Introduction to History

History
 From the Greek word “historia”, meaning “inquiry.”
 Historia was adapted to Latin.
 The study of the past.
 Became an important academic discipline during the 20th Century.
Sources of history :

 Primary sources
considered as contemporary accounts of the event, personally written or narrated by an individual person who directly experienced or
participated in the valid event.
 Secondary sources
it is the interpretation or readings of primary sources.
The Philippines
 An archipelago, consisting of 7,000+ islands and islets.
 Categorized under the three geographical division; Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
 Manila City is the capital of the Philippines

 Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual temperature is 26.6oC. The coolest
months fall in January with a mean temperature of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of
28.3oC. Latitude is an insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature. Thus,
the mean annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters is1 8.3oC. This makes the temperature of Baguio
comparable with those in the temperate climate and because of this, it is known as the summer capital of the Philippines.

 Humidity indicates the amount of moisture in the air which directly affects the temperature. The Philippines is considered as highly
humid which can be attributed to the significant level of evaporation from the seas flanking the country to the various prevailing
winds during the different seasons, and lastly, due to the pressure of abundant rains in a tropical country such as ours
.
 Weather – what is happening in the atmosphere on a given day, in a specific place. Local forecasts include temperature, humidity,
winds, cloudiness, and prospects for storms or other
changes over the next few days.
 Climate is the average of these weather ingredients over
many years.

 Tropical climate
 Two seasons: Wet Season and Dry Season
 Types of Climates:
1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Type 3
4. Type 4
  Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country can be divided into two major seasons: (1) the rainy season, from
June to November; and (2) the dry season, from December to May. The dry season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry
season, from December to February; and (b) the hot dry season, from March to May.

 An average of 20 to 23 tropical cyclones enter the PAR

 CATEGORY OF TYPHOONS
1. :Tropical depression < 61km/h
2. Tropical Storm 62-88km/h
3. Severe Tropical Storm 89-117km/h
4. Typhoon118-220km/h
5. Super typhoon 220+km/h

General
Resources
 The soil and its products
Classification of soil
• Alluvial – soil which produces agricultural products such as abaka, coconut, corn, and tobacco
• Shale and Sandstone – good for products like sugarcane, tobacco, corn, rice and coconut, however, the harvest is of lower
amounts compared to products from alluvial soils
• Limestone – which is conducive for agricultural products such as corn, citrus, cassava, and banana and is also best for grazing of
animals due to its abundance of grass
• Volcanic soil – which is found in areas where past volcanic eruptions occurred and is used for citrus and other upland crops in
Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna, while in Bicol, the soil is suited for Abaka and in Negros, the soild is suited for sugarcane
.• Andesite and Basalt – soil is generally found in Negros Occidental andis used for sugarcane plantations
• Mountain soil – kind of soil where trees are found, such as ipil, dao, molave, yakal and narra, which are used for industrial,
commercial and residential purposes.
 Water Resources
The Country has many seas, rivers, lakes, bays and straits, resulting to an active fishing industry that have been a source of livelihood
for many Filipinos.
Two kinds of Fishing industry in the country:
. • Genetic Industry - covers fish reproduction, fish culture, and fishpond
• Extractive industry - covers direct fishing in shallow, high seas and in coral areas.
 Mineral Resources
Rich in metallic, non-metallic and fuel minerals
• Metallic - gold, iron, manganese, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and chromite.
• Non – metallic - clay, cement for construction, pyrite, rock phosphate, limestone, marble, silica, asbestos, gypsum, and Sulphur
• Mineral Fuels - carbon and petroleum

 Theories that explain how the Philippine archipelago was created

• Volcanism - the eruption of the volcanoes caused the formation of some islands in the country
• Diastrophism - the process of movement of the earth’s crust that resulted in the formation of mountains and mountain ranges,
such as Sierra Madre, and Cordillera mountain ranges
 • Gradation - it is the formation of mountains and volcanoes after which, erosion took place leading to the creation of rivers, lakes,
delta, and other landforms found all over the country
• Land Bridge - explains that the Philippines was once connected to the mainland Asia through bridges of land formed during the
Pleistocene or Ice Age, 2,500,000 years ago.

 Divided in 17 regions
1. Ilocos Region (Region I)
2. Cagayan Valley (Region II)
3. Central Luzon (Region III)
4. CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
5. MIMAROPA (Region IV-B)
6. Bicol Region (Region V)
7. Western Visayas (Region VI)
8. Central Visayas (Region VII)
9. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
10. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
11. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
12. Davao Region (Region XI)
13. SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
14. Caraga (Region XIII)
15. NCR (National Capital Region)
16. CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
17. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

• Hardworking and Industrious

• Brave, nationalistic and freedom loving
• Pakikipag-kapwa tao - sense of hospitality
• Family orientation - putting high value and importance of family
• Joy and Humor - ability to be happy even in adversity
• Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
• Faith and Religiosity - sense of believing in the power of the almighty creator
•Ability to Survive - ability to cope up with every challenge
• Friendly - sense of oneness and connection to others
• Cleanliness - sense of self-actualization to hygiene
• Loyalty to friend - act of being grateful to someone who has been dear and helpful
• Fatalistic - belief on fate and destiny
• Respect for Elders - high regard for people older than you
• Regionalistic
• Sensitivity to personal affront - considerate towards the feelings of others.

