Matrices & Determinant

As for everything else, so for a mathematical theory, beauty can be perceived but not explained..... Cayley
Arthur

Introduction :
Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) (or of real valued or complex valued
expressions) is called a matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n
The general m × n matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j a1n 

.....
a a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a2n 
 21
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 ai1 ai2 ai3 ...... aij ...... ain 
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
am1 am2 am3 ..... amj ..... amn 

where aij denote the element of ith row & jth column. The above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m × n .

Notes :
(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace
of A denoted as tr(A)

(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.

(iii)
Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n",
written as "m × n".
1
Example # 1 : Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = | i –3j |.
2
 a11 a12 
Solution : In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A = a21 a22 
a31 a32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2

1 1 5
Therefore a11 = |1–3×1|=1 a12 =|1–3×2|=
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a22 = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 2
1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = | 3 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
Hence the required matrix is given hy A =  2
1
2 
 
0 3
 2 

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 Matrices & Determinant

Types of Matrices :
Row matrix :
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row vector).General form of row
matrix is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
This is a matrix of order "1 × n" (or a row matrix of order n)

Column matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or column vector).
 a11 
a 
Column matrix is in the form A =  21 
 ... 
 
am1 

This is a matrix of order "m × 1" (or a column matrix of order m)

Zero matrix :
A = [aij]m × n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0  i & j.
0 0 0 
0 0 0 
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
0 0 0   0 0 0 

Square matrix :
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called a square matrix. The general
form of a square matrix is
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
a a22 ........ a2n 
A =  21 which we denote as A = [aij]n.
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an2 ....... ann 
This is a matrix of order "n × n" (or a square matrix of order n)

Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j. (i.e., all the elements of
the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)

Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).

 a 0 0 0 
a 0 0   0 b 0 0 
e.g. : (i)  0 b 0  (ii) 
 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 c   
 0 0 0 c 
Scalar matrix :
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same. A = [aij]n is a
scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.
a 0 0 
a 0 
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 
0 a   0 0 a 
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Unit matrix (identity matrix) :

Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e. A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j & aii = 1
1 0 0 
 1 0 0 1 0 
eg. 2 =   , 3 =  
 0 1 0 0 1 
Upper triangular matrix :
A = [aij]m × n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all the elements below
the diagonal elements are zero).

a b c d  a b c 
e.g. : (i)  0 x y z  (ii)  0 x y 
 0 0 u v   0 0 z 

Lower triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i < j. (i.e., all the
elements above
the diagonal elements are zero.)
a 0 0  a 0 0 0 
e.g. : (i)  b c 0  (ii)  b c 0 0 
 x y z   x y z 0 

Comparable matrices :
Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the same order (i.e., number of rows of A &
B are same and also the number of columns).
 2 3 4  3 4 2
e.g. : (i) A =   & B =  are comparable
 3 1 2  0 1 3 
 3 0 
2 3 4 
e.g. : (ii) C =   & D =  4 1  are not comparable
 3 1 2   2 3 
Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
Let A = [aij] m × n & B = [bij]p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) aij = bij  i & j.

 sin  1/ 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
Example # 2 : Let A =  1/ 2 cos   & B =  cos  cos  . Find  so that A = B.
   cos 
 cos  tan   1 
 
Solution : By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2

    = (2n + 1) – .
4
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 Matrices & Determinant

 x  3 z  4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2

Example # 3 : If  –6 a – 1  
0  =  –6 –3 2c  2  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
b – 3 –21 0  2b  4 –21 0 
Solution : As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
  a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2

Multiplication of matrix by scalar :

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j.
 2 1 3 5   6 3 9 15 
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0 6 3 9 

 0 0 1 2   0 0 3 6 

Note : If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

Addition of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to be.
A + B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n.
= [cij]m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j.

 1 1   1 2  0 1
e.g. : A =  2 3  , B =  2 3  , A + B = 0 0 
 
 1 0   5 7   6 7 

Substraction of matrices :
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined as A + (– B) where – B is (– 1) B.

Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :

Consider all matrices of order m × n, whose elements are from a set F (F denote Q, R or C).
Let Mm × n (F) denote the set of all such matrices.
Then
(a) A  Mm × n (F) & B  Mm × n (F)  A + B  Mm × n(F)
(b) A+B=B+A
(c) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d) O = [o]m × n is the additive identity.
(e) For every A  Mm × n(F), – A is the additive inverse.
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

8 0  2 –2 
Example # 4 : IF A =  4 –2 and B =  4 2  , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
 3 6   –5 1
Solution : We have 2A + 3X = 5B.
 3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3

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  2 –2 8 0     10 –10  –16 0  

1      1 
 X= 5 4 2 – 2  4 –2  =   20 10    –8 4  
3   3
  –5 1 3 6     –25
 5   –6 –12 
 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 – 16 –10  0   –6 –10   
1  1   14 
 X =  20 – 8 10  4  =  12 14  = 4
3 3  3 
 –25 – 6 5 – 12   31 –7   
 –31 –7 
 3 3 

Multiplication of matrices :

Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows
of B. i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [cij]m × n where cij =  aik bkj , which is the dot product of ith row vector of A and jth
k 1

column vector of B.
0 1 1 1
 1 2 3  3 4 9 1
e.g. : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0   1 3 7 2

Notes :
(1) The product AB is defined iff the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A
is called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined BA is defined.
(2) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.

Properties of matrix multiplication :

Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let Mn (F) denote the set of all square matrices of
order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
(b) In general AB  BA
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A   A  Mn (F)
(e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B–1.
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g) A(B + C) = AB + AC   A, B, C  Mn (F)

(h) (A + B) C = AC + BC   A, B, C  Mn (F).

Notes : (1) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order
n & m respectively.
(2) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.
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 1 2 3
Example # 5 : If A = 3 –2 1 , then show that A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
Solution : We have A2 = A.A = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1
  =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
So A3 = AA2 = 3 –2 1 3 –2 1 =  1 12 8 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 0
Now A3 – 23A – 40I = 3 –2 1  – 23 3 –2 1 – 40 0 1 0 
   
 4 2 1  4 2 1 0 0 1

63 46 69  –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

    
= 69 –6 23 +  –69 46 –23  +  0 –40 0 
92 46 63  –92 –46 –23   0 0 –40 
63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69 0  0 0 0 

=  69 – 69  0 –6  46 – 40 23 – 23 0  = 0 0 0  = O
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40 0 0 0 

Self practice problems :

cos   sin 
(1) If A() =   , verify that A() A() = A( + ).
 sin  cos  
Hence show that in this case A(). A() = A() . A().

 4 6 1  2 4
(2) Let A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
 1 2 5   1 2 
Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the
product whichever is defined.
Answer (2) Only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]

Transpose of a matrix :

Let A =[aij]m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT ) and is defined as

A = [bij]n × m where bij = aji  i & j.

i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as
rows).
 1 a x 
 1 2 3 4   2 b y 
e.g. : A =  a b c d  , A = 
 3 c z 
 x y z w   
 4 d w 

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Results : (i) For any matrix A = [aij]m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A

(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.
(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are comparable.

(v) Let A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n , then (AB) = BA

(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the product is defined.

Symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j. A square matrix A is said to be skew-
symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
e.g. A = h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
 g f c 
o x y
B =   x o z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.

  y z 0 

Notes :
(1) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.
( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(2) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew-symmetric.

(3) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of
which one is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
2 2

 –2 
Example # 6 : If A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5 
Solution : We have
 –2 
A =  4  , B = [1 3 –6]
 5 
 –2   –2 –6 12 
Then AB =  4  [1 3 –6] =  4 12 –24 
 
 5   5 15 –30 
 1
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3 
 –6 
 1  –2 4 5
B'A' =  3  [–2 4 5] =  –6 12 15  = (AB)'

 –6   12 –24 –30 
Clearly (AB)' = B'A'
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 2 –2 –4 
Example # 7 : Express the matrix B =  –1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
 1 –2 –3 
matrix.
 2 –1 1
Solution : Here B' =  –2 3 –2
 –4 4 –3 
 3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1 
2 = – 1 
1 3
Let P= (B + B') = –3 6 3
2 2   2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 
 –3 –3 
 2 2 2 
 
–3
Now P' =  3 1  =P
 2 
 
 –3 1 –3 
 2 

1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2 
0 –1 –5   
1   = 1 3 
1
Also, Let Q = (B – B') = 1 0 6 0
2 2   2 
5 –6 0   
5 –3 0 
 2 
 1 5
 0 2 3
 
Now 
Q' = –
1
0 –3  = – Q
 2 
 
– 5 3 0 
 2 
1
Thus Q= (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 –3 –3   –1 –5 
 2   0
2 2 2 2   2 –2 –4 
   
