East West University

Department of CSE
LAB REPORT

Course Code and Name:

CSE209 - Electrical Circuit

Experiment no: 01

Experiment name:
Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables

Semester and Year: GROUP NO:

Fall 2021

Name of Student: Course Instructor information:

Iffat Tasnim
M Saddam Hossain Khan
Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering.
Student Id:

2020-2-60-004

Date of Report Submitted: Pre-Lab Marks:

Post Lab Marks:

TOTAL Marks:
ABSTRACT

The experiment is designed for learning the value of dependent sources and being able to use that
knowledge in PSpice software. As our class is online based, we need to use software for
simulation. The objective of the report "Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables" is get
used to with the work of dependent sources and this is very significant for the learning about
circuits. Circuit voltage and current can be easily verified with the help of the simulation process
of this lab. The simulation values and mathematical calculation values are same.

OBJECTIVE

• To know how some basics about current, voltage, voltage source and resistance. Here,
voltage and current are circuit variables and voltage source and resistance are circuit
element.
• To know the process of voltage measuring of a dc source by using voltmeter. Voltmeter
is an instrument that measures electric potential in volts.
• To know the process of current measuring of a dc source by using ammeter. Ammeter is
an instrument that measures electric current in amperes.
• To know the process of resistance measuring by using multimeter. Multimeter is an
instrument that measures electric current, voltage, resistance over several ranges.
• Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current
flowing. We will verify it.

THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

There are two types of elements in an electric circuit – active elements and passive elements.
An active element supplies energy. A voltage source or a battery is an active element. The emf
of a battery is measured using the unit volt (V). A passive element absorbs energy. A resistor
is a passive element. The resistance of a resistor is measured using the unit Ohm (Ω).

There are two fundamental circuit variables – current through a circuit element and voltage
across a circuit element. The current through a circuit element is measured using the unit
Ampere (A) and the voltage across a circuit element is measure using the unit Volt (V).

A simple electric circuit is shown in Figure 1. The emf of the battery is E Volt and the resistance
of the resistor is R Ω(Ohm). The current drawn from the battery and the current passing through
the resistor is same and is I A. The voltage drop across the resistor is V Volt. The voltage drop
across the resistor is exactly equal to the emf of the battery, that is, E = V. The Ohm’s Law
states that, if we plot V vs. I (taking I as independent variable), we have a straight line passing
through the origin and the slop of the line is R.

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 A simple Electric Circuit

We need to make sure that an ammeter is not connected in parallel and a voltmeter is not
connected in series.

POST-LAB REPORT QUESTIONS

1. Theoretically calculate the values of I using measured values of V and R. Compare the
theoretical
Answer:
Measured values of V and R,
Observation E(V) V(V) I(mA) R(Ω)
number
1 5 5 5 1000
2 6 6 6 1000
3 7 7 7 1000
4 8 8 8 1000
5 9 9 9 1000
6 10 10 10 1000

We know, V = IR. So, I = V/R.

The values of I using measured values of V and R,

Observation number V R I=V/R
1 5 1000 5
2 6 1000 6
3 7 1000 7
4 8 1000 8
5 9 1000 9
6 10 1000 10

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This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically calculated values and
simulated values of I. The theoretical values and the measured values do not vary and that’s
happened because of no instrument resolution or zero offset or no instrument drift or personal
errors due to PSpice simulation.

2. Theoretically calculate the values of R from the measured values of V and I using Ohm’s
law. Compare the calculated and measure values of R and comment on any discrepancy.

Answer:
We know, Ohm’s Law,

When V = 4.85V and I = 5mA,

When V = 5.89V and I = 6mA,
When V = 6.85V and I = 7mA,
When V = 7.86V and I = 8mA,
When V = 8.87V and I = 9mA,
When V = 9.8V and I = 10mA.
Comparison between theoretically calculated values and measured values:

Theoretically
Measured Value
Observation Calculated Value of
of R
Number R (KΩ)
(KΩ)
1 1 KΩ

2 1 KΩ

3 1 KΩ

4 1 KΩ
1 KΩ
5 1 KΩ
6 1 KΩ

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between theoretically calculated
values and simulated values of R. The theoretical values and the measured values do not vary.
And that’s happened because of no instrument resolution or zero offset or no Instrument drift or
personal errors due to PSpice simulation.

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3. Compare the set value of E and the measured value of V and comment on any discrepancy.
Answer:
Here, set value of E and the measured value of V

Observation Number E (V) V (V)

1 5 5

2 6 6

3 7 7
4 8 8

5 9 9
6 10 10

Comment: This comparison shows that there is no discrepancy between measured/simulated

values of R. And that’s happened because of no Instrument resolution or zero offset or no
instrument drift or personal errors due to PSpice simulation.

4. Plot V vs. I (taking I as independent variable) and fit a straight-line passing through the
origin. From the plot determine the resistance of the supplied resistor using Ohm’s law.
Compare this value with the measured value and comment on any discrepancy.
Answer:

Here

, x1 = 4, y1 = 4, x2 =7, y2 = 7

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⸫ slope = 1.0 and Resistance = 1.00 kΩ
Therefore, the measured values and the theoretical values are accurate.

5. Discuss how voltage or current is measured using a multi-range meter.

Answer:
Firstly, another name for multi-range meter is Multi meter. And both digital and analogue
multimeters are able to measure current.
While using a multimeter to measure current, the only way that can be used to detect the level of
current flowing is to break into the circuit so that the current passes through the meter.
While using a digital multimeter we have to set main selector switch on the meter switch to the
correct measurement type (current) and range for the measurement to be made. When selecting
the range, we should ensure that the maximum range is above the expected reading anticipated.
However, by selecting a range that is too high, it prevents the meter being overloaded.
While the measuring the current, optimize the range for the best reading. If possible, enable all
the leading digits to not read zero, and in this way the greatest number of significant digits can
be read.
When the reading is complete, it is a wise precaution to place the probes into the voltage
measurement sockets and turn the range to maximum voltage. In this way if the meter is
accidentally connected without thought for the range used, there is little chance of damage to the
meter. This may not be true if it left set for a current reading, and the meter is accidentally
connected across a high voltage point!

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM USING PSPICE SIMULATOR

1. For E=5V and R=1000Ω

2. For E=6V and R=1000Ω

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3. For E=7V and R=1000Ω

4. For E=8V and R=1000Ω

5. For E=9V and R=1000Ω

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 6. For E=10V and R=1000Ω

RESULT
After comparing the theoretical & measured values of R, V, I, we found that there is no change
with the values because of simulations.

CONCLUSION
While doing the simulation, the readings were taken very carefully.
For preventing short circuit, the circuit was connected very carefully.
At last, we gained practical knowledge that how to work with circuits.

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Pre-Lab Report: