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Discussion Lab 6 chm207

The document discusses various tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, including Tollen's test, Fehling's test, reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII), and condensation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Aldehydes and ketones give different reaction outcomes in these tests due to aldehydes containing a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon while ketones do not. The document also mentions the iodoform test that can be used to identify methyl ketones and provides safety precautions for the experiments.

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263 views2 pages

Discussion Lab 6 chm207

The document discusses various tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, including Tollen's test, Fehling's test, reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII), and condensation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Aldehydes and ketones give different reaction outcomes in these tests due to aldehydes containing a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon while ketones do not. The document also mentions the iodoform test that can be used to identify methyl ketones and provides safety precautions for the experiments.

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2023300959
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Discussion lab 6 chm207

Oxidation

i. Tollen’s test
In tollen’s test , ethanal (aldehydes) and propanone does not turn Tollen reagent into
silver mirror (negative result) . Ethanal and propanone cannot be oxidized into a
carboxylic acid . Tollen reagent has a mixture of silver nitrate and ammonia that not
enough to oxidize ethanal and propanone to carboxylic acid. Ag+ is reduced to solid
silver, Ag. The solid then does not forms a film inner wall of test tube and does not form
silver mirror.

ii. Fehling’s test


In Fehling’s test, the colour of ethanal turns from blue to green/brown while propanone
does not change colour. Fehling solution is also used to determine whether carbonyl-
containing compound is in aldehyde or ketone. Fehling solution contains an oxidizing
agent and active reagent in the test. Ethanal is added to Fehling solution and is heated.
Ethanal is oxidized during this process. On the other hand, propanone is not reacted to
Fehling reagent as it shows no change of red precipitate.

iii. Reaction with acidified KMnO4


When ethanal (aldehydes) is added into acidified KMnO4, the orange brown colour
of the liquid changed to colourless liquid (positive reaction) . Acidified KMnO4 able to
oxidize carbon atoms with weak bonds just like aldehydes. When propanone is added
into acidified KMnO4, the purple colour of the liquid changed to colourless liquid
(positive reaction) . Aldehydes and ketones are oxidized to carboxylic acids.

iv. Condensation with 2,4-DNPH


Ethanal (aldehydes) react with 2,4-DNPH to result in orange precipitate and Propanone
react into dark orange precipitate. Both react to 2,4-DNPH after a few minutes
(positive reaction) . 2,4-DNPH is a lab solution that is suitable to test aldehyde and
ketone. The reaction between aldehyde/ketone with 2,4-DNPH is a condensation.
Condensation is where two molecules joined together and loss small molecule like
water.

v. Iodoform test (reaction on methyl ketones)


Ethanal (aldehydes) react with iodine solution to result from white colour to orange and
propanone react from yellowish to yellow colour.Both of the solution results positive
reaction. Ethanal and propanone actively react with triiodomethane (iodoform) reagent.
Most of the reactions are from ketones such as tested in this experiment using
propanone where R is the hydrocarbon group.

There are some precautions in this experiment. The wastes of theexperiment (used
substances and reagents) should be discarded in a special beaker provided by the lab
instructor. It is because the wastes that we used in this experiment are dangerous and
reactive. One example is the Tollens reagent. The reagent should be acidified with dilute
acid after the test before it is discarded to prevent the formation of the highly explosive
silver nitride. Other than that, wear lab coats and protective gloves to prevent the
substances and reagent used in the experiment to spill into the clothes and hands in
case the experiment is not properly conducted as some of them are hard for the stain to
wear off.

REFERENCES

1. https://www.britannica.com/science/aldehyde
2. http://www.adichemistry.com/organic/basics/mesomeric-effect/mesomeric-resonance-
effect.html
3. https://byjus.com/chemistry/nucleophile/
4. https://byjus.com/chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/
5. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/aldket1.htm

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with certain reagents were investigated. Many
types of products were produced when aldehydes and ketones undergo variety of reactions. The
difference between aldehydes and ketones is the presence of a hydrogen atom attached to the
carbon-oxygen double bond in the aldehyde and ketones don’t have that hydrogen.

INTRODUCTION

Aldehydes and ketones incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. Aldehyde is more reactive
than ketone because the functional group of the aldehyde which contains a hydrogen atom and an
alkyl group that makes it less stable than ketone which does not have the hydrogen atom but
instead 2 alkyl groups. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl group is
polar, and aldehydes and ketones have larger molecular dipole moments (D) than do alkenes. The
boiling points for these compounds are normally lower than alcohols. Aldehydes have a proton
attached to the carbonyl carbon which can be abstracted, allowing them to be easily oxidized to
form carboxylic acids. The lack of this hydrogen, makes ketones generally inert to these oxidation
conditions. Ketones can only be oxidized by very strong oxidising agents and prolonged heat (under
certain extreme conditions).

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