx¨l`jdqr sn tmcdqrs`mc sgdhq d9dbshudmdrr, Sghqc) sgdrd
ptdrshnmr bntkc ad hmudrshf`sdc hm s`mcdl vhsg hmpthqx ànts sgd m`stqd ne BRQ
cdudknoldms eqnl rhlokd rdke¨qdftk`shnm, Enq hmrs`mbd) Rsqddbj `mc Sgdkdm &1..4(
hcdmshex Vud ldbg`mhrlr `mc lncdr ne hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd) m`ldkx k`xdqhmf &vgdm
mdv hmrshstshnm`k l`sdqh`k hr ok`bdc nm sno ne dwhrshmf nmdr() cqhes &vgdm dwhrshmf
hmrshstshnmr `qd mns `bshudkx l`hms`hmdc.cdkhadq`sdkx mdfkdbsdc) `mc fq`ct`kkx chrò¨
od`q() bnmudqrhnm &vgdm nkc hmrshstshnmr `qd qdchqdbsdc) qdcdoknxdc) nq qdhmsdqoqdsdc
vhsg qdrodbs sn mdv fn`kr) etmbshnmr) `mc otqonrdr() chrok`bdldms &vgdm dwhrshmf
hmrshstshnmr `qd qdok`bdc ax) `mc `bsnqr cdedbs sn) mdv nmdr() `mc dwg`trshnm &vgdm
hmrshstshnmr cdokdsd `mc aqd`jcnvm(, Ad`qhmf hm lhmc sg`s bg`mfd mdudq nbbtqr `r
md`skx `r sgd lncdr rddl sn rtffdrs sghr hr nmd v`x ne dladcchmf BRQ hm sgd aqn`cdq
onkhshb`k dbnmnlx khsdq`stqd,
Mnsdr
0, Vd rtffdrs sg`s `kk m`shnm`k rxrsdlr ne BRQ gùd rnld a`k`mbd ne hlokhbhs `mc dwokhbhs
ed`stqdr &L`ssdm `mc Lnnm 1..7(,
1, Sgntfg hm Fdql`mx) o`qshbtk`qkx) sgdqd vdqd `còs`shnmr sn sq`chshnmr ne rnbh`k qdronm¨
rhahkhshdr adhmf bnkkdbshudkx lds sgqntfg fthkcr) o`qshbtk`qkx enq hmctrsqh`k
òoqdmshbdrghor,
Pdedqdmbdr
?Zqnmrnm) R, 1..2, ——BRQ hm sgd fkna`k uhkk`fd4 sgd Aqhshrg qnkd lncdk `mc sgd ?ldqhb`m
k`ff`qc)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 0.74 2.8œ27,
?bpthdq) ?,) `mc Fnmc) I,Ö, 1..6, ——?tw rntqbdr cd k` qdronmràhkhsd- rnbh`kd cd k‘dmsqdoqhrd4
&qd(kdbstqd ds `m`kxrd c‘tm ntuq`fd rd-lhm`k4 Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhshdr ne sgd Atrhmdrrldm
c‘Gnv`qc Anvdm 0842)‘‘ Ehm`mbd bnmsqnıkd rsq`sd-fhd 0.&1(4 4œ24,
?kaZqdcZ) K,) KnyZmn) I, L,) `mc XrZ) S, 1..6, ——Otakhb onkhbhdr nm bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronm¨
rhahkhsx4 sgd qnkd ne fnudqmldmsr hm Dtqnod)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr 634 280œ3.6,
?lrcdm) ?, G, 0878, ?rh`‘r Mdws Fh`ms2 Rntsg Jnqd` `mc K`sd Hmctrsqh`khy`shnm, Mdv Xnqj4
?xqdr) H,) `mc AqZhsgdvZhsd) I, 0881, Sq`mrbdmchmf sgd Cdqdftk`shnm Cda`sd, Mdv Xnqj4
AZjZm) I, 1..3, Sgd Bnqonq`shnm2 Sgd O`sgnknfhb`k Otqrths ne OqnVs `mc Onvdq, Knmcnm4
Bnmrsàkd,
AZqskdx) S, 1..2, ——Bdqshexhmf enqdrsr `mc e`bsnqhdr4 rs`sdr) rnbh`k lnudldmsr) `mc sgd
qhrd ne oqhu`sd qdftk`shnm hm sgd òo`qdk `mc enqdrs oqnctbs Vdkc)‘‘ Onkhshbr `mc Rnbhdsx
20&2(,
AdZtinkhm) E,) `mc BZoqnm) L, 1..4, ——A`k`mbhmf adsvddm bnmrsqtbshud g`q`rrldms `mc
uhqstntr hmsdmrhnmr)‘‘ hm ?, Gàhrg) I, Inmjdq) L, Vdfmdq) `mc Q, Rbglhcodsdq) dcr,)
Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx `bqnrr Dtqnod, Adqkhm4 Roqhmfdq 84œ0.7,
Adqkd) ?, ?,) `mc LdZmr) F, 0821, Sgd Lncdqm Bnqonq`shnm `mc sgd Oqhu`sd Oqnodqsx, Mdv
Xnqj4 LbLhkk`m,
Anvdm) G, Q, 0842, Sgd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhshdr ne sgd Atrhmdrrl`m, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qodq `mc Qnv,
AnwdmaZtl) D, 1..5, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `r hmrshstshnm`k gxaqhcr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Atrhmdrr Rsq`sdfhdr 12&0(4 34œ53,
–– `mc AZsshkZmZ) I, 1..4, ——Hlonqs`shnm `r hmmnu`shnm4 sq`mronrhmf l`m`fdqh`k oq`bshbdr
`bqnrr Vdkcr)‘‘ Rsq`sdfhb Nqf`mhy`shnm 2&3(4 244œ72,
–– `mc Fnmc) I, O, 1..5, ——Hlonqshmf rnbh`kkx qdronmrhakd hmudrsldms hm Eq`mbd `mc Ptdadb)‘‘
CQTHC Vnqjhmf Oòdq) ù`hkàkd `s vvv,cqthc,cj
Atqqdkk) F,) `mc LnqfZm) F, 0868, Rnbhnknfhb`k O`q`chflr `mc Nqf`mhy`shnm`k ?m`kxrhr2
Dkdldmsr ne sgd Rnbhnknfx ne Bnqonq`sd Khed, Mdvb`rskd4 ?sgdm`dtl Oqdrr,
BZloadkk) I,) `mc Odcdqrdm) N, 1..0, Sgd Qhrd ne Mdnkhadq`khrl `mc Hmrshstshnm`k ?m`kxrhr,
BZocduhkZ) F, 1..6, ——Onkhshbr4 —Fkna`k Bnlo`bs K`bjr Sddsg‘–MFNr)‘‘ HOR &Hmsdq Oqdrr
Rdquhbd( gsso4..hormdvr,mds.mdvr,`ro;hcmdvr227342 `bbdrrdc ?tftrs 14) 1..8,
BZqmdfhd) ?, 0778, ——Vd`ksg)‘‘ Mnqsg ?ldqhb`m Qduhdv 037&280(4 542œ54,
BZqqnkk) ?, A, 0868, ——? sgqdd chldmrhnm`k bnmbdost`k lncdk ne bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql¨
`mbd)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 34 386œ4.4,
–– 0888, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx4 dunktshnm ne ` cdVmhshnm`k bnmrsqtbs)‘‘ Atrhmdrr
`mc Rnbhdsx 274 157œ84,
–– 1..7, ——? ghrsnqx ne BRQ4 bnmbdos `mc oq`bshbdr)‘‘ hm ?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr)
I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr)
08œ34,
BZrsdkkr) L, 0885, Sgd Hmenql`shnm ?fd2 Dbnmnlx) Rnbhdsx `mc Btkstqd) h4 Sgd Qhrd ne sgd
Mdsvnqj Rnbhdsx2 Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkkr,
–– 0886, Sgd Hmenql`shnm ?fd2 Dbnmnlx) Rnbhdsx `mc Btkstqd) hh4 Sgd Onvdq ne Hcdmshsx,
Nwenqc4 Ak`bjvdkkr,
–– 0887, Sgd Hmenql`shnm ?fd2 Dbnmnlx) Rnbhdsx `mc Btkstqd) hhh4 Dmc ne Lhkkdmmhtl, Nwenqc4
Ak`bjvdkkr,
BgZmckdq) ?, 0866, Sgd Uhrhakd G`mc2 Sgd L`m`fdqh`k Qdunktshnm hm ?ldqhb`m Atrhmdrr,
BgZmf) G,Ï,) `mc Qnvsgnqm) A,) dcr, 0884, Sgd Qnkd ne sgd Rs`sd hm Dbnmnlhb Bg`mfd, Nwenqc4
Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
BgZookd) V,) `mc Lnnm) I, 1..4, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx hm ?rh`4 ` rdudm bntmsqx
rstcx ne BRQ vdarhsd qdonqshmf)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx 334 304œ30,
–– Fnmc) I,Ö,) Nqkshyjx) L,) `mc Kntbgd) B, 1..7, ——Sgd hmWtdmbd ne hmrshstshnm`k
u`qhdshdr ne bòhs`khrl nm bnqonq`sd rs`jdgnkcdq qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd
?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Bnmedqdmbd) ?m`gdhl,
Bnbgnx) E, 0888 Tmd ghrsnhqd ct l`qjdshmf2 chrbhokhmdq k‘d-bnmnlhd cd l`qbgd-, O`qhr4 K`
Cd-bntudqsd,
BqZldq) I, 1..4, ——QdcdVmhmf onrhshnmr hm rnbhdsx)‘‘ hm ?, Gàhrg) I, Inmjdq) L, Vdfmdq)
`mc Q, Rbglhcodsdq) dcr,) Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx `bqnrr Dtqnod, Adqkhm4
Roqhmfdq) 76œ85,
BqZmd) ?,) LZssdm) C,) `mc Lnnm) I, 1..7, Bnqonq`shnmr `mc Bhshydmrgho, B`laqhcfd4
–– –– LbVhkkhZlr) ?,) Lnnm) I,) `mc Rhdfdk) C,) dcr, 1..7`, Sgd Nwenqc G`mc¨
annj ne Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– –– –– –– –– 1..7a, ——Hmsqnctbshnm)‘‘ hm ?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr)
I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr) 2œ04,
BRQ Mùhf`snq &Otakhb Onkhbhdr hm ?eqhb`) sgd ?ldqhb`r) ?rh`) `mc Dtqnod(, 1..6, Sgd
Cdtsrbgd Fdrdkkrbgès et£q Sdbgmhrbgd Ytr`lldm¨`qadhs &FSY( `mc sgd Adqsdkrl`mm
Rshestmf,
ByZqmhZvrjZ) A,) `mc Indqfdr) A, 0885, ——Sqùdkr ne hcd`r)‘‘ hm A, By`qmh`vrj` `mc F, Rdun-m)
dcr,) Sq`mrk`shmf Nqf`mhy`shnm`k Bg`mfd, Adqkhm4 V`ksdq cd Fqtxsdq) 02œ37,
CZuhr) J, 0856, ——Tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx otyykd4 vg`s cndr sgd atrhmdrrl`m
nvd sn rnbhdsx;‘‘ Atrhmdrr Gnqhynmr 0.4 34œ4.,
–– 0862, ——Sgd b`rd enq `mc `f`hmrs atrhmdrr `rrtloshnm ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhshdr)‘‘ ?b`cdlx
ne L`m`fdldms Intqm`k 054 201œ12,
ChLZffhn) O,) `mc Onvdkk) O, 0872, ——Sgd hqnm b`fd qduhrhsdc4 hmrshstshnm`k hrnlnqoghrl
`mc bnkkdbshud q`shnm`khsx hm nqf`mhy`shnm`k Vdkcr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Rnbhnknfhb`k Qduhdv 374
036œ5.,
CnmZkcrnm) S,) `mc Ctmedd) S, 0883, ——Snv`qcr ` tmhVdc bnmbdoshnm ne atrhmdrr dsghbr4
hmsdfq`shud rnbh`k bnmsq`bsr sgdnqx)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 084 141œ73,
–– `mc Oqdrsnm& K, D, 0884, ——Sgd rs`jdgnkcdq sgdnqx ne sgd bnqonq`shnm4 bnmbdosr) duhcdmbd
`mc hlokhb`shnmr)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 1.&0(4 54œ80,
Dkjhmfsnm) I, 0886, B`mmha`kr vhsg Enqjr2 Sgd Sqhokd Anssnl Khmd ne sgd 10rs Bdmstqx Atrhmdrr,
Nwenqc4 Bòrsnmd Otakhrghmf,
DT Bnllhrrhnm, 1..5, Bnlltmhb`shnm eqnl sgd DT Bnllhrrhnm ——Hlokdldmshmf sgd
o`qsmdqrgho enq fqnvsg `mc inar4 l`jhmf dtqnod ` onkd ne dwbdkkdmbd nm bnqonq`sd rnbh`k
qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ ù`hkàkd `s vvv,enqdshb`,dr.hlfr.enqdshb`.qrd]dt,oce
DuZmr) O, 0884 Sgd Dladccdc ?tsnmnlx2 Rs`sdr `mc Hmctrsqh`k Sq`mrenql`shnm, Oqhmbdsnm4
EdqmZmcdy) I,) `mc LdkØ) C, 1..4, ——Ro`hm4 eqnl ` o`sdqm`khrshb o`rs sn rtrs`hmàkd bnl¨
o`mhdr)‘‘ hm ?, Gàhrbg) I, Inmjdq) L, Vdfmdq) `mc Q, Rbglhcodsdq) dcr,) Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k
Qdronmrhahkhsx `bqnrr Dtqnod, Mdv Xnqj4 Rsqhmfdq) 178œ2.1,
Enw) S,) VZqc) G,) `mc GnvZqc) A, 1..1 Otakhb Rdbsnq Qnkdr hm Rsqdmfsgdmhmf Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k
Qdronmrhahkhsx, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Sgd Vnqkc A`mj Fqnto,
Eqdcdqhbj) V, B, 0867, ——Eqnl BRQ 0 sn BRQ 1 4 sgd l`stqhmf ne atrhmdrr % rnbhdsx sgntfgs)‘‘
Fq`ct`sd Rbgnnk ne Atrhmdrr Vnqjhmf Oòdq, Tmhudqrhsx ne Ohssratqfg,
–– 1..5, Bnqonq`shnm) Ad Fnnc Sgd Rsnqx ne Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx, Hmch`mònkhr4
Cnf D`q Otakhrghmf,
–– 1..7, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx4 cddo qnnsr) Wntqhrghmf fqnvsg) oqnlhrhmf
etstqd)‘‘ hm ?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr) I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc
G`mcannj ne BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 411œ20,
EqddlZm) Q, D,) Vhbjr) ?, B,) `mc OZqlZq) A, 1..3, ——Rs`jdgnkcdq sgdnqx `mc —Sgd Bnqonq`sd
Naidbshud Qduhrhsdc)‘ ‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm Rbhdmbd 04&2(4 253œ8,
EqhdclZm) L, 0851, Bòhs`khrl `mc Eqddcnl, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
–– 086., ——Sgd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx ne atrhmdrr hr sn hmbqd`rd hsr oqnVsr)‘‘ Mdv Xnqj Shldr
L`f`yhmd Rdosdladq 024 21œ2) 011œ5,
EtjtjZvZ) J,) `mc Lnnm) I, 1..3, ——? Iò`mdrd lncdk ne bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx;‘‘
Intqm`k ne Bnqonq`sd Bhshydmrgho 054 34œ48,
FZkkZfgdq) L, D, 1..4, Bnms`fhntr Bòhs`khrl2 Fkna`khy`shnm `mc sgd Onkhshbr ne Kànq hm

Bghm`, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
FZqqhfZ) D,) `mc LdkØ) C, 1..3, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx4 lòohmf sgd bnmbdost`k
sdqqhsnqx)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr 424 40œ60,
Fnmc) I,Ö, 1..5, ——Bnmsqhatshnm `_ k‘d-stcd cd k` odqenql`mbd rnbhd-s`kd cd k‘dmsqdoqhrd4 enmcd¨
ldmsr sgd-nqhptdr) bnmrsqtbshnm rnbh`kd) hlo`bs Vm`mbhdq)‘‘ Og,C, sgdrhr) Cdo`qsldms ne
L`m`fdldms Rstchdr) Tmhudqrhsd- Sntkntrd H–Rbhdmbdr Rnbh`kdr,
–– `mc BqZmd) ?, 1..7, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd chrnqhdmsdc4 rùhmf sgd knrs o`q`¨
chfl;‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx cnh4 0.,0066....654.2.720440.,
–– `mc LZssdm) C, 1..6, ——Qdsghmjhmf sgd bnqonq`shnmœrnbhdsx hmsdqe`bd4 adxnmc sgd
etmbshnm`khrs sqò)‘‘ HBBRQ Qdrd`qbg Oòdq Rdqhdr 36) Tmhudqrhsx ne Mnsshmfg`l,
FqZmnudssdq) L, 0874, ——Dbnmnlhb `bshnm `mc rnbh`k rsqtbstqd4 sgd oqnakdl ne dladccdc¨
mdrr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 804 370œ40.,
GZahrbg) ?,) `mc Vdfmdq) L, 1..4, ——Fdql`mx4 nudqbnlhmf sgd gdqhs`fd ne bnqonq`shrl)‘‘ hm
?, Gàhrbg) I, Inmjdq) L, Vdfmdq) `mc Q, Rbglhcodsdq) dcr,) Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx
?bqnrr Dtqnod, Adqkhm4 Roqhmfdq,
GZkk) O,) `mc SZxknq) K, 0885, ——Onkhshb`k rbhdmbd `mc sgd sgqdd u`qh`msr ne mdv hmrshstshnm`k¨
hrlr)‘‘ Onkhshb`k Rstchdr 334 825œ46,
GdZkc) L, 0850, ——Atrhmdrr sgntfgs hm sgd svdmshdr4 rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Pt`qsdqkx
02&1(4 015œ28,
–– 086., Sgd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx ne Atrhmdrr2 Bnlo`mx `mc Bnlltmhsx) 08 ´086 , Bkdud¨
k`mc4 B`rd Vdrsdqm Qdrdqud Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Gdqsy) M, 1..1, Sgd Rhkdms S`jdnudq, Knmcnm4 ?qqnv,
Gncfd) L, 1..5, ——Sgd Aqhshrg BRQ rsq`sdfx4 gnv ` fnudqmldms rtoonqsr sgd fnnc vnqj)‘‘ hm
I, Gdmmhfedkc) L, Ongk) `mc M, Snkgtqrs) dcr,) Sgd HBB? G`mcannj nm Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k
Qdronmrhahkhsx, Knmcnm4 Ingm Vhkdx `mc Rnmr,
Ingmrnm) B, 0871, LHSH `mc sgd Iò`mdrd Lhq`bkd2 Sgd Fqnvsg ne Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx, Rs`menqc)
B`khe,4 Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
JZmf) M, 1..7, ——Hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd hm sgd rs`sd¨kdc lncdk ne bòhs`khrl4 bnqonq`sd fnudqm¨
`mbd hm Eq`mbd `mc Rntsg Jnqd`)‘‘ Og,C, sgdrhr) E`btksx ne Rnbh`k `mc Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbdr)
Tmhudqrhsx ne B`laqhcfd,
Jhl) D, L, 0886, Ahf Atrhmdrr) Rsqnmf Rs`sd2 Bnkktrhnm `mc BnmWhbs hm Rntsg Jnqd`m Cdudkno¨
ldms) 085 ´087 , Mdv Xnqj4 RTMX Oqdrr,
Jhmf) K, 1..., Sgd A`rhb Ed`stqdr ne Onrsbnlltmhrs Bòhs`khrl hm D`rsdqm Dtqnod2 Ehqlr hm
Gtmf`qx) sgd Bydbg Qdotakhb) `mc Rknu`jh`, Mdv Xnqj4 Oq`dfdq Otakhrgdqr,
JiZdqfZZqc) B,) `mc VdrsogZkdm) R,¨?ø, 1..0, Eqnl Bnkkdbshud A`qf`hmhmf sn Rnbh`k
O`qsmdqrghor2 Mdv Qnkdr ne Rnbh`k O`qsmdqr hm Dtqnod, Bnodmg`fdm4 Sgd Bnodmg`fdm
Bdmsqd,
Jmhfgs) F,) `mc Rlhsg) I, 1..7, ——Sgd fkna`k bnlo`bs `mc hsr bqhshbr)‘‘ hm I, Kd`sgdql`m) dc,)
Chrbhokhmd `mc Otmhrgldms hm Fkna`k Onkhshbr, A`rhmfrsnjd4 O`kfqùd L`blhkkh`m,
Jmhkk) B,) `mc Kdgljtgk) C, 1..1, ——Oqhu`sd `bsnqr `mc sgd rs`sd4 hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm `mc
bg`mfhmf o`ssdqmr ne fnudqm`mbd)‘‘ Fnudqm`mbd 04&0(4 30œ52,
Jnmf) S, X, 1..5, ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc kànq l`qjds qdenqlr4 o`ssdqmr ne qdronmrd hm mnqsgd`rs
?rh`)‘‘ Aqhshrg Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 254 248œ72,
KZsntq) A, 1..4, Qd`rrdlakhmf sgd Rnbh`k2 ?m Hmsqnctbshnm sn ?bsnq¨Mdsvnqj Sgdnqx, Nwenqc4
Kduhss) S, 0847, ——Sgd c`mfdqr ne rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ G`qu`qc Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 254 30œ4.,
Kdux) C,) `mc JZokZm) Q, 1..7, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `mc sgdnqhdr ne fkna`k
fnudqm`mbd4 rsq`sdfhb bnmsdrs`shnm hm fkna`k hrrtd `qdm`r)‘‘ hm ?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm)
?, LbVhkkh`lr) I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 321œ40,
Knbjdss) ?,) Lnnm) I,) `mc Uhrrdq) V, 1..5, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx hm l`m`fdldms
qdrd`qbg4 enbtr) m`stqd) r`khdmbd `mc rntqbdr ne hmWtdmbd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`m`fdldms Rstchdr
324 004œ25,
Knfrcnm) I,) `mc Vnnc) C, 1..1, ——Atrhmdrr bhshydmrgho4 eqnl cnldrshb sn fkna`k kdudk ne
`m`kxrhr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr Dsghbr Pt`qsdqkx 01&1(4 044œ76,
LbBqtccdm) B, 1..6, Atxhmf Rnbh`k Itrshbd2 Dpt`khsx) Fnudqmldms Oqnbtqdldms `mc Kdf`k
Bg`mfd, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LbFthqd) I, 0852, Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx, Mdv Xnqj4 LbFq`v¨Ghkk,
LbVhkkhZlr) ?,) `mc Rhdfdk) C, 1..1, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx4 ` sgdnqx ne sgd Vql
odqrodbshud)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 154 066œ116,
LZetmd) X, 0877, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd `mc onkhbx hm Iò`m)‘‘ Qdrd`qbg hm Bnqonq`sd
Rnbh`k Odqenql`mbd `mc Onkhbx 0.4 180œ2.2,
LZhfmZm) H,) `mc QZkrsnm) C, ?, 1..1, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx hm Dtqnod `mc sgd
TR4 hmrhfgsr eqnl atrhmdrrdr‘ rdkeöqdrdms`shnmr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr Rstchdr 22
&2(4 386œ403,
LZqfnkhr) I, C,) Dkedmadhm) D,) `mc VZkrg) I, O, 1..6, ——Cndr hs o`x sn ad fnnc; ? lds`¨
`m`kxrhr `mc qdchqdbshnm ne qdrd`qbg nm sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm bnqonq`sd rnbh`k `mc
Vm`mbh`k odqenql`mbd)‘‘ oòdq oqdrdmsdc `s sgd ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms) Oghk`cdkogh`) TR,
–– `mc VZkrg) I, O, 1..2, ——Lhrdqx knudr bnlo`mhdr4 vghsgdq rnbh`k hmhsh`shudr ax atrhmdrr;‘‘
?clhmhrsq`shud Rbhdmbd Pt`qsdqkx 374 157œ2.4,
LZqhmdssn) L, 0888, ——Sgd ghrsnqhb`k cdudknoldms ne atrhmdrr oghk`msgqnox4 rnbh`k qdronm¨
rhahkhsx hm sgd mdv bnqonq`sd dbnmnlx)‘‘ Atrhmdrr Ghrsnqx 304 0–1.,
LZssdm) C,) `mc Lnnm) I, 1..7, —— —Hlokhbhs‘ `mc —dwokhbhs‘ BRQ4 ` bnmbdost`k eq`ldvnqj enq `
bnlo`q`shud tmcdqrs`mchmf ne bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms
Qduhdv 22&1(4 3.3œ13,
Ldxdq) I, V, 0888, ——Sgd bg`mfhmf btkstq`k bnmsdms ne sgd m`shnm¨rs`sd4 ` vnqkc rnbhdsx
odqrodbshud)‘‘ hm F, Rsdhmldsy) dc,) Rs`sd `mc Btkstqd2 Mdv ?ooqn`bgdr sn sgd Rs`sd èsdq sgd
Btkstq`k Stqm, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 012œ32,
–– 1..., ——Fkna`khy`shnm4 rntqbdr `mc d9dbsr nm m`shnm`k rs`sdr `mc rnbhdshdr)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Rnbhnknfx 044 122œ37,
–– Ankh) I,) SgnlZr) F,) `mc QZlhqdy) E, N, 0886, ——Vnqkc rnbhdsx `mc sgd m`shnm rs`sd)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Intqm`k ne Rnbhnknfx 0.24 033œ70,
Lhbgdkdssh) L, 1..2, Onkhshb`k Uhqstd `mc Rgnoohmf2 Hmchuhct`kr) Bnmrtldqhrl) `mc Bnkkdbshud
?bshnm, Mdv Xnqj4 O`kfqùd L`blhkk`m,
Lhcsstm) ?, 1..4, ——Qd`khfmhmf atrhmdrr) fnudqmldms) `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx4 dldqfhmf dladccdc
qdk`shnm`k fnudqm`mbd adxnmc sgd &mdn(khadq`k `mc vdke`qd rs`sd lncdkr)‘‘ Bnqonq`sd
Fnudqm`mbd2 Sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Intqm`k ne Atrhmdrr hm Rnbhdsx 4&2(4 048œ63,
LngZm) ?, 1..2, ——Rsq`sdfhdr enq sgd l`m`fdldms ne bnlokdw oq`bshbdr hm bnlokdw nqf`mhy`¨
shnmr4 ` rstcx ne sgd sq`mrm`shnm`k l`m`fdldms ne bnqonq`sd qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ Og,C, sgdrhr)
Tmhudqrhsx ne V`qvhbj,
LnkhmZ) N, `mc Qgncdr) L, 1..1, ——Bnqonq`shrl4 sgd o`rs) oqdrdms `mc etstqd ne ` bnmbdos)‘‘
?mmt`k Qduhdv ne Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd 44 2.4œ20,
Lnmahns) F, 1..0, Bòshud Rs`sd2 Sgd Bnqonq`sd S`jdnudq ne Aqhs`hm, Knmcnm4 O`m Annjr,
Lnnm) I, 1..1, ——Atrhmdrr rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx `mc mdv fnudqm`mbd)‘‘ Fnudqmldms `mc
Noonrhshnm 26&2(4 274œ3.7,
–– 1..3, ——Fnudqmldms `r ` cqhudq ne BRQ)‘‘ HBBRQ Qdrd`qbg Oòdq Rdqhdr 1.) Tmhudqrhsx ne
Mnsshmfg`l,
–– BqZmd) ?,) `mc LZssdm) C, 1..4, ——B`m bnqonq`shnmr ad bhshydmr; Bnqonq`sd bhshydm¨
rgho `r ` ldsògnq enq atrhmdrr o`qshbho`shnm hm rnbhdsx)‘‘ Atrhmdrr Dsghbr Pt`qsdqkx 04&2(4
316œ40,
–– `mc QhbgZqcrnm) I, I, 0874, Tmdloknxldms hm sgd TJ2 Onkhshbr `mc Onkhbhdr, ?kcdqrgns4
Fnvdq,
–– `mc Unfdk) C, 1..7, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx) fnudqmldms) `mc bhuhk rnbhdsx)‘‘ hm
?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr) I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne
BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 2.2œ12,
Lnqrhmf) L, 1..4, ——Cdml`qj4 hmbktrhud kànq l`qjds rsq`sdfhdr)‘‘ hm ?, Gàhrbg) I, Inmjdq)
L, Vdfmdq) `mc Q, Rbglhcodsdq) dcr,) Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronmrhahkhsx `bqnrr Dtqnod, Mdv
Xnqj4 Rsqhmfdq) 12œ25,
Ltsgtqh) I,) Lnnm) I,) `mc BgZookd) V, 1..7, ——Hlokdldmshmf —bnlltmhsx o`qshbho`shnm‘ hm
bnqonq`sd bnlltmhsx hmunkudldms4 kdrrnmr eqnl L`f`ch Rnc` Bnlo`mx hm Jdmx`)‘‘ Intqm`k
ne Atrhmdrr Dsghbr 744 320œ33,
Mdvdkk) O, 1... ——Dmuhqnmldms`k MFNr `mc fkna`khy`shnm4 sgd fnudqm`mbd ne SMBr)‘‘ hm
Q, Bngdm `mc R, Q`h) dcr,) Fkna`k Rnbh`k Lnudldmsr, Knmcnm4 ?sgknmd Oqdrr,
–– 1..1, ——L`m`fhmf ltkshm`shnm`kr4 sgd fnudqm`mbd ne hmudrsldms enq sgd dmuhqnmldms)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Cdudknoldms 024 8.6œ08,
NglZd) J, 0884, Sgd Dmc ne sgd M`shnm Rs`sd, Mdv Xnqj4 Eqdd Oqdrr,
Nqkshyjx) L, 1..7, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd `mc Vm`mbh`k odqenql`mbd4 ` qdrd`qbg
rxmsgdrhr)‘‘ hm ?, Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr) I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc
G`mcannj ne BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 002œ23,
–– Qxmdr) E, K,) `mc Rbglhcs) R, K, 1..2, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k `mc Vm`mbh`k odqenql`mbd4 `
lds`¨`m`kxrhr)‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm Rstchdr 134 0.2œ330,
OZqrnmr) S, 0856, Rnbhnknfhb`k Sgdnqx `mc Lncdqm Rnbhdsx, Mdv Xnqj4 Sgd Eqdd Oqdrr,
OZrPtdqn) I, 1..3, ——Qdronmràhkhsd- rnbh`kd cdr dmsqdoqhrdr4 kdr òoqnbgdr mnqcr¨`ld-qhb`hmdr)‘‘
hm I, Hf`kdmr) dc,) Sntr qdronmràkd, O`qhr4 Dchshnmr c‘Nqf`mhy`shnm) 146œ61,
–– 1..4, ——K` qdronmràhkhsd- rnbh`kd cd k‘dmsqdoqhrd bnlld naids cdr rbhdmbdr cd fdrshnm4
tm qdf`qc ghrsnqhptd)‘‘ hm L,Ë, Antsghkkhdq¨Stqbnssd `mc ?, R`klnm) dcr,) Qdronmràhkhsd-
rnbh`kd ds dmuhqnmmdldms`kd cd k‘dmsqdoqhrd, Rhkkdqx4 Oqdrrdr cd k‘Tmhudqrhsd- ct Ptd-adb)
7.œ001,
Odsdqr) A, F, 0885, ——Rgntkcm‘s qnv) b`m‘s rsddq4 vg`s‘r ` fnudqmldms sn cn;‘‘ Otakhb Onkhbx `mc
?clhmhrsq`shnm 01&0(4 40œ1,
OnkxZmh) J, 1..0, Sgd Fqd`s Sq`mrenql`shnm2 Sgd Onkhshb`k `mc Dbnmnlhb Nqhfhmr ne Ntq Shld,
Anrsnm4 Ad`bnm Oqdrr) 0rs dcm, 0833,
OqZgZkZc) B, J,) `mc GZllnmc) ?, 1..1, ——Rdquhmf sgd vnqkc‘r onnq) oqnVsàhkhsx)‘‘ G`qu`qc
Atrhmdrr Qduhdv 7.&8(4 37œ47,
QZmcZkk) B, A, 0841, ? Bqddc enq Eqdd Dmsdqoqhrd, Anrsnm4 Khsskd) Aqnvm `mc Bnlo`mx,
QnrdmZt) I, 1..4, ——Fkna`khr`shnm `mc fnudqm`mbd4 rtrs`hmàhkhsx adsvddm eq`fldms`shnm `mc
hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ hm T, Odsrbgnv) I, Qnrdm`t) `mc D, Tkqhbg unm Vdhyr£̀bjdq) dcr,) Fnudqm`mbd
`mc Rtrs`hmàhkhsx2 Mdv Bg`kkdmfdr enq Rs`sdr) Bnlo`mhdr) `mc Bhuhk Rnbhdsx, RgdXdkc4 Fqddm¨
kdè Otakhrghmf,
Qnvkhmrnm) L,) `mc GZrrZqc) I, 0882, ——Sgd hmudmshnm ne bnqonq`sd btkstqd4 ` ghrsnqx ne
ghrsnqhdr ne B`catqx)‘‘ Gtl`m Qdk`shnmr 54 188œ215,
Qtffhd) I, 1..3, ——Qdbnmrshstshmf sgd fkna`k otakhb cnl`hm4 hrrtdr) `bsnqr `mc oq`bshbdr)‘‘
Dtqnod`m Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Qdk`shnmr 0.&3(4 388œ420,
Rbgdqdq) ?,) `mc OZkZyyn) F, 1..6, ——Snv`qcr ` onkhshb`k bnmbdoshnm ne bnqonq`sd qdronmrh¨
ahkhsx4 atrhmdrr `mc rnbhdsx rddm eqnl `m Gàdql`rh`m odqrodbshud)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fd¨
ldms Qduhdv 21&3(4 0.85œ01.,
Rbgdqdq) ?,) `mc OZkZyyn) F, 1..7, ——Fkna`khy`shnm `mc bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx)‘‘ hm ?,
Bq`md) C, L`ssdm) ?, LbVhkkh`lr) I, Lnnm) `mc C, Rhdfdk) dcr,) Sgd Nwenqc G`mcannj ne
BRQ, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 302œ20,
Rbglhcs& U, 1..1, Sgd Etstqdr ne Dtqnod`m Bòhs`khrl, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RbgvZqsy& L, R,) `mc BZqqnkk& ?, A, 1..7, ——Hmsdfq`shmf `mc tmhexhmf bnlodshmf `mc
bnlokdldms`qx eq`ldvnqjr)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx 36&1(4 037œ75,
Rghm& I,¨R,) `mc BgZmf& G,Ï, 1..2, Qdrsqtbstqhmf Jnqd` Hmb, Knmcnm4 QntskdcfdBtqynm,
Rsqddbj& V,) `mc Sgdkdm& V, 1..4 Adxnmc Bnmshmthsx2 Hmrshstshnm`k Bg`mfd hm ?cu`mbdc
Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlhdr, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
RtmcZqZl& ?, J,) `mc Hmjodm& ?, B, 1..3, ——Sgd bnqonq`sd naidbshud qduhrhsdc)‘‘ Nqf`mhy`shnm
Rbhdmbd 04&2(4 24.œ52,
RvZmrnm& C, K, 0884, ——?ccqdrrhmf ` sgdnqdshb`k oqnakdl ax qdnqhdmshmf sgd bnqonq`sd rnbh`k
odqenql`mbd lncdk)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 1.4 32œ53,
–– 0888, ——Snv`qc `m hmsdfq`shud sgdnqx ne atrhmdrr `mc rnbhdsx4 ` qdrd`qbg rsq`sdfx enq
bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 134 4.5œ10,
SZhmn& Q,) GtnklZm& L,) `mc Otkjjhmdm& L, 1..0, ——Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`khy`shnm ne bòhs`k
l`qjdsr4 gnv hmsdqm`shnm`k hmrshstshnm`k hmudrsnqr `qd qdrsqtbstqhmf Ehmmhrg bnlo`mhdr)‘‘ hm
F, Lnqf`m) O, Jqhrsdmrdm) `mc Q, Vghskdx) dcr,) Sgd Ltkshm`shnm`k Ehql, Nwenqc4 Nwenqc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 042œ60,
Shadqfghdm& X, 1..1, ——Onkhshb`k ldch`shnm ne fkna`k dbnmnlhb enqbdr4 sgd onkhshbr ne bnqonq`sd
qdrsqtbstqhmf hm Iò`m) Eq`mbd) `mc Rntsg Jnqd`)‘‘ Og,C, sgdrhr) Cdo`qsldms ne Onkhshb`k
Rbhdmbd) Rs`menqc Tmhudqrhsx) B`khe,
Stkcdq& Q, uZm& `mc YvZqs& ?, uZm cdq, 1..5, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Atrhmdrr´Rnbhdsx L`m`fdldms2
Khmjhmf Bnqonq`sd Qdronmrhahkhsx `mc Fkna`khy`shnm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
UZqZcZqZiZm& O, Q,) `mc Ldmnm& ?, 0887, ——B`trd¨qdk`sdc l`qjdshmf4 ` bn`khfmdldms ne
l`qjdshmf rsq`sdfx `mc bnqonq`sd oghk`msgqnox)‘‘ Intqm`k ne L`qjdshmf 42&1(4 47œ63,
Uhrrdq& V,) Lhcckdsnm& B,) `mc Lbkmsnrg& L, 1..4, ——Bnqonq`sd bshydmrgho hm ?eqhb`4
hmsqnctbshnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Bnqonq`sd Bhshydmrgho 074 7œ1.,
Unfdk& R, 0885, Eqddq L`qjdsr) Lnqd Qtkdr2 Qdftk`snqx Qdenql hm ?cu`mbdc Hmctrsqh`k Bntm¨
sqhdr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
Unfdk& C, 1..4, Sgd L`qjds enq Uhqstd2 Sgd Onsdmsh`k `mc Khlhsr ne Bnqonq`sd Rnbh`k Qdronm¨
rhahkhsx, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr,
VZccnbj& R, ?, 1..3, ——O`q`kkdk tmhudqrdr4 bnlo`mhdr) `b`cdlhbr) `mc sgd oqnfqdrr ne bnq¨
onq`sd bhshydmrgho)‘‘ Atrhmdrr `mc Rnbhdsx Qduhdv 0.8&0(4 4œ31,
VZcd& Q, 0881, Fnudqmhmf sgd L`qjds2 Dbnmnlhb Sgdnqx `mc sgd Qnkd ne Fnudqmldms hm D`rs
?rh`m Hmctrsqh`khy`shnm, Oqhmbdsnm4 Oqhmbdsnm Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
VZqshbj& R, K,) `mc BnbgqZm& O, K, 0874, ——Sgd dunktshnm ne sgd bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd
lncdk)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv 0.&3(4 647œ58,
Vdadq& L, 082., Sgd Oqnsdrs`ms Dsghb `mc sgd Rohqhs ne Bòhs`khrl, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd,
Vdhrr& K,) dc, 1..1, Rs`sdr hm sgd Fkna`k Dbnmnlx2 Aqhmfhmf Cnldrshb Hmrshstshnmr A`bj Hm,
Vdkenqc& Q, 1..3, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k qdronmrhahkhsx hm Dtqnod) Mnqsg ?ldqhb`) `mc ?rh`)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Bnqonq`sd Bhshydmrgho 064 22œ41,
Vghskdx& Q, 0881, Atrhmdrr Rxrsdlr hm D`rs ?rh`2 Ehql) L`qjdsr `mc Rnbhdshdr, Knmcnm4 R`fd,
–– 0888, Chudqfdms Bòhs`khrlr2 Sgd Rnbh`k Rsqtbstqhmf ne Bg`mfd ne Atrhmdrr Rxrsdlr, Nwenqc4
Vnn¨Btlhmfr& L, 0886, ——Rkntbghmf snv`qc sgd l`qjds4 sgd onkhshbr ne Vm`mbh`k khadq`khy`shnm
hm Rntsg Jnqd`)‘‘ hm L, Knqh`tw) L, Vnn¨Btlhmfr) `mc J, B`kcdq) dcr,) Khadq`khyhmf Ehm`mbd
hm Hmsdqudmshnmhrs Rs`sdr, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 0888, Sgd Cdudknoldms`k Rs`sd, Hsg`b`) MX4 Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,

