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Name Formula Comments, Common Mistakes And When To Use
Quotient !"# $ !"# '$
• tan $ = The formulae hold for any angle as long as they are the same: ()*2$ = etc
%&! $ %&! '$
%&! $
• cot $ =
!"# $
( ( (
Reciprocal • sec $ = ⟺ cos $ = The formulae hold for any angles as long as they are the same: 1232$ = etc
%&! $ !)% $ -./'$
( (
• cosec $ = ⟺ sin $ =
!"# $ %&!)% $
( %&! $ (
• cot $ = = ⟺ tan $ =
+,# $ !"# $ %&+ $
Quadratic • 14* $ + 361 $ = 1 ↳ 9:; < = = − ?@A0 < ↳ ;BC0 < = = − DE?0 <
' ' 0
• Re-arrangements are just as important as the original formula!!
(Pythagorean) • 1 + ()*' $ = 123 ' $. ↳ GHC0 < = ?ID0 < − = • Proof: Divide all of 14*' $ + 361 ' $ = 1 by sin' $ or cos ' $ to get 2nd and 3rd formulae
• 1 + 36( ' $ = 36123 ' $ ↳ 9:G 0 < = DE?ID0 < − = • When solving and proving identities, don’t forget you can replace 14*' $ + 361 ' $ with 1
and vice versa
• The formulae hold for any angles as long as they’re the same: 14*' 2$ + 361 ' 2$ = 1 etc
Double Angle • sin 2$ = 2 sin $ cos $ • Re-arrangements are just as important as the original formula!!
• 3612$ = 361 ' $ − 14*' $ • Proof: write angles as ) + ) and use addition formula etc
1
= 2 cos ' $ − 1 ↳ DE?0 < = (= + DE?K<) • The formulae hold for any doubling relationship between the angles. Notice how the
0
1 coefficients don’t change
= 1 − 2 sin' $ ↳ ;BC0 < = (= − DE?K<)
' +,# $
0
12678 09
sin 4x = 2sin 2$cos 2$
• tan 2$ = ↳ MNA0 < = cos 4$ = 1 − 2sin' 2 6Q 2cos ' 2$ − 1 or cos ' 2$ − sin' 2$ etc
(2345! $ 1:678 09
$
Half Angle $ (2%&! $ Formulae with ( = tan T U : • Proof: Use double angle
• 14* = ±S '
' ' '3 c612$ = 2 cos ' $ − 1 3612$ = 1 − 2 sin' $
• sin $ = $ $
$ %&! $:( (:3 ! 361$ = 2 cos ' − 1 361$ = 1 − 2 sin'
• 361 = ±S (23 ! ' '
' ' • cos $ = !
(:3 ! ! #$% !'( 1−cos A
$ (2-./$ (2-./$ /;5 $
• tan $ =
'3 "#$ = ±' $() = ±'
• ()* = ±S = = (23 !
" " " 2
' (:-./ $ /;5$ (:-./ $
(
Triple Angle & 14* 3$ = 3 sin $ − 4 sinC $ ↳ sinC $ = (3 sin $ − sin 3$) • Proof: write angles as 2) + ) and use addition formula etc.
D
Powers of Trig • Other powers of trig by finding 14* 4$, sin 5$ etc:
(
361 3$ = 4 cos C $ − 3 cos $ ↳ 361 C $ = (3 cos $ + cos 3$) " $
"#$ ! % = (cos 4% − 4cos 2% + ) and 01" ! % = (cos 4% + 4cos 2% + )
" $
D # % # %
C +,# $2+,#" $ & " & "
()* 3$ = "#$ % = (sin 5% − 5 sin 3% + 10 sin %) and 01" % = (cos 5% + 5 cos 3% + 10 cos %)
(2C +,#! $ "$ !
Cofunction • cos $ = sin(90 − $) and sin $ = cos (90 − $) These are useful when you want to swap 14* to 361 and vice versa.
• tan $ = cot (90 − $) and cot $ = tan (90 − $) Using sin $ = ±√1 − cos ' $ )*\ cos $ = ±√1 − sin' $ from Pythag identities make things
• sec $ = cosec (90 − $) and cosec $ = sec (90 − $) more complicated, so it’s better to replace sin $ with cos(90 − $) etc
Even Odd • sin(−$) = −14*$ cos (−$) = cos $
• tan (−$) = − tan $
and
and cot(−$) = − cot $ © MyMathsCloud
• sec (−$) = sec $ and cosec(−$) = −36123 $
Addition • sin(] ± ^) = sin ] cos ^ ± cos ] sin ^ • To turn asin % ± :01" % into form ;"#$ (% ± <) or acos % ± :01" % into form ;01" (% ∓ <):
Q: √)' + ` '
• 361(] ± ^) = 361]361^ ∓ 14*]14*^ I
a: ()*2( Tb bU and then draw this angle in the quadrant where the coordinate (a,b) lies
+,# E±+,# G 4
• ()*(] ± ^) = Read off a by starting on the $ axis (remember: −c ≤ a < c)
(∓+,# E +,# G
( (
Product to sum • sin $ sin f = [cos($ − f) − cos($ + f)] and cos $ cos f = [cos($ − f) + cos ($ + f)] • Used mainly when you want to integrate products
' '
(Factor Formula) ( ( • Proof: Add or subtract 2 pairs or addition angle formulae and solve simultaneously
sin $ cos f = [sin($ + f) + sin($ − f)] and cos $ sin f = [sin($ + f) − sin ($ − f)]
' ' 2j. sin(] + ^) = sin ] cos ^ + cos ] sin ^ and sin(] − ^) = sin ] cos ^ − cos ] sin ^
add to get sin(] + ^) + sin(] − ^) = 2 sin ] cos ^
(
dividing by 2 gives sin ] cos ^ = [sin(] + ^) + sin(] − ^)]
'
Sum to product E:G E2G E:G E2G E:G E2G E:G E2G E:G E2G
• 14*] + 14*^ ≡ 214* T U 361 T U and 14*] − 14*^ ≡ 2361 T U 14* T U • Proof: Let a = ,m = ⟹a+m = + = ] and a − m = + =^
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
(Factor Formulae) E:G E2G E:G E2G (
• 361] + 361^ ≡ 2361 T U 361 T U and 361] − 361^ ≡ −214* T U 14* T U e.g. sin a cos m = [sin(a + m) + sin(a − m)]
' ' ' ' '
E:G E2G (
Replace a and m in product to sum formula ⟹ sin T U cos T U = [sin ] + sin ^]
' ' '
Small Angle J! Useful when finding limits as $ → 0
sin o ≈ o cos o ≈ 1 − tan o ≈ o
'
Inverse Notation: sin2( $ = arcsin $ and sin2( $ is equivalent to sin o = $ (etc for other trig function) sin2( $ cos 2( $ tan2( $
K K K
• 14*2( $ + cos 2( $ = and tan2( $ + cot 2( $ = and cosec 2( $ + sec 2( $ =
' ' ' Domain −1 ≤ $ ≤ 1 −1 ≤ $ ≤ 1 −∞ ≤ $ ≤ ∞
• sin(14*2( $) = $ and sin2((14*$) = $ (etc for other trig functions)
2( 2( 2( $±L Range c c 0≤$≤c c c
• ()* $ ± tan f = tan T U − ≤$≤ − <$<
(2$L 2 2 2 2
Differentiation 14*t($) ⇒ vM (<)361t($) 14*2( t($) ⇒
N# (9) Graphing
Q(2(R($))! f = sin $ f = cos $ f = tan $
361t($) ⇒ −vM (<)14*t($) N# (9)
361 2( t($) ⇒ − !
()*t($) ⇒ vM(<)123 ' t($) S(2TR($)U
N# (9)
123t($) ⇒ vM(<)123t($)()*t($) ()*2( t($) ⇒
(:(R($))!
N# (9)
36123t($) − vM (<)36123t($)36(t($) 123 2( t($) ⇒
R($)Q(R($))!2(
36(t($) ⇒ −vM (<)36123 ' t($) N#(9) Domain: : ∈ ℝ Domain: : ∈ ℝ, : ≠ + + DB
,
36123 t($) = ⇒ − Domain: : ∈ ℝ
R($)Q(R($))!2( Range: −1 ≤ @ ≤ 1 Range: @ ∈ ℝ
Range: −1 ≤ @ ≤ 1
N# (9)) Period:2B Period: B
36( 2( t($) ⇒ − Period:2B
(:(R($))!
f = cosec $ f = sec $ f = cot $
Integration
w t′($) sin t($)\$ ⇒ − cos t($) ∫ ()* t($) \$ = ln | sec t($)|
∫ 36( t($) \$ = ln | sin t($)|
w t′($) cos t($)\$ ⇒ sin t($) ( ( I$
∫ Q4!2(I$)! \$ ⇒ sin2( T U
I 4