–3  –1 3
   3  = 4  = B
1
Now P+Q= 3 1 + 0 
 2  2 
     1 –2 –3 
 –3 1 –3   5 –3 0 
 2   2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

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Example # 8 : Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-

symmetric (where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
Solution : Case - A is symmetric    A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB is symmetric.
Case -  A is skew-symmetric  A = – A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
   BAB is skew-symmetric

Self practice problems :

(3) For any square matrix A, show that AA & AA are symmetric matrices.
(4) If A & B are symmetric matrices of same order, then show that AB + BA is symmetric and
AB – BA is skew-symmetric.
Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of A is called
as submatrix of A.
a b c d  a c  a b c 
a b d 
eg. A =  x y z w  Then  x z  ,  
  x y z  are all submatrices of A.
,
p r    
p q s
p q r s  p q r 

Determinant of a square matrix :

To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex) called
determinant of the square matrix.
Let A = [a]1×1 be a 1×1 matrix. Determinant A is defined as |A| = a.
e.g. A = [– 3]1×1 |A| = – 3
a b 
Let A =   , then |A| is defined as ad – bc.
 c d
 5 3
e.g. A=   , |A| = 23
 1 4 

Minors & Cofactors :

Let  be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant
of the submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & jth column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted
by Cij, is defined as Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22

a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y

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Determinant of any order :

Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the sum of products of elements
of any one row (or any one column) with corresponding cofactors.
 a11 a12 a13 
e.g.1 A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33 
|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (using second column).
a21 a23 a11 a13 a11 a13
= – a12 + a22 – a32
a31 a33 a31 a33 a21 a23
Transpose of a determinant : The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the
corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2  D 
T
b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

Properties of determinant :
(1) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.
i.e. the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2  b1 b2 b3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
(2) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is
changed in sign only.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c 2
e.g. Let D1 = a2 b2 c 2 & D2 = a1 b1 c1 Then D2 = – D1
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3

(3) Let  be a scalar. Than  |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by 
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
  D = a2 b2 c 2 and E = a2 b2 c2 Then E= KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(4) | AB | = | A | | B |. 
(5) |A| = n |A|, when A = [aij]n.
(6) A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value zero.
(7) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column, then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3

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(8) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical (or proportional), then its value
is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
(9) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c 2  a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3

(10) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) a
constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c1 a1  ma2 b1  mb2 c1  mc2
i.e. D1 = a2 b2 c 2 and D2 = a2 b2 c2 . Then D2= D1
a3 b3 c3 a3  na1 b3  nb1 c3  nc1

(11) Let A = [aij]n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).

a b c
Example # 9 Simplify b c a
c a b
Solution : Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3
abc abc abc 1 1 1
  b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a ab b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)  3abc – a3 – b3 – c3

a b c
Example # 10 Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
Solution : Given determinant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1
= a3 b3 c 3 = a3 b3 c3
abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Apply C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3
a b
2 2
b c
2 2
c 2

= a b3 3
b c
3 3
c3
0 0 1

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ab bc c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a2  ab  b2 b2  bc  c 2 c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab + abc + ac + b + b C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
2 2 3 2

= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]

= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

Self practice problems

0 ba c a
(5) Find the value of  = . a  b 0 c b
ac bc 0
b2  ab b  c bc  ac
(6) Simplify . ab  a2 a  b b2  ab
bc  ac c  a ab  a2
abc 2 a 2 a
(7) Prove that 2 b bc a 2 b = (a + b + c)3.
2 c 2 c c a b

1 a bc
(8) Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
Answers : (5) 0 (6) 0

Application of determinants : Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x r, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y1 1
1
D= x2 y 2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c

Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A|
is zero or non-zero respectively.

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Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix : Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing
each element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as cofactor
matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of
A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when cij is the cofactor of aij  i & j.
Adj A = [dij]n where dij = cji  i & j.

Properties of cofactor A and adj A :

(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A. In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.

Example # 11 : For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
 0 a b  c 2 bc ca 
 
Solution : A =  a 0 c  cof A =  bc b2 ab 
 b c 0   ca ab a2 
 
 c 2 bc ca 
 
adj A = (cof A) =  bc b2 ab  which is symmetric.
 ca ab a2 
 

Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) :

1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse of
|A|
A) and is denoted by A–1. We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
 1   1 
 A  adj A  = n =  adj A  A, for A is non-singular
| A |  | A | 
1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|
Remarks :
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
2. A–1 is always non-singular.
3. If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii  0  i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).

4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
6. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
7. |A–1| = for |A|  0.
|A|
8. Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.
9. A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric.
10. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
11. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non-singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0  either both are singular or one of
them is 0.
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1 3 3 
Example # 12 : If A = 1 4 3  , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4 
Solution : We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1  0
Now C11 = 7, C12 = – 1, C13 = – 1, C21 = – 3, C22 = 1, C23 = 0,C31 = – 3, C32 = 0, C33 = 1
7 –3 –3 
Therefore adj A =  –1 1 0 
 –1 0 1 
1 3 3   7 –3 –3  7 – 3 – 3 –3  3  0 –3  0  3
Now A(adj A) = 1 4 3   –1 1 0  = 7 – 4 – 3 –3  4  0 –3  0  3
  
13 4   –1 0 1  7 – 3 – 4 –3  3  0 –3  0  4
1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = (1) 0 1 0  = |A|. I

0 0 1 0 0 1
 7 –3 –3   7 –3 –3 
adj A =  –1 1 0  =  –1 1 0 
1 1
Also A–1 =
|A| 1
 –1 0 1   –1 0 1 

2 3 
 satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity
Example # 13 : Show that the matrix A =  2
 1 2
matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3  2 3  7 12
Solution : We have A2 = A.A =     =  
 1 2  1 2 4 7 
7 12 8 12  1 0  0 0 
Hence A2 – 4A + I =   –   +   =   =0
4 7   4 8   0 1 0 0 
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1 or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0 2 3   2 –3
or A–1 = 4I – A =   –  =  
0 4   1 2  –1 2 
 2 –3
Hence A–1 =  
 –1 2 
Example # 14 : For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Solution : We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n = |A| |B| n
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
  B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
Self practice problems :
(9) If A is non-singular, show that adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2 A.
(10) Prove that adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1.
For any square matrix A, show that |adj (adj A) | = | A |(n1) .
2
(11)
(12) If A and B are non-singular matrices, show that (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.

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Elementary row transformation of matrix :

The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.
Note : Similar to above we have elementary column transformations also.
Remarks : Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using elementary
transformations. We write A  B.
Finding inverse using Elementry operations
(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and

Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.

The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.

(ii) Using column transformations :

If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on
RHS.

0 1 2 
Example # 15 : Obtain the inverse of the matrix A =  1 2 3  using elementary operations.
 
3 1 1
0 1 2  1 0 0
Solution : Write A = IA, i.e.  1 2 3  , = 0 1 0  A
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
or    0  A (applying R1  R2)
0 1 2  =  1 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 
1 2 3  0 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (applying R3  R3 – 3R1)
  
0 –5 –8  0 –3 1 
 1 0 –1  –2 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (applying R1  R1 – 2R2)
  
0 –5 –8   0 –3 1 
 1 0 –1  –2 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (applying R3  R3 + 5R2)
  
0 0 2   5 –3 1

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 
 –2 1 0
 1 0 –1  
or 0 1 2  =A 1 0 0  A (applying R3  R3)
1
    2
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
2 –
1 0 0 2 2
 
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (Applying R1  R1 + R3)
   
0 0 1  
5 –
3 1
 2 2 2 
1 –1 1
2 2 2
1 0 0  
or 0 1 0  =  –4 3 –1 A (Applying R2  R2 – 2R3)
   
0 0 1  
5 –3 1
 2 2 2 
1 1 1
 2 –2 2
 
Hence A–1 =  –4 3 –1
 
 
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 

System of linear equations & matrices : Consider the system

a11 x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n xn = b2
.................................................
am1x1 + am2x2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn.
 b1 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1  b 
a a22 .......... a2n  x   2
Let A =  21  2  & B =  ...  .
,X=
..... ..... .......... ..... ....  
    ... 
am1 am2 .......... amn   x n  bn 
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.

System of linear equations and matrix inverse:

If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we have AX = B where A is a square
matrix.
Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.
(2) If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are not proportional, then the system has
infinitely many solutions.
(3) If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no solution (we say it is inconsistent).
Homogeneous system and matrix inverse :
If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns, then in the matrix form it is AX = O.
( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
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Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
(2) If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial solution) and
hence it has non-trivial solutions.

xyz6
Example # 16 : Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix inverse.
2x  y  z  1
1 1 1  x 6 
Solution : Let A =  1 1 1  , X =  y  & B = 2 .
 