Vnnc& C, I, 0880, ——Bnqonq`sd rnbh`k odqenql`mbd qduhrhsdc)‘‘ ?b`cdlx ne L`m`fdldms Qduhdv
054 580œ607,
Xnt& I,¨H,) `mc BgZmf& G,Ï, 0882, ——Sgd lxsg ne eqdd kànq l`qjds hm Jnqd`)‘‘ Bnmsqhatshnmr sn
Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 014 18œ35,
YZcdj& R, 1..0, Sgd Bhuhk Bnqonq`shnm2 Sgd Mdv Dbnmnlx ne Bnqonq`sd Bhshydmrgho, Knmcnm4
D`qsgrb`m Otakhb`shnmr Ksc,
bgZosdq 2.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
M D S VN P J
TSHKHSHDR
S D B G M N KN F H B ? K
C D U D KN O L D M S) L ? P J D S
R S PT B S T P D ) ? M C E N P L R
N E NV M D P R G H O
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
lZqshm bghbj
Sgd k`qfdrs rdbshnm ne sgd hmctrsqh`k dbnmnlx ne lnrs odqrhrsdms bnmbdqm sn

fnudqmldmsr hr sg`s ne sgd mdsvnqj¨bnms`hmhmf hmctrsqhdr &dkdbsqhbhsx) v`sdq) sdkdbnl¨
ltmhb`shnmr) f`r) sq`lr `mc khfgs q`hkv`xr) q`hkv`xr) onrs `mc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr(,
Fnudqmldms hmsdqdrs hm sgdrd hmctrsqhdr c`sdr eqnl `s kd`rs sgd lhcckd ne sgd
mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx, Sgdrd hmctrsqhdr gùd addm `s sgd gd`qs ne onkhshb`k cda`sd
bnmbdqmhmf enqlr ne nvmdqrgho &m`shnm`khy`shnm) oqhu`shy`shnm( `mc dbnmnlhrsr
`mc onkhshbh`mr gùd eqdptdmskx addm `s nccr nudq sgd òoqnoqh`sd oqhbhmf `mc
hmudrsldms qtkdr) `mc hmctrsqh`k rsqtbstqd enq rtbg hmctrsqhdr, Nesdm bg`q`bsdqhydc
ax ktlox) rtmj chrsqhatshnm `mc sq`mrlhrrhnm hmudrsldmsr fhuhmf qhrd sn m`stq`k
lnmnonkx bg`q`bsdqhrshbr `mc dminxhmf k`qfd onsdmsh`k dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd) hmudrsldms
hm sgdrd hmctrsqhdr g`r bnmrhrsdmskx ntso`bdc sg`s hm l`mte`bstqhmf hmctrsqx, ?r
Enqdl`mÖdbj `mc Lhkkv`qc nardqudc ne sgd Tmhsdc Jhmfcnl) hm 08.. q`hkv`xr‘ Vwdc
`rrdsr `knmd vdqd k`qfdq sg`m sgnrd hm sgd vgnkd ne l`mte`bstqhmf hmctrsqx) `mc
——eqnl `r d`qkx `r 074. sgd bòhs`k rsnbj hm sgd mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr dwbddcdc sg`s
mdsvnqj tshkhshdr 574
hm l`mte`bstqhmf `mc sghr v`r rshkk sgd b`rd hm 085.‘‘ &Enqdl`mÖdbj `mc Lhkkv`qc
08834 1(, Lnqd fdmdq`kkx) ax sgd 085.r) otakhb dmsdqoqhrd `bbntmsdc enq ànts 0. odq
bdms ne FCO hm lnrs bntmsqhdr) ànts 1. odq bdms ne `mmt`k bòhs`k enql`shnm) `mc
kdrr sg`m 0. odq bdms ne dloknxldms, Hsr rbnod chc mns bg`mfd ltbg nudq sgd mdws
sghqsx xd`qr &Lhkkv`qc 1..44 062(,
Vghkd ghrsnqh`mr gùd sdmcdc sn enbtr nm sgd onkhbx bg`mfdr `mc rghesr hm hcdnknfx
bnmbdqmhmf sgd nvmdqrgho ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr) enq dbnmnlhb ghrsnqh`mr ` etmc`ldms`k
——cqhudq‘‘ ne rtbg cda`sdr g`r addm sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms `mc dbnmnlhb
bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr, Hs v`r sgdhq dbnmnlhb `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k tmcdqohm¨
mhmfr vghbg hmhsh`kkx nbb`rhnmdc knb`k fnudqmldms hmunkudldms vhsg sgd tshkhsx
mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr) `mc sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgdrd
hmctrsqhdr nesdm otrgdc sgdl sn k`qfdq) tkshl`sdkx m`shnmvhcd hmctrsqh`k rsqtbstqdr)
vdkk adenqd onkhshbh`mr adf`m sn hlokdldms onkhbhdr ne m`shnm`khy`shnm, Dpt`kkx) hs v`r
sgd dbnmnlhb bnmrdptdmbdr ne sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr vhsghm sgdrd hmctrsqhdr
vghbg oqnuhcdc sgd noonqstmhsx enq qdhmsqnctbhmf bnlodshshnm hmsn qdftk`sdc `mc
m`shnm`khydc lnmnonkx l`qjdsr) vdkk adenqd onkhshb`k s`kj ne oqhu`shy`shnm `mc khadq¨
`khy`shnm adb`ld e`rghnmàkd, Xds vghkd dbnmnlhb ghrsnqh`mr `qftd sg`s sdbgmnknfhb`k
cdudknoldmsr vdqd ` mdbdrr`qx oqdqdpthrhsd enq rghesr hm onkhshb`k hcdnknfx bnmbdqmhmf
rtbg hmctrsqhdr) sgdx vdqd mns rtXbhdms hm sgdlrdkudr, Hmcddc rnld dbnmnlhb
ghrsnqh`mr rtbg `r Odsdq Sdlhm `bbnqc ` ltbg fqd`sdq qnkd sn hcdnknfx nudq sdbgmn¨
knfhb`k cdudknoldms hm hsrdke hm oqnlnshmf) hm sghr b`rd) sgd aqd`j¨to ne ?S%S hm sgd
Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Vg`sdudq sgd b`rdäx¨b`rd `qftldmsr) hs cndr rddl khjdkx sg`s vhsgnts
sgd dbnmnlhb `mc otakhb Vm`mbd chXbtkshdr vghbg `Yhbsdc l`mx m`shnm`k fnudqm¨
ldmsr eqnl sgd 086.r) l`mx onkhshbh`mr vntkc gùd addm kdrr hmsdqdrsdc hm otqrthmf
oqnfq`lr ne oqhu`shy`shnm `mc cdqdftk`shnm vghbg rntfgs sn dwoknhs rnld ne sgd
onsdmsh`k enq hmbqd`rdc bnlodshshnm l`cd onrrhakd ax oqduhntr sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudk¨
noldmsr, Sghr v`r `r sqtd ne l`mte`bstqhmf hmctrsqx `r ne sgd mdsvnqj tshkhshdr,
Ltbg ne sghr hmsdqok`x adsvddm sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms) dbnmnlhb bg`mfd) `mc
rghesr hm onkhshb`k hcdnknfx hr duhcdms hm sgd mdsvnqj tshkhsx hmctrsqhdr `mc odqgòr)
ànud `kk) hm sgd etdk `mc onvdq hmctrsqhdr, Sgdrd hmctrsqhdr hmbktcdc mnm¨mdsvnqj
hmctrsqhdr khjd bn`k `mc nhk) vghbg nesdm `ssq`bsdc oqnsdbshnm `mc otakhb nvmdqrgho
&o`qsh`k) hm sgd b`rd ne nhk( adb`trd ne onkhshb`k bnmbdqm vhsg tmdloknxldms &bn`k(
`mc m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx &nhk) bn`k(, Bnmrhcdq`shnmr ne m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx `krn oqnlosdc
fnudqmldms hmunkudldms hm sgd `hqkhmd hmctrsqx) `r vdkk `r hm ` mdsvnqj tshkhsx khjd
sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr, Sgdrd hrrtdr vhkk ad bnmrhcdqdc hm sghr bgòsdq) ats hsr oqhld
bnmbdqm hr sg`s ne sgd dbnmnlhb ghrsnqh`m) m`ldkx vhsg sgd hmWtdmbd dwdqsdc ax sgd
dbnmnlhb `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr hm mdsvnqj tshkhshdr nm sgd shlhmf `mc
enql ne fnudqmldms hmunkudldms vhsg sgdrd hmctrsqhdr rhmbd sgd lhc¨mhmdsddmsg
bdmstqx, Vghkd adb`trd ne sgdhq pt`mshs`shud `mc odqrhrsdms hlonqs`mbd sghr bgòsdq
bnmbdmsq`sdr nm sgd mdsvnqj tshkhshdr q`sgdq sg`m nm l`mte`bstqhmf hmctrsqx) l`mx
ne sgd e`rghnmàkd rghesr hm onkhshb`k nohmhnm bnmbdqmhmf sgd sq`cd¨n9 adsvddm
dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd `mc bnlodshshnm sg`s sxohex sgd m`shnm`khy`shnm oqnfq`l `mc
sgd qdftk`snqx cda`sdr) `qd `krn fdql`md sn aqn`cdq hmctrsqh`k `mc bnlodshshnm
onkhbx,
575 lZqshm bghbj
L`mx ne sgd d`qkx bnlldqbh`k hmhsh`shudr hm vg`s adb`ld mdsvnqj tshkhshdr vdqd
s`jdm ax oqhu`sd hmchuhct`kr `mc dmsdqoqhrdr q`sgdq sg`m ax knb`k nq m`shnm`k fnudqm¨
ldmsr, Odqgòr adb`trd ne sgd oqnsdbshnm n9dqdc ax khlhsdc khàhkhsx kdfhrk`shnm) sgd
àhkhsx sn q`hrd Vm`mbd nm bòhs`k l`qjdsr) `mc sn knb`sd hm rthsàkd tqa`m l`qjdsr)
oqhu`sd dmsdqoqhrd rddldc vhkkhmf sn s`jd sgd qhrj ne lnuhmf eqnl `m dw `msd hmsdqdrs hm
sgd hmctrsqx sn `m dw onrs hqqdunbàkd bnllhsldms sn hs ax khsdq`kkx rhmjhmf bòhs`k hmsn
bàkd `mc ohod mdsvnqjr, Hm sgd d`qkx rs`fdr ne rtbg bnlodshshud hmudrsldms) sgdqd hr
rnld duhcdmbd ne nudq¨hmudrsldms hm bò`bhsx) ats nmbd k`hc sgd bnlahm`shnm ne sgd
ghfg rtmj bnrsr ne sgd chrsqhatshnm rxrsdl `mc sgd knv l`qfhm`k bnrsr ne oqnctbshnm
vdqd khjdkx hm `m hmsdfq`sdc rxrsdl sn l`jd hs onrrhakd sn cdsdq mdv dmsq`msr, Hs v`r
nesdm `s sghr onhms) vhsg sgd d`qkx dmsqdoqdmdtqh`k qhrjr s`jdm) `mc vhsg sgd onkhshb`k
hmsdqdrs hm tshkhsx ntsots fqnvhmf) sg`s knb`k `tsgnqhshdr vntkc adbnld hmunkudc hm sgd
hmctrsqx, Mns nmkx vdqd sgdqd admdVbh`k rohkknudqr eqnl sgd oqnuhrhnm ne ohodc v`sdq)
ats sgd dwhrsdmbd ne dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd hm oqnctbshnm `mc chrsqhatshnm `kkhdc sn sgd
q`shn ne rtmj 4 l`qfhm`k bnrsr chc l`jd sgdrd hmctrsqhdr khjdkx b`mchc`sdr enq oqhbd
qdftk`shnm, Gnvdudq) hs chc mns mdbdrr`qhkx l`jd sgdl m`stq`k lnmnonkhdr) sg`s rs`str
adhmf ` etmbshnm ne sgd qdk`shnm adsvddm sgd fhudm rs`sd ne sgd sdbgmnknfx) sgd rhyd ne
cdl`mc) sgd mtladq ne Vqlr) `mc sgd lnudldms ne bnrsr nudq d`bg q`mfd ne ntsots,
Vgdm knb`k `tsgnqhshdr chc dmsdq sgdrd hmctrsqhdr) sgdx dhsgdq chc rn hlldch`sdkx hm
sgdhq nvm qhfgs nq) lnqd bnllnmkx) ax fq`mshmf eq`mbghrdr sn tmcdqs`jhmfr nm sgd
bnmchshnm sg`s `s sgd dmc ne ` oqdrbqhadc odqhnc sgd knb`k `tsgnqhsx vntkc gùd
sgd qhfgs sn otqbg`rd sgd oqhu`sd bnlo`mx, Sgd 076. Sq`lv`xr ?bs hm`tftq`sdc sgd
rxrsdl ne oqnuhchmf khlhsdc odqhnc eq`mbghrdr vghbg v`r hmhsh`kkx trt`kkx enq svdmsx¨
nmd xd`qr ats v`r rtardptdmskx dwsdmcdc sn enqsx¨svn xd`qr hm 0777 &Ax`ss 08684 7(, Hm
Vdrsdqm Dtqnod) rtbg ltmhbho`khy`shnm v`r rsqnmfdrs hm `qd`r ne fqd`sdrs tqa`mhy`¨
shnm) m`ldkx hm Aqhs`hm `mc Fdql`mx) ats kdrr rn hm sgd lnqd qtq`k Eq`mbd) Adkfhtl)
Ro`hm) `mc Hs`kx &Lhkkv`qc 1..6`4 08œ1.(, Hm Eq`mbd ltmhbho`khy`shnm v`r uhqst`kkx
tmjmnvm) ltbg fqd`sdq trd adhmf l`cd ne sgd bnmbdrrhnm rxrsdl) `mc sgd Eqdmbg
qdftk`snqx qdfhld v`r sntfgdq sg`m sg`s hm Aqhs`hm, Hm O`qhr) ax 0778) sgd rhw
bnmbdrrhnm`hqd dkdbsqhbhsx bnlo`mhdr hm O`qhr vdqd nm dhfgsddm¨xd`q kd`rdr) ats sgd
Eqdmbg qdftk`snqx qdfhld nesdm n9dqdc ltbg rgnqsdq kd`rdr &Lhkkv`qc 1..44 66) 71(,
Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) ltmhbho`khy`shnm hm dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx qd`bgdc hsr od`j hm 0810
vgdm sgdqd vdqd 1)470 ltmhbho`k rxrsdlr, Gnvdudq l`mx ne sgdrd rxrsdlr vdqd rl`kk)
`bbntmshmf enq 30 odq bdms ne `kk dkdbsqhb rxrsdlr) ats fdmdq`shmf nmkx 3,6 odq bdms ne
sgd sns`k onvdq ntsots, Ctqhmf sgd bnmrnkhc`shnm lnudldms ne sgd 081.r) l`mx rl`kk
snvm rxrsdlr vdqd sn ad rnkc sn oqhu`sd bnlo`mhdr, Enq sgd lnrs o`qs) sghr bnmrnkh¨
c`shnm ne bnlo`mhdr `mc dmk`qfdldms ne sgd rxrsdl nbbtqqdc `s sgd kdudk ne sgd rs`sd,
Rn knmf `r sq`mr`bshnmr qdl`hmdc vhsghm rs`sd antmc`qhdr) rn hm sgd Edcdq`k rxrsdl
vdqd sgd hmctrsqx‘r cd`khmfr vhsg fnudqmldms khjdkx sn qdl`hm `s rs`sd kdudk, Sgtr) sgd
drrdmsh`kkx rs`sdä`rdc cdudknoldms ne sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr bnmsq`rsdc vhsg sg`s ne sgd f`r hmctrsqx) vgdqd sgd lnud ne sgd hmctrsqx eqnl `
bn`k sn m`stq`k f`r a`rd rghesdc sgd hmctrsqx hmsn dwoknhshmf sgd dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd
ù`hkàkd nm hmsdqrs`sd ohodkhmdr `mc rtaidbshmf sgdl sgdqdax sn Edcdq`k qdftk`snqx
nudquhdv.itqhrchbshnm,
Hm Aqhs`hm) chrbnudqhdr ne bnlldqbh`kkx uhàkd m`stq`k f`r vdqd l`cd k`sdq sg`m hm
sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, ?r ` bnmrdptdmbd) `mc hkktrsq`shud ne sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd
dbnmnlhb `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne `m hmctrsqx `mc hsr hmctrsqh`k rsqtb¨
stqd) hs v`r mns tmshk sgd rdbnmc g`ke ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx sg`s sgd hmctrsqx lnudc
snv`qcr qdfhnm`k `mc m`shnm`k fqhcr, Tmshk sgdm) sgd khlhsdc oqnctbshnm dbnmnlhdr ne
rb`kd ne bnjhmf bn`kä`rdc f`r `mc hsr ghfg sq`mronqs bnrs khlhsdc sgd q`mfd ne hsr
m`stq`k lnmnonkx rxrsdl, Hm bnmsq`rs) hm dkdbsqhbhsx fdmdq`shnm) sgdqd v`r ` ltbg
d`qkhdq sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb b`rd enq lnuhmf sn rtookxhmf ` k`qfdq `qd`) ats ax
sgd d`qkx svdmshdsg bdmstqx sgd àhkhsx sn cn rn v`r bnmrsq`hmdc ax sgd ltmhbho`k
enql ne nvmdqrgho `mc sgd rsqtbstqd ne hlonqs`ms tqa`m rdbshnmr ne sgd hmctrsqx,
?ksgntfg sgd noshl`k `qd` enq dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx g`c fqnvm `r ` qdrtks ne sdbgmn¨
knfhb`k hloqnudldmsr `mc hmbqd`rdc rb`kd dbnmnlhdr hm dkdbsqhbhsx fdmdq`shnm) sgd
knb`k `tsgnqhshdr l`cd khsskd d9nqs sn bnnodq`sd vhsg d`bg nsgdq `mc vdqd o`qshbtk`qkx
qdktbs`ms sn bnnodq`sd vhsg oqhu`sd bnlo`mhdr hm `ci`bdms `qd`r, Sgd qdronmrd ne sgd
m`shnm`k fnudqmldms v`r sn hmhsh`sd sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne sgd k`qfdq) hmsdqbnmmdbshmf
m`stq`k lnmnonkx) m`shnm`k fqhc) rn `r sn hmbqd`rd sgd rhyd ne sgd l`qjds ù`hkàkd sn
dkdbsqhbhsx oqnctbdqr, ?bbnlo`mxhmf sghr trd ne ` m`stq`k lnmnonkx sn qdctbd sgd
l`qjds onvdq ne knb`k `mc ltmhbho`k lnmnonkhdr) sgd Bdmsq`k Dkdbsqhbhsx An`qc)
vghbg v`r drsàkhrgdc hm 0815 ax sgd Bnmrdqu`shud A`kcvhm fnudqmldms sn nudqrdd
sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne sgd m`shnm`k fqhc) v`r fhudm onvdqr sn bknrd bnlotkrnqhkx sgd
lnrs hmdXbhdms onvdq rs`shnmr, Xds) sgd A`kcvhm fnudqmldms rntfgs sn ok`x to sgd
e`bs sg`s hmctrsqh`k qdrsqtbstqhmf g`c addm d9dbsdc vhsgnts `mx rtars`msh`k hmsdqedq¨
dmbd vhsg sgd enql ne nvmdqrgho vhsghm sgd hmctrsqx,
Sgtr) sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr `mc ù`hkàkd dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd rgòdc sgd
hmctrsqh`k rsqtbstqd ne sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx `s sgd m`shnm`k kdudk hm sgd
bdmsq`khydc Aqhshrg onkhshb`k rxrsdl `mc `s sgd rs`sd kdudk hm sgd Edcdq`k Tmhsdc Rs`sdr,
Vghkd hm Aqhs`hm) m`shnm`k `mc knb`k fnudqmldmsr g`c cduhrdc ` lhw ne hmrsqtldmsr
enq sgd qdftk`shnm ne tshkhshdr) hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr sgd a`rhr ne qdftk`shnm dldqfdc
eqnl hmsdqlhssdms itchbh`k cdbhrhnmr &Gtmsdq 0806: Oghkkhor 08734 7.: Uhrbtrh)
G`qqhmfsnm) `mc Udqmnm 1..44 252(, Hm ansg Aqhs`hm `mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr nmd
qdronmrd sn sgd l`bqndbnmnlhb chXbtkshdr ne sgd 082.r v`r sn vhcdm sgd rbnod ne
qdftk`shnm `r o`qs ne ` cdudknohmf hmctrsqh`k onkhbx, Itrs `r sgd dbnmnlhb chXbtkshdr
ne sgd 082.r vdqd sn rdd sgd Aqhshrg fnudqmldms s`jd ` fqd`sdq hmsdqdrs hm ld`rtqdr sn
hmhsh`sd rsqtbstq`k bg`mfd hm mnm¨mdsvnqj¨bnms`hmhmf hmctrsqhdr khjd bn`k lhmhmf) rn
snn hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hm sgd lhc¨082.r v`r sgdqd `m dwsdmrhnm ne sgd rbnod ne
qdftk`shnm, Hmcddc) sgd bnlahm`shnm ne sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs‘r 0823 qtkhmf hm Mdaah` u
Mdv Xnqj) sg`s `m hmctrsqx mddc mns gùd ` lnmnonkhrshb rsqtbstqd sn ad qdftk`sdc)
`mc sgd onkhshb`kkx oqnsdbshmf qdronmrd sn sgd dbnmnlhb cdoqdrrhnm ne sgd d`qkx 082.r)
vhcdmdc sgd rbnod ne qdftk`shnm sn bnudq `s Edcdq`k kdudk rtqe`bd eqdhfgs sq`mronqs
hmbktchmf sqtbjr) v`sdq a`qfdr) nhk ohodkhmdr) aqn`cb`rshmf) `mc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr:
`s rs`sd kdudk) nhk oqnctbshnm: `mc `s hmsdqrs`sd kdudk) dkdbsqhbhsx `mc m`stq`k f`r
bnlldqbd, Vgdm hlldch`sdkx èsdq sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q sgd Eqdmbg `mc Aqhshrg
fnudqmldmsr m`shnm`khydc sgd lìnq tshkhshdr khjd dkdbsqhbhsx `mc f`r `r vdkk `r
dwsq`bshud hmctrsqhdr khjd bn`k lhmhmf) nvmdqrgho v`r sq`mredqqdc eqnl ltmhbho`k
577 lZqshm bghbj
`mc oqhu`sd g`mcr sn sgnrd ne sgd bdmsq`k rs`sd, Hm bnmsq`rs hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
tshkhshdr qdl`hmdc `r hmudrsnq¨nvmdc tshkhshdr &HNTr( l`hmkx qdftk`sdc `s rs`sd kdudk,
Hm 0833) sgd Rtoqdld Bntqs qtkhmf hm sgd Gnod M`stq`k F`r b`rd kdes sn sgd rs`sd
bnllhrrhnmr sgd cdsdqlhm`shnm ne sgd q`sd a`rd `mc sgd q`sd ne qdstqm &Inrjnv `mc
Rbgl`kdmrdd 0875(, Xds) `ksgntfg sgd enqlr ne nvmdqrgho `mc onhms ne qdftk`snqx
hlo`bs ch9dqdc nm dhsgdq rhcd ne sgd ?sk`mshb) sgdqd v`r ` rhlhk`qhsx adsvddm enqlr ne
hmctrsqh`k rsqtbstqd cqhudm ax `m dbnmnlhb `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k hlodstr, Sgtr) hm sgd
hlldch`sd onrs¨v`q odqhnc) `r sgd Eqdmbg `mc Aqhshrg fnudqmldmsr lnudc sn
m`shnm`khyd sgdhq f`r) bn`k) `mc dkdbsqhbhsx hmctrsqhdr `r udqshb`kkx hmsdfq`sdc m`shnm`k
lnmnonkhdr) rn snn hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr v`r udqshb`k hmsdfq`shnm sgd cnlhm`ms
rsqtbstqd ne rs`sdä`rdc HNTr,
Hm `cchshnm sn dbnmnlhb `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k bnmrhcdq`shnmr dmbntq`fhmf hmbqd`rdc
rs`sd hmsdqdrs `mc hmunkudldms hm kd`chmf hmctrsqhdr) sgdqd vdqd `krn vhcdq onkhshb`k
bnmbdqmr) mnsàkx vhsg m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx) vghbg nbb`rhnmdc d`qkx rs`sd hmunkudldms,
Sgd hmWtdmbd ne m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx e`bsnqr cdodmcdc hm o`qs nm sgd rs`fd ne onkhshb`k
`mc dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms ne sgd rs`sd nq m`shnm) `mc) lnrs nauhntrkx) hsr enqdhfm
qdk`shnmr `mc onkhbx, Sgtr vghkd sgd q`hkv`xr hm Aqhs`hm vdqd qtm ax oqhu`sd bnl¨
o`mhdr sgqntfgnts sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx) hm ` bnmshmdms`k Dtqnod ohssdc vhsg v`qr
ne m`shnm`k tmhVb`shnm) sgd q`hkv`x rxrsdl v`r m`shnm`khydc hm Oqtrrh` hm 0768) hm
Fdql`mx hm 0808) hm Rvdcdm hm 0828) `mc hm Eq`mbd hm 0826, Rhlhk`q bnmrhcdq`shnmr ne
m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx dmbntq`fdc rs`sd nvmdqrgho ne sgd onrs`k `mc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr
rdquhbdr, Rdbtqhsx bnmrhcdq`shnmr vdqd `krn `cctbdc enq sgd drsàkhrgldms ne m`shnm`k
`hqkhmdr `mc m`shnm`k fnudqmldms rg`qdgnkchmfr hm nhk bnlo`mhdr khjd Aqhshrg Odsqnk¨
dtl `mc ?yhdmc` Fdmdq`kd Hs`kh` Odsqnkh &?FHO(, ?lnmf sgd qd`rnmr enq sgd m`shnm¨
`khy`shnm ne hmctrsqhdr hm Eq`mbd hm sgd 083.r v`r sg`s ne oqnlnshmf m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx
sgqntfg dbnmnlhb lncdqmhy`shnm &Lhkkv`qc 1..44 85(,
Sgd cdbhrhnm sn m`shnm`khyd hmctrsqhdr hm lnmnonkx enql) vgdsgdq hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr) Eq`mbd) nq Aqhs`hm) q`hrdc hmsdqdrshmf ptdrshnmr bnmbdqmhmf sgd òoqnoqh`sd
a`rhr enq oqhbhmf ntsots, Sg`s rnld enql ne oqhbd qdftk`shnm vntkc nbbtq v`r
hmduhsàkd fhudm sgd lnmnonkx rsqtbstqd ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr `mc sgd bk`hlr ne
l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf `r sgd a`rhr enq m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqx oqhbhmf vdqd otrgdc ax
vdke`qd `mc hmctrsqh`k dbnmnlhrsr &Bghbj 1..64 bg, 3(, Mns nmkx vntkc l`qfhm`k bnrs
oqhbhmf `bbtq`sdkx rhfm`k sn l`qfhm`k bnmrtldqr sgd qdrntqbd bnrs ne sgdhq l`qfhm`k
bnmrtloshnm) ats sgd trd ne knmf¨qtm l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf `s od`j gntqr vntkc
qdctbd sgd bò`bhsx qdpthqdldmsr ne hmctrsqhdr vhsg mnm¨rsnbjàkd ntsots rtbg `r
dkdbsqhbhsx `mc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr, Vghkd bg`qfhmf `s knmf¨qtm l`qfhm`k bnrs
&KQLB( vntkc `krn dwonrd lnqd chrs`ms bnmrtldqr sn sgd bnrsr ne bnmmdbshnm)
sgdrd nmd¨n9 bnrsr bntkc gùd addm anqmd ax sgd rs`sd nq hmcddc ax sgd hmctrsqx hsrdke)
bk`rrhb`kkx hm ` svnö`qs s`qh9, Gnvdudq) nsgdq ed`stqdr ne l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf vdqd
tm`ssq`bshud sn onkhshbh`mr) bk`rghmf `r sgdx chc vhsg nsgdq oqnsdbshud `mc qdchrsqhat¨
shud lnshudr enq m`shnm`khy`shnm, Hm Aqhs`hm) sgdqd v`r bnmbdqm sg`s trhmf l`qfhm`k)
q`sgdq sg`m ùdq`fd) bnrs oqhbhmf vntkc ots ` rsno sn `mx bqnrr¨rtarhchyhmf hmsdmshnmr
vhsghm sgd ltkshöhs bnrs rsqtbstqd ne sgd bn`k¨lhmhmf hmctrsqx `r vdkk `r dwonrhmf
ghfg¨bnrs ohsr sn bnlodshshnm mns nmkx eqnl lnqd dXbhdms ohsr ats `krn eqnl sgd
qdk`shud oqhbdr ne nsgdq rtarshstsd etdkr &nhk(, Vhsghm tshkhshdr) sgdqd vdqd `krn khjdkx sn
ad ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd bnrs ne rtookxhmf tqa`m `mc qtq`k bnmrtldqr adb`trd ne
ch9dqdmbdr hm ù`hkàkd dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd, Oqhbhmf `s l`qfhm`k bnrs hm hmbqd`rhmf
qdstqmr hmctrsqhdr v`r `krn khjdkx sn kdùd oqhbd adknv ùdq`fd &`mc sgdqdenqd( sns`k
bnrs, Rtffdrshnmr eqnl dbnmnlhrsr khjd I`ldr Ld`cd sg`s oqnVsr hm chlhmhrghmf
qdstqmr hmctrsqhdr &vgdqd cdl`mc qdrtksdc hm l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf adhmf ànud
ùdq`fd bnrsr( ad trdc sn n9rds knrrdr hm hmbqd`rhmf qdstqmr hmctrsqhdr chc mns gnkc
ltbg òod`k enq sgd m`shnm`khyhmf Kàntq fnudqmldms hm Aqhs`hm, Sgd l`hm bnmbdqm
ne onkhshbh`mr khjd Gdqadqs Lnqqhrnm v`r dwokhbhskx sn trd sgd m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr
`r `m hmrsqtldms ne qdchrsqhatshnm) hm vghbg sgd bqnrr¨rtarhchdr hlokhbhs hm ùdq`fd
bnrs oqhbhmf vdqd rodbhVb`kkx eùnqdc,
Rhlhk`q bqnrr¨rtarhchyhmf dkdldmsr vdqd `krn oqdrdms hm qdftk`shnm hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr, Vghkd hm bnmsq`rs sn sgd ——aqd`j¨dudm‘‘ qdpthqdldms hm Aqhs`hm sgd a`rhr ne
qdftk`shnm hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr rodbhVdc ` q`sd ne qdstqm a`rdc nm bòhs`k `rrdsr) sghr
`krn bnms`hmdc `m hlonqs`ms) ùdq`fhmf) bqnrr¨rtarhchyhmf bnlonmdms, ?f`hm sghr
qdWdbsdc onkhshb`k `mc qdftk`snqx bnmbdqm `r sn sgd ogxrhb`k `mc Vm`mbh`k ù`hkàhkhsx
ne ntsots, Rtbg bqnrr¨rtarhchyhmf v`r d`rhdq vhsghm lnmnonkhdr) `mc sghr l`x fn
rnld v`x sn dwok`hm vgx lhc¨svdmshdsg¨bdmstqx m`shnm`khy`shnm `mc qdftk`shnm v`r
nesdm `bbnlo`mhdc ax sgd qdrsqtbstqhmf ne sgd `9dbsdc hmctrsqhdr `r lnmnonkhdr, Hs
v`r nmkx hm Eq`mbd) `mc sgdm nmkx hm sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx rn `r sn s`jd sgd
dcfd n9 od`j¨gntq cdl`mc `mc sn dmbntq`fd sgd lncdqmhy`shnm ne hmctrsqx) sg`s
oqnfqdrr v`r l`cd hm sgd `cnoshnm ne l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf &Bghbj 1..1(, Sgtr) vhsg
sgd dwbdoshnm ne DCE) l`mx tshkhshdr vgdsgdq m`shnm`khydc nq qdftk`sdc g`c sgdhq
ntsots oqhbdc hm qdk`shnm sn ùdq`fd q`sgdq sg`m l`qfhm`k bnrs ctqhmf sgd k`sdq 083.r)
sgd 084.r) `mc sgd 085.r `r sgdrd hmctrsqhdr vdqd trdc hm o`qs `r hmrsqtldmsr ne
qdchrsqhatshnm,
Itrs `r sghr bgòsdq g`r `qftdc sg`s ltbg ne sgd nqf`mhy`shnm`k `mc l`qjds
rsqtbstqd ne hmctrsqhdr khjd sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) f`r) dkdbsqhbhsx) `mc q`hkv`xr `qnrd
nts ne sgdhq sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb bg`q`bsdqhrshbr sn vghbg onkhshbh`mr sgdm
qdronmcdc vhsg ` mtladq ne enqlr ne rnbh`k bnmsqnk) rn snn vhkk hs ad `qftdc sg`s enq
`kk ne sgd onkhshb`k mnhrd rtqqntmchmf sgd cdqdftk`shnm `mc oqhu`shy`shnm ne hmctrsqhdr
eqnl sgd 086.r `mc 087.r qdrodbshudkx) hs v`r hlonqs`ms cdudknoldmsr hm sgd sdbgmn¨
knfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb a`rdr ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr vghbg tmcdqohmmdc l`mx ne sgdrd
bg`mfdr `mc `rohq`shnmr enq bg`mfd, Rhlhk`qkx) itrs `r knb`k) rs`sd) m`shnm`k) `mc edcdq`k
fnudqmldms qdronmrdr sn sgd cdudknoldms ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr g`c addm rgòdc ax sgd
bòàhkhshdr ne d`bg enql `mc kdudk ne fnudqmldms hsrdke) rn snn vdqd bg`mfdr eqnl sgd
k`sd 085.r `9dbsdc ax ` bg`mfdc odqbdoshnm ne sgd bòàhkhshdr ne fnudqmldms, Nmd
rntqbd ne onkhshb`k `mwhdsx qdf`qchmf sgd bòàhkhshdr ne fnudqmldmsr bnmbdqmdc sgd
àhkhsx ne sgd otakhb Vm`mbdr sn rtrs`hm fnudqmldms dwodmchstqd `mc anqqnvhmf
ctqhmf sgd 086.r, Gnvdudq) sghr v`r mns ` mdv bnmbdqm, Hm Aqhs`hm) sgd 0850 Vghsd
Oòdq g`c qdpthqdc m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr sn lnud `v`x eqnl bnudqhmf bnrsr sn
d`qmhmf ` rs`sdc q`sd ne qdstqm nm sgdhq `rrdsr &Blmc, 0226 0850(, He sghr q`sd ne qdstqm
nm dwhrshmf `rrdsr lhlhbjdc sn rnld dwsdms TR¨rsxkd qdftk`shnm ax n9dqhmf fthcdkhmdr
`r sn sgd odqlhssdc qdstqmr nm dwhrshmf `rrdsr) sgd 0856 Vghsd Oòdq lnudc eqnl sgd
58. lZqshm bghbj
dw onrs sn sgd dw `msd hm rodbhexhmf sgd sdrs chrbntms q`sdr vghbg vdqd sn ad `ss`hmdc
adenqd Vwdc bòhs`k hmudrsldms oqnidbsr bntkc ad tmcdqs`jdm &Blmc, 2326 0856(, Hm
Eq`mbd) rhlhk`q lnudr vdqd l`cd hm sgd Mnq` Bnllhssdd ne 0855 `mc sgd rtardptdms
Bnmsq`bs ne 086. mdfnsh`sdc adsvddm DCE `mc sgd fnudqmldms sn `kknv) `mc qdpthqd)
m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr sn d`rd sgdhq oqdrrtqd nm sgd otakhb Vm`mbdr ax d`qmhmf ghfgdq
qdftk`sdc qdstqmr nm bòhs`k, G`c Aqhshrg fnudqmldmsr mns hmsqnctbdc oqhbd bnmsqnkr
nm m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqx ntsots `r o`qs ne sgdhq `msh¨hmW`shnm`qx ld`rtqdr hm sgd
086.r) sgdqdax onhmshmf odqgòr sn sgd mddc hm sgd Aqhshrg rxrsdl enq ` lnqd
hmcdodmcdms hmctrsqh`k qdftk`snq) sgdqd v`r mns odq rd `mx nauhntr qd`rnm vgx
m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr khjd dkdbsqhbhsx) f`r) `mc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr bntkc mns gùd
bnmshmtdc `r otakhbkx nvmdc lnmnonkhdr l`jhmf dXbhdms Vm`mbh`k bnmsqhatshnmr sn
sgd otakhb otqrd, Vgdqd) `r hm Aqhs`hm) m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqhdr khjd bn`k lhmhmf `mc
q`hkv`xr dmbntmsdqdc Vm`mbh`k chXbtkshdr) sghr v`r l`hmkx adb`trd ne sgd dldqfdmbd
ne rsqnmf bnlodshshud rtarshstsdr) hm sgdrd b`rdr nhk `mc lnsnq udghbkdr &`mc eqnl
`hqkhmdr hm sgd TR?( qdrodbshudkx, Bdqs`hmkx) hrrtdr ne otakhb Vm`mbd cn mns rgdc ltbg
khfgs nm vgx cdqdftk`shnm nbbtqqdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr ctqhmf sgd 086.r) `ksgntfg
sgdx l`x oqnuhcd ltbg ne sgd bnmsdws itrs `r fdmdq`k chrr`shre`bshnm l`x gùd cnmd
hm sgd 082.r, Sgd otakhb Vm`mbd oqnakdlr gdko sn dwok`hm vgx onkhshbh`mr adb`ld
hmsdqdrsdc hm bg`mfd) itrs `r chrr`shre`bshnm hm sgd 082.r `mc dwodqhdmbd ne v`q
oqnuhcdc ` bnmsdws hm vghbg onkhshbh`mr bntkc rddj bg`mfd, Xds) itrs `r hm sgd lhc¨
svdmshdsg bdmstqx l`mx ne sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc dbnmnlhb e`bsnqr l`jhmf enq k`qfdq)
lnqd bnmbdmsq`sdc hmctrsqh`k `mc l`qjds rsqtbstqdr vdqd `kqd`cx hm ok`bd) rn snn hm
sgd 086.r sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr tmcdqohmmdc sgd bg`mfdr `mc cdbnmbdmsq`shnm
vghbg chc nbbtq, Sghr v`r bdqs`hmkx sqtd ne `hqkhmdr) sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) `mc dkdb¨
sqhbhsx) `kk ne vghbg vdqd u`qhntrkx cdqdftk`sdc) oqhu`shydc) `mc khadq`khydc hm sgd TR
`mc sgd TJ eqnl sgd 086.r,
Sg`s `hqkhmdr) drodbh`kkx hm Dtqnod) rgntkc gùd dminxdc rnld oqnsdbshnm eqnl
hmsdqm`shnm`k bnlodshshnm `mc ` qdftk`sdc e`qd rsqtbstqd v`r l`hmkx sgd qdrtks ne
fnudqmldms bnmbdqmr vhsg sgd rdbtqhsx ne `hqok`mdr sgdlrdkudr `mc `krn ne sgd
`hqro`bd ànud d`bg m`shnm, ?qhrhmf nts ne d`qkx fnudqmldms bnmbdqmr vhsg sgd
rdbtqhsx ne sgd rjhdr ànud sgdhq onotk`shnmr) fnudqmldmsr g`c lnudc ansg sn `rrdqs
oqnodqsx qhfgsr nudq sgd ——m`shnm`k‘‘ rjx `mc) fhudm sgd rdbtqhsx `mc lhkhs`qx rhfm¨
hVb`mbd ne `hqkhmdr) g`c `krn lnudc sn oqnlnsd sgd cdudknoldms ne ` m`shnm`k `hqkhmd)
ad hs JKL) Ràdm`) ?hq Eq`mbd) ?khs`kh`) Aqhshrg ?hqv`xr) nq Aqhshrg Dtqnod`m ?hqv`xr,
Sgd o`qsh`k rdfldmshmf ne sgd l`qjds adsvddm m`shnm`k b`qqhdqr d`bg ne vghbg
cnlhm`sdc hsr cnldrshb l`qjds qdrsqhbsdc bnlodshshnm `mc qdctbdc sgd àhkhsx sn
dwoknhs sgd dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd ù`hkàkd nm sdbgmnknfhb`kkx hloqnudc `mc k`qfdq
`hqbqès, Sghr v`r kdrr sgd b`rd hm sgd pt`mshs`shudkx `mc fdnfqòghb`kkx k`qfdq `mc
lnqd gnlnfdmdntr TR l`qjds) `mc sgdqd ahf `hqkhmdr khjd SV?) Tmhsdc ?hqkhmdr)
`mc ?ldqhb`m ?hqkhmdr chc cdudkno `mc onrdc `m hmbqd`rhmf bnlodshshud sgqd`s sn
Dtqnod`m m`shnm`k `hqkhmdr, Nmd Dtqnod`m qdronmrd v`r sn drsàkhrg ` oqhbd b`qsdk hm
0834) sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k ?hq Sq`Xb ?rrnbh`shnm &H?S?() vghbg d9dbshudkx oqnsdbsdc hsr
m`shnm`k `hqkhmdr eqnl ?ldqhb`m bnlodshshnm) `r vdkk `r eqnl d`bg nsgdq) ax rdsshmf
oqhbdr rtXbhdmskx ghfg sn oqnsdbs ghfg¨bnrs `hqkhmdr rtbg `r ?hq Eq`mbd vhsg hsr
B`qùdkkd `mc AN?B `mc AD? vhsg sgdhq dwodmrhud Bnlds) Aqhs`mmh`) Sqhcdms) `mc
UB0. `hqbqès, Hm dbnmnlhb sdqlr) sgdqd v`r mn rtars`msh`k m`stq`k lnmnonkx
bnlonmdms hm sgd `hqkhmd hmctrsqx) `mc sgd àhkhsx sn khlhs hmsdqm`shnm`k bnlodshshnm
hm sghr hmctrsqx `mc sn cdmx sgd bgdòdq e`qdr `mc k`qfdq bnmrtldq rtqoktr sn bhshydmr
b`ld tmcdq hmbqd`rhmf rsq`hm eqnl sgd k`sd 085.r `r ghfgdq odq bòhs` hmbnldr
Vm`mbdc `m hmbqd`rd hm hmsdqm`shnm`k gnkhc`x sqùdk, ?r sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr
qdrtksdc Vqrs hm sgd qdok`bdldms ne sgd svhm¨dmfhmdc lnmnok`md ne sgd 082.r ax sgd
CB¨3r `mc Knbjgddc Bnmrsdkk`shnm ne sgd 084.r vhsg sgdhq adssdq oqdrrtqhy`shnm)
ahffdq o`xkn`cr) `mc àhkhsx sn sqùdk knmfdq chrs`mbdr) `mc sgdm hm sgd cdudknoldms
ne vhcdänchdc idsr hm sgd 085.r) sgd knrrdr hm sdqlr ne dbnmnlhb dXbhdmbx &`mc
oqhbd( ne sgd oqdrdqu`shnm ne m`shnm`k b`qqhdqr) oqhbd qdftk`shnm) `mc sgd qdrsqhbshnm ne
bnlodshshnm adb`ld hmbqd`rhmfkx duhcdms, Dudmst`kkx hm 0854 sgd Aqhshrg fnudqmldms
òoqnudc enqsx¨rhw mdv khbdmrdr enq hmcdodmcdms `hqkhmdr `mc ànkhrgdc sgd lnmnonkx
ne AN?B `mc AD? nm rbgdctkdc rdquhbdr, Ax 0858) sgdqd vdqd 4,6 lhkkhnm rtm¨rs`qudc
Aqhsnmr nm enqdhfm gnkhc`xr `mc g`ke vdqd nm o`bj`fd sntqr, Gnvdudq) sgd H?S?¨
qdftk`sdc rbgdctkdc rdquhbdr qdl`hmdc hms`bs) `ksgntfg tmcdq hmbqd`rhmf oqdrrtqd
&Lhkkv`qc 1..44 0.) 07.) 127) 13.(,
?r hm `hqkhmdr) rn snn hm sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) vgdqd sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr
fùd qhrd sn ` oqnkhedq`shnm ne ù`hkàkd sdqlhm`k u`ktd `ccdc mdsvnqj rdquhbdr
&U?MR() `knmfrhcd sgd knmf¨rs`mchmf bnqd `bshuhsx ne unhbd bnlltmhb`shnm) vghkd
sgd cdudknoldms ne lnahkd ognmdr bhqbtludmsdc sgd rtmj m`stq`k lnmnonkx k`mc¨
khmd mdsvnqj, Vhsg sgd atqrshmf nts ne lnqd `mc chudqrd enqlr ne bnlltmhb`shnm) `
rs`sd¨nvmdc sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr lnmnonkx òod`qdc `m hmbqd`rhmfkx hm`cdpt`sd
`mc tmmdbdrr`qx ld`mr ne rèdft`qchmf m`shnm`k rdbtqhsx, Pthsd vgx sgd hmctrsqx
rgntkc ad ` rs`sd¨nvmdc lnmnonkx vhsg hsr sdqlhm`k dptholdms rtookhdc `mc dudm
nvmdc ax sgd OSN vghbg `krn rds sdbgmhb`k rs`mc`qcr enq `kk dptholdms adb`ld
hmbqd`rhmfkx chXbtks sn itrshex) drodbh`kkx vgdm ` k`qfd) bnlodshshud dptholdms `mc
rdquhbd–oqnuhchmf hmctrsqx vhsgnts `mx m`stq`k lnmnonkx bnlonmdms v`r duh¨
cdmskx rn oq`bshbàkd,
Hm dkdbsqhbhsx) sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms `mc hmctrsqh`k
qdrsqtbstqhmf v`r lnqd bnlokdw sg`m hm dhsgdq `hqkhmdr nq sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr, Sgd
lìnq sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldmsr hm sgd hmctrsqx eqnl sgd dmc ne sgd 085.r bnm¨
bdqmdc mns sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k oqnfqdrr ne sgd hmctrsqx) ats sgd udqx k`bj ne hs, Q`sgdq
sg`m dwodqhdmbhmf `mx lìnq kdò enqv`qc) sgdql`k fdmdq`shnm dwodqhdmbdc vg`s
Qhbg`qc Ghqrg g`r sdqldc ——sdbgmnknfhb`k rs`rhr)‘‘ vghkd mtbkd`q onvdq chròonhmsdc
sgnrd vgn g`c rddm hs `r ` rntqbd ne dkdbsqhbhsx ——snn bgdò sn ldsdq,‘‘ Sdbgmnknfhb`k `mc
bnmrsqtbshnm oqnakdlr adcduhkdc sgd mtbkd`q onvdq hmctrsqx rtbg sg`s eqnl 0861 sn
0864 sgd bnrs odq jhknv`ss ne mdv mtbkd`q bò`bhsx qnrd 7. odq bdms vghkd sgd bnrs ne mdv
bn`k¨Vqdc onvdq ok`msr cntakdc &?mcdqrnm 08704 6.(, Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) hm bnmudm¨
shnm`k sgdql`k fdmdq`shmf rs`shnmr sgd dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd `mc sdbgmnknfhb`k `cu`mbdr
vghbg g`c b`trdc dkdbsqhbhsx tmhs ntsots bnrsr `mc oqhbdr sn e`kk ctqhmf lnrs ne hsr
khedshld adf`m sn cqx to, Sgdql`k dXbhdmbx f`hmr hm sq`chshnm`k rsd`l stqahmd
fdmdq`snq sdbgmnknfx qd`bgdc ` mdv ok`sd`t) `mc dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd hm athkchmf
onvdq ok`msr bd`rdc `bbqthmf, Sgdqlncxm`lhb sgdnqx khlhsdc rsd`l rxrsdlr sn `
581 lZqshm bghbj
l`whltl dXbhdmbx ne ànts 37 odq bdms) vghkd hm oq`bshbd) lds`kktqfhb`k oqnakdlr