( ( I$
∫ 2Q4!2(I$)! \$ ⇒ cos 2( T U
I 4

( ( I$ f = sin2( $ f = cos 2( $ f = tan2( $

∫ 4!:(I$)! \$ ⇒ 4I tan2( T 4 U

∫ t′($) sec ' t($) \$ ⇒ tan t($)

∫ t′($) sec t($) tan t($) \$ ⇒ sec t($)
∫ t′($) cosec t($) cot t($) \$ ⇒ − cosec t($)
∫ t′($) cosec ' t($) \$ = − cot t($)
∫ 36123 t($) \$ = −ln | cosec t($) + cot t($)| To find equation: ) = +,-.(01 + 3)+d or ) = +35,(01 + 3)+d
∫ 123 t($) \$ = ln | sec t($) + tan t($)| 6 = amplitude=
$%& '($)* '
+
+, 345
, 7 = -./012 or -./012, 8 = principal axis =
$%& '6$)* '
+
, 9 =phase shift (plug in point to find)
Special Angles
0 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
14* $ 0 1 1 √3 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2
361 $ 1 √3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
2 √2 2
()* $ 0 1 1 √3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
√3
' , . 0)* + 234 - 234 /
Triangle/Sector • Sine Rule: = = or = = if finding angle We use sine, cosine rule and area formulae for non-right angled trig (they work for right
()*+ ()*- ()*/ ' , .
,!6. !5'! angles too, but not necessary to use). For right angled trig we use SOHCAHTOA:
• %
Cosine Rule: > = : + 0 − 2:0 cos ? % %
or ? = cos 5" @ A if finding angle “Some Old Hags Can't Always Hide Their Old Age”
%,.
" " '6,6. .VV 4XY .VV (
• Area= × :>"C × ℎC#EℎF OR >:"#$G OR H"(" − >)(" − :)(" − 0) where " = sin $ = , cos $ = , tan $ = and area= × `)12 × ℎ24jℎ(
% % % WLV WLV 4XY '
7
7
× 2J; (#K LCE;CC") × J; % (#K LCE;CC") Use sine rule when we have a complete pairing of a side and an angle, meaning we have the
• Arc length= I 8$9 Arc Area= N" 8$9
numerical value of angle and its side opposite. If we don’t, then we use cosine rule
;M (#K ;>L#>$") %
; %M (#K ;>L#>$")
Complex Numbers O = ;(cos M + # sin M) = ;C )7 where, |O| = ; and arg O = M De Moive’s Theorem: O * = ; * (cos $M + # sin $M)