2 1 1  z   1
Then the system is AX = B.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.
0 3 3 
Cofactor A = 2 3 1 
2 0 2
0 2 2 
adj A = 3 3 0 
3 1 2
0 2 2   0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1   = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
1
A–1 = adj A = 3 3 0
|A| 6   
3 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3 
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3   6  x  1
       
X = A B = 1/ 2 1/ 2  y  = 2  
–1 0  2 i.e. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3   1  z  3 

Self practice problems:

0 1 2 
(13) A =  1 2 3  . Find the inverse of A using |A| and adj A.
3 1 1

(14) Find real values of  and µ so that the following systems has
(i) unique solution (ii) infinitely many solutions (iii) No solution.
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z = µ
(15) Find  so that the following homogeneous system have a non zero solution
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
1 1 1

2 2 2
Answers : (13) 4 3 1 (14) (i)  3, µ  R (ii)  = 3, µ = 1 (iii)  = 3, µ  1 (15)  = 6
5 3 1

2 2 2

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
 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix,

A-1. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = 2i – j.

 x  y 1 z   1 1 4 
A-2. If   =  , find x, y, z, w.
 2x  y 0 w   0 0 5 

 4 –1  0 –1 0 –2

A-3. Let A + B + C =   , 4A + 2B + C =   and 9A + 3B + C =   then find A
0 1   –3 2  2 1 

 1 2 
 4 5 6 
A-4. If A =  3 4  and B =   , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
 5 6   7 8 2 

 3 4   7 12 
A-5. If A =   , then show that A3 =  
 1 1   3 5 

  
 0  tan
If A =  2  show that ( + A) = ( – A)  cos   sin  
A-6.   sin  cos  
 tan  0   
 2 

cos x  sin x 0 
A-7. Given F(x) =  sin x cos x 0  . If x  R Then for what values of y, F(x + y) = F(x) F(y).
 0 0 1

F(x + y) = F(x) F(y)

A-8. Let A = [aij]n × n where aij = i2 – j2 . Show that A is skew-symmetric matrix.

1 4 6  0 2 3  1 7 9
A-9. If C = 7 2 5   –2 0 4   4 2 8  , then trace of C + C3 + C5 + ........ + C99 is
  
9 8 3   –3 –4 0   6 5 3 

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix

0 1 sec 
B-1. If the minor of three-one element (i.e. M31) in the determinant tan   sec  tan  is 1 then find the
1 0 1
value of . (0 ).

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B-2. Using the properties of determinants, evalulate:

23 6 11 0 c b
(i) 36 5 26 (ii) c 0 a
63 13 37 b a 0

103 115 114 113 116 104 13  3 2 5 5

(iii) 111 108 106 + 108 106 111 . (iv) 15  26 5 10
104 113 116 115 114 103 3  65 15 5

B-3. Prove that :

1 1 1
(i) a b c = (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (a + b + c)
3 3 3
a b c
a b  c a2
(ii) b c  a b2 =  (a + b + c) (a  b) (b  c) (c  a)
c a  b c2
bc a a
(iii) b c a b = 4 abc
c c ab
1 a2 a4 1 1 1
2
(iv) If 1 b b4 = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) a b c .
2 4 2 2 2
1 c c a b c

B-4. If a, b, c are positive and are the pth, qth, rth terms respectively of a G.P., show without expanding that,
loga p 1
logb q 1 = 0.
logc r 1

B-5. Find the non  zero roots of the equation,     

a b ax  b 15  2 x 11 10
 (i) = b c bx  c = 0. (ii) 11  3 x 17 16 = 0
ax  b bx  c c 7x 14 13

S0 S1 S2
B-6. If Sr = r + r + r then show that S1 S2 S3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2.
S2 S3 S4

a1 l1  b1 m1 a1 l2  b1 m2 a1 l3  b1 m3
B-7. Show that a2 l1  b2 m1 a2 l2  b2 m2 a2 l3  b2 m3 = 0.
a3 l1  b3 m1 a3 l2  b3 m2 a3 l3  b3 m3

ex sin x
B-8. If = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cos x n(1  x)

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix

 2 1  5 2   2 5 
C-1. If A =   , B =  7 4  , C =  3 8  and AB – CD = 0 find D.
 3 4     
C-2. (i) Prove that (adj adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(ii) Find the value of |adj adj adj A| in terms of |A|
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 3 1 1   1 2 2 
C-3. If A–1 =  15 6 5  & B =  1 3 0  , find (AB)–1
 
 5 2 2   0 2 1 

C-4. If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and (A + B) is non-singular and C = (A + B)–1 (A – B),
then prove that
(i) CT (A + B) C = A + B (ii) CT (A – B) C = A – B

0 1 2   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
C-5. If A =  1 2 3  , A–1 =  4
 3 c  , then find values of a & c.
 3 a 1   5 / 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 

Section (D) : Charactristic equation and system of equations

3 2 –1
D-1. For the matrix A =   find a & b so that A + aA + b = 0. Hence find A .
2

 1 1
D-2. Find the total number of possible square matrix A of order 3 with all real entries, whose adjoint matrix B
has characterstics polynomial equation as 3 – 2 +  + 1 = 0.
 1 1 2 
D-3. If A =  0 2 1  , show that A3 = (5A – ) (A – )

 1 0 2 

D-4. Apply Cramer's rule to solve the following simultaneous equations.

(i) 2 x + y + 6 z = 46
5 x  6 y + 4 z = 15
7 x + 4 y  3 z = 19
(ii) x  2y + 3z = 2
x–y+z=3
5x – 11y + z = 17
4 3 6 6
D-5. Solve using Cramer’s rule:  = 1 &  =  5.
x5 y7 x5 y7
D-6. Find those values of c for which the equations:
2x+3y = 3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² are consistent.
Also solve above equations for these values of c.

D-7. Solve the following systems of linear equations by matrix method.

(i) 2x  y + 3z = 8 (ii) x+y+z=9
 x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y  4z = 0 2x + y  z = 0
D-8. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations
x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.
  4 4 4   1  1 1 
D-9. Determine the product   7 1  
3   1  2  2  and use it to solve the system of

 5  3  1   2 1 3 
equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2 y – 2 z = 9, 2 x + y + 3 z = 1.
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3 2 3 
D-10. Compute A1, if A =  2 1 1 Hence solve the matrix equations
 4 3 2 
3 0 3  x 8  2y 
2 1 0  y    1   z  .
       
 4 0 2  z   4 3y 

D-11. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true

4x  5y  2z  2
S1 : The system of equations 5x  4y  2z  3 is Inconsistent.
2x  2y  8z  1
S2 : A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible orders of A is 6.
10 0 
S3 : For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjA) =   , then |A| = 10.
 0 10 
S4 : If A is skew symmetric, then BAB is also skew symmetric.
D-12_.Let A is non scalar matrix of order two satisfying the relation A2 + A + m = O, then prove that
characterstic equation of matrix A is x 2 + x + m = 0.

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric
matrix,
x2  x x   0 1 0 2
A-1.   +   =   then x is equal to -
 3 2 x  1 x  5 1 
(A) – 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) No value of x

 1  5 4 0 
A-2. If A =  2  and B = 0
 2 1 , then
3   1 3 2 
 5 8 0
(A) AB =  0 4 2 (B) AB = [– 2 – 1 4]
 3 9 6 
 1
(C) AB =  1  (D) AB does not exist
 1 

A-3. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos2  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin 
A=   and B =   then  –  is
cos  sin  sin2   cos  sin  sin2  

(A) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2

(C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2
 1 0  0 1  cos  sin  
A-4. If  =   ,J=   and B =   , then B =
 0 1  1 0    sin  cos 
(A) cos + Jsin (B) cos – Jsin (C) sin + Jcos (D) – cos + Jsin

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A-5. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements aij = 0 for

(A) i < j (B) i = j (C) i > j (D) i  j

A-6. If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A2B =
(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B) diag ( 4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B

A-7. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix, then trace of A is

(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) none of these
p q
A-8. Let A =   such that det(A) = r where p, q, r all prime numbers, then trace of A is equal to
q p 
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 3
 0 1  31
A-9. A=   and (A + A + A + A + ) V =  62  .
8 6 4 2

 2 0   
(Where  is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of all elements of matrix V is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) –2
3x 2  (x  2)2 5x 2  2x
   
A-10. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C =  5x
2
2x (x  1)  2

 6x   2x (x  2)2 5x 2 
  
Where a, b, c and x  R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the value of (a + b + c).
(A) 7 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4

A-11. Which one of the following is Correct ?