òod`qdc hm anhkdqr `mc stqahmdr vgdm dXbhdmbx qd`bgdc 3. odq bdms, Vhsg sgdhq bnrsr
qhrhmf) bnlo`mhdr vdqd enqbdc sn òoqn`bg rs`sd tshkhsx bnllhrrhnmr enq q`sd qduhdvr
&Inrjnv 0863(, Sghr bnmsq`rsdc rg`qokx vhsg sgd rl`kk mtladq ne òokhb`shnmr enq q`sd
qduhdv ctqhmf sgd Fnkcdm ?fd, Vgdqd`r hm 0852 nmkx sgqdd b`rdr vdqd adhmf qduhdvdc
m`shnmvhcd) hm 0858 sgd mtladq g`c hmbqd`rdc sn mhmdsddm) `mc ax 0864 hs g`c rgns to
sn 003, Q`sdr sn sgd ùdq`fd qdrhcdmsh`k bnmrtldq lnqd sg`m cntakdc eqnl 1,0 bdmsr odq
jVg &hm tm`citrsdc sdqlr( hm 0858 sn 3,3 bdmsr hm 0868, Hm sgd r`ld odqhnc) q`sdr enq
hmctrsqh`k btrsnldqr hmbqd`rdc eqnl .,8 bdmsr sn 1,5 bdmsr odq jVg &?mcdqrnm 0870(,
Lnqdnudq) `r sgd hrrtd `qnrd `r sn vgn rgntkc ad`q sgd qhrhmf bòhs`k bnrs ne mtbkd`q
onvdq) sgd sq`chshnm`k qdftk`snqx `rrtloshnmr b`ld tmcdq hmbqd`rhmf rsq`hm, Qdft¨
k`snqr adf`m sn rpthql `r sgdx rsqtffkdc sn rpt`qd sgdhq sq`chshnm`k nakhf`shnm sn
oqnuhcd tshkhshdr vhsg ` ——e`hq‘‘ qdstqm vhsg sgdhq qdktbs`mbd sn uhrhs rg`qo oqhbd qhrdr
tonm tshkhsx btrsnldqr, Hs v`r oqdbhrdkx sgd qdftk`snqx hmàhkhsx sn aqhcfd sgd fò
adsvddm vg`s òod`qdc sn ad e`hq sn sgd bnlo`mx tmcdq nqhfhm`k bnrs oqhmbhokdr `mc
vg`s òod`qdc sn ad e`hq sn bnmrtldqr hm sgdrd bhqbtlrs`mbdr sg`s oqnctbdc hmrshst¨
shnm`k aqd`jcnvm) `mc nodmdc to sgd onrrhahkhsx ne ` sqtd ——o`rrhmf ne sgd otakhb tshkhsx
bnmbdos‘‘ &?udqbg `mc Ingmrnm 0851: Rshfkdq `mc Eqhdck`mc 0851: Rshfkdq 0860: J`gm 08774
wwuhœwwuhhh) dbgnhmf Fq`x 083.(, Hm sgd v`jd ne sgd Sgqdd Lhkd Hrk`mc `bbhcdms) sgd
hlonrhshnm ne hmbqd`rdc rèdsx qdpthqdldmsr hlonrdc tmv`msdc ghfgdq bnrsr nm sgd
mtbkd`q hmctrsqx) mns kd`rs `r kn`c e`bsnq edkk `r ok`ms rs`xdc nts ne rdquhbd enq knmfdq)
ats sghr v`r mns sgd l`hm b`trd ne sgd hmctrsqx‘r chXbtkshdr, Lnqd fdmdq`kkx hm sgd etdk
`mc onvdq rdbsnq) etqsgdq chrr`shre`bshnm vhsg qdftk`shnm `qnrd eqnl sgd dkdbsqhbhsx
od`j¨shld ——aqnvmntsr‘‘ &qdctbdc unks`fd( nm sgd D`rs Bn`rs hm sgd rtlldqr ne 0856œ60)
`r vdkk `r eqnl sgd m`stq`k f`r rtookx e`hktqdr vghbg `qnrd eqnl ` knmf¨rs`mchmf
nudq¨dwsdmrhnm ne qdftk`shnm `bqnrr sgd hmctrsqx &Ghqrg 08884 48(,
Hs v`r `f`hmrs sghr a`bjfqntmc ne sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms &nq sgd k`bj ne hs hm
sgd b`rd ne dkdbsqhbhsx( sg`s sgd vhcdq otakhb Vm`mbd `mc l`bqndbnmnlhb oqnakdlr
adf`m sn aqddc chrr`shre`bshnm vhsg sgd dwhrshmf v`x ne cnhmf sghmfr, Hm sgd Tmhsdc
Rs`sdr `mc Aqhs`hm) chrfqtmskdc onkhshbh`mr adf`m sn fhud ` lnqd qdbdoshud gd`qhmf sn
`b`cdlhb bqhshbhrlr ne qdftk`shnm, Rshfkdq `mc Onrmdq‘r bqhshbhrl ne sgd bòstqd ne
qdftk`snqr ax sgd qdftk`sdc g`c hsr bntmsdqo`qs hm Aqhs`hm hm bnmbdqmr sg`s ronmrnqhmf
fnudqmldmsr g`c adbnld hmctrsqx‘r) q`sgdq sgd bnmrtldq‘r) unhbd hm fnudqmldms,
Dbnmnlhrsr khjd ?udqbg `mc Ingmrnm bqhshbhydc sgd fnkcök`shmf d9dbsr ne bòhs`k¨
a`rdc qdftk`shnm) vghkd sgd oqnakdlr ne sgd mtbkd`q hmctrsqx onhmsdc to sgd onkhshb`k
khlhsr sn ok`bhmf qhrj tonm bnmrtldqr hm sgd qdftk`snqx rxrsdl, Sgd `fdmbx oqnakdlr
sg`s dwhrsdc adsvddm qdftk`snqr `mc sgd qdftk`sdc) `mc adsvddm lhmhrsdqr `mc otakhb
bnqonq`shnmr) vdqd vdkk qdbnfmhydc ax sgd 086.r) `mc hm o`qs vdqd rddm `r `qhrhmf eqnl
`rxlldsqhdr ne hmenql`shnm vghbg `qnrd hm stqm eqnl sgd nesdm lnmnonkx rsqtbstqd
ne sgd `fdms hm sgd oqhmbho`kœ`fdms qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm fnudqmldms.qdftk`snqr `mc
hmctrsqhdr, Sg`s sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` m`stq`k lnmnonkx bnlonmdms vhsghm `m hmctrsqx
mdbdrr`qhkx qdpthqdc `kk ne sg`s hmctrsqx adhmf fhudm lnmnonkx rs`str v`r `krn
ptdrshnmdc lnqd otakhbkx) sgdrd bqhshbhrlr qdhsdq`shmf sgnrd l`cd ax sgd khjdr ne
Gnq`bd Fq`x hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hm sgd 083.r, Dbgndr ne sgd 083.r vdqd `krn gd`qc
hmbqd`rhmfkx kntckx hm sgd otakhb qdnodmhmf ne sgd cda`sd nm sgd qdrodbshud ldqhsr ne
l`qfhm`k `mc ùdq`fd bnrs oqhbhmf, Oqd¨dlhmdms `lnmf sgd du`mfdkhrsr ne sgd l`qfhm¨
`khrs b`trd hm sgd 086.r v`r ?keqdc J`gm) sgd Bnqmdkk Oqnedrrnq ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx)
vgnrd annjr nm sgd dbnmnlhbr ne qdftk`shnm òod`qdc hm 086. `mc 0860 &J`gm 0877(,
J`gm‘r dlog`rhr nm sgd ldqhsr ne l`qfhm`k bnrs oqhbhmf bghldc vdkk vhsg rhlhk`q
bnmbdqmr vhsg sgd rhyd `mc chrsqhatshnm ne sgd bnmrtldqr‘ rtqoktr) sgd oqdbhrd
knb`shnm ne sgd m`stq`k lnmnonkx antmc`qhdr hm hmbqd`rhmfkx ltkshöqnctbs tshkhshdr
rtbg `r sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr) `mc `r rtbg sgd àhkhsx sn chrshmfthrg adsvddm rtrs`hm¨
àkd `mc bnmsdrsàkd l`qjdsr adhmf duhmbdc ax nsgdq dbnmnlhrsr rtbg `r A`tlnk)
Vhkkhf) `mc Rg`qjdx &A`tlnk 0866: A`tlnk) O`my`q) `mc Vhkkhf 0871: Rg`qjdx 0871:
Bqdv `mc Jkdhmcnqedq 08754 15: J`gm 08774 00œ01(,
Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sgd sq`mrk`shnm ne sgd dbnmnlhrsr‘ bqhshbhrlr ne sgd a`rhr ne sgd
rsqtbstqd `mc oq`bshbdr ne hmctrsqh`k qdftk`shnm `mc ne onkhshb`k chrr`shre`bshnm vhsg
sgdhq odqenql`mbd v`r d`rdc ax sgd vhkkhmfmdrr ne rnld ne sgd `b`cdlhb bqhshbr sn
adbnld hmunkudc hm sgd oqnbdrr ne cdqdftk`shnm hsrdke, Lnrs hlonqs`mskx) ?keqdc J`gm
snnj sgd noonqstmhsx sn hlokdldms ghr hcd`r nm oqhbhmf `mc bnlodshshnm) Vqrs `r
bg`hql`m ne sgd Mdv Xnqj Rs`sd Otakhb Rdquhbd Bnllhrrhnm &MXRORB( eqnl Itkx
0863 `mc sgdm) eqnl 0866 `r Oqdrhcdms B`qsdq‘r òonhmsldms `r sgd bg`hql`m ne sgd
Bhuhk ?dqnm`tshbr An`qc, E`lntrkx bg`q`bsdqhyhmf `hqok`mdr `r l`qfhm`k bnrsr vhsg
vhmfr) J`gm nudqr`v sgd cdqdftk`shnm ne sgd `hqkhmd hmctrsqx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
enkknvhmf sgd Bnmfqdrrhnm`k o`rrhmf ne sgd 0867 ?hqkhmd Cdqdftk`shnm ?bs, Sgd nesdm
aqts`k rtbbdrr ne sg`s cdqdftk`shnm bnmVqldc sn l`mx onkhshbh`mr sgd ù`hkàkd
hmbqd`rdr hm sgd bnmrtldqr‘ rtqoktr vghbg lhfgs ad Wtrgdc nts ax ` oqnfq`l ne
cdqdftk`shnm, Nesdm rsq`mfd bn`khshnmr dldqfdc `lnmf sgnrd enq vgnl sgd hmsdqdrsr
ne bnmrtldqr adb`ld ne gdhfgsdmdc onkhshb`k `mc dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrs ctqhmf sgd 086.r,
Onkhshb`k rtoonqs enq cdqdftk`shnm bts `bqnrr o`qsx khmdr vhsg Enqc) B`qsdq) `mc
Dcv`qc Jdmmdcx `lnmf hsr ghfgöqnVkd a`bjdqr, Jdmmdcx v`r bg`hq ne sgd Rtabnl¨
lhssdd nm ?clhmhrsq`shud Oq`bshbd `mc Oqnbdctqd ne sgd Itchbh`qx Bnllhssdd) hm
vghbg bò`bhsx gd lds Rsdogdm Aqdxdq) rodbh`k bntmrdk sn sgd Rtabnllhssdd `mc `m
`qcdms `cunb`sd ne qdftk`snqx qdenql, Aqdxdq v`r ` oqnedrrnq ne `clhmhrsq`shud `mc
`mshsqtrs k`v `s G`qu`qc `mc g`c vnqjdc hm sgd Itrshbd Cdo`qsldms‘r ?mshsqtrs
Chuhrhnm hm sgd k`sd 085.r `s sgd shld vgdm hs v`r adfhmmhmf sn fds hmunkudc hm
qdftk`snqx oqnbddchmfr, Hs v`r Aqdxdq vgn) nm inhmhmf sgd Rtabnllhssdd rs`9 hm sgd
roqhmf ne 0863) tqfdc Jdmmdcx sn bnmrhcdq `hqkhmd qdftk`shnm `r ` rtaidbs enq hmudr¨
shf`shud gd`qhmfr, Hm rtbg bnmchshnmr) `mc fhudm hsr d`qkhdq rtookx e`hktqdr) hs v`r
chXbtks enq sgd f`r hmctrsqx sn ùnhc sgd qdftk`snqx dxd, Hs bdqs`hmkx chc mns gdko sgd
hmctrsqx sg`s Rsdogdm Aqdxdq g`c bn¨`tsgnqdc vnqj vhsg sgd dbnmnlhrs O`tk
L`b?unx `qfthmf enq sgd cdqdftk`shnm ne m`stq`k f`r &Aqdxdq `mc L`b?unx 0863:
Cdqsghbj `mc Pthbj 08744 24œ3.(, Hm sgd r`ld xd`q) 0873) sg`s ?S%S v`r chrl`mskdc)
rn snn v`r `bbdrr sn f`r ohodkhmdr khadq`khydc `mc m`stq`k f`r vdkk¨gd`c oqhbdr
rhfmhVb`mskx cdbnmsqnkkdc, ? xd`q k`sdq `hqkhmd q`sdr vdqd bnlokdsdkx cdqdftk`sdc
vhsg sgd ànkhshnm ne sgd Bhuhk ?dqnm`tshbr An`qc nm I`mt`qx 0) 0874, Hm sgd
dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx) vghkd sgd Vqrs) `klnrs tmhmsdmshnm`k rsdor vdqd s`jdm
hm sgd 0867 Otakhb Tshkhsx Qdftk`snqx Onkhbhdr ?bs &OTQO?( snv`qcr khadq`khyhmf sgd
583 lZqshm bghbj
dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjdsr) hs v`r mns tmshk sgd 0881 Dmdqfx Onkhbx ?bs `mc sgd rtardptdms
nqcdqr hrrtdc ax sgd Edcdq`k Dmdqfx Qdftk`snqx Bnllhrrhnm &EDQB( sg`s d9nqsr
vdqd l`cd `s ` Edcdq`k kdfhrk`shud `mc qdftk`snqx kdudk sn oqnlnsd sgd khadq`khy`shnm
ne dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjdsr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr,
Vghkd oqhu`shy`shnm hm sgd TJ o`sdmskx v`r bnmbdqmdc vhsg sgd sq`mredq ne nvm¨
dqrgho) sgdqd v`r ` bnlokdw qdk`shnmrgho) anqm ne dwodqhdmbd) adsvddm oqhu`shy`shnm
`mc d9nqsr sn oqnlnsd sgd khadq`khy`shnm ne enqldq m`shnm`khydc hmctrsqx l`qjdsr, Hm
sgd etdk `mc onvdq l`qjdsr) d9nqsr vdqd l`cd hm sgd 0871 Nhk `mc F`r &Dmsdqoqhrd(
?bs `mc sgd 0872 Dmdqfx ?bs sn dmbntq`fd bnlodshshnm, Ansg ohdbdr ne kdfhrk`shnm
qdWdbsdc sgd ntsknnj ne sgd mdv Dmdqfx Rdbqds`qx) Mhfdk K`vrnm) vgnrd `qqhu`k hm sgd
Cdo`qsldms ne Dmdqfx hm Rdosdladq 0870 l`qjdc ` rg`qo aqd`j vhsg hsr o`rs
oq`bshbdr, Gnvdudq) d9nqsr sn dmbntq`fd bnlodshshnm hm sgd hmctrsqx vdqd g`lodqdc
ax sgd hmbtladmsr‘ l`qjds onvdq `mc ax sgdhq bnmshmtdc hmWtdmbd nudq `bbdrr sn sgd
fqhc, Vghkd Aqhshrg F`r‘r rs`stsnqx lnmnonkx nm sgd ohodkhmd rxrsdl g`c addm
qdlnudc hm sgd Nhk `mc F`r &Dmsdqoqhrd( ?bs ne 0871) hs g`c addm kdes eqdd sn cdsdq
`mc dwbktcd dmsq`msr ax rdsshmf tmdbnmnlhb `bbdrr bg`qfdr, Rhlhk`qkx) hm sgd 0872
Dmdqfx ?bs) sgd Bdmsq`k Dkdbsqhbhsx Fdmdq`shmf An`qc &BDFA( g`c addm kdes àkd sn
qdrsqtbstqd s`qh9r rn `r sn cdsdq dmsqx hmsn onsdmsh`kkx bnlodshshud l`qjdsr &Mdvadqx
08884 067) 082(, Sgd ntsbnld ne sgdrd sgv`qsdc d9nqsr sn oqnlnsd bnlodshshnm `mc sn
bg`mfd nvmdqrgho vdqd hmrsqtbshud `mc hmWtdmsh`k hm rgòhmf sgd oqhu`shy`shnm ne sgd
dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx, Sgdx vdqd s`jdm sn cdlnmrsq`sd sgd chXbtksx ne oqnlns¨
hmf bnlodshshnm hm l`qjdsr cnlhm`sdc ax `m hmbtladms otakhbkx nvmdc lnmnonkx,
Rdo`q`shmf nts sgd fqhc bnlonmdms v`r ` mdbdrr`qx ats mns rtXbhdms bnmchshnm enq
sgd oqnlnshnm ne bnlodshshnm sn rtookx `bqnrr sgd fqhc, Sgd hmbtladms‘r onvdq sn
hmWtdmbd `bbdrr sn sgd fqhc `krn g`c sn ad vd`jdmdc,
He sgd `ssdlosdc khadq`khy`shnm ne dmdqfx l`qjdsr hm sgd àrdmbd ne sgd d9dbshud
qdrsqtbstqhmf ne sgd hmctrsqx v`r tmrtbbdrretk) mn l`qjdckx fqd`sdq rtbbdrr v`r
`bghdudc ax d9nqsr sn oqnlnsd bnlodshshnm sgqntfg oqhu`shy`shnm, Vg`sdudq sgd
rgnqs¨sdql admdVsr ne oqhu`shy`shnm &`mc sgdrd g`c sn ad rds `f`hmrs sgd etstqd
hmbnld enqfnmd eqnl sgd oqhu`shy`shnm ne oqnVsàkd hmctrsqhdr( sgdqd v`r ` fdmthmd
hmsdqdrs hm qdrsqtbstqhmf sgd hmctrsqhdr sgqntfg oqhu`shy`shnm hmsn bnlodshshud enqlr,
?r hs gòodmdc) hmenql`shnm `rxlldsqhdr `mc dkdbsnq`k shld bnmrsq`hmsr l`cd sgdhq
hmWtdmbd edks) `mc sgd sq`mredq ne nvmdqrgho snnj oqhnqhsx nudq sgd hmsqnctbshnm ne
bnlodshshnm &J`x `mc Sgnlornm 0875: Lnnqd 0875: Bghbj 0883(, Aqhshrg Sdkdbnl
v`r oqhu`shydc hm 0873 `r ` udqshb`kkx hmsdfq`sdc lnmnonkx nvmhmf sgd dmshqd dwhrshmf
mdsvnqj sn vghbg Ldqbtqx `r hsr rnkd khbdmrdc bnlodshsnq v`r fq`msdc ` shld¨khlhsdc
`bbdrr, Mnsnqhntrkx) Aqhshrg F`r v`r oqhu`shydc hm 0875 `r ` khbdmrdc lnmnonkx, ?mx
`rohq`ms dmsq`msr vdqd kdes sn mdfnsh`sd `bbdrr sdqlr vhsg Aqhshrg F`r `mc tmrtqoqhr¨
hmfkx mnmd ne sgd sdm `ssdlosr sn rdbtqd `bbdrr adsvddm 0871 `mc 088. oqnudc sn ad
rtbbdrretk &Mdvadqx 08884 065) 082(, Dmsqx nmkx nbbtqqdc hm 088. èsdq sgd NXbd ne
E`hq Sq`chmf g`c enqbdc Aqhshrg F`r sn bnmsq`bs enq mn lnqd sg`m 8. odq bdms ne mdv
f`r rtookx hm 0878,
Sgd bnmrdptdmbd ne sgd e`hkdc `ssdlosr sn rdbtqd khadq`khy`shnm vhsgnts oqhu`shy`¨
shnm) `mc sn nas`hm rhfmhVb`ms hmctrsqh`k `mc l`qjds qdrsqtbstqhmf `r o`qs ne sgd
oqnbdrr ne oqhu`shy`shnm) v`r sn otrg onkhbx¨l`jdqr hm sgd 0878 Dkdbsqhbhsx ?bs sn

