Q: Can you provide an overview of the early

history of computers? A: The history of

computers can be traced back to mechanical
devices like the abacus and the astrolabe.
However, the first electronic computer, ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer), was developed during World War II
in the 1940s. Q: What were the characteristics
of early computers? A: Early computers were
large, room-sized machines that used vacuum
tubes for processing. They were primarily used
for numerical calc
Q: How did the development of transistors
impact the history of computers? A: The
invention of transistors in the 1950s led to the
development of smaller, faster, and more
reliable computers. Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes, reducing the size and heat
production of computers. Q: What role did
integrated circuits play in the evolution of
computers? A: Integrated circuits, developed in
the 1960s, allowed multiple transistors to be
miniaturized on a single silicon chip. This
advancement signifi

charles baggage
1822

A computer is a programmable electronic

device designed to perform various tasks by
executing a set of instructions called a program.
It processes data input, performs calculations,
and produces output, all according to the
instructions provided by software. Computers
can be categorized based on their size,
functionality, and purpose.
The basic components of a computer include:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of
the computer, responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations.
Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that the
CPU uses to store data and instructions
currently in use.
Storage: Persistent storage devices such as hard
drives or solid-state drives where data is saved
for long-term use.
Input Devices: Devices like keyboards, mice,
and touchscreens that allow users to input data
into the computer.
Output Devices: Devices like monitors, printers,
and speakers that display or provide results
produced by the computer.
Motherboard: The main circuit board that
connects and facilitates communication
between various hardware components.
Software: Programs and applications that
provide instructions for the computer to
perform specific tasks.

Hrdware
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to
as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU
performs calculations and executes
instructions.
Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory is
used by the CPU to store data that is actively
being used or processed. It is volatile memory,
meaning it is wiped clean when the computer is
powered off. (MBs)
Storage Devices: These devices store data
persistently. Common types include Hard Disk
Drives (HDDs), Solid-State Drives (SSDs), and
optical drives.
Motherboard: The main circuit board that
houses the CPU, memory, and other essential
components. It provides the electrical
connections between these components.
Input Devices: Devices that allow users to input
data into the computer, such as keyboards,
mice, touchscreens, and more.
Output Devices: Devices that display or output
information, such as monitors, printers, and
speakers.
software

Software: Applications It is a type of software

application that helps in the automation of the
task based on the Users Input. It can perform
single or multiple tasks at the same period of
time..

Operating System (OS):

The core software that manages hardware
resources and provides services for computer
programs. Examples include Windows, macOS,
Linux, and Android.
System Software:
Software that supports the functioning of
computer hardware and the operating system.
Examples include system tools.
Device Drivers:
Programs that facilitate communication
between the operating system and hardware
devices such as printers, graphics cards, and
peripherals.
Important of compter
Are important tools for science students, who
generally rely on them in preparing their
educational reports and projects.
Computer importance is increasing day by day
because it did most of our work in minutes.
Much hard work like calculation and data
saving is easy using the computer.

Answer: The capabilities of a computer system

are speed, reliability, adaptability, storage and
accuracy. Computers systems are well adjusted
to perform repetitive tasks. They never get
tired, bored or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot
reliable than humans

Data
Data is a set of values that represent
measurements or observations.
Primary data Secondary data Cross-sectional
data Categorical data Time series data Spatial
data Ordered data
Data & information
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be
processed. Data can be something simple and
seemingly random and useless until it is
organized.
information When data is processed, organized,
structured or presented in a given context so as
to make it useful, it is called information.
What are the 5 stages of data processing cycle?

It is usually performed in a step-by-step process

by a team of data scientists and data engineers
in an organization. The raw data is collected,
filtered, sorted, processed, analyzed, stored,
and then presented in a readable format.

: It is designed to include a working analog unit

that is powerful for calculations, yet has a
readily available digital memory.A hybrid
computer is a type of computer that offers the
functionalities of both a digital and an analog
computer

ANS:An analog computer is a type of computing

device that represents and processes data using
continuous signals rather than discrete values
like those in digital computers.

ANS:A digital computer is a type of computer

that processes data and performs calculations
using discrete numeric values represented in
binary code (0s and 1s).Digital computers use a
binary system to represent and process data,
allowing them to perform various tasks such as
arithmetic calculations, logical operations, data
storage, retrieval, and mor
What is integrated drive electronics (IDE)?
IDE is a widely used interface standard in
computing that allows for the connection and
communication between a computer's
motherboard and its storage devices.

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

and SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) are
types of interfaces used for connecting storage
devices like hard drives, solid-state drives
(SSDs), and optical drives to a computer system

What is meant by removable drives?

Removable media is any type of storage device
that can be removed from a computer while
the system is running. Removable media makes
it easy for a user to move data from one
computer to another.

What is CD and DVD abbreviations?