(i) The elements on the main diagonal of a symmetric matrix are all zero
(ii) The elements on the main diagonal of a skew - symmetric matrix are all zero
(iii) For any square matrix A, A A is symmetric
(iii) For any square matrix A, (A + A)2 = A2 + (A)2 + 2AA
(A) FTTF (B) FFTF (C) FTTT (D) TFFT

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix


B-1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to

(A) – 9 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81

1 2 1
B-2. The absolute value of the determinant 3  2 2 2  2 2 1 is:
3  2 2 2  2 2 1
(A) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) none
  
B-3. If ,  &  are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0, then the value of the determinant    =
  

(A) p (B) q (C) p2  2q (D) none

a  a 
2 2
x
 a x x
 a x 1

b  b 
2 2
B-4. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z  R, then the determinant y
 b y y
 b y 1 =

c  c 
2 2
z
 c z z
 c z 1

(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) zero

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b2 c 2 bc b  c
B-5. If a, b & c are non-zero real numbers, then D = c a 2 2
ca c  a =
a 2b 2 ab a  b
(A) abc (B) a2 b2 c2 (C) bc + ca + ab (D) zero

b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
B-6. The determinant b2  c 2 c 2  a2 a2  b2 =
b3  c 3 c 3  a3 a3  b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

x xy xyz
B-7. If x, y, z  R &  = 2x 5x  2y 7x  5y  2z =  16 then value of x is
3x 7x  3y 9x  7y  3z
(A)  2 (B)  3 (C) 2 (D) 3

cos (  )  sin (  ) cos2

B-8. The determinant sin  cos  sin  is:
 cos  sin  cos 
(A) 0 (B) independent of  (C) independent of  (D) independent of  &  both

B-9. Let A be set of all determinants of order 3 with entries 0 or 1, B be the subset of A consisting of all
determinants with value 1 and C be the subset of A consisting of all determinants with value –1. Then
STATEMENT -1 : The number of elements in set B is equal to number of elements in set C.
and
STATEMENT-2 : (B  C) A
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation
for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix.

1 2
C-1. If A =  , then adj A =
2 1
1 2 2 1  1 2  1 2 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2 1  1 1  2 1  2 1
C-2. Identify statements S1, S2, S3 in order for true(T)/false(F)
cos   sin  0 
S1 : If A =,  sin  cos  0  then adj A = A'
 0 0 1
a 0 0  a 0 0 
S2 : If A = 0 b 0  , then A1 = 0 b 0 
0 0 c  0 0 c 
S3 : If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B–1 AB) = det (A)
(A) TTF (B) FTT (C) TFT (D) TTT

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C-3. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then

(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
–1 –1 –1
(C) (AB) = A B (D) (AB)–1 does not exist

1 2   1 0
C-4. Let A =   and B = 0 2 and X be a matrix such that A = BX, then X is equal to
 3 5   
1 2 4  1  2 4  2 4 
(A) 3 5  (B)  3 5 (C)   (D) none of these
2   2   3 5 

 –1 2 –3
C-5. Let A =  –2 0 3  be a matrix, then (det A) x (adj A– 1) is equal to
 3 –3 1 
(A) O3 × 3 (B) 3
 –1 2 –3   3 –3 1 
(C)  –2 0 3  (D)  3 0 –2 
 3 –3 1   –1 2 –3 

C-6. If D is a determinant of order three and  is a determinant formed by the cofactors of determinant D ;
then following statement is True/False
(i)  = D2 (ii) D = 0 implies  = 0
(iii) if D = 27, then  is perfect cube (iv) if D = 27, then  is perfect square
(A) FTTT (B) TFTT (C) TTTT (D) TTFT
Section (D) : Characteristic equation and system of equations
 1 0 2 
D-1. If A =  0 2 1  is a root of polynomial x  – 6x2 + 7x + k = 0, then the value of k is
 2 0 3 
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) 1
a b 
 (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then
D-2 If A =  2
c d
(A) a + d = 0 & k = |A| (B) a – d = 0 & k = |A|
(C) a + d = 0 & k = –|A| (D) a + d  0 & k = |A|

D-3. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of

solutions and solution triplet is
 1
(A) p = 2,  = 3 and (5 – 4,  – 1 , ) (B) p = 2,  = 4 and (5 – 4, , 2)
2
 1
(C) 3 p = 2 and (5 – 4,  – 1, 2) (D) p = 4,  = 2 and (5 – 4, , )
2
D-4. Let  and  be real. Find the set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations have infinite
solution  real values of .
x + (sin )y + (cos ) z = 0
x + (cos  )y + (sin ) z = 0
– x + (sin ) y + (cos ) z = 0
(A) (–  , 2 ) ( 2 ,  ) (B) – 1
(C) (–5, – 2 ) (D) None of these

D-5. The value of ‘ 2k ‘ for which the set of equations 3x + ky  2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0 has

a non  trivial solution over the set of rational is:
(A) 31 (B) 32 (C) 33 (D) 34
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PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Column        Column  
 1 2 3   1
(A)  1 x 1   4 5 6   2  = 0, then x = (p) 2
 3 2 5   3 
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and (q) –2
k is a scalar, then adj (kA) = km adj A, then m is
 2    7
(C) If A =  2  and B =   here (A – B) is upper triangular (r) 1
 3   49  
matrix then number of possible values of  are

(b  c)2 a2 a2
9
(D) If b2 (c  a)2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c)3 (s) –
8
c2 c2 (a  b)2
then the value of k is

2. Column –  Column – 

(A) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3, where (p) 7

|A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then |(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =

(B) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8

then k is equal to
a b (a  b)
(C) Matrix b c (b  c) is non invertible (b2  ac) if –2 is (r) 0
2 1 0 
(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) –1
= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. Two matrices A and B have in total 6 different elements (none repeated) . How many different matrices
A and B are possible such that product AB is defined.
(A) 5( 6!) (B) 3(6!) (C) 12(6!) (D) 8 ( 6!)

3 4 
2. If X =   , then value of X is, (where n is natural number)
n

 1 1
3n 4n 2  n 5  n 3n ( 4)n  2n  1 –4n 
(A)   (B)  (C)  n  (D) 
 n n   n n  1 ( 1)n   n –(2n – 1)

3. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 =

(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) AB

4. Find number of all possible ordered sets of two (n × n) matrices A and B for which AB – BA = 

(A) infinite (B) n2 (C) n! (D) zero

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5. If B, C are square matrices of order n and if A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = O, then which of following is true
for any positive integer N.
(A) AN+1 = B N (B + (N + 1) C) (B) AN = BN (B + (N + 1) C)
N+1
(C) A = B (B + (N + 1) C) (D) A N+1 = B N (B + (N + 2) C)

6. How many 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices can be formed using numbers –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 (any
number can be used any number of times but 0 can be used at most 3 times)
(A) 8 (B) 27 (C) 64 (D) 54

7. If A is a skew - symmetric matrix and n is an even positive integer, then An is

(A) a symmetric matrix (B) a skew-symmetric matrix
(C) a diagonal matrix (D) none of these

8. Number of 3 × 3 non symmetric matrix A such that AT = A2 –  and |A|  0, equals to
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) Infinite

9. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2A – , where  is the identity matrix. Then for n  2, An =
(A) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –  (C) 2n – 1 A – (n – 1) (D) 2n – 1 A – 

 3 1 
   1 1
10. If P =  2 2 , A=
0 1 and Q = PAP and x = P Q P, then x is equal to
T T 2005
 1 3  
 
 2 2 
 1 2005   4  2005 3 6015 
(A) 0 (B)  
 1   2005 4  2005 3 

1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 

sin  cos  sin sin  cos 

11. Let = cos  cos  cos sin  sin  , then
 sin  sin  sin cos  0
(A)  is independent of  (B)  is indepedent of 
(C)  is a constant (D) none of these

1  a2  a 4 1  ab  a2 b2 1 ac  a2 c2
12.  = 1  ab  a2 b2 1 b2  b4 1 bc  b2 c2 is equal to
1  ac  a2 c2 1 bc  b c
2 2
1 c  c
2 4

(A) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2 (B) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

(C) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b + c)3

a2  1 ab ac
13. If D = ba b 1
2
bc then D =
ca cb c 1
2

(A) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none

a3  x a 4  x a 5  x
14. Value of the  = a5  x a6  x a 7  x is
a7  x a 8  x a 9  x
(A) 0 (B) (a3 – 1) (a6 – 1) (a9 – 1)
(C) (a3 + 1) (a6 + 1) (a9 + 1) (D) a15 – 1
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2a b e f 2d e
15. If 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , then the value of 1 – 2 is
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
y
(A) x + +z (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
2
16. From the matrix equation AB = AC, we conclude B = C provided:
(A) A is singular (B) A is nonsingular (C) A is symmetric (D) A is a square