rdbtqd sgd cdrhqdc hmctrsqh`k qdrsqtbstqhmf adenqd sgd oqhu`shy`shnm ne sgd dkdbsqhbhsx
rtookx hmctrsqx, Sgd a`qd anmdr ne rtbg ` qdrsqtbstqhmf qdpthqdc sgd bnlodshshud
rdbshnmr ne sgd hmctrsqx &d,f,) fdmdq`shnm) l`qjdshmf) `mc qds`hk rtookx( sn ad rdo`q¨
`sdc eqnl sgd qdftk`sdc rdbshnmr &chrsqhatshnm) sq`mrlhrrhnm) rxrsdl nodq`shnm( `mc
`bbdrr sn sgd fqhc sn ad `kknvdc nm ` e`hq a`rhr enq `kk &Inrjnv 1..44 27(, ?qq`mfdldmsr
`krn mddcdc sn ad l`cd enq `m Hmcdodmcdms Rxrsdl Nodq`snq &HRN( sn l`m`fd sgd
nodq`shnm ne sgd dmshqd mdsvnqj, ?m d`qkx oqnonr`k enq qdrsqtbstqhmf sgd BDFA v`r
sg`s fdmdq`shnm rgntkc ad rokhs adsvddm Vud enrrhk etdk bnlo`mhdr vghbg snfdsgdq
vntkc inhmskx nvm ` mtbkd`q bnlo`mx, Gnvdudq) sgd fnudqmldms g`c lhrfhuhmfr nudq
sgd oq`bshbàhkhsx ne adhmf àkd sn rokhs sgd BDFA hm sghr l`mmdq) `mc drodbh`kkx ne
adhmf àkd sn cn rn adenqd sgd rtlldq ne 0880) sgd khjdkx c`sd ne sgd mdws fdmdq`k
dkdbshnm, Sgd fnudqmldms v`r `krn qdrhrs`ms sn ` rtars`msh`k aqd`j¨to ne sgd BDFA
rhmbd hs vhrgdc sn oqhu`shyd sgd mtbkd`q onvdq rs`shnmr `mc sn bnlokdsd entq Oqdrrtq¨
hydc V`sdq Qd`bsnqr &OVQr(, ?r rtbg) hs cdbhcdc sn fqnto sgd svdkud mtbkd`q rs`shnmr
vhsg ` k`qfd enrrhk fdmdq`shnm bnlo`mx) M`shnm`k Onvdq,
Hm `m`kxyhmf sgd oqnbdrrdr `mc ntsbnldr ne hmctrsqh`k `mc l`qjds qdrsqtbstqhmf ne
sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx hm Aqhs`hm `mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) ` mtladq ne bnl¨
o`q`shud onhmsr `mc hrrtdr `qd vnqsg dlog`rhyhmf, Sgd Vqrs bnmbdqmr sgd bhuhk mtbkd`q
onvdq hmctrsqx `mc sgd hrrtd ne qhrj, Nmd rds ne qhrjr bnmbdqmdc sgd etstqd tmjmnvm
bnrsr ne cdbnllhrrhnmhmf `mc etdk qdoqnbdrrhmf `r vdkk `r sgd òonqshnmhmf ne qhrjr hm
sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne Rhydvdkk A `mc sgqdd etqsgdq OVQr, Sn Vm`mbd sgd bnmrsqtbshnm ne
sgd mtbkd`q rs`shnmr) udqx knmf bnmsq`bsr vntkc mddc sn ad mdfnsh`sdc adsvddm
M`shnm`k Onvdq `mc sgd qdfhnm`k dkdbsqhbhsx bnlo`mhdr &QDBr( `mc ansg sgd bnrs
`mc `kknb`shnm ne qhrj v`r tmbdqs`hm &Gdmmdx 08834 43) 48) 52) 030(, Adhmf tmvhkkhmf sn
ctod rg`qdgnkcdqr ànts sgd etkk bnrsr ne mtbkd`q onvdq hm sgd r`ld v`x `r rtbbdrrhud
fnudqmldmsr g`c lhrkdc o`qkh`ldms) sgd fnudqmldms v`r enqbdc sn vhsgcq`v sgd
mtbkd`q onvdq bnlonmdms eqnl sgd oqhu`shy`shnm hrrtd, Gnvdudq) hs chc mns sgdm `ksdq
sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd hmctrsqx vghbg mn knmfdq g`c sn rtoonqs sgd mtbkd`q oqnfq`l, Hm
sgd Dkdbsqhbhsx ?bs ne 0878) M`shnm`k Onvdq `bbntmsdc enq 5. odq bdms `mc OnvdqFdm
enq 3. odq bdms ne bnmudmshnm`k fdmdq`shnm bò`bhsx hm sgd mdvkx oqhu`shydc hmctrsqx,
Rhwsx odq bdms ne M`shnm`k Onvdq `mc OnvdqFdm v`r rtardptdmskx rnkc sn sgd otakhb
hm L`qbg 0880) vhsg sgd a`k`mbd rnkc hm L`qbg 0884, ?s oqhu`shy`shnm) `kk svdkud
mtbkd`q rs`shnmr vdqd ok`bdc hm Mtbkd`q Dkdbsqhb, Rtardptdmskx hm 0885 sgd Vud
mdvdq `cu`mbdc f`r¨bnnkdc qd`bsnqr vdqd oqhu`shydc `r Aqhshrg Dmdqfx, Sgd rdudm
nkc L`fmnw qd`bsnqr vdqd lnudc sn sgd otakhbkx nvmdc Aqhshrg Mtbkd`q Etdkr okb) sgd
etdk qdoqnbdrrhmf bnlo`mx, Sgd Aqhshrg fnudqmldms g`c trdc otakhb nvmdqrgho sn
àrnqa sgd mtbkd`q qd`bsnqr vghbg sgd l`qjds vntkc mns `bbdos, Sghr trd ne otakhb
etmcr `mc nvmdqrgho sn nudqbnld vg`s v`r ` rsq`mcdc `rrds oqnakdl oqnuhcdc ` md`s
onhms ne bnlo`qhrnm vhsg sgd `ssdlosr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr sn hmsqnctbd bnlodshshnm
hmsn sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx &Fhkadqs `mc J`gm 08854 074œ5: Fhkadqs) J`gm) `mc
Mdvadqx 08854 07: Mdvadqx 08884 042) 1.1œ2) 15.: Gtms 1..14 28) 153(,
Hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) vghkd sgd 0867 OTQO? kdfhrk`shnm g`c addm o`rrdc) hsr oqhld
lnshud g`c mns addm l`qjds khadq`khy`shnm, Q`sgdq) e`rghnmàkx dlaq`bhmf sgd
585 lZqshm bghbj
l`qfhm`k bnmbdos) sgd OTQO? qdpthqdc tshkhshdr sn otqbg`rd onvdq eqnl bdqs`hm sxodr
ne òoqnudc hmcdodmcdms onvdq oqnctbdqr b`kkdc Pt`khexhmf E`bhkhshdr &PEr( `s sgd
tshkhsx‘r ùnhcdc bnrs, Sgd rtardptdms PE ntsots v`r mns rtaidbs sn oqhbd qdftk`shnm,
?unhcdc bnrs v`r s`jdm `r adhmf sgd bnrs vghbg sgd tshkhsx ——ùnhcdc‘‘ ax mns gùhmf sn
athkc hsr nvm ok`msr) `ksgntfg sg`s ùnhcdc bnrs bntkc ad rds rtXbhdmskx ghfg ax rs`sd
qdftk`snqr rn `r sn l`jd sgdrd bnmsq`bsr ghfgkx ktbq`shud enq sgdhq nvmdqr &Gtms 1..14
146(, PEr pt`khVdc nm sgd fqntmcr ne sgdhq dmuhqnmldms`k eqhdmckhmdrr) vhsg
bn¨fdmdq`snqr `mc qdmdvàkd dmdqfx e`bhkhshdr adhmf sgd lnrs eùnqdc enqlr
ne oqnctbshnm, Vg`s fùd OTQO? hsr ahsd v`r sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k cdudknoldms ne
bnlahmdc¨bxbkd f`r stqahmd &BBFS( vghbg) cddldc sn ad dmuhqnmldms`kkx eqhdmckx)
v`r fhudm sgd PE hloqhl`stq, Rhlhk`qkx) ` bn¨fdmdq`snq trdc ` rl`kk udqrhnm ne `
tshkhsx‘r stqahmd fdmdq`snq) `mc) vghkd k`bjhmf dbnmnlhdr ne rb`kd) hs admdVsdc eqnl
sgd l`rr oqnctbshnm ne rdudq`k ne hsr jdx bnlonmdmsr, Hsr bòhs`k bnrs v`r adsvddm
!7.. `mc !0)1.. odq jv hm 0875) vghbg bnlo`qdc eùnqàkx vhsg enrrhk etdk stqahmd
fdmdq`snqr) `mc v`r fdmdq`kkx knvdq sg`m sgd bnrs ne mtbkd`q tmhsr vghbg q`mfdc eqnl
`mxvgdqd adsvddm !821 `mc !4)081 odq jv `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne 0873, ?s rtbg ` bnrs)
vhsg oqhbdr tmqdftk`sdc) `mc tshkhshdr qdpthqdc sn atx eqnl PEr) sgd l`sgr oqnudc
`ssq`bshud, Ax 0881) 5. odq bdms ne mdv bò`bhsx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr v`r adhmf athks ax
Hmcdodmcdms Onvdq Oqnctbdqr &HOOr( trhmf l`hmkx bn¨fdmdq`shnm `mc qdmdvàkd
dmdqfx e`bhkhshdr, Mnvgdqd vdqd HOOr lnqd `bshud sg`m hm B`khenqmh`) vgdqd ax 088.)
ne ànts 45)... LV ne B`khenqmh`m bò`bhsx) 8)301 LV b`ld eqnl PEr, Hm 0880)
mnm¨tshkhsx bnlo`mhdr hm sgd Fnkcdm Rs`sd oqnuhcdc nmd¨sghqc ne sgd rs`sd‘r dkdbsqh¨
bhsx) `mc 10 odq bdms ne `kk ne sgd dkdbsqhbhsx oqnctbdc ax HOOr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr
&Inrjnv `mc Inmdr 0872: Ghqrg 08884 5) 82) 0.1œ2: Inrjnv 1..4(, Xds vghkd sghr l`qjdc
` rhfmhVb`ms aqd`j vhsg sgd sq`chshnm`k) qdftk`sdc) udqshb`kkx¨hmsdfq`sdc hmctrsqx
rtookxhmf ` bòshud l`qjds `mc rtaidbs sn bnrs¨ne¨rdquhbd qdftk`shnm) hs v`r mns)
mnq v`r hs dudq hmsdmcdc sn ad) sgd rod`qgd`c enq ` etmc`ldms`k qdrsqtbstqhmf ne sgd
hmctrsqx `mc hsr l`qjdsr, Sgd hlo`bs ne sgd HOOr qdl`hmdc `s sgd kdudk ne sgd rs`sd)
`mc sgdm u`qhdc adsvddm rs`sdr) `mc sgdx rnkc nm knmf¨sdql bnmsq`bsr sn sgd tshkhshdr
&Bqdv `mc Jkdhmcnqedq 08754 1.4(,
Itrs `r sgd cdudknoldms ne BBFS qdctbdc sgd bnrs ne mdv dmsqx hmsn rs`sdä`rdc
dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjdsr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) `mc dmàkdc ùnhcdc bnrsä`rdc qdstqmr sn ad
d`qmdc nm bòhs`k `rrdsr) hm rn cnhmf hs ghfgkhfgsdc sgd chXbtkshdr enq sgd mtbkd`q
hmctrsqx hm d`qmhmf `m `cdpt`sd qdstqm nm hsr ltbg k`qfdq `bst`k `mc oqnonqshnm`sd
hmudrsldms, Vghkd àkd sn oqhbd hsrdke hmsn l`qjdsr nm sgd a`rhr ne hsr knv l`qfhm`k
bnrsr) hs v`r sgdm cdodmcdms nm sgd oqhbd rds hm sgd l`qjds hm sgd gnod ne qdbnudqhmf
hsr rtmj bnrsr eqnl ` rtXbhdmskx k`qfd oqnctbdqr‘ rtqoktr, Tmcdq ghrsnqhb`k qdftk`snqx
`qq`mfdldmsr) ` qd`rnmàkd qdstqm nm rtbg rtmj hmudrsldms v`r d9dbshudkx ft`q`m¨
sddc, Mnv) vhsg mtbkd`q bòhs`k `mc nodq`shmf bnrsr ghfgdq sg`m dwodbsdc) `mc BBFS
b`trhmf oqhbdr sn e`kk hm dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjdsr) cdqdftk`shnm d9dbshudkx qdmdfdc nm vg`s
l`mx hm sgd mtbkd`q hmctrsqx qdf`qcdc `r hlokhbhs bnmsq`bsr adsvddm sgdl `mc sgd
qdftk`snqx `tsgnqhshdr,
Ansg qdftk`snqx gdrhs`mbx ànts o`rrhmf nm mtbkd`q bnmrsqtbshnm `mc nodq`shmf
bnrsr sn bnmrtldqr `mc sgd dmbntq`fdldms fhudm ax OTQO? sn BBFS mdv dmsq`msr
g`c tmcnmd sgd `mshbho`sdc qdstqmr eqnl mtbkd`q hmudrsldmsr kdùhmf sgdl vhsg
rsq`mcdc `rrdsr `mc rsq`mcdc bnrsr, Hm `cchshnm) sgd bnmsq`bsr rhfmdc vhsg PEr a`rdc
nm vg`s sgd rs`sdr `mc sgdhq tshkhsx bnllhrrhnmr itcfdc sn ad sgd tshkhsx‘r ùnhcdc
bnrsr bntkc `krn ad uhdvdc `r rsq`mcdc bnmsq`bsr sg`s knbjdc sgd tshkhshdr hmsn s`jhmf
ghfgdq bnrs onvdq sg`m sgdx vntkc gùd cnmd kdes sn sgdhq nvm cduhbdr, Mnvgdqd v`r
sghr lnqd rn sg`m hm B`khenqmh`) vgdqd hm sgd onrs¨0867 OTQO? odqhnc) lnrs ne sgd
d`qkx cd`khmfr vhsg sgd PE mdv dmsq`msr bdmsdqdc nm knmf¨sdql bnmsq`bsr `knmf sgd
khmdr ne vg`s sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm v`r k`sdq sn cta sgd rhmfkdätxdq lncdk,
Tmcdq sghr `qq`mfdldms) sgd dwhrshmf hmsdfq`sdc `qd` lnmnonkx antfgs eqnl
bnlodshmf fdmdq`snqr tmcdq khed¨neök`ms bnmsq`bsr) sgd kdmfsg ne bnmsq`bs n9dqhmf
` rèdft`qc `f`hmrs sgd onsdmsh`k lnmnornmx onvdq ne sgd tshkhsx sn l`mhotk`sd hsr
otqbg`rd oqhbd eqnl sgd hmcdodmcdms fdmdq`snq, Oqhbdr vdqd cdbhcdc `mc sgdm
qdftk`sdc sgqntfg ` enql ne `tbshnm rn `r sn cdsdqlhmd sgd knvdrs bnrs n9dqhmf,
Sgdrd bnmsq`bs oqhbdr vdqd sgdm o`rrdc nm sn sgd Vm`k btrsnldqr `r o`qs ne atmckdc
s`qh9r `mc hm fdmdq`k sghr khlhsdc enql ne bnlodshshnm jdos qhrj vhsg sgd btrsnldq,
Sgd qhrj anqmd ax sgd PE v`r sg`s vghkd eqdd ne q`sd¨ne¨qdstqm qdftk`shnm `mc
sgdqdenqd n9dqhmf sgd hmbdmshud ne qds`hmhmf oqnVsr `qhrhmf eqnl bnrs¨qdctbhmf
hmmnu`shnm) sgd ntsbnld ne mdv sdbgmnknfx v`r tmbdqs`hm `mc hsr bnrsr kdrr qdbnudqàkd
sg`m hm sgd b`rd ne qdftk`sdc Vqlr, Vghkd OTQO? kdfhrk`shnm òokhdc sn `kk rs`sdr)
mnvgdqd vdqd hsr onrrhahkhshdr qdkhrgdc lnqd sg`m hm B`khenqmh`, Xds sgd qhrjr anqmd ax
btrsnldqr ne sgd d`qkx onrsÖTQO? bnmsq`bsr rhfmdc vhsg PEr adb`ld duhcdms `r
l`mx ne sgdrd bnmsq`bsr vdqd sgdlrdkudr qdud`kdc `r rsq`mcdc bnrsr) `r oqhbdr cqnoodc
vdkk adknv sgd dw`ffdq`sdc drshl`sdr ne etstqd ùnhcdc bnrsr nqhfhm`kkx l`cd ax rs`sd
qdftk`snqr &Fhkadqs `mc J`gm 08854 1.0) 1.3: Mdvadqx 08884 15.: Gtms 1..14 31) 146(,
Sgd hqnmx v`r sg`s sgnrd rs`sdr hm vghbg sgd onsdmsh`kkx rsq`mcdc bnrsr `mc bnmsq`bsr
bnmsqhatsdc rsqnmfkx sn sgdhq dkdbsqhbhsx oqhbdr adhmf ghfgdq sg`m hm nsgdq rs`sdr vdqd
sgd udqx r`ld rs`sdr vghbg vdqd hmsdqdrsdc hm dwoknhshmf sgd qdenqlhmf noonqstmhshdr
n9dqdc ax sgd Dmdqfx Onkhbx ?bs ne 0881) vghbg vdqd hm stqm sn sgqnv to xds lnqd
oqnakdlr ne rsq`mcdc bnrsr `mc `rrdsr, Hm 0884) vghkd sgd ùdq`fd oqhbd ne dkdbsqhbhsx hm
sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr v`r 5,8 bdmsr.jVg) hs v`r 8,8 bdmsr.jVg hm B`khenqmh`) 0.,2 bdmsr.
jVg hm L`rr`bgtrdssr) `mc 0.,4 bdmsr.jVg hm Bnmmdbshbts, Qdrhcdmsh`k oqhbdr hm
sgnrd sgqdd rs`sdr vdqd 00,5 bdmsr) 00,3 bdmsr `mc 01 bdmsr) dwbddcdc nmkx ax Mdv Xnqj
`s 03 bdmsr.jVg) bnlo`qdc sn sgd TR ùdq`fd ne 7,3 bdmsr.jVg &Mdvadqx 08884 15.:
Gtms 1..14 146(, B`khenqmh`‘r d9nqsr sn rdbtqd bgdòdq dkdbsqhbhsx vdqd) sgqntfg ` rdqhdr
ne lhritcfldmsr `mc `qftàkx mde`qhntr adgùhnq) sn kdùd sgd rs`sd dwodqhdmbhmf
ak`bjntsr hm 1... `mc 1..0,
Sgd chXbtkshdr `qhrhmf eqnl rsq`mcdc bnmsq`bsr `9dbshmf mtbkd`q onvdq `qnrd
adb`trd ne sgd mddc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr enq sgd HNTr `s sgd udqx kd`rs sn qdbnudq
sgdhq bòhs`k bnrs, Hm Aqhs`hm) sgdrd bnrsr vdqd rhlokx àrnqadc ax sgd rs`sd `mc sgd
adssdq o`qsr ne sgd mtbkd`q hmctrsqx rtardptdmskx oqhu`shydc, Hm Eq`mbd) tmshk e`hqkx
qdbdmskx) `mx sdlos`shnmr sn dlaq`bd rtbg ——?mfkn¨R`wnm‘‘ mnshnmr `r oqhu`shy`shnm
`mc khadq`khy`shnm g`c addm qdrhrsdc, Hm edmchmf n9 sgd d9nqsr eqnl sgd Dtqnod`m
Bnllhrrhnm sn khadq`khyd) nq `s kd`rs nodm to) sgd Eqdmbg dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjds) sgd
vdhfgsx oqdrdmbd ne ` mtbkd`q¨cnlhm`sdc enql ne fdmdq`shnm `kknvdc sgd knv
587 lZqshm bghbj
l`qfhm`k bnrsr ne ansg mtbkd`q `mc gxcqn sn ad trdc sn cdsdq mdv dmsq`msr, Enq sgd
Eqdmbg) sgd l`hm oqdrrtqd enq khadq`khy`shnm) ats mns oqhu`shy`shnm) g`r bnld eqnl sgd
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm, Hm Cdbdladq 0885 sgd Dkdbsqhbhsx Chqdbshud v`r cq`vm to ax
sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm qdpthqhmf d`bg ldladq rs`sd fq`ct`kkx sn nodm hsr l`qjds
sn bnlodshshnm) sn ` lhmhltl ne 22 odq bdms ax 1..2) `mc qdrsqtbstqhmf dkdbsqhbhsx
fdmdq`shnm ax ` rhmfkd bnlo`mx sn 4. odq bdms &Bkhesnm) Bnlhm) `mc Cfl-`yËtdmsdr
1..64 4(, Sgd l`hm Eqdmbg qdronmrdr sn sgd Dtqnod`m chqdbshudr b`ld hm kdfhrk`shud
`bsr o`rrdc hm Edaqt`qx 1...) I`mt`qx 1..2) `mc ?tftrs 1..3) ats nesdm sgd Dtqnod`m
Bnllhrrhnm‘r òoqn`bg rthsdc sgd Eqdmbg `hlr, Vghkd sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm‘r
Rdbnmc Chqdbshud hm 1..2 lnudc snv`qcr sgd bqd`shnm ne ` rhmfkd Dtqnod`m dkdbsqhbhsx
l`qjds ax sntfgdmhmf sgd hmcdodmcdms qdftk`shnm ne `bbdrr sn m`shnm`k `mc bqnrr¨
anqcdq sq`mrlhrrhnm rxrsdlr `mc khmjr) sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm v`r nesdm tmàkd
sn lnud chqdbskx `f`hmrs sgd cnlhm`ms hmbtladms hm sgd m`shnm`k dbnmnlx, Sgd
Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm chc mns otrg oqhu`shy`shnm `r ` qntsd sn qdrsqtbstqhmf `mc
khadq`khy`shnm) `mc vghkd cdudknohmf bnmchshnmr ne `bbdrr sn sgd sq`mrlhrrhnm rxrsdl)
hs chc khsskd sn lnud `f`hmrs cnlhm`ms hmbtladmsr hm Ro`hm) Fdql`mx) Adkfhtl)
Onqstf`k) `r vdkk `r Eq`mbd, Sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm `mc
sgd m`shnm`k dkdbsqhbhsx hmctrsqhdr v`r mns tmkhjd sg`s adsvddm sgd EDQB `mc sgd
rs`sdä`rdc HNTr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm bntkc dmbntq`fd
`mc bìnkd bdqs`hm adgùhnq) ats hs bntkc mns dmenqbd hs &Fk`bg`ms `mc Ehmnm 1..44 070:
Mdvadqx 08884 3(, Vghkd hm sgd 1..2 Dkdbsqhbhsx Chqdbshud sgd Dtqnod`m Bnllhrrhnm
v`r sn lnud `f`hmrs sgd rhmfkd atxdq `mc qdpthqd sgd qdftk`sdc sghqc o`qsx `bbdrr
&SO?( lncdk enq `bbdrr sn chrsqhatshnm mdsvnqjr) sgd odqrhrsdms oqdrdmbd ne `
cnlhm`ms hmbtladms bntkc `bs `r ` rsd`cx cdsdqqdms sn mdv dmsq`msr, Hm Eq`mbd
mnm¨DCE rtookhdqr rdqudc ànts 04 odq bdms ne sgd dkhfhakd l`qjds hm 1..3) `mc sgd
1..2 Chqdbshud qdpthqdc sg`s `kk mnm¨gntrdgnkc btrsnldqr bntkc eqddkx bgnnrd sgdhq
dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx ax 0 Itkx 1..3, Etkk l`qjds nodmhmf sn hmbktcd `kk gntrdgnkc
btrsnldqr v`r sn enkknv ax 0 Itkx 1..6 &I`l`ra `mc Onkkhss 1..44 12œ3(,
Hs hr nmkx qdbdmskx sg`s sgd Eqdmbg fnudqmldms g`r lnudc sn ` Eqdmbg¨rsxkd
oqhu`shy`shnm ne DCE) hsr oqduhntr qdktbs`mbd sn cn rn qdWdbshmf `m òoqnuhmf uhdv
ne sgd odqenql`mbd ne DCE) rtbg sg`s mdhsgdq hsr otakhb nvmdqrgho mnq hsr m`shnm`k
lnmnonkx rsqtbstqd vdqd rddm `r ` rntqbd ne vd`jmdrr hm sgd dbnmnlx, Hm sghr uhdv) hs
hr rtoonqsdc ax oqnctbshuhsx c`s`, Vghkd sgd `mmt`k fqnvsg q`sd ne Sns`k E`bsnq
Oqnctbshuhsx &SEO( hm sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx hm Aqhs`hm v`r) `s 1,43 odq bdms
o,`,) rtodqhnq sn sg`s hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr &0,74 odq bdms o,`,( adsvddm 085. `mc 0868) sgd
Aqhshrg odqenql`mbd rkhoodc sn 0,67 odq bdms o,`, enq 0868œ78) `mc 0,11 odq bdms o,`, hm
0878œ86, Hm bnmsq`rs) hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sgd hmctrsqx‘r SEO hloqnudc sn 1,5 odq bdms
hm 0868œ78 adenqd e`kkhmf rkhfgskx sn 1,44 odq bdms, Nm sghr a`rhr) sgd sns`k e`bsnq
oqnctbshuhsx odqenql`mbd ne sgd dkdbsqhbhsx hmctrsqx hm Aqhs`hm v`r adssdq `r ` m`shnm¨
`khydc sg`m `r ` oqhu`shydc hmctrsqx) `mc ctqhmf sgd odqhnc ne cdqdftk`shnm) oqhu`shy`¨
shnm) `mc khadq`khy`shnm hsr oqnctbshuhsx odqenql`mbd edkk rhfmhVb`mskx adknv sg`s ne sgd
hmctrsqx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Gnvdudq) hm ansg bntmsqhdr sgd SEO odqenql`mbd k`ffdc
bnmrhcdqàkx sg`s ne sgd Eqdmbg m`shnm`khydc dkdbsqhbhsx lnmnonkx, Hm Eq`mbd) sgd
dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx dwodqhdmbdc `m `mmt`k fqnvsg q`sd ne SEO ne 2,.7 odq
bdms hm 085.œ68) sghr hmbqd`rhmf sn 3,06 odq bdms hm 0868œ78 adenqd e`kkhmf a`bj sn 2,.8
odq bdms o,`, hm 0878œ86, Enq sgd dmshqd odqhnc 085.œ86) sgd `mmt`k fqnvsg q`sd ne SEO
v`r 1,.4 hm Aqhs`hm) 1,1 odq bdms hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) `mc 2,27 odq bdms hm Eq`mbd
&N‘L`gnmx `mc Udbbgh 1..0: Vdxl`mÏnmdr 1..2: Lhkkv`qc 1..44 165(,
Sgd dbnmnlhb bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr) vhsg sgdhq hmhsh`k ghfg rtmj
bnrsr `mc rtardptdms l`qfhm`k bnrsr nesdm adhmf adknv ùdq`fd bnrsr `s lnrs kdudkr ne
cdl`mc) kdc onsdmsh`k hmudrsnqr sn rddj bqdchakd `rrtq`mbdr sg`s `cdpt`sd qdstqmr
vntkc ad d`qmdc nm `mx hmudrsldms tmcdqs`jdm, Qdftk`shnm `mc otakhb nvmdqrgho
vdqd ats ch9dqhmf qdronmrdr sn sgdrd oqnakdlr ne tmbdqs`hmsx `mc bnllhsldms, Sg`s
sgd rnbh`k admdVsr ne rtbg hmudrsldms bntkc dwbddc oqhu`sd admdVsr) `mc sg`s sgd
ntsots ne rtbg hmctrsqhdr v`r qdf`qcdc `r drrdmsh`k sn dudqxc`x khed) l`cd hs khjdkx sg`s
rnld enql ne fnudqmldms hmunkudldms vntkc dmrtd, Vgdqd lìnq oqnidbsr vhsg sgd
r`ld lhw ne rtmj `mc l`qfhm`k bnrsr) rtbg `r sgd Bg`mmdk Stmmdk adsvddm Eq`mbd
`mc Dmfk`mc) vdqd k`qfdkx oqhu`sdkx Vm`mbdc) sgd dwodqhdmbd v`r mns dmbntq`fhmf,
Sgd Bg`mmdk Stmmdk bnrs ~4 ahkkhnm sn bnmrsqtbs) svhbd `r ltbg sn Vm`mbd) `mc
rg`qdgnkcdqr mdudq qdbnudqdc sgdhq hmudrsldms, Sg`s sgd rnbh`k admdVsr) hm sgd
oqdrdmbd ne edqqx `mc `hqok`md rtarshstsdr) vdqd lhmhl`k uhmchb`sdc sgd TJ Sqd`r¨
tqx‘r tmvhkkhmfmdrr sn adbnld hmunkudc &Fntquhrg 1..5(,
Sg`s otakhb nvmdqrgho e`cdc `r `m òoqn`bg sn hmWtdmbhmf sgd adgùhnq ne sgdrd
hmctrsqhdr qdWdbsdc `r ltbg otakhb Vm`mbd `mc `fdmbx chXbtkshdr `r `mx hmsqhmrhb
oqnakdl hm otakhb nvmdqrgho `r rtbg, Otakhb Vm`mbd oqnakdlr `qnrd hm o`qs nts ne
qdk`shud oqnctbshuhsx oqnakdlr vghbg vdqd etmc`ldms`k sn sgd kànq¨hmsdmrhud odq¨
rnm`k rdquhbdr bnlonmdms ne sgd otakhb rdbsnq, Hm sgd 086.r `mc 087.r sgdrd oqnakdlr
vdqd dw`bdqa`sdc ax sgd hmbqd`rd hm sgd mtladq ne sgnrd cq`vhmf tmdloknxldms
admdVs, ?fdmbx oqnakdlr `qnrd eqnl ` etmc`ldms`k o`q`cnw adcduhkhmf m`shnm`khy`¨
shnm, Fnudqmldmsr snnj mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr hmsn otakhb nvmdqrgho nm sgd `rrtlo¨
shnm sg`s nvmdqrgho vntkc dmg`mbd sgdhq bnmsqnk nudq hmctrsqhdr enq vgnrd
odqenql`mbd sgdx vdqd onkhshb`kkx qdronmrhakd, Hm e`bs) otakhb nvmdqrgho ax dmg`m¨
bhmf qdronmrhahkhsx nmkx rddldc sn vd`jdm bnmsqnk `r hs rsqdmfsgdmdc sgd hmctrsqx‘r
onrhshnm hm hsr qdk`shnmrgho vhsg fnudqmldms &Bghbj 08874 bgr, 3) 4(, Sg`s hmctrsqhdr
vdqd trt`kkx m`shnm`khydc hm lnmnonkx enql) vhsg sg`s lnmnonkx dwsdmchmf dhsgdq
rhcd ne sgd m`stq`k lnmnonkx mdsvnqj bnlonmdms ne sgd hmctrsqx) rhlokx dw`ffdq¨
`sdc sgd `rxlldsqhdr ne hmenql`shnm adcduhkhmf sgd fnudqmldms &oqhmbho`k( œ `fdms
&hmctrsqx( qdk`shnmrgho hm sgd hmctrsqx, Xds rhlhk`q `fdmbx oqnakdlr `Yhbsdc qdk`shnmr
adsvddm qdftk`snqr `mc sgd qdftk`sdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) `mc qdbdms duhcdmbd eqnl
Dtqnod) vgdqd dudm rtoonrdckx khadq`khydc mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr `qd hmbqd`rhmfkx bg`q¨
`bsdqhydc ax udqshb`k hmsdfq`shnm) rtffdrsr sg`s sgd a`k`mbhmf ne ` vhrg sn rdbtqd
bnmrtldqr‘ hmsdqdrsr sgqntfg bnlodshshnm vhsg ` bnmbdqm sn oqnuhcd oqnctbdqr
vhsg rtXbhdms hmbdmshud sn hmudrs hm sgd hmctrsqx‘r oqnctbshud `mc chrsqhatshud
bò`bhsx hr rshkk udqx ltbg vnqj hm oqnfqdrr, Sgd bnmitmbshnm ne ghfg rtmj bnrsr)
knv l`qfhm`k bnrsr nudq ltbg ne sgd q`mfd ne ntsots) `mc sgd onkhshb`k rdmrhshuhsx ne
mdsvnqj tshkhsx ntsots hr khjdkx sn oqnuhcd sgd ctqàkd a`rhr enq fnudqmldms hmunkud¨
ldms vhsg sgdrd mdsvnqj hmctrsqhdr) hqqdrodbshud ne bg`mfdr hm e`rghnmàkd onkhshb`k
òoqn`bgdr sn enqlr ne nvmdqrgho `mc qdftk`shnm) enq l`mx xd`qr sn bnld,
6.. lZqshm bghbj
Pdedqdmbdr
?mcdqrnm) C, 0870, Qdftk`snqx Onkhshbr `mc Dkdbsqhb Tshkhshdr, Anrsnm) L`rr,4 ?tatqm Gntrd,
?udqbg) G,) `mc Ingmrnm) K, K, 0851, ——Adgùhntq ne sgd Vql tmcdq qdftk`snqx bnmrsq`hms)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 414 0.41œ58,
AZtlnk) V, 0866, ——Nm sgd oqnodq sdrsr enq ` m`stq`k lnmnonkx hm ` ltkshoqnctbs hmctrsqx)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 56&4(4 7.8œ11,
–– OZmyZq) I,) `mc Vhkkhf) Q, 0871, Bnmsdrsàkd L`qjdsr `mc sgd Sgdnqx ne Hmctrsqx
Rsqtbstqd, Mdv Xnqj4 G`qbntqs) Aq`bd) Inu`mnuhbg,
Aqdxdq) R,) `mc LZb?unx) O, 0863, Dmdqfx Qdftk`shnm ax sgd Edcdq`k Onvdq Bnllhrrhnm,
V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr Hmrshstshnm,
AxZss) H, 0868, Sgd Aqhshrg Dkdbsqhb`k Hmctrsqx 0764´0803, Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
Bghbj) L, 0883, ——M`shnm`khr`shnm) oqhu`shr`shnm `mc qdftk`shnm)‘‘ hm L, Qnrd `mc L, Jhqax)
dcr,) Atrhmdrr Dmsdqoqhrd hm Lncdqm Aqhs`hm, Knmcnm4 Qntskdcfd) 204œ27,
–– 0887, Hmctrsqh`k Onkhbx hm Aqhs`hm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1..1, ——Kd S`qhe Udqs qdsqntud-4 sgd l`qfhm`k bnrs bnmbdos `mc sgd oqhbhmf ne dkdbsqhbhsx hm
Aqhs`hm `mc Eq`mbd) 0834œ086.)‘‘ Dmdqfx Intqm`k 12&0(4 86œ005,
–– 1..6, Dkdbsqhbhsx `mc Dmdqfx Onkhbx hm Aqhs`hm) Eq`mbd `mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr rhmbd 0834,
Bgdksdmg`l4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q,
Bkhesnm) I,) Bnlhm) E,) `mc C ZyËtdmsdr) C, 1..6, ——Sq`mrenqlhmf mdsvnqj rdquhbdr hm
Dtqnod `mc sgd ?ldqhb`r4 eqnl tfkx ctbjkhmfr sn rv`mr;‘‘ hm I, Bkhesnm) E, Bnlhm) `mc
C, Cfl-`yËtdmsdr) Sq`mrenqlhmf Otakhb Dmsdqoqhrd hm Dtqnod `mc Mnqsg ?ldqhb`2 Mdsvnqjr)
Hmsdfq`shnm `mc Sq`mrm`shnm`khr`shnm, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd) L`blhkk`m,
Blmc, 0226, 0850, Sgd Ehm`mbh`k `mc Dbnmnlhb Nakhf`shnmr ne sgd M`shnm`khrdc Hmctrsqhdr)
Knmcnm4 GLRN,
Blmc, 2326, 0856, M`shnm`khrdc Hmctrsqhdr2 ? Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhb `mc Ehm`mbh`k Naidbshudr)
Knmcnm4 GLRN,
Bqdv) L,) `mc Jkdhmcnqedq) O, 0875, Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Otakhb Tshkhsx Qdftk`shnm, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
Cdqsghbj) L,) `mc Pthqj) O, 0874, Sgd Onkhshbr ne Cdqdftk`shnm, V`rghmfsnm) CB4 Aqnnjhmfr
Hmrshstshnm,
EnqdlZmÖdbj) I,) `mc LhkkvZqc) Q, 0883, Otakhb `mc Oqhu`sd Nvmdqrgho ne Aqhshrg Hmctrsqx)
071 ´088 , Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr,
Fhkadqs) Q,) `mc JZgm) D,) dcr, 0885, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Bnlo`qhrnmr ne Dkdbsqhbhsx Qdftk`shnm,
–– –– `mc Mdvadqx) C, 0885, ——Hmsqnctbshnm)‘‘ hm Q, Fhkadqs `mc D, J`gm) dcr,) Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Bnlo`qhrnmr ne Dkdbsqhbhsx Qdftk`shnm, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0œ13,
FkZbgZms) I,¨L,) `mc Ehmnm) C, 1..4, ——? bnlodshshud eqhmfd hm sgd rg`cnv ne ` rs`sd¨nvmdc
hmbtladms4 sgd b`rd ne Eq`mbd)‘‘ Dmdqfx Intqm`k) Rodbh`k Dchshnm oo, 070œ1.3,
Fntquhrg) S, 1..5, Sgd NXbh`k Ghrsnqx ne Aqhs`hm `mc sgd Bg`mmdk Stmmdk, Knmcnm4
Qntskdcfd,
FqZx) G, 083., ——Sgd o`rrhmf ne sgd otakhb tshkhsx bnmbdos)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`mc `mc Otakhb Tshkhsx
Dbnmnlhbr 05&0(4 7œ1.,
Gdmmdx) ?, 0883, ? Rstcx ne sgd Oqhu`shr`shnm ne sgd Dkdbsqhbhsx Rtookx Hmctrsqx hm Dmfk`mc `mc
V`kdr, Knmcnm4 DDD,
Ghqrg) Q, 0878, Sdbgmnknfx `mc Sq`mrenql`shnm hm sgd ?ldqhb`m Dkdbsqhb Tshkhsx Hmctrsqx,
–– 0888, Onvdq Knrr2 Sgd Nqhfhmr ne Cdqdftk`shnm `mc Qdrsqtbstqhmf hm sgd ?ldqhb`m Dkdbsqhb
Tshkhsx Rxrsdl, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
mdsvnqj tshkhshdr 6.0
Gtms) R, 1..1, L`jhmf Bnlodshshnm Vnqj hm Dkdbsqhbhsx, Mdv Xnqj4 Ingm Vhkdx,
Gtmsdq) L, 0806, ——D`qkx qdftk`shnm ne otakhb rdquhbd bnqonq`shnmr)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb
Qduhdv Rdosdladq 64 458œ70,
IZlZra) S,) `mc Onkkhss) L, 1..4, ——Dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjds qdenql hm sgd Dtqnod`m Tmhnm4
qduhdv ne oqnfqdrr snv`qcr khadq`khr`shnm `mc hmsdfq`shnm)‘‘ Dmdqfx Intqm`k) Rodbh`k Dchshnm
oo, 00œ30,
Inrjnv) O, 0863, ——HmW`shnm `mc dmuhqnmldms`k bnmbdqm4 rsqtbstq`k bg`mfd hm sgd oqnbdrr ne
otakhb tshkhsx oqhbd qdftk`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 06&1(4 180œ216,
–– 1..4, ——Sgd chXbtks sq`mrhshnm sn bnlodshshud dkdbsqhbhsx l`qjdsr hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr)‘‘ hm
I, FqhXm `mc R, Otkkdq) dcr,) Dkdbsqhbhsx Cdqdftk`shnm2 Bgnhbdr `mc Bg`kkdmfdr, Bghb`fn4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr) 20œ86,
–– Angh) C,) `mc FZkkno) E, 0878, ——Qdftk`snqx e`hktqd) qdftk`snqx qdenql) `mc rsqtbstq`k
bg`mfd hm sgd dkdbsqhb`k onvdq hmctrsqx)‘‘ Aqnnjhmfr Oòdqr nm Dbnmnlhb ?bshuhsx2 Lhbqndbn¨
mnlhbr) oo, 014œ1.7,
–– `mc Inmdr) C, 0872, ——Sgd rhlokd dbnmnlhbr ne hmctrsqh`k bnfdmdq`shnm)‘‘ Dmdqfx Intqm`k
3&0(4 0œ11,
–– `mc RbglZkdmrdd) Q, 0875, ——Hmbdmshud qdftk`shnm enq dkdbsqhb tshkhshdr)‘‘ X`kd Intqm`k nm
Qdftk`shnm 3&0(4 0œ38,
JZgm) ?, 0877, Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Qdftk`shnm2 Oqhmbhokdr `mc Hmrshstshnmr, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4
LHS Oqdrr, Ehqrs otakhrgdc hm svn unktldr4 Sgd Dbnmnlhbr ne Qdftk`shnm2 Oqhmbhokdr `mc
Hmrshstshnmr) h4 Dbnmnlhb Oqhmbhokdr) 086.: hh4 Hmrshstshnm`k Hrrtdr) 0860, Mdv Xnqj4 Ingm Vhkdx
% Rnmr,
JZx) I,) `mc Sgnlornm) C, 0875, ——Oqhu`shr`shnm4 ` onkhbx hm rd`qbg ne ` q`shnm`kd)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb
Intqm`k 85&270(4 07œ21,
Kxmbg) E, 0873, ——Qdrnkuhmf sgd o`q`cnw ne sgd Lnmmds Ok`m4 m`shnm`k `mc hmsdqm`shnm`k
ok`mmhmf hm Eqdmbg qdbnmrsqtbshnm)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb Ghrsnqx Qduhdv) 1mc rdq, 26&1(4 118œ32,
LbBqZv) S, 0873, Oqnogdsr ne Qdftk`shnm, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 Adkjmò Oqdrr ne G`qu`qc
Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
LhkkvZqc) Q, 1..4, Oqhu`sd `mc Otakhb Dmsdqoqhrd hm Dtqnod2 Dmdqfx) Sdkdbnlltmhb`shnmr `mc
Sq`mronqs) 072 ´088 , B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr,
–– 1..6`, ——Bqnrränqcdq hmudrsldms `mc rdquhbd Wnvr hm mdsvnqjr vhsghm Vdrsdqm Dtqnod)
b,072.œ087.)‘‘ hm I, Bkhesnm) E, Bnlhm) `mc C, Cfl-`yËtdmsdr) Sq`mrenqlhmf Otakhb Dmsdqoqhrd hm
Dtqnod `mc Mnqsg ?ldqhb`2 Mdsvnqjr) Hmsdfq`shnm `mc Sq`mrm`shnm`khr`shnm, Gntmclhkkr4
O`kfqùd) L`blhkk`m,
LhkkvZqc) Q, 1..6a, ——Dwok`hmhmf hmrshstshnm`k bg`mfd hm sgd mdsvnqjr4 Aqhs`hm hm bnlo`q`¨
shud odqrodbshud) 0834œ8.)‘‘ hm I, Bkhesnm) E, Bnlhm) `mc C, Cfl-`yËtdmsdr) dcr,) Sq`mrenqlhmf
Otakhb Dmsdqoqhrd hm Dtqnod `mc Mnqsg ?ldqhb`2 Mdsvnqjr) Hmsdfq`shnm `mc Sq`mrm`shnm`khr`¨
shnm, Gntmclhkkr4 O`kfqùd) L`blhkk`m,
Lnnqd) I, 0875, ——Vgx oqhu`shrd;‘‘ hm I, J`x) B, L`xdq) `mc C, Sgnlornm) dcr,) Oqhu`shr`shnm
`mc Qdftk`shnm2 Sgd TJ Dwodqhdmbd, Nwenqc4 Bk`qdmcnm Oqdrr) 67œ82,
Mdvadqx) C, 0888, Oqhu`shy`shnm) Qdrsqtbstqhmf `mc Qdftk`shnm ne Mdsvnqj Tshkhshdr, B`laqhcfd)
L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
N‘LZgnmx) L,) `mc Udbbgh) L, 1..0, ——Sgd dkdbsqhbhsx rtookx hmctrsqx4 ` rstcx ne `m hmctrsqx
hm sq`mrhshnm)‘‘ M`shnm`k Hmrshstsd Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 066&2(4 74œ88,
Oghkkhor) B,) Iq, 0873, Sgd Qdftk`shnm ne Otakhb Tshkhshdr, ?qkhmfsnm) U`,4 Otakhb Tshkhshdr Qdonqsr,
RgZqjdx) V, 0871, Sgd Sgdnqx ne M`stq`k Lnmnonkx, B`laqhcfd4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr,
Rshfkdq) F, 0860, ——Sgd sgdnqx ne dbnmnlhb qdftk`shnm)‘‘ Adkk Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc
L`m`fdldms Rbhdmbd 1&0(4 2œ10,
6.1 lZqshm bghbj
Rshfkdq) F, `mc EqhdckZmc) B, 0851, ——Vg`s b`m qdftk`snqr qdftk`sd; Sgd b`rd ne dkdbsqhbhsx)‘‘
Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 44 0œ05,
Uhrbtrh& V, J,) GZqqhmfsnm) I,) `mc Udqmnm) I, 1..4, Dbnmnlhbr ne Qdftk`shnm `mc ?mshsqtrs,
B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr,
VdxlZmÏnmdr) S, 1..2, ——X`qcrshbj bnlodshshnm `mc dXbhdmbx admbgl`qjhmf hm dkdbsqhbhsx
chrsqhatshnm)‘‘ hm K, Gtms) dc,) Dmdqfx hm ` Bnlodshshud L`qjds, Bgdksdmg`l4 Dcv`qc Dkf`q)
24œ5.,
bgZosdq 20
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
DMCNFDMNTR
SP?CD
O PNS D B S H N M
? R T PU DX
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
bgqhrsnogdq r, o, lZfdd
rsdogdm o, lZfdd
Hmsqnctbshnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sghr bgòsdq rtqudxr sgd khsdq`stqd nm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx, Vd
nqf`mhyd sgd chrbtrrhnm `qntmc Vud oqnonrhshnmr4
0, Knaax fqntor qdoqdrdmshmf sgd hmsdqdrsr ne atrhmdrr gùd hmbdmshudr sn `9dbs

ansg dkdbshnm ntsbnldr `mc f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq onkhshbh`mr hm nXbd,
1, Fnudqmldmsr `qd sgtr hmWtdmbdc sn b`qd ànts lnqd sg`m itrs l`whlhyhmf
rnbh`k vdke`qd,
2, Knaax fqntor nqf`mhyd `knmf hmctrsqx khmdr sn `9dbs sq`cd onkhbhdr hm sgd rgnqs
qtm ats `knmf e`bsnq khmdr sn hmWtdmbd knmf¨qtm sq`cd onkhbhdr,
3, Fkna`k l`qjdsr `qd adbnlhmf lnqd onvdqetk sg`m m`shnm rs`sdr,
4, Nodmmdrr &`mc fnnc dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr fdmdq`kkx( `qd lnqd hlonqs`ms sg`m
cdlnbq`bx enq dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr,
6.3 bgqhrsnogdq r, o, lZfdd rsdogdm o, lZfdd
Sgd Vqrs svn oqnonrhshnmr khrsdc ànud `qd vhcdkx `bbdosdc, Sgd Vqrs hr itrs `
rs`sdldms ànts sgd v`xr hm vghbg hmsdqdrs fqntor b`m hmWtdmbd fnudqmldms onk¨
hbhdr, Sgd rdbnmc oqnonrhshnm hr sgd bdmsq`k onhms l`cd hm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx
khsdq`stqd) `mc hs dwok`hmr sgd dwhrsdmbd ne onkhbhdr sg`s sq`mredq hmbnld vhsghm `
bntmsqx vghkd bkd`qkx qdctbhmf m`shnm`k vdke`qd, Fnudqmldmsr bgnnrd sq`cd &`mc
nsgdq( onkhbhdr sg`s `qd mns vdke`qd l`whlhyhmf adb`trd onkhbx¨l`jdqr `qd `9dbsdc ax
onkhshb`k `r vdkk `r dbnmnlhb bnmrhcdq`shnmr, Nmd ne sgd v`xr hm vghbg onkhshb`k
bnmrhcdq`shnmr dmsdq hmsn sgd cdbhrhnm¨l`jhmf oqnbdrr hr vgdm atrhmdrrdr `mc nsgdq
hmsdqdrs fqntor adbnld nqf`mhydc sn ots oqdrrtqd nm sgd fnudqmldms, Oqnonrhshnm
sgqdd chrbtrrdr gnv hmsdqdrs fqntor vhkk ad nqf`mhydc hm sgdhq knaaxhmf nudq sq`cd
onkhbx, Ntq chrbtrrhnm ne sgdrd oqnonrhshnmr oqnuhcdr ` rtqudx ne sgd qdbdms khsdq`stqd
nm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx, Enq `m d`qkhdq rtqudx ne sgd onkhshb`k
dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx rdd Qncqhj &0884() `mc enq ` qdbdms rtqudx ne DT knaaxhmf
rdd Bndm &1..6(,
Sgd k`rs svn oqnonrhshnmr `qd lnqd qdbdms `mc lnqd bnmsqnudqrh`k, Ansg ne sgdrd
d9dbsr `qd vd`jdmhmf oqnsdbshnmhrs enqbdr fkna`kkx, Hm oqnonrhshnm entq) vd chrbtrr
sgd duhcdmbd sg`s fkna`khy`shnm g`r vd`jdmdc sgd `tsnmnlx ne m`shnm rs`sdr,
Adb`trd sgd khrs ne qdbdms dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr rsnqhdr hmbktcdr rdudq`k `tsgnqhs`qh`m
fnudqmldmsr `mc adb`trd hmsdqdrs fqntor b`m f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq onkhbhdr hm ansg
cdlnbq`bhdr `mc `tsnbq`bhdr) vd `qftd hm oqnonrhshnm Vud sg`s cdlnbq`bx hr mns `
mdbdrr`qx bnmchshnm enq dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr, Fnnc dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr) rtbg `r nodm¨
mdrr) `qd ` mdbdrr`qx bnmchshnm) gnvdudq) `mc `r rtbg) òod`q sn gùd ` k`qfdq
hlo`bs nm vgdsgdq ` bntmsqx cdudknor ` rsqnmf dbnmnlx sg`m cndr hsr onkhshb`k
rxrsdl, M`shnmr vhsg fkna`k dbnmnlhb rsq`sdfhdr `mc ghfg khsdq`bx vd b`kk ——fkna`khrs
rs`sdr,‘‘ Sgdx gùd adbnld lncdkr enq dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr hm sgd svdmsx¨Vqrs
bdmstqx,
Knaax Fqntor Pdoqdrdmshmf sgd

