East West University

Department of CSE
LAB REPORT
Course Code and Name:
CSE209- (Electrical Circuit)

Experiment no: 01

Experiment name:
Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables

Semester and Year: GROUP NO:

Name of Student: Course Instructor information:

Date of Report Submitted: Pre-Lab Marks:

Post Lab Marks:

TOTAL Marks:

ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The experiment is designed for learning the value of dependent sources and being
able to use that in PSpice. The objective of this lab is get used to with work of dependent sources
and this is very significant as circuit voltage and current can be easily verified. The simulation
values and mathematical calculation values are same.

OBJECTIVE

Experiment Title:
Introduction to Circuit Elements and variables.
Objectives:
1.To get familiar with circuit variables (voltage and current) and circuit elements (voltage source
and resistance).
2.To learn how to measure DC voltage across a circuit element using a voltmeter.
3.To learn how to measure DC current through a circuit element using an ammet.
4. To learn how to measure resistance of a resistor using a multimeter.
5. To verify Ohm’s Law.

THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

There are two types of elements in an electric circuit – active elements and passive elements. An
active element supplies energy. A voltage source or a battery is an active element. The emf of a
battery is measured using the unit volt (V). A passive element absorbs energy. A resistor is a
passive element. The resistance of a resistor is measured using the unit Ohm (Ω). There are two
fundamental circuit variables – current through a circuit element and voltage across a circuit
element. The current through a circuit element is measured using the unit Ampere (A) and the
voltage across a circuit element is measure using the unit Volt (V). A simple electric circuit is
shown in Figure 1. The emf of the battery is E Volt and the resistance of the resistor is R. The
current drawn from the battery and the current passing through the resistor are same and is I A.
The voltage drop across the resistor is V Volt. The voltage drops across the resistor is exactly
equal to the emf of the battery, that is, E = V. The Ohm’s Law states that,

1
 Fig 0: A simple Electric Circuit

If we plot V vs. I (taking I as independent variable), we have a straight line passing through the
origin and the slop of the line is R. We need to make sure that an ammeter is not connected in
parallel and a voltmeter is not connected in series.
Simulation Result:

2
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
1. Theoretically calculate the values of I using measured values of V and R. Compare the
theoretical values with the measured values and comment on any discrepancy.

Ans: Measured values of V and R,

Measured Value of
Observation number Set Value of E (V) Measured Value of Measured Value of
R (Ω)
V (V) I (mA)

1 5 5 5

2 6 6 6

3 7 7 7
1000 Ω

4 8 8 8

5 9 9 9

6 10 10 10

Table 2. Experimental Datasheet

We know V = IR. So, I = V/R.

3
Now, the values of I using measured values of V and R,

Observation number Measured Value of V Measured Value of Theoretically

2 6 1000Ω 6

3 7 1000Ω 7

4 8 1000Ω 8

5 9 1000Ω 9

6 10 1000Ω 10

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically calculated
values and simulated values of I. The theoretical values and the measured values do not vary.
And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution or Zero offset or no Instrument drift Or
Personal errors due to pspice simulation.

2. Theoretically calculate the values of R from the measured values of V and I using Ohm’s
law. Compare the calculated and measure values of R and comment on any discrepancy.

Ans: We know, Ohm’s Law is,

When V = 4.85V and I = 5mA,

4
 Theoretically
Measured Value of R
Observation Number Calculated Value of R (KΩ)
(KΩ)
1 1 KΩ

2 1 KΩ

3 1 KΩ 1 KΩ

4 1 KΩ

5 1 KΩ

6
1 KΩ

Table 4. Experimental Datasheet.

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically calculated
values and simulated values of R. The theoretical values and the measured values do not vary.
And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution or Zero offset or no Instrument drift Or
Personal errors due to pspice simulation.

3. Compare the set value of E and the measured value of V and comment on any discrepancy.
Ans: Here, set value of E and the measured value of V

5
 Observation Number Set Value of E (V) Measured Value of V (V)

1 5 5

2 6 6

3 7 7
4 8 8
5 9 9
6 10 10

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between measured/simulated

4. Plot V vs. I (taking I as independent variable) and fit a straight-line passing through the origin.
From the plot determine the resistance of the supplied resistor using Ohm’s law. Compare this
value with the measured value and comment on any discrepancy. Ans:

Here

, x1 = 4, y1 = 4, x2 =7, y2 = 7

⸫ slope = 1.0 and Resistance = 1.00 kΩ

6
Thus, here the measured values and the theoretical values are accurate.

5. Discuss how voltage or current is measured using a multi-range meter. Ans: Firstly, another
name for multi-range meter is Multi meter. And both digital and analogue multimeters are able
to measure current very easily. When using a multimeter to measure current, the only way that
can be used to detect the level of current flowing is to break into the circuit so that the current
passes through the meter. V E 0V 1V 2V 3V 4V 5V 6V 7V 8V 9V 1V 0 I (0A 5m A 1 0 m A
(1 (9.00 00,9. (8.00 00,8. (7.00 00,7. (6.00 00,6. (5.00 00,5. (4.00 00,4. (3. 00 0m) (2.00 00,2.
(1.00 00,1. While using a digital multimeter we have to set main selector switch on the meter
switch to the correct measurement type, (i.e., current) and range for the measurement to be
made. When selecting the range, ensure that the maximum range is above the expected reading
anticipated. However, by selecting a range that is too high, it prevents the meter being
overloaded. When the measuring the current, optimize the range for the best reading. If
possible, enable all the leading digits to not read zero, and in this way the greatest number of
significant digits can be read. Once the reading is complete, it is a wise precaution to place the
probes into the voltage measurement sockets and turn the range to maximum voltage. In this
way if the meter is accidentally connected without thought for the range used, there is little
chance of damage to the meter. This may not be true if it left set for a current reading, and the
meter is accidentally connected across a high voltage point!

RESULT:
After comparing the theoretical & measured values of I, V, R, we found that there are no change
with the values because of simulations. CONCLUSION: While doing the simulation, the readings
were taken very carefully. To prevent short circuit the circuit was connected very carefully. At
the end of the simulation, we finally gained practical knowledge that how to work with circuits.

CONCLUSION:
While doing the simulation, the readings were taken very carefully. To prevent short circuit the
circuit was connected very carefully. At the end of the simulation, we finally gained practical
knowledge that how to work with circuits.