POWER ELECTRONICS AND

INSTRUMENTATION
Module-3
Inverters: Classification, Single phase Half bridge and full bridge inverters with
RL load.
Switched Mode Power Supplies: Isolated Flyback Converter, Isolated
Forward Converter.
Principles of Measurement: Static Characteristics, Error in Measurement,
Types of Static Error.Multirange Ammeters, Multirange voltmeter.

Co3- Analyze and design inverters and SMPS and able to understand the
principles of measurement

Total Hours-8
 What is an Inverter?
• A static device that converts DC power into AC
power at desired output voltage and frequency is
called an Inverter.
• Applications
– Adjustable – speed AC drives,
– Induction Heating,
– Aircraft power supplies,
– UPS etc….
 Classification of Inverters
• According to the method of Commutation
– Line Commutated Inverter
– Force Commutated Inverter
• According to the method of Connections
–Series Inverter
–Parallel Inverter
–Bridge Type Inverter
• According to the nature of DC source feeding the
Inverter
– Voltage source Inverter
– Current Source Inverter
 Voltage Source Inverters
• VSI has a constant voltage at its input terminals.

• Its output voltage does not depend on load.

• Its output current depends on the type of load.

 Current Source Inverters
• CSI has a constant current at its input terminals.

• Its output current does not depend on load.

• Its output voltage depends on the type of load.

 Voltage Source Inverters
• Single phase Inverter

• Half Bridge Inverter

• Full Bridge Inverter

• Three phase voltage source inverter

• 180 degree mode

• 120 degree mode

Single Phase Half Bridge
Inverter
Single Phase Full Bridge
Inverter
 Basics
• Inverters are DC to AC converters

• We can use inverters to generate

• A dc supply
• Single-phase AC supply
• Three-phase AC supply
• from a single dc source.

• The basic building block is the

inverter ‘leg’.

• An inverter leg is shown. Vdc is the

input, Vout the output.
 Inverter switching
• T1 and T2 are NEVER turned on together.
Why?

• T1 and T2 are switched using PWM in a

complementary manner (T2 ON, T1 OFF)

• Vout is then a switched waveform, just like

the basic step-down converter earlier.

t1,on
Vout  Vdc
Ts
 Pulse-width Modulation

1
f sw 
 sw

ton

 sw

T1,on
T2,on
 Current Paths

• Two switches with freewheel

diodes provides uni-directional
voltage and bi-directional current
control.

• Only when T1 is ON is energy

supplied from the source.

• When T2 ON, a zero voltage loop

is applied.

• With positive current flow →

Current path if T2 ON, or T1 and T2 OFF

Current path if T1 ON
•
 Current Paths

• When T1 is ON (or T1 and T2

OFF) energy has to be absorbed by
the source.

• When T2 ON, a zero voltage loop

is applied.

• With negative current flow →

Current path if T2 ON

• Current path if T1 ON, or T1 and T2 OFF

 Switching Frequency
• Switch frequency (1/Ts) of the pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal is usually
chosen as high as possible to reduce current ripple in the load.

• Max switching frequency is limited by losses and the ability to manage those
device losses (remember lecture 2?)

• In low power circuits, switching frequency can be as high as ~1 MHz

• High power circuits (say >500kW) may use frequencies of 1kHz or less.
 Single-phase H-bridge
• Two inverter legs connected in parallel.
 Single-phase H-bridge
• From previous discussion on inverter legs

Vao  maVdc
Vbo  mbVdc
• So the average output voltage
• applied to the load

Vload  Vao  Vbo

 ma  mb Vdc (1)

• For a sinusoidal output (ma-mb) must vary sinusoidally.

1
ma   m sin t  (2)
2
1
mb   m sin t  (3)
2
 PWM Generation
Ts Carrier waveform
• Modulation indices of each
leg are compared with a
triangular carrier waveform. m1

m2
• Intersects define the turn-on
and turn-off instant of each
bridge leg.
Leg 1 output
t1
• With this scheme load sees Leg 2 output
two output voltage pulses per t2
switching cycle.
Vload
0
• Harmonic spectrum of the
Ts/2 (t1-t2)/2
applied voltage has
components around multiples
of the switching frequency.
Switched Mode Power Supply
 SMPS
• Switched mode : electronic power supply with switching
regulator.

• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.

– This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC
levels such as +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V.
• categories
• FlyBack SMPS
• Feed forward SMPS
• Push-Pull SMPS
• Bridge SMPS
SMPS schematic diagram
SMPS working
• Convert AC to DC voltage with rectifier

• Which is unregulated DC voltage sent it to filter

• Inverter convert DC to AC with help of power oscillator.

• Output transformer inverts AC voltage up to down to the

required output level.

• Output rectifier and filter : AC output from transformer is

rectified.

• For lower voltage uses silicon/schottky diodes used and

smoothing the rectified output by using filter.
 SMPS working
 This reduces the amount of the voltage passed through
the transformer.

• So the output voltage will be maintained normally.

• Then it is sent to the output of the power supply.