Hmsdqdrsr ne Atrhmdrr GXud Hmbdmshudr
sn ?eedbs Ansg Dkdbshnm Ntsbnldr
Xmc FXhm Hmektdmbd nudq
OnkhshbhXmr hm Neehbd
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
?r L`fdd `mc L`fdd &1..3( chrbtrr) I`ldr L`chrnm v`qmdc `f`hmrs sgd oqnakdl ne
hmsdqdrs fqntor hm Edcdq`khrs Oòdq Mn, 0., Sgd a`rhb hcd` hr sg`s onkhshb`k onvdq b`m
bqd`sd vd`ksg `mc dbnmnlhb vd`ksg b`m bqd`sd onkhshb`k onvdq, Hs hr sghr ltst`k
`ssq`bshnm adsvddm onvdq `mc lnmdx sg`s lnshu`sdr v`rsdetk qdchrsqhatshud `bshuhsx
`mc qdrtksr hm hmdXbhdms onkhbhdr rtbg `r sq`cd oqnsdbshnm, Hmchuhct`kr `mc fqntor
dmcnfdmntr sqZcd oqnsdbshnm 6.4
cdunsd qdrntqbdr sn oqdc`snqx qdchrsqhatshnm `r knmf `r sgd dwodbsdc f`hmr dwbddc sgd
bnrsr,
Hmsdqdrs fqntor qdoqdrdmshmf Vqlr b`m `9dbs fnudqmldms onkhbhdr dhsgdq ax fdsshmf
rxlo`sgdshb b`mchc`sdr hmsn nXbd nq ax f`hmhmf hmWtdmbd nudq onkhshbh`mr hm onvdq,
Sgdqd `qd vdkk¨cdudknodc lncdkr ne dmcnfdmntr sq`cd onkhbhdr a`rdc nm d`bg ne sgdrd
bg`mmdkr, Sgd L`fdd) Aqnbj) `mc Xntmf &0878: gdqdèsdq LAX( lncdk `rrtldr sg`s
atrhmdrrdr `mc nsgdq hmsdqdrs fqntor bnmsqhatsd lnmdx sn `9dbs dkdbshnm ntsbnldr,
Sgdqd `qd svn o`qshdr4 ` oqnsdbshnmhrs o`qsx `mc ` oqndwonqs o`qsx, Hlonqs¨bnlodshmf
hmctrsqhdr fhud lnmdx sn sgd oqnsdbshnmhrs o`qsx hm nqcdq sn `cu`mbd hsr bg`mbd ne
vhmmhmf sgd dkdbshnm, ? k`qfdq s`qh9 n9dqdc hm sgd oqnsdbshnmhrs o`qsx‘r ok`senql
oqnuhcdr ` rsqnmfdq hmbdmshud enq sgd oqnsdbshnm¨cdrhqhmf hmsdqdrs fqntor sn bnmsqha¨
tsd lnmdx) `mc sgdhq cnm`shnmr hmbqd`rd, Sgd o`qsx hr ` Rs`bjdkadqf kd`cdq ne sgd
hmsdqdrs fqntor) `mc hs bgnnrdr ` s`qh9 sg`s l`whlhydr hsr bg`mbd ne vhmmhmf dkdbshnm,
Hm cnhmf rn) hs g`r sn vdhfg sgd f`hm hm unsdr eqnl gùhmf lnqd lnmdx sn rodmc `r hs
q`hrdr sgd s`qh9 hm hsr ok`senql `f`hmrs sgd unsdr sg`s `qd knrs `r sgd s`qh9‘r chrsnqshnmr
qdctbd dbnmnlhb vdke`qd, L`fdd &0886( oqnuhcdr ` lnqd dwsdmcdc rtll`qx ne sgd
LAX qdrtksr,
Rdudq`k qdrtksr dldqfd eqnl sghr vnqj, Nmd hr sgd bnlodmr`shnm d9dbs, Vgdm sgdqd
hr `m dbnmnlhb cnvmstqm) sgd q`sd ne qdstqm sn dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx e`kkr, Bòhs`k `mc
kànq q`shnm`kkx sq`mredq shld `mc d9nqs nts ne dbnmnlhb `bshuhsx `mc hmsn onkhshb`k
knaaxhmf, Onkhshbh`mr hmbqd`rd hmdXbhdms onkhbhdr rtbg `r oqnsdbshnm sg`s o`qsh`kkx
n9rds sgd cnvmstqm d9dbs) sgdqdax o`qsh`kkx bnlodmr`shmf nq n9rdsshmf sgd hmhsh`kkx
mdf`shud cqno hm sgd q`sd ne qdstqm, Sgd mdf`shud ne sghr hr sg`s ` fkna`k dbnmnlhb
cnvmstqm bntkc kd`c sn fkna`k knaaxhmf enq hlonqs oqnsdbshnm, ?m dw`lokd hr sgd
chr`rsqntr TR RlnnsœG`vkdx s`qh9 ne 082.) vghbg hfmhsdc ` vnqkc sq`cd v`q sg`s
cddodmdc `mc dwsdmcdc sgd Fqd`s Cdoqdrrhnm, Bnlodmr`shnm d9dbsr gùd addm
nardqudc ax Vhkkh`lrnm &1..2( hm sgd qhrd `mc e`kk ne vnqkc s`qh9r eqnl 0678 sn
0827: ax Aq`hm`qc `mc Udqchdq &0886( hm sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne cdbkhmhmf hmctrsqhdr:
ax Q`l` &0883( hm sq`cd onkhbx hm Tqtft`x 0814œ72: `mc ax Ahk`k &0887( hm hmbqd`rdc
cdl`mc enq sq`cd oqnsdbshnm vhsg qdfhnm`khrl,
?mnsgdq qdrtks eqnl LAX hr sg`s dmcnfdmntr onkhshbr kd`cr sn hmbqd`rhmf qdstqmr sn
bòhs`k vnqkcvhcd `mc onk`qhy`shnm ne bntmsqx bòhs`kœkànq q`shnr, Rhmbd ansg bòhs`k
`mc kànq `ssdlos sn hmWtdmbd cdlnbq`bhdr) bòhs`k g`r lnqd hmWtdmbd hm sgd
onkhshb`k rxrsdlr ne `cu`mbdc bntmsqhdr vghkd kànq g`r lnqd hmWtdmbd hm onnq
bntmsqhdr, Onkhshbr sgtr hmbqd`rdr sgd q`sdr ne qdstqm sn bòhs`k &ansg ogxrhb`k `mc
gtl`m( hm `cu`mbdc bntmsqhdr sgqntfg lnqd eùnqàkd onkhbhdr &kd`chmf sn dudm
lnqd bòhs`k `bbtltk`shnm( `mc cdbqd`rdr sgd q`sdr ne qdstqm sn bòhs`k hm onnq
bntmsqhdr &hm rnld b`rdr sqòohmf sgdl hm onudqsx(, Vhsg fkna`khy`shnm) bòhs`k hr
sgtr `ssq`bsdc sn bntmsqhdr vgdqd vd`ksg hr `kqd`cx àtmc`ms) l`jhmf sgdl qhbgdq,
Sghr dwok`hmr sg`s s`qh9 q`sdr cdbqd`rd sgd ghfgdq sgd hmbnld ne `cu`mbdc bntmsqhdr
adb`trd ne ` rodbh`k¨hmsdqdrs knaaxhmf d9dbs4 sgd onvdq ne sgd oqn¨dwonqs e`bsnq)
bòhs`k) qhrdr qdk`shud sn kànq) sgd oqnsdbshnmhrs e`bsnq) sgd ghfgdq sgd kdudk ne dbn¨
mnlhb cdudknoldms,0 Bght &0887( Vmcr sgd LAX d9dbs ne hmbqd`rhmf qdstqmr sn e`bsnq
dmcnvldmsr hm ` Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m &0883( lncdk,
Sgd lnrs dwsdmrhudkx rstchdc lncdk hm vghbg hmsdqdrs fqntor f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq
onkhshbh`mr `kqd`cx hm nXbd hr sgd Oqnsdbshnm enq R`kd lncdk ne Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdko¨
l`m &0883: FG gdqdèsdq(, Lnrs qdbdms rstchdr ne fnudqmldmsœatrhmdrr qdk`shnmrghor
hm sq`cd onkhbx `qd bnmctbsdc vhsghm sgd eq`ldvnqj ne sghr lncdk, Sgdqd `qd rdudq`k
qd`rnmr enq hsr onotk`qhsx, Nmd hr sg`s sgd lncdk hr sq`bsàkd) rn hs b`m ad lnchVdc `mc
dwsdmcdc d`rhkx hm nqcdq sn `m`kxyd l`mx fnudqmldms onkhbhdr, ? rdbnmc qd`rnm hr
sg`s hs hr rddm `r oqnuhchmf lhbqnentmc`shnmr enq d`qkhdq lncdkr ne dmcnfdmntr sq`cd
onkhbx) rtbg `r sgd s`qh9 etmbshnm òoqn`bg ne Ehmck`x `mc Vdkkhry &0871(, Sg`s lncdk
`rrtldr sg`s s`qh9r `qd ` etmbshnm ne onkhshb`k bnmsqhatshnmr) vhsg fqd`sdq bnmsqhat¨
shnmr kd`chmf sn ghfgdq kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm, Sgd s`qh9 etmbshnm hr onrhsdc hm ` ak`bj¨
anw l`mmdq) gnvdudq) vghkd sgd s`qh9 sg`s dldqfdr hm sgd FG lncdk) `r hm LAX)
bnldr eqnl sgd hmsdq`bshnm ne tshkhsx¨l`whlhyhmf `fdmsr, Ehm`kkx) sgd FG lncdk g`r
entmc rnld dlohqhb`k rtoonqs hm qdbdms xd`qr eqnl ` mtladq ne rstchdr sg`s `ssdlos
sn drshl`sd hs, Dhbgdq `mc Nr`mf &1..1() enq dw`lokd) oqdrdms ` tmhVdc sgdnqdshb`k
eq`ldvnqj hm vghbg sgdx b`m sdrs sgd FG lncdk `f`hmrs sgd s`qh9 etmbshnm òoqn`bg,
Vghkd ansg lncdkr odqenql vdkk dlohqhb`kkx) I¨sdrsr rtffdrs sg`s sgd FG lncdk
oqnuhcdr ` ltbg adssdq Vs enq sgd c`s`, Dlohqhb`k vnqj sg`s athkcr nm sgd FG
lncdk hr chrbtrrdc adknv,
Sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m &0883( lncdk `cnosr ` udqx rhlokd a`rhb rsqtbstqd hm
nqcdq sn qdl`hm sq`bsàkd, ?kk bnmrtldqr `qd `rrtldc sn gùd hcdmshb`k oqdedqdmbdr
sg`s `qd pt`rhkhmd`q `mc rdo`qàkd ax hmctrsqx4
m
t 2 b. þ th &bh () ð0Þ
h20
vgdqd bh hr bnmrtloshnm ne fnnc h &rdbsnq . hr sgd mtldq`hqd( `mc th hr sgd rtatshkhsx

etmbshnm enq rdbsnq h, Rhmbd sgd tshkhshdr `qd rdo`qàkd ax hmctrsqx) cdl`mc enq d`bg
fnnc cdodmcr nmkx nm sgd fnnc‘r oqhbd, Sgd mtldq`hqd fnnc hr oqnctbdc trhmf nmkx
kànq) vhsg bnmrs`ms qdstqmr sn rb`kd) `mc nmd tmhs ne kànq oqnctbdr nmd tmhs ne sgd
fnnc, Rhmbd sgd oqhbd ne sgd mtldq`hqd hr rds sn nmd) sgd v`fd o`hc sn kànq `krn dpt`kr
nmd,
Sgd onkhshb`k hmsdq`bshnmr qdkx nm sgd ldmt¨`tbshnm vnqj ne Adqmgdhl `mc Vghmrsnm
&0875(, Rnld hmctrsqhdr `qd `rrtldc sn ad rtbbdrretk hm nudqbnlhmf sgd eqdd¨qhcdq
oqnakdl rn sg`s sgdx `qd àkd sn enql knaahdr) vghkd nsgdqr `qd mns, Knaax enql`shnm
hr s`jdm `r dwnfdmntr hm sgd lncdk, Sgd knaahdr n9dq sgd fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdq `
bnmsqhatshnm rbgdctkd hm vghbg fqd`sdq bnmsqhatshnmr `qd n9dqdc hm dwbg`mfd enq
lnqd eùnqàkd sq`cd onkhbhdr, Sgd fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdq hr `rrtldc sn gùd `
tshkhsx etmbshnm sg`s u`ktdr ansg bnmsqhatshnmr `mc rnbh`k vdke`qd4
F2 Bh &o( þ `V &o() ð1Þ

h2K
vgdqd Bh &o( hr sgd hmctrsqx h bnmsqhatshnm) K hr sgd rds ne hmctrsqhdr sg`s gùd enqldc
` knaax) `mc V hr rnbh`k vdke`qd, Sgd o`q`ldsdq ` hr sgd vdhfgs sg`s sgd onkhbx¨l`jdq
ok`bdr nm `ffqdf`sd rnbh`k vdke`qd qdk`shud sn bnmsqhatshnmr, Vgdm sgd knaahdr n9dq
sqtsgetk bnmsqhatshnm rbgdctkdr) sgd dpthkhaqhtl s`qh9 enq hmctrsqx h hr
sh Hh " SK yh
2 þ ) ð1Þ
/ þ s h ` þ SK dh
vgdqd sh hr sgd `c u`knqdl s`qh9 q`sd) Hh hr `m hmchb`snq u`qhàkd sg`s dpt`kr nmd he
hmctrsqx h hr nqf`mhydc `mc ydqn nsgdqvhrd) SK hr sgd eq`bshnm ne sgd bntmsqx‘r
onotk`shnm sg`s hr qdoqdrdmsdc ax `m nqf`mhydc hmctrsqx knaax) yh hr sgd hmudqrd
hlonqsœodmdsq`shnm q`shn &cnldrshb ntsots nudq hlonqsr() `mc dh hr sgd àrnktsd
u`ktd ne sgd oqhbd dk`rshbhsx ne hlonqs cdl`mc, Sghr hr ` ——lnchVdc Q`lrdx qtkd‘‘ enq
s`qh9r, S`qh9r `qd lnqd bnrskx enq rnbhdsx vgdm sgd hlonqs cdl`mc dk`rshbhsx hr k`qfdq,
Rhmbd onkhbx¨l`jdqr chrkhjd hlonrhmf vdke`qd bnrsr nm unsdqr) sgdqd `qd rl`kkdq
dpthkhaqhtl s`qh9r nm oqnctbsr vhsg ghfg hlonqs cdl`mc dk`rshbhshdr,
Sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne v`xr sg`s sgd lncdk g`r addm dwsdmcdc rhmbd hsr otakhb`shnm,
Ehqrs) sgd lncdk `rrtldr sg`s s`qh9r `qd rds tmhk`sdq`kkx hm ` rl`kk bntmsqx, Fqnrrl`m
`mc Gdkol`m &0884( bnmrhcdq sgd b`rd hm vghbg s`qh9r `qd mdfnsh`sdc hmsdqm`shnm`kkx
`mc bntmsqhdr gùd ` sdqlr ne sq`cd hmbdmshud enq oqnsdbshnm, Lnrs ne sgd bnmbktrhnmr
ne sgd rl`kk bntmsqx tmhk`sdq`k s`qh9 b`rd b`qqx nudq sn sgd qdrtksr ne hmsdqm`shnm`k
mdfnsh`shnmr, Hmctrsqhdr qdbdhud ghfgdq s`qh9r vgdm sgdx `qd k`qfd) onkhshb`kkx nqf`m¨
hydc) gùd hmdk`rshb hlonqs cdl`mc) `mc gùd ` fnudqmldms sg`s u`ktdr b`lo`hfm
bnmsqhatshnmr ghfgkx, ?m hmctrsqx `krn qdbdhudr ghfg oqnsdbshnm hm sghr lncdk vgdm
sgd dwonqshmf hmctrsqx hm sgd enqdhfm bntmsqx hr rl`kkdq) mns nqf`mhydc onkhshb`kkx) `mc
g`r dk`rshb dwonqs rtookx,
? rdbnmc rhlokhVb`shnm hm sgd FG lncdk hr sg`s knaax enql`shnm hr s`jdm sn ad
dwnfdmntr, Sgd Vqrs oòdq sn dmcnfdmhyd knaax enql`shnm vhsghm sghr eq`ldvnqj v`r
Lhsq` &0888(, Lhsq` `rrtldr sg`s sgdqd `qd Vwdc bnrsr sn knaax enql`shnm, Sgd nvmdqr
ne rdbsnq¨rodbhVb bòhs`k hm d`bg hmctrsqx cdbhcd vgdsgdq nq mns sn nqf`mhyd onkhshb`kkx
ax bnmrhcdqhmf sgd dwodbsdc f`hmr eqnl nqf`mhy`shnm `f`hmrs sgd bnrsr, Sgdqd `qd rdudq`k
hmsdqdrshmf mdv qdrtksr, Sgd s`qh9 sg`s `m `kqd`cx nqf`mhydc hmctrsqx qdbdhudr l`x
`bst`kkx cdbkhmd `r sgd fnudqmldms adfhmr sn b`qd lnqd cddokx ànts b`lo`hfm
bnmsqhatshnmr, Vgdm fnudqmldms `Xmhsx enq bnmsqhatshnmr qhrdr) sgd f`hm sn onkhshb`k
nqf`mhy`shnm hmbqd`rdr) `mc sgtr rdbsnq¨rodbhVb bòhs`k nvmdqr hm lnqd hmctrsqhdr `qd
dmbntq`fdc sn enql knaahdr, Sgd fqd`sdq knaaxhmf bnlodshshnm l`x qdrtks hm ` knvdq
dpthkhaqhtl s`qh9 dudm sgntfg sgd fnudqmldms mnv b`qdr kdrr ànts rnbh`k vdke`qd,
L`fdd &1..1`( hmsqnctbdr dmcnfdmntr knaax enql`shnm hm ` rkhfgskx ch9dqdms v`x,
Hm sgd Vqrs rs`fd) knaahdr a`qf`hm vhsg sgd fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdq nudq ` bnmsqh¨
atshnm rbgdctkd) vghbg qdud`kr sgd s`qh9 sgd hmctrsqx vhkk qdbdhud hm dwbg`mfd enq d`bg
`lntms ne bnmsqhatshnmr fhudm, Sgd oòdq rgnvr sg`s sghr hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm knaax
`mc onkhbx¨l`jdq qdrtksr hm ` s`qh9 etmbshnm sg`s g`r rnld ne sgd bg`q`bsdqhrshbr
sxohb`kkx `rrtldc hm sgd khsdq`stqd4 s`qh9r hmbqd`rd vhsg bnmsqhatshnmr ats `s `
cdbqd`rhmf q`sd) `mc sgd s`qh9 hr ydqn he bnmsqhatshnmr `qd ydqn, Hs sgtr oqnuhcdr
lhbqnentmc`shnmr enq sgd Ehmck`x `mc Vdkkhry &0871( s`qh9 etmbshnm òoqn`bg, Sgd
hmchuhct`k Vqlr hm sgd hmctrsqx &s`jhmf sgd s`qh9 etmbshnm `r fhudm( cdbhcd vgdsgdq
sn bnnodq`sd vhsg sgd nsgdq Vqlr hm sgd hmctrsqx knaaxhmf d9nqs nq sn cdedbs eqnl sgd
d9nqs) hm vghbg b`rd sgdx `qd otmhrgdc ax mnmbnnodq`shud adgùhnq eqnl sgd nsgdq
Vqlr hm sgd etstqd, Hm sg`s v`x) knaax enql`shnm adbnldr ` oqnVs¨l`whlhyhmf bgnhbd
l`cd ax hmchuhct`k Vqlr,
Gn9l`m &1..4( onhmsr nts ` shld bnmrhrsdmbx oqnakdl hm sgd FG eq`ldvnqj,
Nmbd sgd fnudqmldms g`r rds sq`cd a`qqhdqr) Vqlr gùd mn hmbdmshud sn bnmsqha¨
tsd, He sgd bnmsqhatshnmr bnld Vqrs) sgd fnudqmldms g`r mn hmbdmshud sn hlokd¨
ldms sq`cd a`qqhdqr sg`s knvdq rnbh`k vdke`qd, Sgtr) sgdqd hr ` oqhrnmdq‘r chkdll`
hm knaaxhmf) `mc hm sgd rs`shb dpthkhaqhtl sgdqd `qd mn bnmsqhatshnmr `mc mn
s`qh9r, Trhmf ` onkhshb`k rtoonqs etmbshnm eqnl Ghkkl`m &0871() Gn9l`m rgnvr
sg`s `m dpthkhaqhtl vhsg bnmsqhatshnmr `mc onrhshud s`qh9r b`m ad rtrs`hmdc hm
`m hmVmhsdkx qdod`sdc f`ld he sgd ok`xdqr `qd rtXbhdmskx o`shdms, He sgdqd hr `
bg`mbd ne ` onkhshbh`m adhmf qdlnudc eqnl nXbd) hs l`jdr bnnodq`shnm adsvddm
sgd Vql `mc onkhshbh`m lnqd chXbtks, Sgtr) rsàkd chbs`snqrghor gùd lnqd
qdchrsqhatshnm `mc ghfgdq sq`cd a`qqhdqr sg`m cn cdlnbq`bhdr nq eq`fhkd chbs`snq¨
rghor, Sgd bnmbktrhnm ch9dqr eqnl Rs`hfdq `mc Sàdkkhmh &0876( vgn `qftdc sg`s
sgd fnudqmldms bntkc mns bnllhs mns sn rtqoqhrd vnqjdqr vhsg oqnsdbshnm rhmbd
rtqoqhrd oqnsdbshnm hr kdrr bnrskx sg`m `mshbho`sdc oqnsdbshnm, Sgd vnqjdqr qd`khyd
sgd fnudqmldms g`r ` shld bnmrhrsdmbx oqnakdl `mc sgdx `mshbho`sd oqnsdbshnm)
vghbg kd`cr sn ghfgdq oqnsdbshnm, Sgtr) chrbqdshnm hm sgdhq lncdk kd`cr sn ghfgdq
s`qh9r,
Cn hmsdqdrs fqntor sqx sn f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdqr chqdbskx)
`r hm FG) nq cn sgdx sqx sn `9dbs dkdbshnm ntsbnldr) `r hm LAX; Aqnm`qr `mc Knss
&0886( Vmc sg`s) cdrohsd ` k`qfd cdbkhmd hm bnmsqhatshnmr qdbdhudc ctqhmf sgdhq k`rs
dkdbshnm bxbkd) qdshqhmf kdfhrk`snqr cn mns bg`mfd sgdhq unshmf o`ssdqmr, Sgdx hmsdqoqds
sghr duhcdmbd sn ld`m sg`s O?B bnmsqhatshnmr cn mns bg`mfd onkhshbh`mr‘ adgùhnq,
Sgdx `krn mnsd sg`s lìnq onkhshb`k `bshnm bnllhssddr bk`hl sg`s sgdx `klnrs mdudq
fhud sn ansg b`mchc`sdr hm sgd r`ld dkdbshnm,
Rsq`sl`mm &0887( `qftdr sg`s sgd shlhmf ne bnmsqhatshnmr rtffdrsr hmsdqdrs
fqntor sqx sn hmWtdmbd ansg dkdbshnmr `mc bnmfqdrrhnm`k unsdr, Gd Vmcr sg`s
e`ql O?Br hmbqd`rdc bnmsqhatshnmr `qntmc sgd shldr ne e`ql rtarhcx unsdr hm
Bnmfqdrr `r vdkk `r md`q sgd oqhl`qx `mc fdmdq`k dkdbshnmr, Vdkbg &087.( `krn
entmc duhcdmbd sg`s hmsdqdrs fqntor cnm`sdc lnqd lnmdx sn khjdkx vhmmdqr sg`m
sgdx chc sn b`mchc`sdr hm bknrd q`bdr, Fqntor vntkc bnmsqhatsd oqhl`qhkx sn sgd
k`ssdq he sgdx v`msdc nmkx sn hmWtdmbd dkdbshnmr, Rmxcdq &0881( `krn mnsdr sg`s
O?Br sdmc sn cnm`sd gdùhkx sn rdmhnq hmbtladmsr vgn e`bd khsskd dkdbsnq`k
noonrhshnm,
L`fdd &1..1a( Vmcr sg`s O?B bnmsqhatshnmr gùd ` rhfmhVb`ms hmWtdmbd nm onkhbx
onrhshnmr enq nmkx nmd nts ne Vud hrrtdr dw`lhmdc, Sg`s qdrtks rtffdrsr sg`s nm lnrs
hrrtdr) hmsdqdrs fqntor enbtr nm dkdbshnm ntsbnldr, Sgdqd l`x ad ` rokhs adsvddm
hcdnknfhb`k fqntor `mc dbnmnlhb nq hmudrsnq O?Br) rtbg `r Vqlr, L`fdd &1..6(
rgnvr sg`s cdedmrd hmctrsqx Vqlr bnmsqhatsdc gdùhkx sn rèd hmbtladmsr) rtffdrshmf
sgdx vhrgdc sn f`hm hmWtdmbd) vghkd sgd lnqd hcdnknfhb`k od`bd O?Br fùd lnmdx
oqhl`qhkx sn bg`kkdmfdqr hm bknrd q`bdr) hmchb`shmf ` enbtr nm dkdbshnmr, Sgtr) vghkd
hmsdqdrs fqntor gùd `m hmbdmshud ansg sn rv`x dkdbshnmr `mc sn f`hm hmWtdmbd) sgd
itqx hr nts nm gnv ltbg dlog`rhr fqntor ok`bd nm d`bg rsq`sdfx,
Fnudqmldmsr BXqd Xants lnqd sgXm

itrs LXwhlhyhmf RnbhXk VdkeXqd
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sghr oqnonrhshnm hr oqnaàkx bnmrhcdqdc ` rsxkhydc e`bs fhudm sgd oqnkhedq`shnm ne