 –2 7 3
 
17. Let A =  0 0 –2  and A4 = , then  is
0 2 0 
 
(A) – 16 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) –8

18. If A is 3 × 3 square matrix whose characterstic polynomial equations is 3 – 32 + 4 = 0 then trace of
adjA is
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) – 3

19. If a, b, c are non zeros, then the system of equations

( + a) x + y + z = 0
x + ( + b)y + z = 0
x + y + ( + c)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution if
(A) –1 = – (a–1 + b–1 + c–1) (B) –1 = a + b + c
(C)  + a + b + c = 1 (D) none of these

 a2  x 2 ab – cx ac  bx  x c –b 
  
20. STATEMENT-1 : If A = ab  xc b  x bc  ax  and B =  –c x
2 2
a  , then |A| =|B|2.
ac – bx bc  ax c 2  x 2   b –a x 
 
STATEMENT-2 : If Ac is cofactor matrix of a square matrix A of order n then |Ac| = |A|n–1.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation
for STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

a 0 b  x  0 
   
21. Let A = 1 e 1  y  = 0  where a,b, c, d, e  {0, 1}
c 0 d  z  0 
then number of such matrix A for which system of equation AX = O have unique solution.
(A) 16 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) none

22. If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where

1 1 1
a, b, c  1, has a nontrivial solution, then the value of + + is
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

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PART-II: NUMERICAL VALUE QUESTIONS

INSTRUCTION :
 The answer to each question is NUMERICAL VALUE with two digit integer and decimal upto two digit.
 If the numerical value has more than two decimal places truncate/round-off the value to TWO decimal
placed.

1. Let X be the solution set of the equation

0 1 1
Ax = , where A =  4 3 4  and  is the unit matrix and X  N then the minimum value of
3 3 4 

(cosx
x
  sinx ) , R is :

2. If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3 is commutative with every square matrix of order 3 × 3 under
multiplication and tr(A) = 10, then the value of |A| is :

3. A, is a (3×3) diagonal matrix having integral entries such that det(A) = 120, number of such matrices is
10n. Then n is :

bc c a ab
c
4. If c a ab bc > 0 , where a, b, c  R+ , then is
ab
ab bc c a
a1 a2 a3
5. If a1, a2, a3 , 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and D = 5 4 a6 , then the value of D is
a7 a8 a9

a  b  2c a b
6. If c b  c  2a b = k(a + b + c)3 , then (2+)k is (  k  z+)
c a c  a  2b

7. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A denotes transpose of matrix A, A A =  and det A = 1, then
det (A – ) must be equal to

8. Suppose A is a matrix such that A2 = A and ( + A)6 =  + kA, then k is

 bc b2  bc c 2  bc
9. If a2  ac  ac c 2  ac = 64, then (ab + bc + ac) is :
a2  ab b2  ab  ab

1  sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin2x

10. Let f(x) = sin x 2
1  cos x2
4 sin2x then value of f(/12) + f(/6) + f(/4) + f(/3) + f(/2) is
sin x 2 2
cos x 1  4 sin2x

n 1 5 N


N
11. If Un = n2 2N  1 2N  1 and U
n 1
n = n2 , then  is
n 3
3N 2
3N  1 n 1

12. The absolute value of a for which system of equations, a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0, has a nonzero solution is:
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13. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
sum of all possible values of  (0, ) for which this system has non  trivial solution, is

14. A1 = [ a1]
a a3 
A2 =  2
a 4 a5 
 a6 a7 a8 
 
A 3   a9 a10 a11  ......................An  ........
a12 a13 a14 
Where ar = [ log2r ] ([.] denotes greatest integer). Then trace of A10

   
   13  3 3 
1  2 3 4 
 1  2    5 4 3  , then  is :
15. If  ( A  A    ) =   17 10  1  for A =  
 2    7  11 5   7 2 9 
 
 
2 0  
16. Given A = 5  0  For   R  {a, b}, A–1 exists and A1 = A2 5bA + cI, when = 1. The value of
0  3 
a + b + c is :

17. Let a, b, c positive numbers. Find the number of solution of system of equations in x, y and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
+ – = 1 ; – + = 1 ;– + + = 1 has finitely many solutions
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2


PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2, b3 are in H.P. and let 
a1  b1 a1  b2 a1  b3
   = a2  b1 a2  b2 a2  b3 , then
a3  b1 a3  b2 a3  b3
(A)  is independent of a1, a2, a3, (B) a1  , a2  2, a3  3 are in A.P.
(C) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 +  are in H.P. (D)  is independent of b1, b2, b3

 cos  – sin 
2. Let  = , X =   , O is null maxtrix and  is an identity matrix of order 2 × 2, and if
5  sin  cos  
 + X + X2 + ...... + Xn = O, then n can be
(A) 9 (B) 19 (C) 4   (D) 29

x 2y  z z
3. If  = y 2x  z z , then
y 2y  z 2x  2y  z
(A) x – y is a factor of  (B) (x – y)2 is a factor of 
(C) (x – y)3 is a factor of  (D)  is independent of z

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x a b
4. Let a, b > 0 and  = b  x a , then
a b x
(A) a + b – x is a factor of  (B) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b2 – ab is a factor of 
(C)  = 0 has three real roots if a = b (D) a + b + x is a factor of 

b c b  c
5. The determinent  = c d c  d is equal to zero if
b  c c  d a  c 3

(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B) b, c, d are in G.P.

(C) b, c, d are in H.P. (D)  is a root of ax 3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0

a2 (1  x) ab ac
6. The determinant  = ab b2 (1  x) bc is divisible by
ac bc c (1  x)
2

(A) x + 3 (B) (1 + x) 2
(C) x2 (D) x2 + 1

7. If A is a nonsingular matrix and AT denotes the transpose of A, then:

(A) A  AT  (B) A. AT  A2(C) AT . A AT 2 (D) A+AT  0

2sin x sin2 x 0
8. Let f(x) = 1 2sin x sin2 x , then
0 1 2sin x
(A) f(x) is independent of x (B) f(/2) = 0
/2
(C) 
 / 2
f(x)dx  0 (D) tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = 0 is y = 0

1/ x log x xn
9. Let f(x) = 1 1/ n ( 1)n , then (where f n(x) denotes nth derivative of f(x))
1 a a2
(A) f n (1) is indepedent of a
(B) f n (1) is indepedent of n
(C) f n(1) depends on a and n
(D) y = a(x - f n (1)) represents a straight line through the origin
10. Let A, B, C, D be real matrices such that AT = BCD ; BT = CDA ; CT = DAB and DT = ABC for the matrix
M = ABCD, then find M2016 ?
(A) M (B) M2 (C) M3 (D) M4
11. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(A) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(B) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(C) A and B are both null matrices.
(D) BA = 0

 1 1 0 
12. If A–1 =  0 2 1  , then
 0 0 1 
(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular
 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
(C) Adj. A =  1  (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 1/ 2 
 0 0 1/ 2 

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13. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true statement is/are (where I is unit matrix).
(A) det ( A) =  det A
(B) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is singular
(C) det (A + I) = 1 + det A
(D) det (2A) = 23 det A

14. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det(M) = 4. If M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2, then the value of 'k' may
be:
(A) +2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) –4

15. If AX = B where A is 3 × 3 and X and B are 3×1 matrices then which of the following is correct?
(A) If |A| = 0 then AX = B has infinite solutions
(B) If AX = B has infinite solutions then |A| = 0
(C) If (adj(A)) B = 0 and |A|  0 then AX = B has unique solution
(D) If (adj(A)) B  0 & |A| = 0 then AX = B has no solution

0 1 b   1 1  1
16_. Let M = 1 2 d and adj M = 
 8 6 2 

a c 1  5 3 e 
than which of the following option is/are correct ?
(A) a + b + c + d + e = 8 (B) |M| = –2
(C) a = 3 (D) b = 3

2 3 6 
17_. Let P = 6 2  3 , P PT is diagonal matrix, Trace of PTAP = 49, where in matrix A = [ aij ],
a b c 
a11 + a22 = 0, a33 = 1, then which of the following statement is/are correct ?
(A) |Det(P)| = 343 (B) |a| + |b| + |c| = 11
(C) Tr(PPT) = 147 (D) APPT is diagonal matrix

a 1 0  a 1 1 f  a 2  x
18^. If A   1 b d , B   0 d c  , U   g , V   0  , X =  y 
       
 1 b c   f g h h  0  z 
 
and AX = U has infinitely many solution. Then which of the following statement is/are correct
(A) BX = V has unique solution (B) BX = V has no unique solution
(C) if afd  0, then BX = V has no solution. (D) if afd  0, then BX = V has unique solution.