The term CD is an acronym for Compact
Disk. The term DVD is an acronym for Digital
Versatile Disk.
What is the short definition of CD DVD?
A CD (Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Versatile
Disc) are optical storage media used to store
digital data, such as music, videos, software
programs, and documents.
DOUBLE LAYE DATA
4.7 GB TO 17 GB
SuperDrive is the product name for a floppy
disk drive and later an optical disc drive made
and marketed

the control unit is a fundamental component of

a computer central processing unit (CPU).Its
main function is to manage and coordinates the
operation of the CPU. Its also control the flow
of data and instruction between the CPU and
other pair of the computer
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit
used to perform arithmetic and logic
operations. It represents the fundamental
building block of the central processing unit
(CPU) of a computer.
Virtual memory is a memory management
technique used by operating systems that
enables a computer to compensate for physical
RAM shortages by temporarily transferring data
from random access memory (RAM) to disk
storag

A bit
is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data
on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two
values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical
values of off or on, respectively.
Byte
, the basic unit of information in computer
storage and processing. A byte consists of 8
adjacent binary digits (bits), each of which
consists of a 0 or 1.

.Cache memory,
sometimes referred to as simply 'cache', is a
software or hardware component that is able
to store frequently used data so that can be
readily accessed by the central processing unit
(CPU). Cache memory serves a supportive
function by giving the CPU a faster way of
retrieving data, and therefore speeding up
processing tasks

a nibble
 is four consecutive binary digits or half of an 8-
bit byte. When referring to a byte, it is either
the first four bits or the last four bits, which is
why a nibble is sometimes referred to as a half-
byte.

Memory unit
is the amount of data that can be stored in the
storage unit

Low-Level language is the only language which

can be understood by the computer. Low-level
language is also known as Machine Language.

A high-level language (HLL) is a programming

language, such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal, that
allows a programmer to develop programmes
that are independent of the type of machine
they are running on. all these languages are
classified as high-level because they are more
comparable languages than machine languages.
Operating system is a program or a series of
programs which provides communication
between the users and the computer
hardware. Language Translator : Language
Translator translates text from one language to
another
Following are the popular types of OS
(Operating System): Batch Operating System
Multitasking/Time Sharing OS Multiprocessing
OS Real Time OS Distributed OS Network OS
Mobile OS
Data processing cycle
collected, filtered, sorted, processed, analyzed,
stored, and then presented in a readable
format.
Data processing
manipulation of data by a computer.

Multiprocessing is the use of two or more

central processing units (CPUs) within a single
computer system.
Multi tasking
1. : the concurrent performance of several
jobs by a computer
2. Timing sharing
method of operation in which multiple users
with different programs interact nearly
simultaneously with the central processing unit
(CPU) of a large-scale digital computer.
TYPES OF OS:

Batch Operating System Multitasking/Time

Sharing OS Multiprocessing OS Real Time OS
Distributed OS Network OS Mobile OS
Char of DOS

It is a 16-bit operating system. The mouse

cannot be used to operate it e, Input in it is
through basic system commands. The
maximum space available is 2 GB. It is a free
OS. It uses a text-based interface and requires
text and codes to operate. It does not support a
graphical interface.

type of commands
There are two types of commands used in
operating systems. One is internal command
and the other is an external command. Internal
commands are loaded into the RAM while
external commands are stored in external
devices.

GUI & CL

Accessibility: GUIs are generally more

accessible to beginners due to their visual
nature, while CLIs require familiarity with
commands.
Efficiency: CLIs tend to be more efficient for
experienced users who are proficient with
commands, whereas GUIs offer simplicity and
ease of use.
Resource Usage: CLIs are often lighter on
system resources, while GUIs consume more
resources due to graphical rendering.
Flexibility: CLIs offer higher flexibility for
automation and customization through scriptin
while GUIs are more limited in this aspect
SAVE DOS FILE:

Step 1: Click Start. ... Step 2: In the Search Box

Type Cmd. ... Step 3: Press Enter. ... Step 4:
Type- Dir Then Press Enter. ... Step 5: Type- Cd
Desktop and Press Enter. ... Step 6: Type- Mkdir
YourName Then Press Enter.
Step 7: Minimize Your Command Prompt Step
8: Navigate Back to Your Desktop to See Your
Newly Created Folder. Step 9: Return to Your
Command Line Prompt Add TipAsk
QuestionCommentDownload Step 10: Type- Cd
YourName Then Press Enter
GUI
its stand for graphic user interface and is
pronounced by "goegy". graphic user interface
(GUI) a computer program that enables a
person to communicate with a computer
through the use of symbols
DISK DE defragmentation.
The process of rearranging fragmented files on
a user's hard disk is called defragmentation.
When data is written to disk and there is
insufficient continuous
Task Scheduler

The "Task Scheduler" is a feature in operating

systems like Microsoft Windows that allows
users to schedule the execution of programs or
scripts at specified times or in response to
specific events.