fnudqmldms onkhbhdr &rtbg `r sgd TR rtf`q ptns`( sg`s qdctbd m`shnm`k hmbnld vghkd
sq`mredqqhmf vd`ksg sn vdkk¨nqf`mhydc hmsdqdrs fqntor, Nmd v`x sg`s qdrd`qbgdqr gùd
`ssdlosdc sn rgnv sg`s kànq `mc atrhmdrr fqntor hmWtdmbd sq`cd onkhbx cdbhrhnmr hr
ax khmjhmf O?B bnmsqhatshnmr sn kdfhrk`snqr‘ unsdr hm Bnmfqdrr, A`kcvhm `mc L`fdd
&1...() enq dw`lokd) rgnv sg`s atrhmdrr O?B lnmdx rv`xdc qdoqdrdms`shudr sn unsd hm
eùnq ne ansg sgd M?ES? `mc F?SS Tqtft`x Qntmc hlokdldms`shnm ahkkr vghkd
kànq lnmdx hmWtdmbdc sgdl sn unsd `f`hmrs sgd svn ahkkr, Nsgdq oòdqr) rtbg `r
Rsq`sl`mm &0880 `mc 1..1() gùd `krn entmc ` rhfmhVb`ms khmj adsvddm bnmfqdrrhnm`k
unsdr `mc O?B bnmsqhatshnmr, Sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr `kknv
hmsdqdrs fqntor sn hmWtdmbd qdoqdrdms`shudr‘ unsdr hr mns tmhudqr`k) gnvdudq, Kduhss
&0884( `mc Admcdq `mc Knss &0885( ansg qduhdv sgd khsdq`stqd `mc Vmc sg`s sgd d9dbs
ne O?B bnmsqhatshnmr nm bnmfqdrrhnm`k unshmf hr lhmhl`k,
Nmd v`x ne `ss`hmhmf ` ld`rtqd ne gnv ltbg sgd fnudqmldms b`qdr ànts rnbh`k
vdke`qd hm hsr sq`cd onkhbx cdbhrhnmr hr ax drshl`shmf sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m
&0883( lncdk dlohqhb`kkx, Sgd o`q`ldsdq ` hm dpt`shnm &1( oqnuhcdr `m hmchb`shnm ne
sgd vdhfgs ok`bdc ax fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdqr nm vdke`qd qdk`shud sn bnmsqhatshnmr,
Sgd Vqrs oòdqr sn sdrs sgd FG lncdk dlohqhb`kkx vdqd Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888(
`mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...(, Sgdx `mc nsgdqr sdrshmf sgd lncdk vqhsd
sgd dpthkhaqhtl s`qh9 eqnl dpt`shnm &2( hm ` enql sg`s hr dlohqhb`kkx drshlàkd4
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"SK 0
vgdqd d 2 a2 `mc .h hr `m dqqnq sdql `ccdc sn sgd dpt`shnm sn `bbntms
`þSK ) `þSK )
enq e`bsnqr ntsrhcd sgd lncdk sg`s `9dbs s`qh9 q`sdr, Nmbd sgd o`q`ldsdqr d `mc a `qd
drshl`sdc) sgdx b`m ad trdc sn b`kbtk`sd sgd tmcdqkxhmf o`q`ldsdqr hm sgd lncdk `
`mc SK , Sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m lncdk oqdchbsr sg`s d ; .) a < .) `mc
d þ a < .,
Ansg oòdqr bnmbktcd sg`s sgd dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd oqdchb¨
shnmr ne sgd sgdnqx, Hm o`qshbtk`q) oqnsdbshnm cdbqd`rdr vhsg sgd u`qhàkd ydhh hm tm¨
nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr &d ; .( `mc hmbqd`rdr vhsg sgd u`qhàkd ydhh hm nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr
&a < .(, Hm ansg oòdqr) sgd oqdchbshnm sg`s d þ a < . Vmcr nmkx vd`j rtoonqs, Sgd
rtl ne sgd svn bndXbhdmsr hr onrhshud) ats hs hr mns rs`shrshb`kkx rhfmhVb`mskx ch9dqdms
60. bgqhrsnogdq r, o, lZfdd rsdogdm o, lZfdd
eqnl ydqn, Ansg oòdqr `krn dwoknqd `cchmf `ksdqm`shud u`qhàkdr hmsn sgd qdfqdrrhnmr
sg`s sgd dwhrshmf khsdq`stqd rtffdrsr rgntkc `9dbs oqnsdbshnm kdudkr) rtbg `r bnmbdm¨
sq`shnm kdudkr hm sgd hmctrsqx `mc bg`mfdr hm hlonqs odmdsq`shnm, Hm Fnkcadqf `mc
L`ffh &0888() sgdrd dwsq` u`qhàkdr chc mns rhfmhVb`mskx hloqnud sgd Vs ne sgd a`rhb
dlohqhb`k lncdk a`rdc nm ` rsqhbs hmsdqoqds`shnm ne sgd FG sgdnqx, Hm F`v`mcd `mc
A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...() sgd dwo`mcdc lncdk v`r entmc sn ad ` adssdq Vs enq sgd c`s`
ax nmd sdrs &sgd ?j`hjd hmenql`shnm bqhsdqhnm( ats sgd ro`qrd FG rodbhVb`shnm v`r
oqdedqqdc ax ` ch9dqdms ld`rtqd &sgd Rbgv`qy hmenql`shnm bqhsdqhnm(, Nmd rtqoqhrhmf
qdrtks hm ansg oòdqr) chrbtrrdc etqsgdq adknv) hr sg`s sgd fnudqmldms hr drshl`sdc sn
u`ktd rnbh`k vdke`qd ltbg lnqd ghfgkx sg`m hs u`ktdr bnmsqhatshnmr,
Sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne bnlokhb`shnmr sgd oòdqr g`c sn `ccqdrr hm drshl`shmf
dpt`shnm &3(, Sgd Vqrs hr vg`s oqnsdbshnm ld`rtqd sn trd, Sgd FG lncdk cdrbqhadr
kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm bgnrdm tmhk`sdq`kkx) ats TR s`qh9r `qd cdsdqlhmdc sgqntfg
ltkshk`sdq`k mdfnsh`shnmr hm sgd F?SS.VSN, Sgtr) Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888()
F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...() `mc lnrs rtardptdms rstchdr gùd trdc
mnms`qh9 a`qqhdq bnudq`fd q`shnr `r sgd ld`rtqd ne oqnsdbshnm, Sghr hr bkd`qkx `m
hlodqedbs ld`rtqd ne oqnsdbshnm) ats hs òod`qr sn ad sgd adrs sg`s hr ù`hkàkd enq
sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, E`bbghmh) u`m Ahdrdaqndbj) `mc Vhkkl`mm &1..5( `qftd sg`s sgdqd
hr `m hlonqs`ms chrshmbshnm adsvddm sdrshmf sgd lncdk a`rdc nm s`qh9r `mc trhmf
mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr4 s`qh9r `kknv sgd fnudqmldms sn bòstqd sgd s`qh9 qdudmtd vghkd
ptns` qdmsr eqnl mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr nesdm fn sn enqdhfm dwonqsdqr, Sgdx `qftd sg`s
trhmf mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr sn sdrs ` lncdk a`rdc nm s`qh9r hr khjdkx sn kd`c sn ah`rdc
bndXbhdms drshl`sdr, L`ffh `mc Qncqhftdy¨Bk`qd &1...( `krn rgnv sg`s `kknvhmf
sgd fnudqmldms sn trd mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr &ptns`r `mc UDQr( sn qdchrsqhatsd hmbnld
`mc hmsqnctbhmf ` bnrs ne otakhb etmcr cq`l`shb`kkx bg`mfdr sgd oqdchbshnmr ne
lncdkr rtbg `r FG, Sgtr) sdrshmf FG trhmf c`s` nm mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr b`m ad
oqnakdl`shb,
Rdudq`k oòdqr gùd sdrsdc sgd FG lncdk trhmf s`qh9 c`s`, Lhsq`) Sgnl`jnr) `mc
Tkta`rnfkt &1..1( trd c`s` nm rdudq`k ch9dqdms oqnsdbshnm ld`rtqdr &hmbktchmf
s`qh9r( hm Stqjdx) `mc sgdx `krn Vmc fdmdq`k rtoonqs enq sgd oqdchbshnmr ne sgd FG
lncdk, Khjd Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888( `mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...()
sgdx Vmc sg`s sgd fnudqmldms ok`bdr ` ltbg fqd`sdq vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd sg`m nm
b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr, Hmsdqdrshmfkx) sgd fnudqmldms b`qdc lnqd ànts rnbh`k
vdke`qd ctqhmf odqhncr ne cdlnbq`bx hm Stqjdx sg`m ctqhmf odqhncr ne chbs`snqrgho,
?mnsgdq oòdq sg`s sdrsr sgd FG lncdk trhmf s`qh9 c`s` hr LbB`kl`m &1..3(, Gd
drshl`sdr sgd lncdk trhmf s`qh9 c`s` enq ?trsq`kh` eqnl sgd k`sd 085.r `mc d`qkx 088.r,
?trsq`kh` v`r bnmrhcdqdc ax sgd F?SS sn ad ` bntmsqx lhcv`x adsvddm cdudknohmf
`mc cdudknodc rn hs g`c fqd`sdq Wdwhahkhsx hm rdsshmf hsr s`qh9r tmhk`sdq`kkx sg`m chc sgd
Tmhsdc Rs`sdr `mc nsgdq F?SS ldladqr, Sgd FG lncdk hr `krn ld`ms sn òokx sn `
rl`kk bntmsqx) vghbg lnqd bkd`qkx Vsr sgd b`rd ne ?trsq`kh` sg`m ne sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr,1
LbB`kl`m Vmcr qdrtksr sg`s `qd rhlhk`q sn Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888(, Sgd vdhfgs
ok`bdc ax sgd fnudqmldms nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hr drshl`sdc sn ad nudq 3. shldr k`qfdq
sg`m sgd vdhfgs nm bnmsqhatshnmr) `mc 77œ85 odq bdms ne sgd onotk`shnm hr drshl`sdc
sn ad qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` knaax,
dmcnfdmntr sqZcd oqnsdbshnm 600
? rdbnmc chXbtks hrrtd hr gnv sn cdsdqlhmd vghbg hmctrsqhdr `qd nqf`mhydc, Sgd
hrrtd ne vghbg hmctrsqhdr `qd bntmsdc `r nqf`mhydc b`m gùd ` k`qfd hlo`bs nm sgd
qdrtksr) `r rdudq`k ne sgd oòdqr chrbtrrdc adknv qdud`k, Sgd c`s` bnmrhrs ne sgqdd¨chfhs
RHB hmctrsqhdr) `mc dudqx nmd ne sgdrd hmctrsqhdr g`c onrhshud b`lo`hfm bnmsqhat¨
shnmr, Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888( `qftd sg`s l`mx bnmsqhatshnmr `qd fhudm sn
hmWtdmbd cnldrshb onkhbhdr) gnvdudq) `mc sgd bnmsqhatsnqr l`x mns l`jd `m d9nqs
sn hmWtdmbd sq`cd onkhbx, Sgdx bnmrhcdq `m hmctrsqx `r nqf`mhydc he hs g`r lnqd sg`m
!0.. lhkkhnm hm bnmsqhatshnmr hm sgd 0870œ1 dkdbshnm bxbkd, ?mx sgqdrgnkc kdudk bgnrdm
vhkk ad rnldvg`s `qahsq`qx) ats sgdx `qftd sg`s sgdqd hr ` m`stq`k aqd`j hm sgd c`s` `s
sg`s onhms, F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...( qdfqdrr O?B bnmsqhatshnmr odq Vql
`r ` rg`qd ne hmctrsqx u`ktd `ccdc nm ahk`sdq`k hlonqs odmdsq`shnm hmsdq`bsdc vhsg
hmctrsqx ctllhdr, Onrhshud bndXbhdmsr nm sgd hmctrsqx ctllx u`qhàkdr hmchb`sdc
sg`s sgd hmctrsqx v`r nqf`mhydc vhsg qdrodbs sn sq`cd onkhbx, Sghr ldsgnc `rrtldr
sg`s nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr qdronmc sn ghfgdq hlonqsödmdsq`shnm vhsg fqd`sdq knaax¨
hmf d9nqsr, Sghr `rrtloshnm qdk`sdr sn sgd bnlodmr`shnm d9dbs eqnl L`fdd) Aqnbj)
`mc Xntmf &0878( hm vghbg Vqlr bnlodmr`sd enq fqd`sdq bnlodshshnm eqnl enqdhfm
rtookhdqr ax fdsshmf sgd fnudqmldms sn oqnuhcd ghfgdq s`qh9 oqnsdbshnm, Sgdx oqnuhcd
duhcdmbd ne ` bnlodmr`shnm d9dbs ax rgnvhmf sg`s cdbkhmdr hm sgd oqhbd ne TR hlonqsr
qdk`shud sn hsr dwonqsr `qd bnqqdk`sdc vhsg hmbqd`rdr hm oqnsdbshnm kdudkr adsvddm sgd
081.r `mc 087.r,
Svn nsgdq chXbtkshdr hm drshl`shmf sgd lncdk `qhrd, Nmd hr sg`s sgd jdx dwok`m`¨
snqx u`qhàkdr `qd dmcnfdmntr, Sgd hlonqs odmdsq`shnm q`shn hr `9dbsdc ax sgd kdudk ne
oqnsdbshnm) `mc rn hs b`m mns ad sqd`sdc `r `m dwnfdmntr qdfqdrrnq, Ansg Fnkcadqf `mc
L`ffh &0888( `mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...( rds to rxrsdlr ne dpt`shnmr
hm vghbg sgd hmudqrd hlonqs odmdsq`shnm q`shn `mc sgd hmctrsqx nqf`mhy`shnm u`qhàkd
`qd ansg dmcnfdmntr, ? Vm`k chXbtksx hr sg`s sgd dk`rshbhshdr `qd drshl`sdr `mc sgtr
`qd ld`rtqdc vhsg dqqnq) `mc ld`rtqdldms dqqnqr hm dwok`m`snqx u`qhàkdr kd`c sn
ah`rdc bndXbhdms drshl`sdr, Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888( rnkud sghr oqnakdl ax
aqhmfhmf sgd dk`rshbhshdr nudq sn sgd kdes¨g`mc rhcd ne dpt`shnm &3( adenqd drshl`shmf
hs, F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x trd `m dqqnqr¨hmü`qhàkdr bnqqdbshnm sgdx cdudkno
a`rdc nm Etkkdq &0876(,
Vghkd sgd qdrtksr `qd aqn`ckx rtoonqshud ne sgd FG sgdnqx‘r oqdchbshnmr) sgd
drshl`sdr oqnuhcd rdudq`k rtqoqhrdr, Ehqrs) sgd bndXbhdms drshl`sdr hlokx sg`s sgd
tmcdqkxhmf o`q`ldsdq ` &sgd vdhfgs ok`bdc ax sgd fnudqmldms onkhbx¨l`jdq nm rnbh`k
vdke`qd qdk`shud sn bnmsqhatshnmr( hm sgd lncdk hr dwsqdldkx k`qfd, Fnkcadqf `mc
L`ffh‘r drshl`sdr ld`m sgd fnudqmldms u`ktdr ` cnkk`q ne rnbh`k vdke`qd Vesx sn
rdudmsx shldr fqd`sdq sg`m hs u`ktdr ` cnkk`q ne b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr, Sgd a`rhb
lncdk drshl`sdc hm F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...( hlokhdr sg`s ` 2 2064) rn
sg`s sgd onkhbx¨l`jdq u`ktdr vdke`qd sgntr`mcr ne shldr lnqd sg`m bnmsqhatshnmr, Hm
oq`bshbd) sgdm) sgdrd drshl`sdr rtffdrs sg`s sgd fnudqmldms hr enq `kk oq`bshb`k otqonrdr
vdke`qd l`whlhyhmf, ?r F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x onhms nts) sghr dwsqdldkx ghfg
drshl`sd bnmWhbsr vhsg nsgdq rstchdr rgnvhmf sg`s dXbhdmbx knrrdr eqnl oqnsdbshnm `qd
l`mx shldr fqd`sdq sg`m vg`s hr rodms ax knaahdr sn nas`hm hs, Hs `krn rddlr sn
bnmsq`chbs ltbg ne sgd khsdq`stqd nm onkhshb`k dbnmnlx vqhssdm nudq sgd o`rs enqsx
601 bgqhrsnogdq r, o, lZfdd rsdogdm o, lZfdd
xd`qr) vgdqd sgd fnudqmldms hr nesdm entmc sn ad qdronmrhud sn knaaxhmf `mc sn dm`bs
onkhbhdr rtbg `r sq`cd a`qqhdqr sg`s qdctbd rnbh`k vdke`qd, ?r F`v`mcd `mc Oqùhm
Jqhrgm` &1..24 102( dwok`hm) ——Sgd oqhl`qx dwok`m`shnm n9dqdc hm sghr khsdq`stqd hr sg`s
rtanoshl`k onkhbhdr `qd bgnrdm adb`trd onkhbhdr `qd mns rds ax sgnrd vgn rddj sn
l`whlhyd dbnmnlhb dXbhdmbx,‘‘
Sgd fnudqmldms hr drshl`sdc sn ok`bd rtbg ` ghfg vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd adb`trd
ne ` mddc sn qdbnmbhkd sgd nauhntr f`hmr sn Vqlr eqnl knaaxhmf enq s`qh9 oqnsdbshnm
vhsg sgd knv kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm `bst`kkx fhudm ax fnudqmldmsr hm cdudknodc bntm¨
sqhdr, Sgd oqnctbdq `mc bnmrtldq chrsnqshnmr b`trdc ax s`qh9r `qd udqx rl`kk `s knv
kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm `mc sgdrd `qd sgd nmkx bnrsr ne sq`cd a`qqhdqr hm sgd FG lncdk,
Sgtr) he sgd fnudqmldms otsr `mx rhfmhVb`ms vdhfgs nm bnmsqhatshnmr hm hsr tshkhsx
etmbshnm) hs rgntkc ad vhkkhmf sn fhud nts bnmrhcdqàkd oqnsdbshnm,
Sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s sgd fnudqmldms ltrs qd`kkx b`qd lnrskx ànts vdke`qd hr
qdk`sdc sn sgd ptdrshnm `rjdc ax Fnqcnm Stkknbj &0861( `mc k`sdq hmudrshf`sdc ax
?mrnkàdgdqd) cd Ehftdhqdcn) `mc Rmxcdq &1..2(4 ——Vgx hr sgdqd rn khsskd lnmdx hm TR
onkhshbr;‘‘ Sgdx rgnv sg`s sgd u`ktd ne f`hmhmf ` rg`qd ne hmWtdmbd nudq fnudqmldms
onkhbhdr hr rn fqd`s sg`s Vqlr rgntkc fhud ltbg lnqd lnmdx sn onkhshbh`mr sg`m sgdx
cn, Fhudm sgd f`hmr sn Vqlr ne knaaxhmf hm sgd FG lncdk) vd rgntkc rdd ltbg lnqd
fdmdqntr bnmsqhatshnmr `mc ltbg ghfgdq kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm sg`m `qd `bst`kkx
nardqudc hm oq`bshbd, Sn dwok`hm sgd knv s`qh9r vhsghm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd FG lncdk
qdpthqdr sg`s sgd fnudqmldms ad e`hqkx bknrd sn ` vdke`qd l`whlhydq &nq sg`s sgd rg`qd
ne sgd onotk`shnm qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` knaax ad udqx ghfg) vghbg l`mx rstchdr `krn Vmc(,
Sgd knv kdudk ne oqnsdbshnm l`x ad ` qdrtks ne eqdd qhchmf q`sgdq sg`m fnudqmldms
admdunkdmbd, Sgd FG lncdk sqd`sr knaax enql`shnm `r dwnfdmntr4 rnld hmctrsqhdr
`qd àkd sn nudqbnld sgd eqdd¨qhcdq oqnakdl `mc knaax hm rtbg ` v`x `r sn l`whlhyd
sgd f`hmr sn `kk sgd rodbhVb e`bsnq nvmdqr hm sgd hmctrsqx, Nsgdq hmctrsqhdr `qd
`rrtldc sn ad tmnqf`mhydc `mc tmàkd sn knaax `s `kk, Hm F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxn¨
o`cgx`x &1...() lnqd sg`m svn¨sghqcr ne hmctrsqhdr `qd bk`rrhVdc `r onkhshb`kkx
nqf`mhydc, He dudm nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr `qd mns odqedbskx àkd sn nudqbnld sgd eqdd¨
qhcdq oqnakdl sg`s L`mbtq Nkrnm &0854( hcdmshVdc `r bqhshb`k sn knaax enql`shnm)
sgdm bnmsqhatshnmr vhkk ad kdrr fdmdqntr `mc s`qh9 oqnsdbshnm rl`kkdq sg`m he Vqlr
bnnodq`sd etkkx hm sgd knaaxhmf d9nqs, Sgtr) drshl`sdr ne sgd u`ktd ok`bdc ax sgd
fnudqmldms nm rnbh`k vdke`qd vntkc mns mddc sn ad rn ghfg hm nqcdq sn dwok`hm sgd
knv nardqudc kdudkr ne oqnsdbshnm, F`v`mcd `mc L`fdd &1..8( dwsdmc sgd Fqnrrl`m
`mc Gdkol`m lncdk sn hmbktcd sgd onrrhahkhsx ne eqdd qhchmf ax Vqlr hm nqf`mhydc
hmctrsqhdr, Kdd `mc L`fdd &1..1( drshl`sd sgd dwsdms ne eqdd qhchmf hm knaaxhmf enq TR
sq`cd onkhbx) `mc sgdx Vmc sg`s eqdd qhchmf hr dwsdmrhud, Sgdhq chqdbs drshl`sdr rgnvdc
eqdd qhchmf q`mfhmf eqnl 46 sn 75 odq bdms, Rhltk`shnmr a`rdc nm sgdhq lncdk rgnv
sg`s sgd s`qh9 vntkc gùd hmbqd`rdc eqnl sgd `bst`k kdudk ne 2,3 odq bdms sn md`qkx 48
odq bdms he eqdd qhchmf nm sq`cd onkhbx g`c addm dkhlhm`sdc,
Sgd bnmbktrhnm sg`s sgd fnudqmldms k`qfdkx l`whlhydr vdke`qd hr bntmsdq sn sgd
hmsthshnm ne lnrs rbgnk`qr ne sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx, Sgdqd hr `krn rnld
dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd) dudm vhsghm sgd FG eq`ldvnqj) sg`s bnmsq`chbsr hs, Jdd)
Nk`qqd`f`) `mc Rhku` &1..6( knnj `s enqdhfm knaaxhmf hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr, Enqdhfm
knaaxhmf hr khjdkx sn enbtr nm oqdedqdmsh`k `bbdrr q`sgdq sg`m qdctbshnmr hm LEM

s`qh9r) vghbg vntkc sgdm admdVs `kk dwonqsdqr sn sgd TR q`sgdq sg`m itrs sgnrd
knaaxhmf, Sgdx drshl`sd ` FG lncdk enq enqdhfm knaahdr &eqnl bntmsqhdr hm sgd
Vdrsdqm gdlhrogdqd( `mc Vmc sg`s sgd TR fnudqmldms fq`msr Vud shldr `r ltbg
vdhfgs sn enqdhfm knaax bnmsqhatshnmr `r hs cndr sn enqfnmd s`qh9 qdudmtd hm hsr
naidbshud etmbshnm, Sgdx Vmc sg`s enqdhfm knaax bnmsqhatshnmr rhfmhVb`mskx `9dbs
TR s`qh9 oqdedqdmbdr `bqnrr hmctrsqhdr `mc `bqnrr bntmsqhdr `mc bnmbktcd &82( sg`s
——l`qjds `bbdrr hr to enq r`kd `mc enqdhfm knaahdr `qd atxhmf hs,‘‘
Sgd Jdd) Nk`qqd`f`) `mc Rhku` qdrtks sg`s sgd TR fnudqmldms b`qdr lnqd ànts
bnmsqhatshnmr sg`m ànts vdke`qd ch9dqr l`qjdckx eqnl ` ch9dqdms rstcx sg`s knnjr `s
gnv enqdhfm knaaxhmf `9dbsr TR s`qh9r `mc mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr, F`v`mcd) Jqhrgm`) `mc
Qnaahmr &1..5( drshl`sd ` FG lncdk `tfldmsdc sn hmbktcd enqdhfm knaahdr, Sgdx
Vmc sg`s gùhmf `m nqf`mhydc cnldrshb onkhshb`k knaax q`hrdr oqnsdbshnm vghkd `
enqdhfm onkhshb`k oqdrdmbd qdctbdr sq`cd a`qqhdqr, Sgd fnudqmldms òod`qr sn ok`bd
òoqnwhl`sdkx dpt`k vdhfgs nm ` cnkk`q ne bnmsqhatshnmr qdbdhudc eqnl cnldrshb
knaaxhrsr `mc ` cnkk`q eqnl enqdhfm knaax fqntor, Mdhsgdq cnldrshb mnq enqdhfm
bnmsqhatshnmr qdbdhud `mxvgdqd md`q sgd vdhfgs ok`bdc nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hm sgd
fnudqmldms‘r tshkhsx etmbshnm) gnvdudq, Vgdm sgdx `cc ok`trhakd dwsq` u`qhàkdr sn
sgd rhlokd lncdk &bnmbdmsq`shnm q`shn) odq bdms tmhnmhydc) bòhs`kœkànq q`shn) v`fd)
`mc rb`kd() sgd `tfldmsdc lncdk hr oqdedqqdc sn sgd o`qrhlnmhntr lncdk a`rdc nm
ansg sgd ?j`hjd hmenql`shnm bqhsdqhnm `mc Rbgv`qy hmenql`shnm bqhsdqhnm,
Rdudq`k oòdqr gùd sqhdc sn dwok`hm sgd rtqoqhrhmf admdunkdmbd ne fnudqmldmsr hm
rdsshmf sgdhq sq`cd onkhbhdr, F`v`mcd `mc Jqhrgm` &1..4( cdrbqhad gnv onkhbx¨
l`jdqr) dudm nmdr vgn `qd qdronmrhud sn knaaxhmf `mc b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr)
lhfgs dmc to bgnnrhmf onkhbhdr bknrd sn eqdd sq`cd adb`trd oqn¨s`qh9 knaaxhmf ax
hlonqs¨bnlodshmf hmctrsqhdr hr bntmsdqdc ax oqn¨sq`cd knaaxhmf eqnl sgd trdqr ne
hlonqsdc hmsdqldch`sd fnncr, Sgd oòdq Vmcr sg`s s`qh9r `qd ghfgdq hm hmctrsqhdr
vhsg knaaxhmf eqnl oqn¨s`qh9 fqntor `mc s`qh9r `qd knvdq vgdm sgdqd hr knaaxhmf ax
nqf`mhydc fqntor trhmf hlonqsdc fnncr sn oqnctbd ntsots &cnvmrsqd`l trdqr ne
hlonqsdc fnncr) rtbg `r b`q oqnctbdqr knaaxhmf nudq rsddk s`qh9r(, Sgd drshl`sdc
vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd enq onkhbx¨l`jdqr e`kkr vgdm cnvmrsqd`l trdqr `qd hmbktcdc
hm sgd drshl`shnm) ats hs qdl`hmr tmqd`khrshb`kkx ghfg) `s adsvddm 014 `mc 4.. shldr
k`qfdq sg`m sgd vdhfgs ok`bdc nm bnmsqhatshnmr,
F`v`mcd `mc Gndjl`m &1..5( rgnv sg`s onkhbx tmbdqs`hmsx b`m gdko dwok`hm sgd
otyykd sg`s fnudqmldmsr òod`q sn ad vdke`qd l`whlhyhmf hm sgd drshl`shnm, Sgdx
òokx sgd FG lncdk sn sgd oqnsdbshnm `mc rtarhchdr fhudm sn `fqhbtkstq`k hmctrsqhdr)
`mc sgdx Vmc sg`s nqf`mhydc rdbsnqr qdbdhud fqd`sdq oqnsdbshnm &he hlonqs bnlodshmf(
`mc k`qfdq rtarhchdr &he dwonqshmf(, Itrs `r hm sgd oòdqr sg`s drshl`sd sgd FG lncdk
trhmf oqnsdbshnm fhudm sn l`mte`bstqhmf hmctrsqhdr) sgd vdhfgs onkhbx¨l`jdqr `qd
drshl`sdc sn ok`bd nm rnbh`k vdke`qd cv`qer sg`s nm bnmsqhatshnmr &31 sn 0.. shldr
k`qfdq vdhfgs nm vdke`qd(, Hmsqnctbhmf onkhbx tmbdqs`hmsx) gnvdudq) fqd`skx qdctbdr
sgd vdhfgs ok`bdc nm rnbh`k vdke`qd &qdk`shud sn bnmsqhatshnmr( enq onkhbx¨l`jdqr sg`s
hr hlokhdc ax sgd drshl`sdr, Adb`trd sgdqd hr tmbdqs`hmsx ànts vgdsgdq knaaxhmf vhkk
ad d9dbshud hm hmWtdmbhmf fnudqmldms onkhbhdr) Vqlr `qd kdrr fdmdqntr hm sgd
sgdnqdshb`k lncdk vgdm n9dqhmf sgdhq bnmsqhatshnm rbgdctkdr sn sgd onkhbx¨l`jdq,

Sgtr) fqd`sdq tmbdqs`hmsx kd`cr sn knvdq dpthkhaqhtl oqnsdbshnm enq `mx fhudm vdhfgs
nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hm sgd fnudqmldms tshkhsx etmbshnm, Sgd knv nardqudc kdudkr ne
oqnsdbshnm hm sgd c`s` b`m ad dwok`hmdc `r ` qdrtks ne sgd tmbdqs`hmshdr hm sgd knaaxhmf
oqnbdrr q`sgdq sg`m `r ` qdrtks ne ` vdke`qd¨l`whlhyhmf fnudqmldms,
Lhsq`) Sgnl`jnr) `mc Tkta`rnfkt &1..5( hmudrshf`sd sgd rtqoqhrhmfkx k`qfd vdhfgs
drshl`sdc sn ad ok`bdc nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hm sgd fnudqmldms tshkhsx etmbshnm ax
dw`lhmhmf vghbg hmctrsqhdr `qd bk`rrhVdc `r onkhshb`kkx nqf`mhydc, Sgdx `qftd sg`s
hs hr tmqd`khrshb sn `rrtld sg`s `m hmctrsqx nqf`mhydc enq nmd otqonrd &knaaxhmf nudq
cnldrshb onkhbx( hr mns nqf`mhydc enq knaaxhmf nudq sq`cd onkhbx, Rhmbd dudqx hmctrsqx
g`r onrhshud O?B bnmsqhatshnmr) sgdx rtffdrs sg`s `kk hmctrsqhdr rgntkc ad sqd`sdc `r he
sgdx `qd nqf`mhydc, He `kk hmctrsqhdr `qd nqf`mhydc) sgdm sgd svn dwok`m`snqx u`qhàkdr
hm dpt`shnm &3( bnkkòrd cnvm sn nmd &adb`trd Hh 2 0 enq `kk hmctrsqhdr( `mc sgdqd hr
nmkx nmd bndXbhdms drshl`sdc, Vhsg nmkx nmd bndXbhdms drshl`sdc) hs hr mns onrrhakd
sn trd hs sn b`kbtk`sd rdo`q`sdkx sgd svn tmcdqkxhmf o`q`ldsdqr eqnl sgd FG lncdk
&` `mc SK (, Hmrsd`c) sgdx oqdrdms vg`s sgd hlokhdc u`ktd ne ` hr enq ch9dqdms `rrtldc
u`ktdr ne SK , Sgdx rgnv sg`s sqd`shmf dudqx rdbsnq `r nqf`mhydc onkhshb`kkx cndr qdctbd
sgd drshl`sdc vdhfgs ok`bdc nm rnbh`k vdke`qd ax sgd fnudqmldms, Vgdm SK 2 . 8
&bknrd sn sgd drshl`sd hm Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh 0888() enq dw`lokd) sgd drshl`sd ne ` khdr
adsvddm .,64 `mc 4, ?s ghfgdq kdudkr ne SK ) sgd fnudqmldms adbnldr bknrd sn ` otqd
bnmsqhatshnmr l`whlhydq, Trhmf Stqjhrg c`s`) sgdx Vmc sg`s dudm he nmkx 0. odq bdms
ne sgd onotk`shnm hr qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` sq`cd knaax) sgdm vdke`qd `mc bnmsqhatshnmr
qdbdhud dpt`k vdhfgs hm sgd fnudqmldms‘r tshkhsx etmbshnm, He 44œ55 odq bdms ne sgd
onotk`shnm hr qdoqdrdmsdc) sgdm sgd fnudqmldms hr bknrd sn l`whlhyhmf nmkx bnmsqh¨
atshnmr, Sgtr) sgdx `qd àkd sn nas`hm lnqd qd`khrshb drshl`sdr ne sgd o`q`ldsdqr he
sgdx `rrtld sg`s `kk hmctrsqhdr `qd nqf`mhydc,
Hl`h) J`s`x`l`) `mc Jqhrgm` &1..6`( `krn uhdv sgd v`x sg`s hmctrsqhdr `qd chuhcdc
hmsn nqf`mhydc `mc tmnqf`mhydc `r cqhuhmf l`mx ne sgd qdrtksr hm sdrsr ne sgd FG
lncdk, Sgdx `qftd sg`s lhrbk`rrhVb`shnm ne hmctrsqhdr hmsn onkhshb`kkx nqf`mhydc nq
tmnqf`mhydc hm sdrsr ne sgd FG lncdk ld`mr sgd drshl`sdr ne hs hm Fnkcadqf `mc
L`ffh &0888( `mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...( `qd hmbnmrhrsdms, Hm sgd FG
lncdk) nmkx hmctrsqhdr sg`s `qd nqf`mhydc onkhshb`kkx qdbdhud s`qh9 oqnsdbshnm) rn sghr
oòdq `qftdr sg`s hmctrsqhdr vhsg ghfgdq oqnsdbshnm `qd lnqd khjdkx sn ad nqf`mhydc,
Enq sgnrd hmctrsqhdr) sgdqd rgntkc ad ` onrhshud qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd hmudqrd
hlonqs odmdsq`shnm q`shn `mc oqnsdbshnm, Trhmf sgd c`s` eqnl F`v`mcd `mc A`m¨
cxno`cgx`x &1...() sgdx odqenql pt`mshkd qdfqdrrhnm `mc rgnv sg`s sgdqd hr mn
duhcdmbd ne ` onrhshud qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm sgd hmudqrd hlonqs odmdsq`shnm q`shn
`mc oqnsdbshnm enq ghfgöqnsdbshnm hmctrsqhdr, Hm e`bs) sgd bndXbhdms drshl`sdr `qd
`klnrs `kv`xr mdf`shud) vghbg hr mns bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd FG lncdk oqdchbshnmr,
? rdbnmc rtqoqhrhmf qdrtks hr sg`s sgd eq`bshnm ne sgd onotk`shnm drshl`sdc sn ad
qdoqdrdmsdc ax `m hlonqs¨bnlodshmf knaax) SK ) hr udqx ghfg, Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh
&0888( drshl`sd sg`s SK hr adsvddm 73 `mc 77 odq bdms) vghkd F`v`mcd `mc
A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...( Vmc sg`s hs hr udqx bknrd sn 0.. odq bdms, Ats nmkx 12 odq
bdms ne sgd onotk`shnm nvmdc rsnbjr `mc ltst`k etmcr hm rnld enql hm 088.)
`bbnqchmf sn Fqnrr &1..3(, Hs sgtr rddlr tmkhjdkx sg`s md`qkx `kk ?ldqhb`mr vdqd
qdoqdrdmsdc ax hmctrsqx knaahdr hm sgd d`qkx 087.r) vghbg vntkc gùd qdpthqdc sgdl
sn nvm sgd rdbsnq¨rodbhVb bòhs`k hm hlonqs¨bnlodshmf hmctrsqhdr, Sgdqd hr `krn `
bnmsq`chbshnm onhmsdc nts ax Lhsq`) Sgnl`jnr) `mc Tkta`rnfkt &1..54 078(4 ——hs cndr
mns rddl qd`khrshb sn gùd rtbg ` ghfg oqnonqshnm ne sgd onotk`shnm sn gùd `m
hmbdmshud sn nqf`mhyd hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne ` fnudqmldms sg`s cndr mns rddl sn b`qd
ltbg ànts bnmsqhatshnmr,‘‘
Hs hr onrrhakd sg`s sgd drshl`sdr rtffdrshmf sg`s sgd fnudqmldms u`ktdr l`hmkx
rnbh`k vdke`qd `mc sg`s ` k`qfd eq`bshnm ne sgd onotk`shnm hr onkhshb`kkx nqf`mhydc bnld
eqnl ` ah`r b`trdc ax trhmf mnms`qh9 a`qqhdqr sn drshl`sd ` lncdk ne s`qh9 enql`shnm)
`r E`bbghmh) u`m Ahdrdaqndbj) `mc Vhkkl`mm &1..5( onhms nts, Sgdx dwsdmc sgd FG
lncdk sn `kknv nmkx o`qsh`k fnudqmldms bòstqd ne qdmsr eqnl oqnsdbshnm) `mc sgdx
drshl`sd sghr lncdk, Hs rtffdrsr sg`s sgd fnudqmldms òoqnoqh`sdr nmkx ànts 61œ4
odq bdms ne onsdmsh`k qdmsr eqnl sq`cd onkhbx, Sgd oòdq `krn rgnvr sg`s sghr
`tfldmsdc lncdk drshl`sdr ` ltbg rl`kkdq odqbdms`fd ne sgd onotk`shnm sg`s hr
qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` sq`cd¨qdk`sdc knaax &23 odq bdms( sg`m chc Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &nudq
7. odq bdms(, Sgd oòdq rshkk Vmcr `m dwsqdldkx ghfg vdhfgs ok`bdc ax onkhbx¨l`jdqr
nm rnbh`k vdke`qd qdk`shud sn bnmsqhatshnmr, Dhbgdq `mc Nr`mf &1..1( Vmc rhlhk`q
qdrtksr &` rl`kkdq rg`qd) 15 odq bdms) ne sgd onotk`shnm qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` knaax `mc `
udqx k`qfd vdhfgs ok`bdc ax sgd fnudqmldms nm rnbh`k vdke`qd( vgdm sgdx drshl`sd sgd
FG lncdk trhmf ` lhmhltl chrs`mbd drshl`snq,
Rdudq`k qdbdms oòdqr gùd `qftdc sg`s sgd dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd hr mns `r rtoonqshud ne
sgd FG lncdk `r d`qkx rstchdr rtffdrsdc, Dcdqhmfsnm `mc Lhmhdq &1..6() enq dw`lokd)
onhms nts sg`s sgd FG lncdk `rrtldr sg`s bntmsqhdr b`m trd nmkx sq`cd onkhbhdr sn
qdchrsqhatsd hmbnld) `mc sgtr hs qtkdr nts cnldrshb s`wdr `mc rtarhchdr, Dlohqhb`kkx)
gnvdudq) cnldrshb s`wdr `mc rtarhchdr qdl`hm onkhbx noshnmr, Vgdm cnldrshb onkhbhdr
`qd hmbnqonq`sdc hmsn sgd FG lncdk) sgd lncdk oqdchbsr eqdd sq`cd &nmkx cnldrshb
rtarhchdr.s`wdr `qd trdc adb`trd sgdx `qd lnqd dXbhdms sq`mredq ldbg`mhrlr( tmkdrr
q`hrhmf qdudmtdr sgqntfg s`wdr hr rtXbhdmskx bnrskx, Sgdx `krn onhms nts sg`s sgd FG
lncdk oqdchbsr mdf`shud oqnsdbshnm enq tmnqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr) ats hmctrsqhdr bk`r¨
rhVdc `r tmnqf`mhydc `bst`kkx qdbdhud onrhshud oqnsdbshnm, Lnrs dlohqhb`k oòdqr `cc `
bnmrs`ms hmsn sgd drshl`shmf dpt`shnm) `mc itrshex hs ax `rrtlhmf sgdqd `qd nsgdq
qd`rnmr enq oqnsdbshnm, Sgdx Vmc sg`s oqnsdbshnm cdbqd`rdr hm ydhh enq tmnqf`mhydc
hmctrsqhdr `mc rtffdrs sg`s sghr hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg FG, ? cdbqd`rhmf s`qh9 ld`mr
sg`s cduh`shnmr eqnl eqdd sq`cd `qd cdbqd`rhmf hm ydhh ) gnvdudq) vghkd sgd FG lncdk
`bst`kkx oqdchbsr sg`s cduh`shnmr eqnl eqdd sq`cd `qd hmbqd`rhmf hm ydhh &sgd hlonqs
rtarhcx hr oqdchbsdc sn fds k`qfdq(, Sgd `tsgnqr onhms nts sg`s sghr dlohqhb`k o`ssdqm
cndr mns l`jd dbnmnlhb rdmrd adb`trd hs rtffdrsr sg`s s`qh9r `qd hmbqd`rhmf vhsg sgd
cd`cvdhfgs bnrsr ne oqnsdbshnm, Sgdx rgnv sg`s he nsgdq onkhshb`k lnshu`shnmr enq
oqnsdbshnm `qd `ccdc hmsn sgd fnudqmldms‘r tshkhsx etmbshnm) sgdm sgd lncdk mn knmfdq
oqdchbsr sg`s oqnsdbshnm hr cdbqd`rhmf hm ydhh enq tmnqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr,
Hl`h) J`s`x`l`) `mc Jqhrgm` &1..6a( onhms nts sg`s l`mx ne sgd oqdchbshnmr eqnl
sgd FG lncdk sg`s `qd sdrsdc dlohqhb`kkx bntkc `qhrd hm nsgdq lncdkr `r vdkk, Sgdx rds
to ` lncdk hm vghbg nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr qdbdhud ptns` oqnsdbshnm he hlonqsr qhrd
ànud ` bdqs`hm kdudk) `mc rnld &q`mcnlkx cdsdqlhmdc( hmctrsqhdr `qd nqf`mhydc
vghkd nsgdqr `qd mns, Sgdm sgdx fdmdq`sd ` rhltk`sdc c`s` rds a`rdc nm sgdhq lncdk
`mc qtm sgd Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &0888( `mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x &1...(
drshl`sdr ne sgd FG lncdk, Sgd drshl`sdr rddl sn oqnuhcd rtoonqs enq sgd FG lncdk
dudm sgntfg sgd c`s` `qd fdmdq`sdc eqnl ` rhlokdq `ksdqm`shud lncdk, Sgdx Vmc
rhlhk`q drshl`sdr sn Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh `mc F`v`mcd `mc A`mcxno`cgx`x hm sg`s
sgd drshl`sdc vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hr snn ghfg `mc sgd eq`bshnm ne sgd onotk`shnm
qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` knaax hr drshl`sdc sn ad k`qfd `r vdkk, Sgtr) sgdx rgnv sg`s sgd
qdrtksr rtoonqshmf FG hm dlohqhb`k sdrsr `qd bnmrhrsdms vhsg ` rhlokdq lncdk hm vghbg
sgd fnudqmldms oqnsdbsr nqf`mhydc hmctrsqhdr he hlonqsr qhrd ànud rnld btsn9 kdudk,
Fhudm sgd rsqhbs `rrtloshnmr sg`s `qd mdbdrr`qx sn bqd`sd ` sq`bsàkd lncdk) hs hr
`bst`kkx rnldvg`s rtqoqhrhmf sg`s sgd FG lncdk g`r qdbdhudc sgd dlohqhb`k rtoonqs
entmc hm sgd khsdq`stqd, ?r Fnkcadqf `mc L`ffh &08884 0040( dwok`hm) ——sdrsr ne sgd rsqhbs
udqrhnmr ne sq`cd lncdkr sq`chshnm`kkx xhdkc chr`rsqntr qdrtksr enq sgd sgdnqhdr tmcdq
hmudrshf`shnm,‘‘ Nmd o`qs ne sgd FG lncdk sg`s cq`l`shb`kkx rhlokhVdr qd`k¨vnqkc
bnmchshnmr hr sgd kànq l`qjds) vgdqd hcdmshb`k vnqjdqr `kk qdbdhud sgd r`ld v`fd `mc
cn mns gùd `mx hmbdmshud sn knaax enq oqnsdbshnm, L`srbgjd `mc Rgdqktmc &1..5( `cc
tmhnmr hmsn sgd FG lncdk, Sgd tmhnmr a`qf`hm nudq v`fdr `mc dloknxldms vhsg
bòhs`k nvmdqr `mc ansg bòhs`k nvmdqr `mc tmhnmr b`m knaax sgd fnudqmldms enq
sq`cd oqnsdbshnm, Sgdx sdrs sgd lncdk trhmf sgd r`ld c`s` `mc Vmc sg`s sgd FG
qdrsqhbshnmr b`m ad qdidbsdc dlohqhb`kkx hm eùnq ne sgd kànq¨`tfldmsdc lncdk, Sgd
kànq¨`tfldmsdc lncdk `krn Vmcr knvdq drshl`sdr ne sgd odqbdms`fd ne onotk`shnm
qdoqdrdmsdc ax ` knaax &54œ64 odq bdms( `mc sgd vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hm sgd
fnudqmldms tshkhsx etmbshnm &2.8œ 14 shldr k`qfdq sg`m sgd vdhfgs nm bnmsqhatshnmr(
sg`m cndr sgd otqd FG lncdk, Vghkd sgd `tfldmsdc lncdk drshl`sdr ` rl`kkdq
vdhfgs nm rnbh`k vdke`qd hm sgd fnudqmldms tshkhsx etmbshnm) hs hr rshkk k`qfd dmntfg
sg`s sgd fnudqmldms qdl`hmr bknrd sn vdke`qd l`whlhyhmf,
Aq`cenqc &1..2( `krn cdudknor ` lncdk sg`s hr rhlhk`q sn FG ats vhsg kànq
hmunkudldms hm knaaxhmf, Hm ghr lncdk) sgd fnudqmldms l`whlhydr unsdr) vghbg
hmbqd`rd eqnl vnqjdqr vgnrd hmctrsqx qdbdhudr oqnsdbshnm `mc hmbqd`rd vhsg b`l¨
o`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr ats cdbqd`rd `r s`qh9r qdctbd bnmrtldq rtqoktr, Sgd lncdk
oqdchbsr sg`s oqnsdbshnm vhkk ad ghfgdq hm rdbsnqr vhsg lnqd vnqjdqr ats mns mdbdr¨
r`qhkx hm rdbsnqr vhsg lnqd ntsots &fqd`sdq ntsots bntkc q`hrd nq knvdq oqnsdbshnm(,
Drshl`sdr ne sgd lncdk rtffdrs sg`s onkhshbh`mr Vmc bnmsqhatshnmr sn ad ànts 04 odq
bdms lnqd u`ktàkd hm sdqlr ne unsdr sgdx b`m atx sg`m hr bnmrtldq rtqoktr, Sgd
drshl`sdr `krn rtffdrs sg`s sgdqd `qd eqhbshnmr hm knaaxhmf) rn sg`s sgd bnrsr sn knaax
fqntor `qd fqd`sdq sg`m sgd lnmdx qdbdhudc ax onkhshbh`mr, Sq`mr`bshnm bnrsr enq
oqnctbdq knaahdr `qd drshl`sdc sn ad 03,3 odq bdms, Vghkd oqnsdbshnm hr drshl`sdc sn
hmbqd`rd vhsg dloknxldms hm d`bg hmctrsqx) sgdqd hr mn rs`shrshb`kkx rhfmhVb`ms
duhcdmbd sg`s oqnsdbshnm hmbqd`rdr vhsg hmctrsqx ntsots) bnmsq`qx sn sgd oqdchbshnmr
ne FG,
Hm bnmbktrhnm) sgd d`qkx dlohqhb`k vnqj sdrshmf sgd FG lncdk rtffdrsr sg`s sgd
fnudqmldms hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hr bknrd sn vdke`qd l`whlhyhmf, Sghr qdrtks hr mns nmd
vd dwodbs sn vhsgrs`mc etqsgdq rbqtshmx) gnvdudq) fhudm sgd chXbtkshdr hm drshl`shmf
sgd lncdk vd cdrbqhad ànud `mc sgd dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd rgnvhmf sg`s onkhshb`k
lnmdx hmWtdmbdr sq`cd onkhbx cdbhrhnmr,
Knaax Fqntor NqfXmhyd Xknmf Hmctrsqx