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION

Comprehension # 1
Let be the set of all 3×3 symmetric matrices whose entries are 1,1,1,0,0,0,–1, –1, –1. B is one of the
matrix in set and
x 0   1
X =  y  U = 0  V = 0  .
 z  0  0 
1. Number of such matrices B in set is , then  lies in the interval
(A) (30, 40) (B) (38, 40) (C) (34, 38) (D) (25, 35)

2. Number of matrices B such that equation BX = U has infinite solutions

(A) is at least 6 (B) is not more than 10 (C) lie between 8 to 16 (D) is zero.
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3. The equation BX = V

(A) is inconsistent for atleast 3 matrices B.
(B) is inconsistent for all matrices B.
(C) is inconsistent for at most 12 matrices B.
(D) has infinite number of solutions for at least 3 matrices B.

Comprehension # 2
Some special square matrices are defined as follows :
Nilpotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A square matrix is
said to be nilpotent of order p, if p is the least positive integer such that Ap = O.
Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.
 1 0
e.g.   is an idempotent matrix.
 0 1
Involutory matrix : A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = , being the identity matrix.
 1 0
e.g. A =   is an involutory matrix.
 0 1
Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if A A =  = AA.

4. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A & BA = B, then A & B are
(A) Idempotent matrices (B) Involutory matrices
(C) Orthogonal matrices (D) Nilpotent matrices

 0 2  
5. If the matrix     is orthogonal, then
   
1 1 1
(A)  = ± (B)  = ± (C)  = ± (D) all of these
2 6 3

1 1 3
6. The matrix A =  5 2 6  is
 2 1 3 
(A) idempotent matrix (B) involutory matrix
(C) nilpotent matrix (D) none of these

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Comprehension (Q. No. 1 to 3)

Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :


 a b 

Tp =  A    : a, b, c  {0, 1 , 2,.....,p – 1} 

 c a 


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1. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) divisible
by p is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 +1 (D) 2p – 1

2. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.] [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2 (C) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)

3. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1), 84]
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D) p3 – p2

4. The number of all possible values of , where 0 <  < , for which the system of equations
(y + z) cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3 
2cos3 2 sin3
x sin 3 = +
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3  + y sin 3
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0  0, is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, 0), 84]

5. Let k be a positive real number and let [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-2, (3, 0), 79]
 2k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k  1 k 
   
A= 2 k 1 2k  and B = 1  2k 0 2 k  . If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then
   
 2 k 2k 1    k 2 k 0 
[k] is equal to
(Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or
equal to k].
6. Let M and N be two 2n × 2n non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M2 N2 (MT N)–1 (MN–1)T is equal to [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]
(A) M2 (B) – N2 (C) – M2 (D) MN
Comprehension (7 to 9)
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying
1 9 7
[a b c] 8 2 7  = [0 0 0] ...........(E)
7 3 7 

7. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + c
is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6

8. Let  be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with m () > 0. if a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3 1 3
+ b + c is equal to [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
a
 
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 3

9. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
n

 1 1
then     is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
n0  
6
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) (D) 
7
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1 a b
10. Let   1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form,   1 c 
2  1

where each of a, b and c is either  or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8

11. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying

0   1 1 1 1 0
M  1 =  2  , M  1 =  1  , and M 1 =  0  . Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is
   
0   3   0   1 1 12 
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]

12. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i+jaij for 1  i, j  3. If the determinant of P is 2,
then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213

13. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
x 0 
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X =  y   0  such that
 z  0 
[IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (3, –1), 66]
0 
(A) PX = 0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = – X
0 
1 4 4
14*. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
 1 1 3 
(are)
[IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2

15.* For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
(A) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) M N is symetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M and N

16*. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if

[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer

17*. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M  N2 and M2 = N4, then
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
(A) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M2 + MN2)  1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix

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18*. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric ?
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
(A) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (B) X44 + Y44 (C) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (D) X23 + Y23
(1   )2 (1  2 )2 (1  3 )2
19*. Which of the following values of  satisfy the equation (2   )2 (2  2 )2 (2  3 )2 = – 648 ?
(3   )2 (3  2 )2 (3  3 )2
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
(A) – 4 (B) 9 (C) – 9 (D) 4
3  1  2
20. Let P = 2 0 
  , where R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = k , where k  R, k  0
3  5 0 
k k2
and  is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 = – and det (Q) = , then
8 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (4, –2)/62]
(A)  = 0, k = 8 (B) 4 – k + 8 = 0 (C) det (P adj (Q)) = 29 (D) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
x x2 1  x3
21. The total number of distinct x  R for which 2x 4x 2 1  8x 3 = 10 is
3x 9x 2
1  27x 3

[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (3, 0)/62]

 1 0 0
22.
 
Let P = 4 1 0 and  be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 – Q= ,
 
16 4 1
q  q32
then 31 equals [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (3, –1)/62]
q21
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205
23. Let a, ,  R. Consider the system of linear equations
ax + 2y = 
   3x – 2y =     [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (4, –2)/62]
 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ?
(A) if a = – 3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  and 
(B) If a  –3, then the system has a a unique solution for all values of  and 
(C) If  +  = 0, the the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(D) If  + 0, then the system has no solution for a = –3
24. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries?
[JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(4, –2)/61]
1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0
(A) 0 1 0  (B) 0 1 0  (C)  0 1 0  (D) 0 1 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 1
25. For a real number , if the system [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(3, 0)/61]
 1    x  1 
2

     
  1    y  =  1
 2  1   z   1 
 
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 +  + 2 =
26. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MT M is 5 ? [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(3, –1)/61]
(A) 198 (B) 162 (C) 126 (D) 135 

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 b1 
27. Let S be the set of all column matrices b2  such that b1, b2, b2  R and the system of equation (in real
b3 
variables)
– x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least
 b1 
one solution for each b 2   S ? [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]
b3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and – 2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) – x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
28. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, 0)/60]
 sin 4   1  sin 2  1
29. Let M =     I  M
1  cos  cos4  
2

Where    () and    () are real numbers and  is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
If * = is the minimum of the set {a () :   [0, 2]} and
* = is the minimum of the set {() :   [0, 2)} [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-1,(4, –1)/62]
Then the value of * + * is
37 29 31 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 16 16
0 1 a  – 1 1 – 1
30. Let M =  1 2 3 and adj M =  8 – 6 2 
3 b 1  – 5 3 – 1
where a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options is/are correct ?
(A) det(adj M2) = 81 (B) a + b = 3
  1
(C) If M    =  2 , then  –  +  = 3 (D) (adj M)–1 + adj M–1 = – M
   3 
[JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-1,(4, –1)/62]
31. Let x  R and let [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2 ,(4, –1)/62]

1 1 1 2 x x 
   
P = 0 2 2 , Q = 0 4 0  and R = PQP–1 . Then which of the following is/are correct
0 0 3  x x 6
(A) there exists a real number x such that PQ= QP
2 x x 
 
(B) det R = det 0 4 0 + 8 for all x  R
 x x 5
  0
   
(C) For x = 1 there exists a unit vector  î   ĵ  k̂ for which are R    0
   0
1  1 
   
(D) For x = 0 if R a  = 6 a  then a + b = 5
b  b 
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 1 0 0  1 0 0 0 1 0
32. Let P1 =  = 0 1 0 , P2 = 0 0 1 , P3 = 1 0 0 ,
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
P4 = 0 0 1 , P5 = 1 0 0 , P6 = 0 1 0 ,
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

6 2 1 3 
and X =  Pk 1 0 2 PkT. [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2 ,(4, –1)/62]
k 1 3 2 1
Where PkT denotes the transpose of matrix Pk. Then which of the following options is/are correct ?
(A) X is a symmetric matrix
(B) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18.
1 1
(C) If X 1 =  1 , then = 30
 
1 1
(D) X – 30 is an invertible matrix

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
[AIEEE 2010 (8, –2), 144]
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) at least 7 (4) less than 4

2. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
Statement -1 : Tr(A) = 0
Statement -2 : |A| = 1
(1) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(3) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(4) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

3. Consider the system of linear equations : [AIEEE 2010 (4, –1), 144]
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has
(1) exactly 3 solutions (2) a unique solution (3) no solution (4) infinite number of solutions

4. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3. [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct
explanation for Statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.