 Philippines had been living as an isolated territory gifted with abundance of original inhabitants or natives who yielded productive raw
materials.
 The agricultural gifts of the settlers prompted the natives to exchange their local goods.
 Push and Pull factors led the massive migration of different races to our native land.
 Push factor
pertains to the economic intention
 Pull factor
relates to abundance of natural resources making the country a potential market to all traders and economic navigators.
 The discovery of our island was due to the wind patterns encountered by the traders while navigating the seas.

• To look for potential colonies and expansion of their territory

• To search for spices and other raw materials
• To look for potential market of their native products
• To gain territorial hegemony

• It was during the 9th and 10th Century A.D when the economic ties of Chinese traders begun in the Philippine territory.
• It was during the Sung dynasty when Chinese goods started to spread through the use of Chinese Vessel
•Archeological Sites in Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro, Ilo-Ilo, Masbate, Palawan, Cebu and Davao, where different types of jars and
porcelain were unearthed, have been the living testaments of the existence of the Chinese traders in the country.
• The strategic location of Tondo, Manila as well as Pasig and Laguna Lake, inevitably made it major beneficiaries of foreign trading.
• Mirrors, scales, coins and Jades were evidently exchanged and marketed by the Chinese and Arab traders

1. Manufacturing of gunpowder
2. Method of gold mining
3. Art of metallurgy
4. Use of porcelain, gong, silver, tin and other metals
5. Blacksmithing, goldsmithing
6. Kite Flying
7. Various forms of gambling, e.g. Jueteng
8. Manner and mode of dressing through the use of silk
9. The use of fan and umbrella
10. Culinary diet
a. Brewing of tea, cooking of lumpia, pansit, mami, chopseuyand ukoy
b. The use of appetizer
11. The use of slippers such as bakya, a wooden shoes12.Social customs
a. Filial respect of children to an older brother or sister, parent and elders
b. The use of firecrackers during New Year and other festivals to scare away evils spirits and bad luck
c. Collection of tongs, a percentage fee
d. The use of gongs in celebrations and festival
 The expansion of Indian Culture overseas actually started during the Srivajaya and Majapahitempires from 9th –10th Century. Their
culture influenced other parts of Asia through the “Indianized” immigrants and traders from Indochina, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java and other islands of Indonesia.
 Artifacts unearthed from Various Excavation Sites in the Philippines
• Pottery adorned with decorations in various forms
• Iron weapons such as knives, dagger, spear, axes
•Glass beads and bangles, in green and blue colors
•Beads made of semi-precious stones
•Copper image of Ganesha(Indian god of elephants) was found in Mactanin 1843
•A garuda - designed pendant was discovered in 1961 in Palawan. This symbolized the mythical bird of Vishu (Indian god of
Preservation)

• Languages
• Literature
• Religious Beliefs
• Writings
• Customs
• Material Culture
 • Contacts with Philippine Islands begun when Japanese traders and merchants, during the 12th Century A.D., decided to go on an
economic-driven journey to the Philippines, particularly the region of Luzon which they called Rusun.
• Their travels to the Philippines mostly compromised of barter trade of minerals such as gold and pearls.
• Influences of Japanese Culture
1. Manufacturing of weapon for warfare
2. Goldsmithingand jewelry makingin Pagsanjan, Laguna
3. Breeding of ducks particularly the Balutindustry in Laguna de Bay towns
4.Breeding of Fishes like Bangus industry in Bulacan and other provinces.

•Arab traders brought Islam to South East Asia, including the Philippines
• They intermarried with the daughters of native chiefs to gain trading advantage, thereby raising small families of Islam believers.
• Islam first gained its foothold in the Philippines, particularly in Sulu, around 1310 AD.

 Islamic growth in Mindanao:

1. Last quarter of the 13th century - there was already an existence of Muslim communities in Sulu
2. Second half of the 14th century - stage of Makhdumwhere missionaries arrived in Sulu and accelerated the conversion of the Muslim
in the area.
3. Beginning of the 15th century - Raja Baguindafrom Sumatra arrived in Sulu and believed to have married a Pamisuli - respected title of
a chieftain’s daughter. With him believed to be scholars of the Islamic religion that strengthened the work of former Muslim
missionaries.
4. Middle of the 15th century - this is the foundation of political institution such as the Sultanate in the leadership of Sharif-ul-Hashim,
who took power in 1450.
 The progress of Islam in Sulu moved further northward in Mindanao covering Maranaoand Zamboanga areas.
1. Middle of the 15th Century - Muslim missionaries settled in Pulangibasin, namely Sharif Awliyaand Sharif Marajaand intermarries with
the daughters of local chieftains
2. In 1511, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuanarrived from Jahoreand hastened the Islamic conversion process through political alliances and
intermarriages to the daughters of local chiefs. Basing from the Mindanao tarsilas, Kabungsuanwas the first sultan and the last was
Sultan Manggigin, who began his reign in 1896 and ended in 1906.

Muslim wrote their leaders’ history and their respective reign and genealogy in what they called Tarsilasand Khutabs.