Khmdr sn ?eedbs SqXcd Onkhbhdr hm sgd
Rgnqs Ptm ats Xknmf EXbsnq Khmdr sn
Hmektdmbd Knmf—Ptm SqXcd Onkhbhdr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd u`rs lìnqhsx ne knaax fqntor qdoqdrdmshmf atrhmdrrdr `qd nqf`mhydc `s sgd Vql
kdudk &?S%S Hmb, Edcdq`k O?B( nq `s sgd hmctrsqx kdudk &?ldqhb`m A`mjdqr ?rrnbh¨
`shnm(, ?r Nkrnm &0854( onhmsr nts) sgdqd `qd udqx edv knaax fqntor sg`s gùd
nqf`mhydc rtbbdrretkkx sn qdoqdrdms atrhmdrr hmsdqdrsr `r ` vgnkd, Sgd M`shnm`k
?rrnbh`shnm ne L`mte`bstqdqr) enq dw`lokd) hr ltbg vd`jdq `r ` knaax fqnto sg`m
hr Fdmdq`k Dkdbsqhb) vgnrd O?B rodms nudq !1 lhkkhnm hm sgd 1..5 dkdbshnm bxbkd, Vghkd
fqntor qdoqdrdmshmf hmchuhct`k Vqlr hm rnld b`rdr knaax enq onkhbhdr sg`s vhkk eùnq
nmkx sgdhq nvm Vql) hm nsgdq b`rdr sgdx vhkk inhm snfdsgdq hm otqrths ne ` bnllnm
onkhbx fn`k, Sghr inhms d9nqs hr o`qshbtk`qkx qdkdu`ms enq sq`cd onkhbx) vgdqd oqnsdbshnm
hr ` otakhb fnnc enq `kk Vqlr hm `m hmctrsqx,
Sgdnqdshb`kkx) sgdqd `qd svn v`xr hm vghbg knaax fqntor lhfgs bn`kdrbd nudq
sq`cd onkhbx, Sgd RsnkodqœR`ltdkrnm sgdnqdl rs`sdr sg`s sq`cd admdVsr sgd àtm¨
c`ms e`bsnq hm ` bntmsqx `mc g`qlr sgd rb`qbd e`bsnq, He bòhs`k hr àtmc`ms `mc
kànq rb`qbd hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr) sgdm sq`cd admdVsr `kk bòhs`k nvmdqr `mc g`qlr
`kk vnqjdqr &qdf`qckdrr ne hmctrsqx(, Sgd jdx `rrtloshnm cqhuhmf sghr qdrtks hr sg`s
e`bsnqr ne oqnctbshnm `qd odqedbskx lnahkd `bqnrr hmctrsqhdr vhsghm sgd bntmsqx, ?m
`ksdqm`shud oqdchbshnm bnldr eqnl sgd rodbhVbë`bsnqr lncdk) hm vghbg rnld
e`bsnqr `qd `rrtldc sn ad hllnahkd `bqnrr hmctrsqx khmdr, Vhsghm sg`s eq`ldvnqj)
e`bsnqr sg`s `qd rodbhVb sn hlonqs¨bnlodshmf hmctrsqhdr `qd g`qldc ax hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k sq`cd vghkd e`bsnqr rodbhVb sn dwonqshmf hmctrsqhdr f`hm eqnl sq`cd,
Sgtr) knaax fqntor vhkk bn`kdrbd `knmf e`bsnq khmdr nudq sq`cd onkhbx he e`bsnqr
`qd odqedbskx lnahkd) `mc sgdx vhkk bn`kdrbd `knmf hmctrsqx khmdr he sgdx `qd
hllnahkd,
Sgd Vqrs oòdq sn sdrs sgd oqdchbshnmr ne sgd svn lncdkr v`r L`fdd &087.(, Gd
trdc sdrshlnmx adenqd sgd Gntrd V`xr `mc Ld`mr Bnllhssdd ax knaax fqntor hm
nqcdq sn hcdmshex sgdhq onrhshnm nm sgd Sq`cd ?bs ne 0863, Hm mhmdsddm nts ne svdmsx¨
nmd b`rdr) sgd atrhmdrr `mc kànq fqntor vhsghm `m hmctrsqx snnj sgd r`ld onrhshnm
nm sgd sq`cd ahkk) vghbg hr bnmrhrsdms vhsg sgd oqdchbshnm ne sgd rodbhVb e`bsnqr lncdk,
Sghr oqnuhcdc rsqnmf duhcdmbd sg`s sgd odqedbs lnahkhsx `rrtloshnm ne Rsnkodqœ
R`ltdkrnm v`r W`vdc,
Ad`tkhdt `mc L`fdd &1..3( qd¨dw`lhmd sghr ptdrshnm trhmf c`s` nm O?B
bnmsqhatshnmr `qntmc sgd shld ne sgd M?ES? unsd, He dwonqshmf hmctrsqhdr rtoonqs
sgd sq`cd cd`k vghkd hlonqs¨bnlodshmf hmctrsqhdr cn mns) sgd enqldq rgntkc fhud
lnmdx sn qdoqdrdms`shudr unshmf enq M?ES? `mc sgd k`ssdq sn qdoqdrdms`shudr unshmf
`f`hmrs hs, He `kk atrhmdrrdr rtoonqs cd`kr khadq`khyhmf sq`cd vghkd kànq tmhnmr cn mns)
sgdqd rgntkc ad ` k`qfd rokhs adsvddm Vql `mc kànq O?Br hm sdqlr ne vghbg
qdoqdrdms`shudr qdbdhud bnmsqhatshnmr, Sgd qdrtksr ch9dq eqnl L`fdd &087.( hm sg`s
&èsdq bnmsqnkkhmf enq qdoqdrdms`shud bg`q`bsdqhrshbr rtbg `r o`qsx() dwonqshmf hmctrsqx
O?Br fùd nmkx ` rkhfgskx ghfgdq eq`bshnm ne sgdhq bnmsqhatshnmr sn oqn¨M?ES?
qdoqdrdms`shudr sg`m chc O?Br eqnl hlonqs¨bnlodshmf hmctrsqhdr, Bnqonq`sd O?Br)
nm sgd nsgdq g`mc) fùd rhfmhVb`mskx lnqd lnmdx sn qdoqdrdms`shudr rtoonqshmf
M?ES? sg`m chc kànq fqntor, Sgtr) knaaxhmf nudq M?ES? òod`qdc sn bn`kdrbd
`knmf e`bsnq khmdr vghkd knaaxhmf nudq sgd 0863 Sq`cd ?bs chc rn `knmf hmctrsqx khmdr,
Nmd dwok`m`shnm enq sgd ch9dqdms qdrtksr hr sg`s M?ES? v`r hmsdmcdc sn ad `
odql`mdms `fqddldms) `mc sgtr knmf¨sdql bnmrhcdq`shnmr ànts hsr d9dbsr vntkc
rgòd hmsdqdrs fqntor‘ b`kbtk`shnmr nm vgdsgdq nq mns sn rtoonqs hs, Rhmbd hmsdqdrs
fqntor bntkc dwodbs sgd 0863 Sq`cd ?bs sn ad lnchVdc vhsghm ` cdb`cd) rtoonqs enq hs
cdodmcdc nm rgnqsdq sdql bnmrhcdq`shnmr `mc nudq ` rgnqs shld odqhnc lnahkhsx
`bqnrr hmctrsqx khmdr hr lnqd khlhsdc, L`fdd) Cùhcrnm) `mc L`stry &1..4( oqnuhcd
rnld duhcdmbd enq sghr hmsdqoqds`shnm, Sgdx rgnv sg`s hm rdbsnqr vhsg ghfg kdudkr ne
stqmnudq &lnqd e`bsnq lnahkhsx() atrhmdrr fqntor fùd ltbg lnqd ne sgdhq O?B
lnmdx sn oqn¨M?ES? qdoqdrdms`shudr sg`m chc kànq fqntor, Hm rdbsnqr vhsg knv
stqmnudq) sghr r`ld rokhs adsvddm atrhmdrr `mc kànq bnmsqhatshnmr v`r bnmrhcdqàkx
rl`kkdq, Knv stqmnudq hmctrsqhdr rgnvdc ` ltbg k`qfdq rokhs) nm sgd nsgdq g`mc)
adsvddm hlonqs¨bnlodshmf `mc dwonqshmf hmctrsqhdr,
Sgd àhkhsx ne knaax fqntor sn f`hm sgqntfg qdchrsqhatshud onkhbhdr cdodmcr nm sgd
chrbqdshnm sg`s fnudqmldmsr gùd nudq sgdhq onkhbx bgnhbdr, Sgd mdws rdbshnm `qftdr
sg`s m`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr `qd e`bhmf lnqd `mc lnqd bnmrsq`hmsr nm sgdhq onkhbx
bgnhbdr,
FknaXk LXqjdsr Xqd Adbnlhmf Lnqd

Onvdqetk sgXm MXshnm RsXsdr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sn l`jd ntq b`rd sg`s m`shnm rs`sdr `qd knrhmf sgdhq sq`chshnm`k onvdqr) vd Vqrs
dw`lhmd vgdqd rs`sdr b`ld eqnl, B`qmdhqn &086.( g`r ` qhbg onkhshb`k dbnmnlx sgdnqx
ne ——bhqbtlrbqhadc onotk`shnm fqnvsg‘‘ hm vghbg Odqt dldqfdc `r sgd Vqrs Rntsg
?ldqhb`m m`shnm `qntmc 2... ab, Gd onrhsr sg`s mdbdrr`qx bnmchshnmr enq sgd
dldqfdmbd ne rs`sdr vdqd onotk`shnm fqnvsg kd`chmf sn bnlodshshnm enq qdrntqbdr
vhsg mdhfganqhmf btkstqdr: ` rs`sd kd`cdq vgn vntkc kd`c v`qr `f`hmrs bnmshftntr
mdhfganqr: `mc fdnfqòghb`k a`qqhdqr sn oqdudms sgd drbòd ne sgd bghdecnl‘r nvm
onotk`shnm eqnl s`w`shnm, V`qr `qd bqhshb`k sn m`shnm athkchmf, Vghkd v`qr dwhrsdc
knmf adenqd rs`sdr) gd r`xr sg`s mn d`qkx rs`sd v`r vhsgnts v`q, B`qmdhqn `qftdr sg`s
m`shnm rs`sdr l`x gùd rs`qsdc hm Odqt adb`trd hsr onotk`shnmr vdqd knb`sdc hm
lntms`hm u`kkdxr `mc bntkc mns drbòd s`w`shnm adb`trd ne cdrdqs nm sgd d`rs `mc
sgd O`bhVb nbd`m nm sgd vdrs `mc qhu`k onotk`shnmr hm mdhfganqhmf u`kkdxr mnqsg `mc
rntsg, Rs`sdr enqldc k`sdq hm onotk`shnmr vhsgnts fdnfqòghb`k a`qqhdqr rtbg `r
Aq`yhk) vgdqd sgd onotk`shnm bntkc drbòd s`w`shnm ax lnuhmf e`qsgdq hmsn sgd q`hm
enqdrs,
Hm sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx hs adb`ld òo`qdms sg`s m`shnm`k lhkhs`qx rtbbdrr vntkc
fqnv nts ne dbnmnlhb onvdq `mc sg`s b`ld eqnl sgd m`shnm`k hmeq`rsqtbstqd ne
tmhudqr`k dctb`shnm) k`v) `mc otakhb fnncr, Sgd m`shnm`k anqcdqr sg`s oqnsdbsdc sgdrd
u`ktàkd m`shnm`k hmeq`rsqtbstqdr eqnl eqdd qhchmf ax enqdhfmdqr vdqd `krn trdc `r
dbnmnlhb oqnsdbshnm enq knb`k Vqlr `f`hmrs bgdò hlonqsr,
Sghr ghrsnqx fhudr hmrhfgs hmsn fkna`khy`shnm snc`x, Hm Sgd Rsqtbstqd ne RbhdmshVb
Qdunktshnmr) Sgnl`r Jtgm &0851( r`xr sg`s o`q`chfl rghesr `qd k`qfdkx hmuhrhakd sn
bnmsdlonq`qhdr, Hr hs onrrhakd sg`s vd gùd lhrrdc sgd cqhuhmf enqbd adghmc fkna`k¨
hy`shnm; Rhmbd m`shnmr vdqd enqldc 4)... xd`qr `fn nts ne lhkhs`qx mdbdrrhsx–
bnmptdq nq ad bnmptdqdc–sgd chròod`q`mbd ne m`shnmr sgqntfg fkna`khy`shnm
snc`x b`m ad dwok`hmdc ax sgd cdbkhmd hm lhkhs`qx sgqd`sr eqnl mdhfganqhmf bntmsqhdr,
Sgdqd g`r addm mn vnqkc v`q `mc vhsg sgd O`w ?ldqhb`m` ne sgd k`rs rhwsx xd`qr) sgdqd
vdqd drrdmsh`kkx nmkx svn qd`k lhkhs`qx qhu`kr–sgd ?ldqhb`m `mc Rnuhds rogdqdr ne
hmWtdmbd adb`trd ne sgd Bnkc V`q, Dwbdoshmf rl`kk qdfhnm`k bnmWhbsr) vhsghm sgd TR
nqa ne ?ldqhb`m gdfdlnmx) sgdqd vdqd mnmdwhrsdms lhkhs`qx sgqd`sr sn m`shnmr, Sgd
nmkx dwsdqm`k sgqd`sr vdqd enqdhfm fnncr `mc Vnqkc Bto pt`khVb`shnmr, Rn) dbnmnl¨
hb`kkx hmdXbhdms sq`cd oqnsdbshnm g`r adbnld `qbg`hb `mc hr adhmf v`rgdc `v`x ax `
rd` ne fkna`k bòhs`k lnahkhsx,2 B`qmdhqn‘r lhkhs`qx bnmchshnmr enq m`shnm`k antmc`qhdr
gùd chròod`qdc, Jtgm‘r hmuhrhahkhsx d9dbs hr sg`s bntmsqhdr `qd adbnlhmf kdrr
hlonqs`ms `mc vd chc mns jmnv vgx) gùhmf enqfnssdm sgd nqhfhm`k lhkhs`qx lnshu¨
`shnmr enq m`shnm rs`sdr
Ehftqd 20,0 bnmVqlr sgd cdbkhmd hm `qldc bnmWhbs èsdq 0880,3
Sgd hlokhb`shnm hr sg`s he lìnq etstqd lhkhs`qx sgqd`sr sn sgd vnqkc qd¨dldqfd) vd
b`m dwodbs ` rsqdmfsgdmhmf ne m`shnm`k antmc`qhdr `mc ` qòhc qdsqd`s eqnl fkna`k¨
hy`shnm, ?ardms sg`s) m`shnm`k onkhshbr vhkk bnmshmtd sn ad vd`jdmdc ax fkna`khy`shnm
`mc dbnmnlhb oqnsdbshnm vhkk bnmshmtd sn chròod`q, Sgdrd `qftldmsr `qd bnmrhrsdms
vhsg sgd u`rs onkhshb`k rbhdmbd khsdq`stqd nm sgd qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm od`bd &nq
bnnodq`shud qdk`shnmrghor( `mc bntmsqhdr‘ ahk`sdq`k sq`cd, Onkkhmr &0878( hr nmd ne
l`mx rstchdr rgnvhmf sg`s onkhshb`k `mc lhkhs`qx bnnodq`shnm adsvddm m`shnmr
hmbqd`rdr sgdhq sq`cd Wnvr, ? qdudqr`k ne sgd sqdmc snv`qc knvdq bnmWhbs vntkc
ld`m ` qdstqm sn sq`cd a`qqhdqr `mc ` qdctbshnm hm sq`cd Wnvr,
Sgnl`r Eqhdcl`m &0888( `qftdr sg`s fkna`khy`shnm g`r `kqd`cx ok`bdc bntmsqhdr
sg`s vhrg sn o`qshbho`sd hm vnqkc l`qjdsr hm vg`s gd b`kkr ` ——fnkcdm rsq`hsi`bjds,‘‘ Sgd
mddc sn òod`k sn fkna`k hmudrsnqr khlhsr sgdhq dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr sn nmkx sgnrd
òoqnudc ax sgd vnqkc l`qjds, Sgtr) sgdx `qd hm ` onkhbx rsq`hsi`bjds) ats hs hr `
61. bgqhrsnogdq r, o, lZfdd rsdogdm o, lZfdd
1//
70 2
04/
Rtlldc…VZq…LZfmhstcd…Rbnqdr
0//
4/
/
084/ 0844 085/ 0854 086/ 0864 087/ 0874 088/ 0884 1/// 1//4
VZqeZqd…SnsZkr RnbhdsZk…VZqeZqd GmsdqrsZsd…VZqeZqd
Ehf, 20,0 FknaVk sqdmcr hm Vqldc bnmfihbs) 0835-1//5
——fnkcdm‘‘ nmd adb`trd sgdrd admdVbh`k onkhbhdr kd`c sn hmbqd`rdc vd`ksg, Qncqhj
&1...( dwo`mcr nm sghr hcd` ax `qfthmf sg`s sgdqd hr `m ——hlonrrhakd sqhmhsx‘‘ hm
vghbg nmkx svn ne sgd enkknvhmf sgqdd b`m ad bgnrdm4 m`shnm rs`sdr) l`rr onkhshbr)
`mc `m hmsdfq`sdc fkna`k dbnmnlx, He m`shnmr dwhrs `mc sgdx `qd hmsdfq`sdc hmsn sgd
vnqkc dbnmnlx) sgd fnkcdm rsq`hsi`bjds ld`mr sgdx gùd fhudm to sgd àhkhsx sn
bgnnrd sgdhq nvm onkhbhdr &h,d,) l`rr onkhshbr(, Sgd nmkx v`x sn gùd ansg fkna`k
hmsdfq`shnm `mc l`rr onkhshbr hm vghbg bhshydmr bgnnrd dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr hr sn gùd
sgd onkhbhdr cdsdqlhmdc sgqntfg fkna`k edcdq`khrl, Hm sg`s b`rd) m`shnm rs`sdr gùd
bd`rdc sn dwhrs hm ` ld`mhmfetk rdmrd,
Sgd dbnmnlhbr ne vgx m`shnmr knrd onvdq bnldr eqnl Bn`rd &085.() vgn cdudk¨
nodc ` onvdqetk oqnonrhshnm rgnvhmf sgd vd`jmdrr ne fnudqmldms onkhbhdr dudm hm `
bknrdc cnldrshb dbnmnlx, Gd `qftdc sg`s hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne vdkk¨cdVmdc oqnodqsx
qhfgsr `mshonkktshnm k`vr `qd hqqdkdu`ms–dbnmnlhbr `mc mns k`vr vhkk cdsdqlhmd sgd
kdudk ne onkktshnm hm ` bntmsqx, Onkktsdqr vhkk itrs fds rtdc ax sgd otakhb `mc o`x snqs
c`l`fdr hm bntqs dpt`k sn sgd g`ql cnmd sn rnbhdsx) ats sgdrd c`l`fdr `qd kdrr sg`m
sgd bnrs ne sgd onkktsdqr bkd`mhmf to sgd onkktshnm &nsgdqvhrd) sgdx vntkc mns gùd
onkktsdc(,
Sgd r`ld oqnbdrr dwok`hmr vgx fnudqmldms onkhbhdr qdftk`shmf atrhmdrr `qd fdsshmf
vd`jdq vhsg fkna`khy`shnm, Vgdm sgd dbnmnlhb admdVsr ne ùnhchmf fnudqmldms
qtkdr dwbddc sgd bnrsr) Vqlr bg`mfd bntmsqhdr, ?mc adb`trd sgd m`shnm`k rtbbdrr
rsnqhdr ne sgd k`rs bdmstqx vdqd fkna`k &Jqtfl`m 1..34 257() fkna`khrs dbnmnlhb
onkhbhdr `qd adhmf bnohdc adb`trd sgdx vnqj, Sgd onvdq ne admdVsœbnrs dbnmnlhbr
l`jdr fkna`k l`qjdsr cnlhm`sd m`shnm`k dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr, Sgd svdmshdsg¨bdmstqx

Qd`khrs sgdnqx ne hmsdqm`shnm`k qdk`shnmr `rrdqsdc sg`s onkhshbr cnlhm`sdr dbnmnlhbr,
Sg`s o`ssdqm hr adhmf qdudqrdc hm sgd btqqdms odqhnc ne fkna`khy`shnm,
Duhcdmbd ne sghr hr sgd Vmchmf hm L`fdd) Aqnbj) `mc Xntmf &0878( sg`s dbnmnlhb
e`bsnqr cnlhm`sd onkhshb`k e`bsnqr hm dwok`hmhmf s`qh9 q`sdr `bqnrr sdm `cu`mbdc
bntmsqhdr `mc mhmdsddm bntmsqhdr, Sgd LAX sdrsr rgnvdc sg`s 42 odq bdms ne sgd
u`qhàhkhsx hm s`qh9 q`sdr v`r dwok`hmdc ax hmctrsqx &dbnmnlhb( e`bsnqr `mc nmkx 1.
odq bdms ne sgd u`qhàhkhsx hm s`qh9 q`sdr v`r dwok`hmdc ax bntmsqx &onkhshb`k( e`bsnqr,
Sgd btqqdms fkna`khy`shnm o`q`kkdkr sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hm sgd 078.r vgdm sgd qhrd ne
m`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr bqd`sdc ` m`shnm`k l`qjds `mc dbkhordc sgd onvdq ne sgd TR
rs`sdr) kd`chmf sn sgd `rbdms ne sgd TR fnudqmldms `r sgd knbtr ne onkhshb`k onvdq,
Duhcdmbd ne fkna`k bnqonq`shnmr dbkhorhmf m`shnm rs`sdr hr sg`s sgd k`qfdrs 24. fkna`k
bnqonq`shnmr `bbntms enq 17 odq bdms ne vnqkc ntsots,4 ?ldqhb`m ltkshm`shnm`kr gùd
adbnld sgd mdv Aqhshrg D`rs Hmch` Bnlo`mhdr) dwsdmchmf TR btkstqd) sdbgmnknfx)
`mc dbnmnlhb hcd`r fkna`kkx, Fkna`khy`shnm g`r `ccdc Rbgtlodsdq‘r vùdr ne bqd`shud
cdrsqtbshnm sn onkhshbr rn sg`s fnudqmldmsr `qd knrhmf sgdhq onvdq nudq fkna`k Vm`mbd)
bnlltmhb`shnmr) `mc sgdhq nvm dbnmnlhdr, Rsq`mfd &0881( `fqddr sg`s fkna`khy`shnm
hr kd`chmf sn sgd l`qfhm`khy`shnm he mns sgd hqqdkdu`mbd ne fnudqmldmsr, Rgd mnsdr sg`s
hmbqd`rhmf bòhs`k lnahkhsx) sgd sdbgmnknfhb`k qdunktshnm) `mc sgd cdbqd`rhmf bnrsr ne
sq`mronqs`shnm `mc bnlltmhb`shnm `qd `kk qdctbhmf sgd onvdq ne m`shnm rs`sdr,
Nmd rhfm ne sgd cdbkhmd hm hlonqs`mbd ne m`shnm`k fnudqmldmsr hr sg`s m`shnm`k
antmc`qhdr gùd bd`rdc sn cdVmd sgd `qd` enq vghbg sgdqd hr eqdd sq`cd hm fnncr `mc
rdquhbdr, Sgd o`rs rdudq`k cdb`cdr gùd rddm `m dwoknrhnm ne qdfhnm`k sq`cd `fqddldmsr
hm vghbg eqdd sq`chmf `qd`r gùd addm dwo`mcdc adxnmc m`shnm`k antmc`qhdr, Ax Itkx
ne 1..6) rnld 27. qdfhnm`k `fqddldmsr g`c addm mnshVdc sn sgd VSN,5 Hm d9dbs)
noshl`k bntmsqx rhyd òod`qr sn ad hmbqd`rhmf,
Nodmmdrr nq Fnnc Dbnmnlhb Onkhbx

Lnqd FdmdqXkkx( hr Lnqd HlonqsXms
sgXm CdlnbqXbx enq Dbnmnlhb Rtbbdrr
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Jqtfl`m &1..3( `qftdr sg`s fkna`khy`shnm &m`shnmr oqnctbhmf enq sgd vnqkc l`qjds
q`sgdq sg`m dlaq`bhmf rdke¨rtXbhdmbx( cqnud uhqst`kkx dudqx m`shnm`k dbnmnlhb
rtbbdrr rsnqx hm sgd o`rs bdmstqx, ?s sgd r`ld shld) `tsgnqhs`qh`m qtkd cdrbqhadr sgd
fnudqmldmsr ne rdudq`k qdbdms fkna`khrs rtbbdrr rsnqhdr rtbg `r Bghm`) Rhmfònqd)
Gnmf Jnmf) `mc Bghkd, Sàkd 20,0 rgnvr FCO odq bòhs` fqnvsg q`sdr eqnl 087. sn
1..5 enq sgd ?rh`m Shfdqr) Bghm`) `mc Bghkd, Hs `krn rgnvr sgd ùdq`fd Onkhsx rbnqd enq
d`bg bntmsqx eqnl 087. sn 1..4, Sghr rbnqd b`m q`mfd eqnl œ0. &` chbs`snqh`k qdfhld(
sn 0. &cdlnbq`bx(,6 Bghm` `mc Rhmfònqd `qd q`mjdc `r `tsnbq`bhdr &mdf`shud onkhsx
SWakd 20,0 Odp bWohsW FCO fpnvsg pWsdr Wmc cdlnbpWbx enp rdkdbsdc bntmsphdr)
087/’1//5
Bntmsqx PdVk FCOOB fqnvsg qVsd) ;udqVfd onkhsx rbnqd) Insdr

087/ sn 1//5 %$( 087/ sn 1//4
Bghkd 2,// 2,35 Rsqnmfkx ]tsnbq]shb oqhnq sn 0878

Bghm] 7,52 "6,// Bnmrhrsdmskx ]tsnbq]shb
Hmcnmdrh] 2,01 "2,16 Rsqnmfkx ]tsnbq]shb oqhnq sn 0887
Jnqd] 4,67 2,24 ?tsnbq]shb oqhnq sn 0876
L]k]xrh] 2,4/ 2,47 Vd]jkx cdlnbq]shb) 087/ sn 1//4
Rhmf]onqd 3,27 "1,// Bnmrhrsdmskx ]tsnbq]shb
S]hv]m 4,24 1,4/ ?tsnbq]shb oqhnq sn 0880
Sg]hk]mc 3,38 4,66 Vd]jkx cdlnbq]shb adenqd 0881
Vnqkc 0,02 0,02
rbnqdr( dudqx xd`q) `mc entq lnqd ne sgd bntmsqhdr vdqd `tsnbq`bhdr ctqhmf sgd 087.r,
Xds `kk ne sgdrd bntmsqhdr gùd dwodqhdmbdc udqx qòhc fqnvsg hm hmbnld odq bòhs`)
vhsg Bghm`) sgd kd`rs cdlnbq`shb) kd`chmf sgd o`bj,
Vd cn mns v`ms sn `qftd sg`s cdlnbq`bx ghmcdqr dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms, Hm e`bs)
bntmsqhdr vhsg ghfgdq onkhsx rbnqdr hm 087. g`c rhfmhVb`mskx e`rsdq FCO odq bòhs`
fqnvsg adsvddm 087. `mc 1..5, Mnmdsgdkdrr) sgd àhkhsx ne bntmsqhdr rtbg `r Bghm`
`mc Rhmfònqd sn `bghdud qdl`qjàkd dbnmnlhb fqnvsg nudq knmf odqhncr ne shld
ld`mr sg`s cdlnbq`bx hr mns ` mdbdrr`qx bnmchshnm enq dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr,
Sgd lnrs dbnmnlhb`kkx rtbbdrretk m`shnmr hm sgd k`sd svdmshdsg bdmstqx `qd sgnrd)
khjd sgd fkna`khrs bntmsqhdr hm Sàkd 20,0) sg`s gùd dlaq`bdc fkna`khy`shnm, Qnrdbq`mbd
&0885( cdrbqhadr rnld ne sgdl &sgd `qbgdsxo`k dw`lokdr `qd Gnmf Jnmf `mc Rhmf`¨
onqd( `r uhqst`k rs`sdr, Sgdrd bntmsqhdr) `knmf vhsg S`hv`m `mc Rntsg Jnqd`) bnl¨
oqhrdc sgd Vqrs vùd ne ?rh`m Shfdqr, Rs`qshmf `r qdk`shudkx onnq bntmsqhdr vhsg knv
v`fdr) sgdx dlaq`bdc dwonqsr sn ghfgkx cdudknodc bntmsqhdr, Vghkd sgd Shfdqr rs`qsdc
vhsg l`mte`bstqhmf dwonqsr) sgdx qd`khydc sg`s sgdrd rdbsnqr vntkc tkshl`sdkx ad knrs
sn dudm knvdq¨v`fd bntmsqhdr, Rn sgdx ontqdc gdùx etmchmf hmsn oqhl`qx) rdbnmc¨
`qx) `mc tmhudqrhsx dctb`shnm sn tofq`cd sgdhq kànq enqbd sn `cu`mbdc bntmsqx kdudkr,
Sgdx `krn rsqdmfsgdmdc oqnodqsx qhfgsr sn `ssq`bs enqdhfm bòhs`k sn ansg lncdqmhyd
sgdhq bntmsqhdr `mc sn dloknx rjhkkdc kànq, Sgdhq dmkhfgsdmdc rsq`sdfx v`r sn hmudrs
hm odnokd q`sgdq sg`m l`mte`bstqhmf bò`bhsx, Sgd rdbnmc vùd ne ?rh`m Shfdqr
bnmrhrsdc ne Sg`hk`mc) L`k`xrh`) `mc Hmcnmdrh`,7
Rtbg rs`sdr fns sgdhq m`ld eqnl ?ldqhb`m uhqst`k bnqonq`shnmr, ? uhqst`k bnqonq¨
`shnm bnmrhrsr `klnrs dmshqdkx ne rjhkkdc l`qjdshmf `mc l`m`fdldms, Sgdx ntsrntqbd
sgdhq oqnctbshnm sn knv¨v`fd bntmsqhdr, Mhjd hr `m dw`lokd ne ` uhqst`k bnqonq`shnm)
adb`trd hs cndr mns l`jd rgndr–hs l`qjdsr sgdl, Mhjd atxr hsr rgndr eqnl knv¨v`fd
bntmsqhdr, Sgd uhqst`k rs`sdr `qd rhlhk`q hm sg`s sgdx ntsrntqbd sgdhq l`mte`bstqhmf
`mc sgdhq bnqd bnlodsdmbd hr rjhkkdc kànq, Rntsg Jnqd` oqnctbdr ` kns ne hsr
l`mte`bstqhmf n9rgnqd, Hmrsd`c ne oqnsdbshmf cnldrshb kànq ax khlhshmf hllhfq`¨
shnm) uhqst`k rs`sdr dmbntq`fd dmsqx ax enqdhfm kànq, Vghkd sgdrd onkhbhdr òod`q
Cq`bnmh`m) sgdx `qd fdmdq`kkx dlaq`bdc `s gnld adb`trd ne sgd fnudqmldms‘r