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5. The number of values of k for which the linear equations [AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
posses a non-zero solution is :
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) zero

 0 
6. If   1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix H =   , then H is equal to -
70

 0 
[AIEEE 2011, I, (4, –1), 120]
(1) 0 (2) – H (3) H2 (4) H

7. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of equations [AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
then the set of all values of k is :
(1) R – {2, –3} (2) R – { 2 } (3) R – { –3 } (4) {2, –3}

8. Statement - 1 : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.

[AIEEE 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
Statement - 2 : For any matrix A, det (A)T = det(A) and det (–A) = – det(A).
Where det (B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then :
(1) Both statements are true (2) Both statements are false
(3) Statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true. (4) Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false

1 0 0  1 0
     
9. Let A =  2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 =  0  and Au2 =  1  , then u1 + u2 is
 3 2 1 0 0
     
equal to : [AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
 1  1  1 1
       
(1)  1  (2)  1  (3)  1 (4)  1
0  1 0  1
       

10. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P  Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is equal
to :
[AIEEE-2012, (4, –1)/120]
(1) – 2 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) – 1

11. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations : [AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is
(1) infinite (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

1  3
12. If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then  is equal to :
2 4 4 
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(1) 4 (2) 11 (3) 5 (4) 0

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3 1  f(1) 1  f(2)
13. If ,   0 and f(n) = n + n and 1  f(1) 1  f(2) 1  f(3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( –)2 , then K is equal
1  f(2) 1  f(3) 1  f(4)
to [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
1
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3)  (4)

14. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = AA and B = A–1A, then BB equals :

[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]

(1) B–1 (2) (B–1) (3) I + B (4) I

1 2 2 
15. If A = 2 1 –2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9, where  is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
a 2 b 
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
(1) (2, – 1) (2) (–2, 1) (3) (2, 1) (4) (–2, – 1)
16. The set of all value of  for which the system of linear equations : [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, –1), 120]
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution,
(1) is an empty set (2) is a singleton
(3) contains two elements (4) contains more than two elements

17. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
x + y – z = 0
x –y –z = 0
x +y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(1) Exactly one value of . (2) Exactly two values of .
(3) Exactly three values of . (4) Infinitely many values of .

5a – b
18. If A =  T
 and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
3 2 
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) – 1
19. It S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following system of linear equations
x+y+z=1 [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, –1), 120]
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
has no solution, then S is :
(1) an empty set (2) an infinite set
(3) a finite set containing two or more elements (4) a singleton

 2 – 3
20. If A =  2
 , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, –1), 120]
– 4 1 
 72 – 84  51 63  51 84  72 – 63
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
 – 63 51  84 72 63 72  – 84 51 

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21. If the system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1), 120]
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky – 2z = 0
2x + 4y – 3z = 0
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
y2
(1) – 30 (2) 30 (3) –10 (4) 10

x  4 2x 2x
22. If 2x x  4 2x = (A + Bx) (x–A)2 then the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to :
2x 2x x4
[JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1), 120]
(1) (–4, 5) (2) (4, 5) (3) (–4, –5) (4) (–4, 3)

23. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
x+y+z=2
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x + 3y + (a2 – 1)z = a + 1
(1) is inconsistent when a = 4 (2) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
(3) is inconsistent when |a| = 3 (4) has a unique solution for |a| = 3

cos   sin  
 , then the matrix A when  =
–50
24. If A =  , is equal to :
 sin  cos   12
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 1 3  3 1   3 1  1 3
         
2 2
(1)  2 2  (2)  2 2  (3)   (4)  2 2 
 3 1   1 3  1 3  3 1 
 2        2 
2   2 2   2 2  2
 2 4d (sin   2) 
25. 
Let d R, and A =  1 (sin )  2 d  , [0, 2]. If the minimum value of det(A) is 8,

 5 (2sin )  d (  sin )  2  2d
then a value of d is : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) –5 (2) 2( 2 + 2) (3) 2( 2 +1) (4) –7

 0 2q r 
 
26. Let A =  p q – r  . If AAT = 3, then |p| is [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
p – q r 
 
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 3 6 2
 cos  – sin    0 – 1
27. Let A =   , ( R) such that A 32    . Then a value of  is :
 sin  cos   1 0 
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (08-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
  
(1) (2) (3) 0 (4)
16 32 64

 1 1  1 2  1 3  1 n – 1 1 78  1 n
28. If   .  .  ...............    , then the inverse of   is :
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1  0 1  0 1
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 1 0  1 0 1 – 12 1 – 13
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
12 1 13 1  0 1  0 1 

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29. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is skew symmetric matrix such that

2 3 
A+B=   , then AB is equal to [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
5 – 1
 – 4 2  4 – 2 4 – 2  – 4 – 2
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
 1 4  – 1 – 4  1 – 4 –1 4 

 0 2y 1 
 
30. The total number of matrices A   2x y  1 , (x, yR, x  y) for which ATA = 3I3 is :
 2x  y 1 
 
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 2

31. If the system of equations 2x + 3y – z = 0, x + ky – 2z = 0 and 2x – y + z = 0 has a non–trivial solution

x y z
(x, y, z), then    k is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
y z x
3 1 1
(1) –4 (2) (3) (4) 
4 2 4
1 1 1
1  
32. Let be a root of equation x + x + 1 = 0 and the matrix A =
2
1   2  , then the matrix A31 is
3  4
1   
2

equal to : [JEE(Main) 2020, Online (07-01-20),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]

(1) A3 (2) A2 (3) 3 (4) A

33. Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that bij = (3)(i + j – 2)aji, where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the
determinant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is:
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (07-01-20),P-2 (4, –1), 120]
(1) 1/9 (2) 1/81 (3) 3 (4) 1/3

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EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
Section (A):
 1 0 
3 2   2 –1/ 2
A-1. A-2. (x, y, z, w) = (1, 2, 4, 5) A-3. 4
 
 –1 
 5 4 

 18 11 10 
 49 24 
A-4. AB =  16 47 10  , BA =   A-7. yR A-9. Zero
 62 23 42   7 58 

Section (B) :
3
B-1. 0, ,   B-2. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 5(3 2  5 3)
4
B-5. (i) x =  2 b/a (ii) 4 B-8. A = 0, B = 0

Section (C) :
 9 3 5 
 191 110   2 1 0 
| A |(n1)
3
C-1.  77 C-2. (ii) C-3. C-5. a = 1, c = – 1
 44   
 1 0 2
Section (D) :
 1 2 
D-1. a = – 4, b = 1, A–1 =   D-2. 0
 1 3 
5k 8 2k 1
D-4. (i) x = 3, y = 4, z = 6 (ii) x= –  , y=– – , z = k, where k  R
3 3 3 3
D-5. x =  7, y =  4
1 4
D-6. for c = 0, x =  3, y = 3; for c =  10, x =  ,y=
2 3
D-7. (i) x = 2, y = 2, z = 2 (ii) x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

D-8. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  = 10 (c)  = 3,   10

D-9. x = 3, y = – 2, z = – 1
1 5 1
1 
D-10. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, A = –1
 8 6 9 
17
10 1 7 
D-11. S1, S3, S4
PART - II
Section (A):
A-1. (A) A-2. (D) A-3. (A) A-4. (A) A-5. (C) A-6. (B) A-7. (C)
A-8. (A) A-9. (A) A-10. (A) A-11. (A)
Section (B) :
B-1. (B) B-2. (A) B-3. (D) B-4. (D) B-5. (D) B-6. (B) B-7. (C)
B-8. (B) B-9. (B)

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Section (C) :
C-1. (A) C-2. (C) C-3. (A) C-4. (A) C-5. (C) C-6. (C)
Section (D) :
D-1. (A) D-2 (A) D-3. (D) D-4. (B) D-5. (C)

PART - III
1. (A)  (s), (B)  (p), (C)  (p), (D)  (p)
2. (A)  (q), (B)  (p), (C)  (s), (D)  (q)

EXERCISE - 2
PART – I
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (A)
8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12.  13. (A) 14. (A)
15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (A) 21. (B)
22. (A)
PART - II
1. 02.00 2. 37.03 or 37.04 3. 36.00 4. 00.50 5. 02.38 6. 16.00
7. 00.00 8. 63.00 9. 04.00 10. 22.92 or 22.93 11. 02.00
12. 01.00 13. 03.14 14. 80.00 15. 39.00 16. 12.20 17. 08.00

PART - III
1. (ABCD) 2. (ABD) 3. (AB) 4. (ABC) 5. (BD) 6. (AC)
7. (BCD) 8. (BCD) 9. (ABD) 10. (BD) 11. (AD) 12. (BC)
13. (ABD) 14. (AC) 15. (BCD) 16. (AB) 17. (ABC) 18. (BC)

PART - IV
1. (AC) 2. (AC) 3. (AC) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (C)