• A sample of this output is sent back as feedback signal

for regulation.
Basic Topology of a Fly-back Converter
i)Discontinuous Mode

25
 Fly-back Converter
• Fly-back converter is the most commonly used
SMPS circuit
• Low output power applications
• The output voltage needs to be isolated from
the input main supply
• The output power may vary from few watts to
less than 100 watts.

26
 Fly-back Converter
• The circuit can offer single or multiple isolated
output voltages
• Operate over wide range of input voltage
variation.
• In respect of energy-efficiency, fly-back power
supplies are inferior to many other SMPS
circuits but its simple topology and low cost
makes it popular in low output power range.
Typical efficiency of a fly-back converter is
around 65%-75%.
27
 Principle of Operation Mode-1

When switch ‘S’ is on, the primary winding of the transformer gets
connected to the input supply with its dotted end connected to the
positive side.
At this time the diode ‘D’ connected in series with the secondary
winding gets reverse biased due to the induced voltage in the
secondary (dotted end potential being higher).

28
 Mode-1 Equivalent Circuit

Mode 1: Switch is ON; Diode is OFF;

At the end of Mode-1, energy stored in the primary winding is

29
 Mode-2 Equivalent Circuit

Mode 2: Switch is OFF, Diode is ON

When Switch turns off, the current in the primary
winding drops suddenly, the voltage across the
primary winding reverses.
The diode becomes forward biased. 30
31
 Mode-3 Equivalent Circuit

During discontinuous mode, MOSFET is OFF; Diode is OFF.

The output capacitor continues to supply uninterrupted voltage to the load.

Discontinuous Conduction Mode 32

 Flyback Applications
• Usually low-cost, low-power (<100W)
• Low-cost as no output inductor and cheap
output diode (DCM)

Disadvantages
• Output spike at turn-off (due to ESR)
• Large filter capacitor and ripple current rating

Flyback Converter 33 12/2/2019

 ii)Continuous Mode Flyback
converter

Power Supply Principles 34 12/2/2019

 ii)Continuous Mode Flyback
converter

Power Supply Principles 35 12/2/2019

 ii)Continuous Mode Flyback
converter

Power Supply Principles 36 12/2/2019

 ii)Continuous Mode Flyback
converter

Power Supply Principles 37 12/2/2019

 iii)Variations of basci Flyback
converter
Two Transistor flyback converter

Power Supply Principles 38 12/2/2019

 iii)Variations of basci Flyback
converter
flyback converter with multiple Outputs

Power Supply Principles 39 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 40 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 41 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 42 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 43 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 44 12/2/2019

 Isolated Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 45 12/2/2019

 Two Transistor Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 46 12/2/2019

 Two Transistor Forward Converter

Power Supply Principles 47 12/2/2019

 Principles of Measurement

• Measurement: The measurement of a given parameter or

quantity is the act or result of a quantitative comparison
between a predefined standard and an unknown quantity to
be measured.
• An electronic instrument is the one which is based on
electronic or electrical principles for its measurement function.
The measurement of any electronic or electrical quantity or
variable is termed as an electronic measurement.
 Static characteristics:

• The static characteristics are defined for the instruments

which measure the quantities which do not vary with time.
The various static characteristics are accuracy, precision,
resolution, error, sensitivity, threshold, zero drift, stability and
linearity.
 Static characteristics:
• Instrument-A device or Mechanism used to determine the present value
of the quantity
• Measurement -The process of Determining the amount, degree or
capacity by comparision with the acepted stantards
• Accuracy: It is the degree of closeness with which the instrument reading
approaches the true value of the quantity. It denotes the extent to which
we approach the actual value of the quantity. It indicates the ability of
instrument to indicate the true value of the quantity.
• Precision: It is the measure of consistency or repeatability of
measurements.
 Static characteristics:
• Resolution: It is the smallest increment of quantity being measured which
can be detected with certainty by an instrument. OR The smallest change
in a measured value to which device responds.
• Expeted Value- the design valuehe most probable value that calculations
indicate
• Error- the deviation of the true value
• Sensitivity- The ratio of the change in output of the instrument to a
change of input
 Error in Measurement
• Error: The most important static characteristics of an instrument is its
accuracy, which is generally expressed in terms of the error called static
error. It is given by

• The static error is defined as the difference between the true value of the
variable and the value indicated by the instrument. The static error may
arise due to number of reasons.
 static errors
• 1) Gross errors: The gross errors mainly occur due to carelessness or lack
of experience of a human being. These cover human mistakes in readings,
recordings and calculating results. These errors also occur due to incorrect
adjustments of instruments. These errors cannot be treated mathematically.
These errors are also called personal errors.

• 2) Systematic errors: The systematic errors are mainly resulting due to the
shortcomings of the instrument and the characteristics of the material used
in the instrument, such as defective or worn parts, ageing effects,
environmental effects, etc. A constant uniform deviation of the operation of
an instrument is known as a systematic error.
• 3-types of system errors Instrumental errors, Environmental Errors, Observation Errors

• 3)Random errors: these are the errors that remain after gross and
systematic errors. These errors are due to unknown causes. These errors
are small and can be treated mathematically.
Multi range Ammeters
Multi range Voltmeter