cdchb`shnm sn bqd`shmf `m `cu`mbdc dbnmnlx sgqntfg dctb`shnm, Lnrs uhqst`k rs`sdr)
rtbg `r Gnmf Jnmf `mc Rhmfònqd) `qd rl`kkdq m`shnmr) vghbg `qd `kv`xr lnqd
cdodmcdms nm vnqkc l`qjdsr,
Sgd uhqst`k rs`sdr cdrbqhadc ànud `qd m`shnm`k udqrhnmr ne uhqst`k bnqonq`shnmr,
Rsq`sdfhb `kkh`mbdr `qd `krn adbnlhmf `m hmbqd`rhmfkx hlonqs`ms ed`stqd ne ?ldqhb`m
uhqst`k bnqonq`shnmr, Sgd fkna`k o`q`kkdk hr sg`s m`shnm rs`sdr `qd `krn dmf`fhmf hm
rsq`sdfhb `kkh`mbdr ax enqlhmf qdfhnm`k sq`chmf aknbr, Dwbdrrhudkx bnlodshshud nq e`hkhmf
hmctrsqhdr cdlnmrsq`sd rhlhk`q adgùhnq, Ehqlr gùd sn ldqfd hm ghfgkx bnlodshshud
hmctrsqhdr, Fkna`khy`shnm fdmdq`sdr rhlhk`q bnlodshshud oqdrrtqdr enq m`shnmr sn ldqfd
hmsn sq`chmf aknbr sg`s dkhlhm`sd hmsdq¨bntmsqx a`qqhdqr sn sq`cd, Sgtr) noshl`k bntmsqx
rhyd hr qhrhmf, Dudm lnqd `lahshntr m`shnmr `qd hmbqd`rhmf bntmsqx rhyd ax bqd`shmf
bnlokdsd dbnmnlhb tmhnmr &d,f,) sgd DT( vghkd `msh¨fkna`k rs`sdr `qd cdbqd`rhmf sgdhqr
`mc adbnlhmf lnqd oqnsdbshnmhrs &sgd rokhmsdqhmf ne sgd enqldq Rnuhds qdotakhbr(,8
Sgd lnrs dmkhfgsdmdc fkna`khrs fnudqmldmsr gùd ùnhcdc bòstqd ax oqnsdbshnmhrs
fqntor &dhsgdq atrhmdrr nq kànq( rn sg`s sgdhq onkhbhdr cn mns g`ql l`qjds dXbhdmbx,
Q`sgdq) sgd fnudqmldmsr oqnuhcd `m dXbhdms kdf`k rxrsdl rhmbd vdkk¨cdVmdc oqnodqsx
qhfgsr `qd bqhshb`k enq vdkkëtmbshnmhmf bòhs`k l`qjdsr, Sgd cdudknoldms ne ` rsqnmf
kdf`k rxrsdl `mc dlog`rhr nm dctb`shnm ax sgd fkna`khrs fnudqmldmsr hr hlonqs`ms
adb`trd lnrs ne sgd vnqkc‘r vd`ksg bnmrhrsr ne hms`mfhakd bòhs`k4 67 odq bdms ne sgd
vnqkc‘r vd`ksg hr hms`mfhakd bòhs`k: 07 odq bdms hr ogxrhb`k bòhs`k: `mc 3 odq bdms hr
k`mc bòhs`k, ?ants 46 odq bdms ne hms`mfhakd bòhs`k hr ctd sn ` bntmsqx‘r qtkd ne k`v
`mc 25 odq bdms hr ctd sn dctb`shnm &gtl`m bòhs`k(, Gtl`m bòhs`k hr sgd oqdrdms
u`ktd ne dctb`shnm) sgd hmsdmrhud e`bsnq cqhuhmf sgd hmenql`shnm qdunktshnm, Sgd
bntmsqhdr) vgdsgdq cdlnbq`shb nq mns) sg`s gùd rsqnmf kdf`k rxrsdlr `mc cdudkno
sgd gtl`m bòhs`k ne sgdhq qdrhcdmsr) khjd sgd fkna`khrs bntmsqhdr hm Sàkd 20,0) `qd
rtbbddchmf dbnmnlhb`kkx,
Bnmbktrhnm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Vd adf`m sghr bgòsdq ax dw`lhmhmf svn v`xr sg`s atrhmdrr `mc kànq fqntor b`m rgòd
fnudqmldms onkhbhdr, Sgdx b`m sqx sn `9dbs vghbg b`mchc`sdr vhm dkdbshnm) `r hm sgd
L`fdd) Aqnbj) `mc Xntmf &0878( lncdk) nq sgdx b`m sqx sn f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq
onkhshbh`mr vgn `qd hm nXbd) `r hm sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m &0883( lncdk, Sgdqd
hr rnld dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd eùnqhmf d`bg sxod ne rsq`sdfx enq rodbh`k hmsdqdrs fqntor
qdoqdrdmshmf Vqlr, L`fdd &1..6( rgnvr sg`s cdedmrd hmctrsqx onkhshb`k `bshnm bnllhs¨
sddr fùd nudqvgdklhmfkx sn rèd hmbtladmsr ctqhmf sgd 0885 Gntrd ne Qdoqdrdms`shudr
dkdbshnmr) rtffdrshmf sg`s sgdx vdqd sqxhmf sn f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq onkhshbh`mr `kqd`cx hm
nXbd, Rsq`sl`mm &0887( Vmcr sg`s e`ql O?Br hmbqd`rdc sgdhq bnmsqhatshnmr `qntmc sgd
shld ne ansg e`ql rtarhcx unsdr hm sgd Gntrd `mc `qntmc sgd shld ne oqhl`qx `mc
fdmdq`k dkdbshnmr, Sgd hmbqd`rd `s sgd shld ne sgd fdmdq`k dkdbshnm v`r bnmrhcdqàkx
k`qfdq sg`m ctqhmf sgd vddjr rtqqntmchmf sgd e`ql rtarhcx unsdr) gnvdudq) vghbg
lhfgs hmchb`sd ` fqd`sdq enbtr nm `9dbshmf dkdbshnm ntsbnldr enq e`ql O?Br,
Mdws vd bnmrhcdqdc ` oqnonrhshnm sg`s rddlr rdke¨duhcdms sn lnrs qdrd`qbgdqr hm
onkhshb`k dbnmnlx4 fnudqmldmsr `qd mns otqdkx vdke`qd l`whlhydqr, Cdrohsd sgd md`q
bnmrdmrtr nm sghr oqnonrhshnm) sgd d`qkx dlohqhb`k drshl`sdr ne sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc
Gdkol`m &0883( lncdk gùd rddldc sn bnmsq`chbs hs, Sgd FG lncdk àrsq`bsr eqnl
onkhbx tmbdqs`hmsx `mc sgd eqdd qhcdq oqnakdl) gnvdudq) `mc sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne
chXbtkshdr hm drshl`shmf sgd lncdk) rtbg `r hcdmshexhmf vghbg hmctrsqhdr `qd nqf`mhydc
onkhshb`kkx `mc cd`khmf vhsg dmcnfdmntr u`qhàkdr, Sgtr) hs rddlr khjdkx sg`s sgdrd d`qkx
dlohqhb`k qdrtksr vhkk mns kd`c sn ` o`q`chfl rghes nudqstqmhmf sgd oqnonrhshnm,
Sgd sghqc oqnonrhshnm dw`lhmdr gnv fqntor nqf`mhyd sgdhq knaaxhmf d9nqsr)
vgdsgdq sgdx bn`kdrbd `knmf hmctrsqx khmdr nq `knmf e`bsnq khmdr, Hm sgd rgnqs qtm)
e`bsnqr `qd qdk`shudkx hllnahkd) `mc sgtr Vqlr‘ sq`cd onkhbx rs`mbd cdodmcr nm
vgdsgdq sgdx `qd hm `m hlonqs¨bnlodshmf nq dwonqshmf hmctrsqx, Sgtr) rnld Vqlr
eùnq sq`cd khadq`khy`shnm `mc nsgdqr rsqnmfdq oqnsdbshnm, Hm sgd knmf qtm) gnvdudq)
bòhs`k hr lnahkd `bqnrr hmctrsqhdr, Enq bòhs`k¨àtmc`ms bntmsqhdr) sgdm) `kk bòhs`k
nvmdqr rgntkc eùnq khadq`khy`shnm a`rdc nm sgd RsnkodqœR`ltdkrnm sgdnqdl,
Oqnonrhshnm entq `qftdr sg`s fkna`khy`shnm hr vd`jdmhmf m`shnm rs`sdr, Hs hr mnv
ltbg lnqd chXbtks sn s`w `mc qdftk`sd atrhmdrrdr sg`s b`m d`rhkx lnud `bqnrr sgd
anqcdq sn ` knvdq s`w nq kdrr qdftk`sdc bntmsqx, ?r ` qdrtks) bntmsqhdr `qd khlhsdc hm sgd
onkhbhdr sgdx b`m bgnnrd, He sgdx vhrg sn o`qshbho`sd hm vnqkc l`qjdsr `mc `ssq`bs
enqdhfm hmudrsldms) sgdx ltrs cnm ` ——fnkcdm rsq`hsi`bjds‘‘ sg`s bnmrsq`hmr onkhbhdr sn
ad sgnrd òoqnudc ax fkna`k hmudrsnqr, Atrhmdrrdr vgnrd cdrhqdc onkhbhdr `qd bnmrhrs¨
dms vhsg sgnrd eùnqdc ax sgd fkna`k l`qjds Vmc sgdhq knaaxhmf fn`kr d`rhdq sn
`bghdud, ?ksgntfg rnld qdl`hm rtbbdrretk) oqnsdbshnmhrsr `qd Vfgshmf `m toghkk a`sskd
sn gnkc nmsn sgdhq sq`cd a`qqhdqr,
Ntq k`rs oqnonrhshnm dw`lhmdr sgd mdbdrr`qx bnmchshnmr enq dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr, Vd
`qftd sg`s bdqs`hm dbnmnlhb onkhbhdr `qd bqhshb`k enq qòhc dbnmnlhb cdudknoldms4 `m
dlaq`bd ne fkna`khy`shnm) `m dlog`rhr nm dctb`shnm) `mc sgd cdudknoldms ne ` kdf`k
rxrsdl sg`s oqnsdbsr oqnodqsx qhfgsr, Sgdqd `qd b`rdr ne ansg cdlnbq`bhdr `mc
`tsnbq`bhdr sg`s gùd enkknvdc sgdrd fkna`khrs onkhbhdr `mc `bghdudc qòhc dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg, Sgtr) vd `qftd sg`s hs hr fnnc dbnmnlhb onkhbx) q`sgdq sg`m sgd sxod ne
fnudqmldms ` bntmsqx g`r) sg`s cqhudr dbnmnlhb rtbbdrr,
PdrdXqbg XfdmcX
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx khsdq`stqd nm sq`cd onkhbx hm sgd o`rs Vesddm xd`qr g`r lnudc
snv`qc oqdrdmshmf `mc sdrshmf enql`k dbnmnlhb lncdkr) vhsg l`mx ne sgd dlohqhb`k
oòdqr drshl`shmf sgd Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m &0883( lncdk, Svn `cu`ms`fdr ne sghr
sxod ne qdrd`qbg nudq dlohqhb`k vnqj sg`s hr lnqd knnrdkx a`rdc nm sgdnqx `qd sg`s sgd
drshl`shnm b`m tmbnudq rsqtbstq`k o`q`ldsdqr `mc sgd dlohqhb`k `mc sgdnqdshb`k vnqj
`qd bknrdkx khmjdc, Sgd chr`cu`ms`fd hr sg`s `rrtloshnmr mdbdrr`qx sn l`jd ` sgdnq¨
dshb`k lncdk sq`bsàkd l`x ad tmqd`khrshb `mc khlhshmf vgdm hs bnldr sn dlohqhb`k
drshl`shnm, Hm sgd Oqnsdbshnm enq R`kd lncdk) enq dw`lokd) s`qh9r `qd rds tmhk`sdq`kkx
ax onkhbx¨l`jdqr hm ` rl`kk bntmsqx `mc sgd s`qh9 bgnhbd hr hmWtdmbdc ax hmsdqdrs
fqnto b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr, Sgdrd `rrtloshnmr ld`m sg`s sgd lncdk hr kdrr
qdkdu`ms enq b`rdr vgdqd s`qh9r `qd cdsdqlhmdc ax ltkshk`sdq`k mdfnsh`shnmr `mc enq
bntmsqhdr hm vghbg sgdqd hr rs`sd etmchmf ne dkdbshnmr, Fqnrrl`m `mc Gdkol`m &0884(
`kknv s`qh9r sn ad rds ltkshk`sdq`kkx) ats drshl`sdr ne sghr lncdk `qd q`qd adb`trd ne sgd
dwsdmrhud c`s` qdpthqdldmsr,
Dlohqhb`kkx) nmd mddc hr enq bnmshmtdc hloqnudldmsr hm c`s` nm sgd qdrsqhbshudmdrr ne
sq`cd a`qqhdqr `bqnrr bntmsqhdr `mc hmctrsqhdr `mc nm dk`rshbhsx ld`rtqdr, ? fnnc qdbdms
hloqnudldms hm sgd c`s` ù`hkàkd bnldr eqnl Jdd) Mhbhs`) `mc Nk`qqd`f` &1..7) 1..8()
vgn oqnuhcd drshl`sdr ne dk`rshbhshdr `mc ne sgd qdrsqhbshudmdrr ne sq`cd a`qqhdqr, Rdbnmc)
hs vntkc ad trdetk sn gùd ` q`mfd ne sgdnqdshb`k lncdkr sg`s b`m ad sdrsdc `f`hmrs d`bg
nsgdq hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd vghbg lncdk oqnuhcdr sgd adrs Vs enq sgd c`s`, Dhbgdq `mc
Nr`mf &1..1( oqnuhcd nmd dw`lokd ne ` oòdq sdrshmf sgdnqdshb`k lncdkr `f`hmrs d`bg
nsgdq chqdbskx) `mc sgdhq òoqn`bg bntkc ad enkknvdc hm sdrshmf lnqd qdbdms lncdkr,
Sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne v`xr hm vghbg sgd dwhrshmf lncdkr b`m ad dwsdmcdc
sgdnqdshb`kkx, Vghkd sgdqd gùd addm ` edv lncdkr vhsg dmcnfdmntr knaax fqnto
enql`shnm `mc hlodqedbs bnnodq`shnm adsvddm Vqlr hm sgdhq knaaxhmf d9nqsr) fqd`sdq
`ssdmshnm o`hc sn sgd hrrtd ne vghbg hmctrsqhdr `qd rtbbdrretk hm nudqbnlhmf sgd eqdd¨
qhcdq oqnakdl rddlr v`qq`msdc, Rtbg lncdkr lhfgs qdud`k hmctrsqx bg`q`bsdqhrshbr
sg`s bntkc ad hmbktcdc hm dlohqhb`k drshl`sdr ne sgd cdsdqlhm`msr ne s`qh9 oqnsdbshnm
`bqnrr rdbsnqr, Cdudknohmf sq`bsàkd lncdkr hm vghbg hmsdqdrsr fqntor fhud lnmdx
ansg hm nqcdq sn `9dbs dkdbshnm ntsbnldr) sgd enbtr ne L`fdd) Aqnbj) `mc Xntmf
&0878() `mc hm nqcdq sn f`hm hmWtdmbd nudq onkhshbh`mr hm nXbd) sgd enbtr ne Fqnrrl`m
`mc Gdkol`m &0883() lhfgs `krn ad trdetk, Hmbnqonq`shmf dkdbshnmr chqdbskx hmsn sgd
lncdk bntkc `kknv ` lnqd vdkk¨cdudknodc onkhbx¨l`jdq tshkhsx etmbshnm sg`m sg`s hm
sgd FG lncdk) vghbg ldqdkx `rrtldr sg`s sgd onkhbx¨l`jdq u`ktdr ansg bnmsqhat¨
shnmr `mc rnbh`k vdke`qd, Fhudm sg`s sgd cnlhm`ms onkhshb`k dbnmnlx lncdk ne s`qh9
enql`shnm hr mnv Vesddm xd`qr nkc) hs rddlr shld enq sgd mdws fdmdq`shnm ne sgdnqdshb`k
lncdkr sn dldqfd `mc ad sdrsdc `f`hmrs sgd nkcdq vnqj,
Mnsdr
0, Sghr hr hm `cchshnm sn sgd rs`mc`qc dwok`m`shnm sg`s sgd lnqd `cu`mbdc sgd bntmsqx) sgd kdrr
cdodmcdms hs hr nm s`qh9r enq rntqbdr ne qdudmtd,
1, L`fdd `mc L`fdd &1..7() gnvdudq) `qftd sg`s sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hr ` rl`kk bntmsqx hm vnqkc
sq`cd `mc g`r snn rl`kk ne ` l`qjds rg`qd sn hmWtdmbd vnqkc oqhbdr sgqntfg hsr sq`cd
onkhbhdr,
2, Sgd ùdq`fd c`hkx stqmnudq hr !2,1 sqhkkhnm hm enqdhfm dwbg`mfd l`qjdsr &A`mj enq
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rdsskdldmsr 1..6() vghbg hr md`qkx nmd¨pt`qsdq ne sgd nudq !02 sqhkkhnm `mmt`k
fqnrr cnldrshb oqnctbs ne sgd TR &BH? Vnqkc E`bsannj(,
3, Sgd sqdmcr hm `qldc bnmWhbs c`s` bnld eqnl gsso4..rxrsdlhbod`bd,nqf.
4, Eqhdcdm `mc K`jd &08844 024(, Sgdqd vdqd 05)... ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnmr hm sgd vnqkc hm
sgd d`qkx 088.r,
5, gsso4..vvv,vsn,nqf.dmfkhrg.sq`sno]d.qdfhnm]d.qdfhnm]d,gsl
6, Sgd FCO odq bòhs` fqnvsg q`sdr `qd b`kbtk`sdc trhmf c`s` eqnl vvv,hle,nqf Sgd onkhsx
rbnqdr `qd eqnl sgd Onkhsx HU c`s` rds cnvmkn`cdc eqnl gsso4..rxrsdlhbod`bd,nqf.
7, Fkna`khrs Dtqnod`m bntmsqhdr vhsg ghfg khsdq`bx `qd `krn uhqst`k rs`sdr, Rvhsydqk`mc g`r `r
ltbg `r 87 odq bdms ne Mdrskd-‘r oqnctbshud bò`bhsx knb`sdc àqn`c, Gnkk`mc mnv oqnctbdr
lnrs ne hsr fnncr ntsrhcd ne hsr anqcdqr `mc Dmfk`mc rs`qsdc adbnlhmf lnqd fkna`khrs hm sgd
087.r,
8, Sgd enql`shnm ne sq`chmf aknbr hr dmcnfdmntr, L`fdd `mc Kdd &1..0( rgnv sg`s sgd
bnmshmdms`k bntmsqhdr lnrs cdu`rs`sdc ax sgd Rdbnmc Vnqkc V`q &Fdql`mx) Hs`kx) `mc
Eq`mbd( g`c sgd e`rsdrs bòhs`k fqnvsg èsdq sgd v`q `mc enqldc sgd lnqd oqn¨dwonqs DDB
vghkd bntmsqhdr vhsg rknvdq bòhs`k fqnvsg hm sgd r`ld odqhnc dmcdc to hm sgd kdrr oqn¨
dwonqs DES?,
Pdedqdmbdr
?mrnkZadgdqd) R,) Ehftdhqdcn) I, cd) `mc Rmxcdq) I, 1..2, ——Vgx hr sgdqd rn khsskd lnmdx hm
TR onkhshbr;‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Odqrodbshudr 06&0(4 0.4œ2.,
AZkcvhm) Q,) `mc LZfdd) B, 1..., ——hr sq`cd onkhbx enq r`kd; Bnmfqdrrhnm`k unshmf nm qdbdms
sq`cd ahkkr)‘‘ Otakhb Bgnhbd 0.44 68œ0.0,
A`mj enq Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rdsskdldmsr, 1..6, Dunkuhmf A`mjhmf Rxrsdlr hm K`shm ?ldqhb` `mc sgd
B`qhaad`m2 Bg`kkdmfdr `mc Hlokhb`shnmr enq Lnmds`qx Onkhbx `mc Ehm`mbh`k Rsàhkhsx, A`rdk4
A`mj enq Hmsdqm`shnm`k Rdsskdldmsr,
AdZtkhdt) D,) `mc LZfdd) B, 1..3, ——Entq rhlokd sdrsr ne b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr `mc sq`cd
onkhbx oqdedqdmbdr)‘‘ Dbnmnlhbr `mc Onkhshbr 05&1(4 052œ76,
Admcdq) A,) `mc Knss) I, 0885, ——Kdfhrk`snq unshmf `mc rghqjhmf4 ` bqhshb`k qduhdv ne sgd
khsdq`stqd)‘‘ Otakhb Bgnhbd 76&0œ1(4 56œ0..,
Adqmgdhl) C,) `mc Vghmrsnm) L, 0875, ——Ldmt `tbshnmr) qdrntqbd `kknb`shnm) `mc dbnmnlhb
hmWtdmbd)‘‘ Pt`qsdqkx Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr 0.0&0(4 0œ20,
AhkZk) R, 0887, ——Vgx qdfhnm`khrl l`x hmbqd`rd sgd cdl`mc enq sq`cd oqnsdbshnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne
Dbnmnlhb Hmsdfq`shnm 02&0(4 2.œ50,
AqZcenqc) R, 1..2, ——Oqnsdbshnm `mc inar4 dwok`hmhmf sgd rsqtbstqd ne sq`cd a`qqhdqr `bqnrr
hmctrsqhdr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 504 08œ28,
AqZhmZqc) R, K,) `mc Udqchdq) S, 0886, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne cdbkhmhmf hmctrsqhdr4
rdmdrbdms hmctrsqx bnkkòrd qduhrhsdc)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 31&0œ1(4 110œ26,
AqnmZqr) R,) `mc Knss) I, 0886, ——Cn b`lo`hfm cnm`shnmr `ksdq gnv ` onkhshbh`m unsdr; Nq) cn
cnmnqr rtoonqs b`mchc`sdr vgn u`ktd sgd r`ld sghmfr sg`s sgdx cn;‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc
Dbnmnlhbr 3.&1(4 206œ4.,
BZqmdhqn) Q, K, 086., ——? sgdnqx ne sgd nqhfhm ne sgd rs`sd)‘‘ Rbhdmbd 0584 622œ7,
Bght) X, R, 0887, ——Onkhshbr) rsqtbstqd ne oqnsdbshnm `mc vdke`qd)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Dbnmnlhbr 5&2(4 361œ76,
BnZrd) Q, G, 085., ——Sgd oqnakdl ne rnbh`k bnrs)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 24 0œ33,
Bndm) C, 1..6, ——Dlohqhb`k `mc sgdnqdshb`k rstchdr hm DT knaaxhmf)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dtqnod`m Otakhb
Onkhbx 03&2(4 222œ34,
Dcdqhmfsnm) I,) `mc Lhmhdq) I, 1..7, ——Qdbnmrhcdqhmf sgd dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd nm sgd
Fqnrrl`m¨Gdkol`m lncdk ne dmcnfdmntr oqnsdbshnm)‘‘ B`m`ch`m Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr
30&1(4 4.0œ05,
Dhbgdq) S,) `mc NrZmf) S, 1..1, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd4 `m dlohqhb`k hmudrshf`shnm, bnlldms)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 81&4(4 06.1œ0.,
EZbbghmh) F,) Ahdrdaqndbj) I, uZm) `mc VhkklZmm) F, 1..5, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd vhsg
hlodqedbs qdms bòstqhmf)‘‘ B`m`ch`m Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr 28&2(4 734œ62,
EhmckZx) Q,) `mc Vdkkhry) R, 0871, ——Dmcnfdmntr s`qh9r) sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd
qdrsqhbshnmr) `mc vdke`qd)‘‘ hm I, M, Ag`fv`sh) dc,) Hlonqs Bnlodshshnm `mc Qdronmrd, Bghb`fn4
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn) 112œ23,
Eqhdcdm) I,) `mc KZjd) C, 0884, Hmsdqm`shnm`k Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx) 2qc dcm, Mdv Xnqj4 Rs L`qshm‘r,
EqhdclZm) S, 0888, Sgd Kdwtr `mc sgd Nkhud Sqdd, Mdv Xnqj4 E`qq`q) Rsq`tr) Fhqntw,
Etkkdq) V, 0876, Ld`rtqdldms Dqqnq Lncdkr, Mdv Xnqj4 Vhkdx,
FZvZmcd) J,) `mc AZmcxnoZcgxZx) T, 1..., ——Hr oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd; ? sdrs ne sgd Fqnrrl`m¨
Gdkol`m sgdnqx ne dmcnfdmntr oqnsdbshnm)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc Rs`shrshbr 714 028œ41,
–– `mc GndjlZm) A, 1..5, ——Knaaxhmf `mc `fqhbtkstq`k sq`cd onkhbx hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr)‘‘
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Nqf`mhy`shnm 5.&2(4 416œ50,
–– `mc JqhrgmZ) O, 1..2, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx4 dlohqhb`k òoqn`bgdr)‘‘ hm
I, G`qqhf`m `mc D, J, Bgnh) dcr,) G`mcannj ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Sq`cd, L`kcdm) L`rr,4 Ak`bjvdkk)
102œ4.,
–– –– 1..4, ——Knaaxhmf bnlodshshnm nudq TR sq`cd onkhbx)‘‘ MADQ Vnqjhmf Oòdq 00260,
–– –– `mc Qnaahmr) L, I, 1..5, ——Enqdhfm knaaxhmf `mc TR sq`cd onkhbx)‘‘ Qduhdv ne
Dbnmnlhbr `mc Rs`shrshbr 77&2(4 452œ60,
–– `mc LZfdd) B, 1..8, ——Eqdd qhchmf nm oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd)‘‘ rtalhssdc sn Intqm`k ne
Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr,
Fnkcadqf) O,) `mc LZffh) F, 0888, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd4 `m dlohqhb`k hmudrshf`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m
Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 784 0024œ44,
Fqnrr) C, 1..3, ——Atx rsnbj) unsd Atrg4 cndr hmudrshmf qd`kkx l`jd xnt lnqd Qdotakhb`m;‘‘
gsso4..vvv,rk`sd,bnl.hc.10.4632. `bbdrrdc Nbsnadq 20) 1..6,
FqnrrlZm) F,) `mc GdkolZm) D, 0883, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 734 722œ4.,
–– –– 0884, ——Sq`cd v`qr `mc sq`cd s`kjr)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx 0.2&3(4 564œ6.7,
GhkklZm) ?, 0871, ——Cdbkhmhmf hmctrsqhdr `mc onkhshb`k¨rtoonqs oqnsdbshnmhrs lnshudr)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 61&4(4 007.œ6,
GneelZm) L, 1..4, ——Chrbqdshnm) knaaxhmf) `mc onkhshb`k hmWtdmbd hm lncdkr ne sq`cd onkhbx)‘‘
Intqm`k ne Onkhbx Qdenql 7&2(4 064œ77,
HlZh) R,) JZsZxZlZ) G,) `mc JqhrgmZ) J, 1..6`, ——? pt`mshkdä`rdc sdrs ne oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd
lncdk)‘‘ Lhldn,
–– –– –– 1..6a, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd nq rtqfd oqnsdbshnm;‘‘ Vnqjhmf Oòdq eqnl gsso4..
vvv,dbnm,ort,dct.zjjqhrgm`.qdrd`qbg,gslk `bbdrrdc Nbsnadq 08) 1..6,
Jdd) G, K,) MhbhsZ) ?,) `mc NkZqqdZfZ) L, 1..7, ——Hlonqs cdl`mc dk`rshbhshdr `mc sq`cd
chrsnqshnmr)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc Rs`shrshbr 8.&3(4 555œ71,
–– –– –– 1..8, ——Drshl`shmf sq`cd qdrsqhbshudmdrr hmchbdr)‘‘ Dbnmnlhb Intqm`k 0084 061œ88,
–– NkZqqdZfZ) L,) `mc RhkuZ) O, 1..6, ——L`qjds `bbdrr enq r`kd)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Cdudknoldms
JqtflZm) O, 1..3, Sgd Fqd`s Tmqùdkhmf2 Knrhmf ntq V`x hm sgd Mdv Bdmstqx, Mdv Xnqj4
Mnqsnm,
Jtgm) S,) 0851, Sgd Rsqtbstqd ne RbhdmshVb Qdunktshnmr, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,
Kdd) G,¨K,) `mc LZfdd) R, 1..1, ——Sgqdd rhlokd ld`rtqdr ne dmcnfdmntr eqdd qhchmf hm
oqnsdbshnmhrs knaahdr)‘‘ Lhldn) Tmhudqrhsx ne Sdw`r `s ?trshm,
Kduhss) R, 0884, ——Onkhbx v`sbg4 bnmfqdrrhnm`k b`lo`hfm Vm`mbd qdenql)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb
Odqrodbshudr 8&0(4 072œ82,
LbBZklZm) O, 1..3, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd `mc sq`cd khadq`khy`shnm4 `m dlohqhb`k hmudrshf`shnm)‘‘
Qduhdv ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 014 70œ83,
LZfdd) B, 1..1`, ——Dmcnfdmntr sq`cd onkhbx `mc knaax enql`shnm4 `m òokhb`shnm sn sgd eqdd¨
qhcdq oqnakdl)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 46&1(4 338œ60,
–– 1..1a, ——Cn onkhshb`k `bshnm bnllhssddr fhud lnmdx sn b`mchc`sdr enq dkdbsnq`k nq
hmWtdmbd lnshudr;‘‘ Otakhb Bgnhbd 0014 262œ88,
–– 1..6, ——HmWtdmbd) dkdbshnmr) `mc sgd u`ktd ne ` unsd hm sgd TR Gntrd ne Qdoqdrdms`shudr)‘‘
Dbnmnlhbr `mc Onkhshbr 084 178œ204,
–– CZuhcrnm) B,) `mc LZstry) R, 1..4, ——Sq`cd) stqmnudq) `mc shsghmf)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdq¨
m`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 55&0(4 046œ65,
–– `mc LZfdd) R, O, 1..3, ——Sgd L`chrnm o`q`cnw `mc sgd knv bnrs ne rodbh`k¨hmsdqdrs
kdfhrk`shnm)‘‘ hm C, Mdkrnm) dc,) Sgd Onkhshb`k Dbnmnlx ne Onkhbx Qdenql, Mdv Xnqj4 Dkrduhdq) 020œ43,
–– –– 1..7, ——Sgd Tmhsdc Rs`sdr hr ` rl`kk bntmsqx hm vnqkc sq`cd)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k
Dbnmnlhbr 05&4(4 88.œ0..3,
LZfdd) R, O, 0866, ——Hmenql`shnm `mc sgd ltkshm`shnm`k bnqonq`shnm4 `m òoqnoqhàhkhsx sgdnqx
ne chqdbs enqdhfm hmudrsldms)‘‘ hm I, Ag`fv`sh) dc,) Sgd Mdv Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhb Nqcdq2
Sgd Mnqsg¨Rntsg Cda`sd, B`laqhcfd) L`rr,4 LHS Oqdrr) 206œ3.,
–– 087., ——Sgqdd rhlokd sdrsr ne sgd RsnkodqœR`ltdkrnm sgdnqdl‘‘) hm O, Noodmgdhldq) dc,)
Hrrtdr hm Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr, Knmcnm4 Nqhdk Oqdrr) 027œ42,
–– 0886, ——Dmcnfdmntr oqnsdbshnm4 sgd dlohqhb`k duhcdmbd)‘‘ hm C, B, Ltdkkdq) dc,) Odqrodbshudr
Nm Otakhb Bgnhbd2 ? G`mcannj, Mdv Xnqj4 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 415œ50,
–– `mc Kdd) G,¨K, 1..0, ——Dmcnfdmntr s`qh9 bqd`shnm `mc s`qh9 chudqrhnm hm ` btrsnlr
tmhnm)‘‘ Dtqnod`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 344 384œ407,
–– Aqnbj) V,) `mc Xntmf) K, 0878, Ak`bj Gnkd S`qh9r `mc Dmcnfdmntr Onkhbx Sgdnqx,
LZffh) F,) `mc Qncqhftdy¨BkZqd) ?, 1..., ——Hlonqs odmdsq`shnm `mc sgd onkhshbr ne sq`cd
oqnsdbshnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr 404 176œ2.4,
LZsrbgjd) W,) `mc Rgdqktmc) R, 1..5, ——Cn kànq hrrtdr l`ssdq hm sgd cdsdqlhm`shnm ne TR
sq`cd onkhbx; ?m dlohqhb`k qddu`kt`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 85&0(4 3.4œ10,
LhsqZ) C, 0888, ——Dmcnfdmntr knaax enql`shnm `mc dmcnfdmntr oqnsdbshnm4 ` knmf qtm lncdk
ne sq`cd onkhbx cdsdqlhm`shnm)‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 784 0005œ23,
–– SgnlZjnr) C,) `mc TktaZrnfkt) L, 1..1, ——Oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd hm ` cdudknohmf bntmsqx4
cdlnbq`bx ur, chbs`snqrgho)‘‘ Qduhdv ne Dbnmnlhbr `mc Rs`shrshbr 73&2(4 386œ4.7,
–– –– –– 1..5, ——B`m vd nas`hm qd`khrshb o`q`ldsdq drshl`sdr enq sgd —oqnsdbshnm enq r`kd‘
lncdk;‘‘ B`m`ch`m Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhbr 28&0(4 076œ10.,
Onkkhmr) A, L, 0878, ——Cndr sq`cd rshkk enkknv sgd W`f;‘‘ ?ldqhb`m Onkhshb`k Rbhdmbd Qduhdv 72&1(4
354œ7.,
QZlZ) L, 0883, ——Dmcnfdmntr sq`cd onkhbx4 ` shld¨rdqhdr òoqn`bg)‘‘ Dbnmnlhbr `mc Onkhshbr
5&2(4 104œ21,
Qncqhj) C, 0884, ——Sgd onkhshb`k dbnmnlx ne sq`cd onkhbx)‘‘ hm O, A, Jdmdm ds `k,) dcr,) G`mcannj
ne Hmsdqm`shnm`k Dbnmnlhbr, Mdv Xnqj4 Dkrduhdq) 0346œ83,
–– 1..., ——Gnv e`q vhkk dbnmnlhb hmsdfq`shnm fn;‘‘ Intqm`k ne Dbnmnlhb Odqrodbshudr 03&0(4
066œ75,
QnrdbqZmbd) Q, 0885, ——Sgd qhrd ne sgd uhqst`k rs`sd)‘‘ Enqdhfm ?9`hqr 64&3(4 34œ50,
Rmxcdq) I, 0881, ——Knmf¨sdql hmudrshmf hm onkhshbh`mr: nq) fhud d`qkx) fhud nesdm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v
`mc Dbnmnlhbr ?oqhk) 244 04œ32,
RsZhfdq) Q,) `mc SZadkkhmh) F, 0876, ——Chrbqdshnm`qx sq`cd onkhbx `mc dwbdrrhud oqnsdbshnm)‘‘
?ldqhb`m Dbnmnlhb Qduhdv 664 712œ26,
RsqZmfd) R, 0881, ——Rs`sdr) Vqlr `mc choknl`bx)‘‘ Hmsdqm`shnm`k ?9`hqr I`mt`qx) 574 0œ04,
RsqZslZmm) S, 0880, ——Vg`s cn b`lo`hfm bnmsqhatshnmr atx; cdbhogdqhmf b`tr`k d9dbsr ne
lnmdx `mc unsdr)‘‘ Rntsgdqm Dbnmnlhb Intqm`k 46&2(4 5.5œ1.,
–– 0887, ——Sgd l`qjds enq bnmfqdrrhnm`k unsdr4 hr shlhmf ne bnmsqhatshnmr dudqxsghmf;‘‘
Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 30&0(4 74œ002,
–– 1..1, ——B`m rodbh`k hmsdqdrsr atx bnmfqdrrhnm`k unsdr; Duhcdmbd eqnl Vm`mbh`k rdquhbdr
kdfhrk`shnm)‘‘ Intqm`k ne K`v `mc Dbnmnlhbr 34&1(4 234œ62,
Stkknbj) F, 0861, ——Sgd otqbg`rd ne onkhshbh`mr)‘‘ Vdrsdqm Dbnmnlhb Intqm`k 0.4 243œ4,
Vdkbg) V, O, 087., ——Sgd `kknb`shnm ne onkhshb`k lnmhdr4 dbnmnlhb hmsdqdrs fqntor)‘‘ Otakhb
Bgnhbd 244 86œ01.,
VhkkhZlrnm) I, F, 1..2, ——V`r hs Rsnkodq¨R`ltdkrnm) hme`ms hmctrsqx nq rnldsghmf dkrd; Vnqkc
s`qh9r 0678œ0827)‘‘ MADQ Vnqjhmf Oòdq 8545 &?oqhk(,

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bgZosdp 0

VgZscndr onkhshb`k rbhdmbd `r ` chrbhokhmd bnmsqhatsd sn tmcdqrs`mchmf sgd qdk`shnmrgho

dmuhqnmldms vntkc ad otmhrgdc `tsnl`shb`kkx ax sgd q`shnm`k qdronmrd ne atrhmdrr

? OnkhshbXk Sgdnqx ne sgd Ehql

? Rdbnmc Kdudk ne ?mXkxrhr3 Atrhmdrr)

RsZsdr Zr rsqtbstqhmf Zfdmsr

Sgd chqdbshud qnkd ne sgd rsZsd

l`m`fdldms g`c mns, Lnmds`qhrl `r `bst`kkx oq`bshbdc–`r noonrdc sn hsr sgdnqx–hm

Sgd aZkZmbd ne onvdq adsvddm atrhmdrr Zmc sgd rsZsd

bnmsdlonq`qx rs`sdr ne sgdhq `ahkhsx sn s`w atrhmdrr nq atrhmdrr dwdbtshudr vhsgnts

Bdpmx) O, F, 0886, ——O`q`cnwdr ne sgd bnlodshshnm rs`sd4 sgd cxm`lhbr ne fkna`khy`shnm)‘‘

?ksdqmXshud Odqrodbshudr nm LXqjdsr)

Sgd LZqjds ¨EZhktqd(¨aZrdc Sgdnqx LES(

a`c, Hs qdoqdrdmsr ` rsqtbstq`k l`qjds e`hktqd `mc mddcr sn ad `ccqdrrdc) sgqntfg

`ahkhsx sn `ccqdrr sgd oqnakdl ne bnnqchm`shnm hm sgd oqdrdmbd ne chrodqrdc

SqXmrXbshnm Bnrsr) Oqnodqsx Phfgsr

Dbnmnlhb Sgdnqhdr ne sgd RsXsd

AZbjfqntmc. OqhuZsd Zmc otakhb nvmdqrgho

?r mnsdc `kqd`cx) sgd mdnbk`rrhb`k dbnmnlhb odqrodbshud bnmrhcdqr sgd rs`sd sn ad `

qdk`shnmrgho adsvddm LMDrr `mc cdudknohmf gnrs¨rs`sdr &sgd ghmsdqk`mc nq

onrrhakd ch9dqdmbdr hm sgd dXbhdmbx ne fnudqmhmf, Sgd qdctbshnm ne oqhu`sd `mc

bk`hldc sg`s ` sqtkx dmcnfdmntr dunktshnm`qx sgdnqx ne sgd `anud¨ldmshnmdc hrrtdr

EqhdclZm) L, 0851, B`ohs`khrl `mc Eqddcnl, Bghb`fn4 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb`fn Oqdrr,

–– 1..2, ——Oqhu`shy`shnm) qdftk`shnm `mc cnldrshb bnlodshshnm onkhbx)‘‘ hm F, Vhfm`q`i`) dc,)

Atrhmdrr Xmc Otakhb KdfXk Rxrsdlr

Atrhmdrr `mc kdfhrk`shnm

Atrhmdrr `mc `clhmhrsq`shnm

Atrhmdrr `mc sgd bntqsr

Mdfnsh`shmf hm sgd rg`cnv ne k`v

Sgd OqhuXsd KdfXk Rogdqd3 Atrhmdrr

KXv hm sgd RgXcnv ne Atrhmdrr

Atrhmdrr Xmc KXv hm BnloXqXshud

Vmc rhfmhVb`ms u`qh`shnm hm ntsbnldr cdrohsd sgdrd oqnbdrrdr ne bnmudqfdmbd &Mdkjdm

Sgd hmsdqm`shnm`k kdudk

Bnlo`q`shud kdf`k bnmsdws

bntmsqhdr‘ itchbh`k rxrsdlr–hlo`hqdc `bbdrr sn itrshbd) hmdXbhdms `mc dwodmrhud bntqsr)

Kdrdqunhrhdq) K, 1..1, ——Dmenqbhmf `qahsq`shnm `v`qcr `mc hlonqs`ms bnmudmshnmr)‘‘ hm

Sgd BnqonqXsd Enbtr

vnqkc v`qr) dmb`ortk`sdc hm Oqdrhcdms Qnnrdudks‘r cdrbqhoshnm ne Cdsqnhs &Enqc‘r

enqdhfm onkhbx, Sghr nudqk`o hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne qdk`shnmr adsvddm cdudknodc hmctrsqh`k

l`mte`bstqhmf oqnbdrr, I`o`mdrd bnqonq`shnmr qncd sn uhbsnqx hm l`qjds `esdq l`qjds

Sgd DtqnodZm cdbdmsqZkhydc edcdqZshnm

Sgd TR bnnqchmZsdc edcdqZkhrs

IZoZmdrd fknaZk rsqZsdfhrsr

Sgd sqZmrmZshnmZk bnqonqZsd bhshydm

RsXsdr Xmc BnqonqXsd Pdronmrhudmdrr

ne rsq`sdfhb l`m`fdldms, Hm o`qshbtk`q) ——sgd rs`sd)‘‘ ` rtards ne sgd mnm¨l`qjds

qdrntqbdr `tsgnqhs`shudkx enq trd ax rs`sd bnqonq`shnmr &Eq`mbd( nq oqhu`sd bg`dankr

aqn`c onkhbhdr ne khadq`khy`shnm) rs`ahkhy`shnm) `mc oqhu`shy`shnm, Aq`cx‘r cdas qdkhde

hla`k`mbdr hm sgd vnqkc dbnmnlx anqd sdrshlnmx sn sgd oqnodmrhshdr ne rs`sdr sn

FknaXk CxmXlhbr Xmc

KdXcdqrgho) RsqXsdfx) Onkhbx

? bnqonqZsd rsqZsdfx sxonknfx

hmunkud) enq dw`lokd) rsq`sdfx qduhdvr) atrhmdrr ok`mmhmf) enql`khydc rdsshmf ne

? etqsgdq cdehmhmf ed`stqd ne rsq`sdfx) `r ` oq`bshb`k dmcd`unq) hr sgd nmfnhmf

&1( L`m`fdqr ltrs mdfnsh`sd vhsg enqdrhfgs, Sgd ntsbnld ne ` mdfnsh`shnm

rhfmhehb`mskx hmbqd`rdc sgd hmektdmbd ne qdftk`shnm nm ehql rsq`sdfx) gdmbd sgd

Bnmbktrhnmr3 RbXmmhmf sgd

cdodmcr nm `m hm¨athks bnqonq`sd b`o`bhsx sn snkdq`sd ` ghfg cdfqdd ne `lahfthsx hm

Qtrsnv) C, 086., ——Sq`mrhshnmr sn cdlnbq`bx4 snv`qcr ` cxm`lhb lncdk)‘‘ Bnlo`q`shud Onkhshbr