EXERCISE - 3
PART - I
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. 3 5. 4
6. C (In JEE this question was bonus because in JEE instead of 2n × 2n, 3 × 3 was given and we know
that there is no non-singular 3×3 skew symmetric matrix).
7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (A) 11. 9 12. (D) 13. (D)
14. (AD) 15. (CD) 16. (CD) 17. (AB) 18. (C,D) 19. (B,C) 20. (B,C)
21. 2 22. (B) 23. (B,C,D) 24. (A,C) 25. (1) 26. (A) 27. (AD)
28. (4) 29. (B) 30. (BCD) 31. (BD) 32. (ABC)
PART - II
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (4) 7. (1)
8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (4)
15. (4) 16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (4) 20. (2) 21. (4)
22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (4)
29. (2) 30. (2) 31. (3) 32. (1) 33. (1)
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a2  (b2  c 2 )cos  ab(1  cos ) ac (1  cos )

1. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba(1  cos ) b  (c  a )cos 
2 2 2
bc (1  cos )
ca(1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c 2  (a2  b2 )cos 
is independent of a, b, c

2. If a, b, c, x, y, z  R, then prove that,

(a  x)2 (b  x)2 (c  x)2 (1  a x)2 (1  b x)2 (1  c x)2
(a  y) 2
(b  y) 2
(c  y) 2
= . (1  a y) 2
(1  b y)2
(1  c y)2
(a  z)2 (b  z)2 (c  z)2 (1  a z)2 (1  b z)2 (1  c z)2

3. If a1, a2, a3 are distinct real roots of the equation px3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 such that
1  a1 1 1
r
1 1  a2 1 = 0, then Prove that <0
p
1 1 1  a3

  '  '   ' '

4. Prove that  =   '  '   ' ' = (' – ') (' – ') (' – ')
  '  '  ' '

5. If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = d ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = f

ax22 + by22 + cz22 = d and ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = f
ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f
2
x1 y1 z1
d  2f
then prove that x 2 y2 z2 = (d  f)2 , where a, b, c  0.
abc
x3 y3 z3

 x1  x 2    y1  y 2 
2 2
 a2 x1 y1 1
2

 x2  x3    y 2  y3 
2 2
6. If  b2 , prove that 4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c  a) (c + a  b)(a + b  c).
 x3  x1    y3  y1 
2 2 2
 c x3 y3 1

cos–1 x cos–1 y cos–1 z 

 
7. Let A = cos–1 y cos–1 z cos–1 x  such that |A| = 0, then find the maximum value of x + y + z
cos–1 z cos–1 x cos–1 y 
 
u v 0
u d2 y
8. If y = , where u & v are functions of ' x ', show that, v3 = u v  v .
v d x2
u v  2 v 

9. If ,  be the real roots of ax2+ bx+c = 0 and sn= n + n, then prove that asn + bsn–1 + csn–2 = 0 for all
3 1  s1 1  s2
n  2, n  N. Hence or otherwise prove that 1  s1 1  s2 1  s3 > 0 for all real a, b, c.
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4

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1 1 1
a a (a  d) (a  d) (a  2d)
10. Let a > 0, d > 0. Find the value of determinant 1 1 1
(a  d) (a  d) (a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d)
1 1 1
(a  2d) (a  2d) (a  3 d) (a  3 d) (a  4 d)


11. Let a r  xr ˆi  yr ˆj  zr k,
ˆ r = 1, 2, 3 be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y3
z1 z2 z3

xk xk  2 xk  3
 1 1 1
12. If yk yk  2 yk  3 = (x  y) (y  z) (z  x)     , then find the value of k.
x y z
zk zk  2 zk  3

a  p  x u  f
13. If the determinant b  q m  y v  g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each
c  r n  z w  h
element of which contains only one term, then find the value of K =

a a3 a4  1
14. If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b4  1 = 0, then find the value of abc (ab + bc + ca) – (a + b + c).
c c3 c 4 1

0 b c
15. If a, b, c are complex numbers and z = b 0 a then show that z is purely imaginary.
c a 0

f(x)g(x) [f(x)]g( x) 1
2 2 2 g( x2 )
16. If f(x) = log10x and g(x) = eix and h(x) = f(x )g(x ) [f(x )] 0 , then find the value of h(10).
3 3 3 g( x3 )
f(x )g(x ) [f(x )] 1

a 1  2i 3  5i
17. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1  2i b 7  3i then show that D is purely real.
3  5i 7  3i c

1 a 1 n
18. If A    then find nlim A
 0 1  n

  
 cos 9 sin 9 
19. Let P =   and  be non-zero real numbers such that p6 + p3 + 
 – sin  cos  
 9 9 
is the zero matrix. Then find value of (2  2   2 )(  –)( –  )(  –  )
20. Consider an odd order square symmetric matrix A = [ai j]nxn. It's element in any row are 1, 2, ......, n in
some order, then prove that a11, a22, ..........., ann are numbers 1, 2, 3, ......, n in some order.

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1 1 1 2 –1 –1
21. Let A = 1 1 1 ; B =  –1 2 –1 and C = 3A + 7B
1 1 1  –1 –1 2 
Prove that
(i) (A + B)2013 = A2013 + B2013
(ii) Prove that An = 3n – 1 A ; Bn = 3n – 1 B ; Cn = 32n – 1 A + 7.21n – 1 B.
22. Let 'A' is (4×4) matrix such that sum of elements in each row is 1. Find out sum of all the elements in
A10.
 x x x 
23. Let A =  x x x  , then prove that A–1 exists if 3x +   0,   0

 x x x 

24. Prove that if A and B are n × n matrices, then det (n – AB) = det (n – BA).

25. Let A be an n × n matrix such that An = A where  is a real number different from 1 and – 1. Prove that
the matrix A + n is invertible.

26. Let p and q be real numbers such that x2 + px + q  0 for every real number x. Prove that if n is an odd
positive integer, then X2 + pX + qn  0n for all real matrices X of order n × n.
27. Let A, B, C be three 3 × 3 matrices with real entries. If BA + BC + AC =  and det(A + B) = 0 then find
the value of det(A + B + C – BAC).
1 1
z z 2   z1 z2   12 0
If |z1| = |z2| = 1, then prove that  1
z1  z z1 
28. = 0 1 
 z2  2  2

29. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A–1 BA, then show that (A +B)2 = A2 + B2

30. If the system of equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay has a non-zero solution and at least
one of a, b, c is a proper fraction, prove that a3 + b3 + c3 < 3 and abc > – 1.
31. If D = diag {d1, d2,........., dn}, then prove that f(D) = diag {f(d1), f(d2),........, f(dn)}, where f(x) is a
polynomial with scalar coefficient.
 –1 3 5 
32. Given the matrix A =  1 3 5 and X be the solution set of the equation Ax = A, where
 1 3 5 

x3  1
x  N – {1}. Evaluate  ; where the continued product extends  x  X.
x 3 –1
Comprehension (Q. NO. 33 to 35)
Any non-zero vector, X, is said to be characteristic vector of a matrix A, if there exist a number  such
that AX = X. And then  is said to be a charactristic root of the matrix A corresponding to the
characteristic vector X and vice versa.
Also AX = X  (A – )X = 0
Since X  0  |A – | = 0
Thus every characteristic root  of a matrix A is a root of its characteristic equation.
33. Prove that the two matrices A and P–1 AP have the same characteristic roots and hence show that
square matrices AB & BA have same characteristic roots if at least one of them is invertible.
|A|
34. If q is a characteristic root of a non singular matrix A, then prove that is a characteristic root of a
q
adj A.

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35. Show that if 1, 2, ........, n are n characteristic roots of a square matrix A of order n, then the roots of
the matrix A2 be 12, 22,......... n2.

36. IF threre are three square matrices A, B, C of same order satisying the equation A 3 = A–1 and let
n (n  4)
B  A3 and C  A3 then prove that det(B + C) = 0, n  N

37. If A is a non-singular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then prove that det.(B + I) = det.(B – I)

38. If rank is a number associated with a matrix which is the highest order of non-singular sub matrix then
prove that
 1 3 2
(i) Rank of the matrix A =  4 1 0  is 2
 2 7 4 

y  a b c 
(ii) 
If the matrix A =  a y b c  has rank 3, then y  – (a + b + c) and y  0
 a b y  c 

(iii) If A & B are two square matrices of order 3 such that rank of matrix AB is two, then atleast one
of A & B is singular.

4 d4
7. 3 10. 11. 1 12. k=1
a(a  d) (a  2d)3 (a  3 d)2 (a  4 d)
2

0 a 
13. 8 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 0  19. 1
 
22. 4 27. 0

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