Health and

Safety
THE EIA/EA COURSE

James Apamo
QHSE Expert
Agenda

1. Aims of the training

2. Introduction
3. Governance of H&S
4. Administration of H&S
5. H&S Management System
6. H&S Assessments
7. Open Session
Aims of the Training
1. Recognize the costs of workplace accidents.

2. Recognize benefits of implementing an effective safety and

health program.

3. Describe the elements of an effective safety and health program.

4. Identify methods to prevent workplace hazards.

5. Describes statutory audits for workplaces

Introduction
Health and Safety at workplace has become the new normal in all operations
of an organization.
Every employer wants results/delivery/products etc, and these can only be
achieved by:
• Safe and healthy workers
• Less or minimal lost hours due to incidents/accidents
• Less or minimal recovery costs
• Motivated workforce
• Reduced insurance premiums
 Introduction – Cont’d
Unsafe workplace can result in:
•Direct Costs
•Injuries and Damages
•Occupational Diseases
•Mental health
•Death

•In-direct costs
•Schedule delays
•Lower morale
•Increased Absenteeism
•Poor Customer Relations
•Re-training
•Negative publicity
•Missed business opportunities e.g. donor funding
•Disadvantaged in competing with others
•Increase insurance premums
Introduction – Cont’d
Benefits of a good H&S Program may include:

• Improvements in product, process, and service quality

• Better morale

• Improved recruitment and retention

• More favorable image and reputation

Governance of
H&S
Globally
▪ Different countries have different laws and regulations that govern
the operation of H&S

▪ Globally two organizations that control H&S are:

▪ ILO – International Labour Organization
▪ WHO – World Health Organization

▪ They strive to improve the workplace safety through issuing

guidelines, developing knowledge, educating employers, employees,
establishing rights and responsibilities of employers and employees
 Nationally
o The law governing H&S in the country is OSHA 2007, it replaced The
Factories and Other Places of Work Act Cap 514.

o OSHA 2007 has set out DOSHS who administers this countrywide.

o All workplaces are expected to abide by the Act.

o OSHA encourages employers to create a proactive approach for finding and

fixing hazards in the workplace.

o An effective safety and health program increases worker involvement,

management commitment and allows employers to better manage their
resources, personnel and environment.

o There are subsidiary rules that are used hand in hand with the Act,

o There’s a supplementary Act, WIBA 2007, for workplace accidents’

compensations.
 OSHA 2007 Sections
1. Duties of occupiers 12. Control of air pollution, noise and
2. Establishing H&S Policy vibration.

3. HSE committees. 13. Supply of drinking water

4. Safety and health audits. 14. Washing facilities.

5. Registration of workplaces 15. Accommodation for clothing.

6. Cleanliness, Overcrowding, Ventilation, 16. Facilities for sitting.

Lighting, Drainage of floors. 17. First-aid.
7. Sanitary conveniences 18. Permit to work.
8. Plant, machinery and equipment 19. Protective Clothing & Appliances
9. Ergonomics at the workplace 20. Medical Surveillance
10. Fire prevention 21. General register
11. Chemical Safety
 Subsidiary Rules
1. The Factories (Protection of Eyes) Rules, 1978 8. The Factories (First Aid) Rules 1977.L.N. 160
L.N. 44
9. The Factories (Safety and Health Committees)
2. The Factories (Electrical Power) (Special) Rules, Rules 2004
1979 L.N. 340
10. The Factories and Other Places of Work
3. The Factories (Building Operations and Works of (Medical Examination) Rules 2005. L.N.24
Engineering Construction) Rules, 1984. L.N. 40
11. The Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire
4. The Factories (Noise Prevention and Control) Risk Reduction) Rules, 2007 L.N. 59.
Rules, 2005. L.N. 25
12. The Factories and Other Places of Work
5. The Factories (Docks) Rules 1962 L.N.306 (Hazardous Substances ) Rules, 2007 L.N. 60.

6. The Factories (Cellulose Solutions) Rules 1964. 13. The Government Financial Management
L.N.87. (Occupational Safety and Health Fund)
Regulations, 2011 L.N. No. 14
7. The Factories (Woodworking Machinery) Rules
1959 L.N.431
Administration
of H&S
The Tri-Partite Approach

Government Employer
Provides the national framework for management Development of policies and procedures on H&S to
of H&S ensure safe workplace and compliance with the law
DOSHS: established for the promotion of Organizing the H&S planning &implementation
occupational health and safety.

Cooperate with employer to ensure success of H&S

policy
Comply with all SWPs
Make use of the protective appliances provided for
use
Report all unsafe conditions, acts and practices
noted

Employee
 GOVERNMENT
o The government provides national framework for OHS Management,
National policy, OSHA 2007, WIBA 2007.
o DOSHS is the main government body that administers OHS
o There is a national advisory committee on occupational health and
safety.
o Occupational health and safety officers for enforcement
o Approved persons – OHS Advisors, Air quality monitors, Engineering
Controls Examiner, Fire safety auditors, Designated health
practitioners, approved trainers
o The government reviews and updates legislation
o Providing guidelines - codes of practice
Employer
o Development of policy on OHS to ensure
compliance with the national legislation and best
practices.
o Set out in writing the occupational safety and
health policy.
o Organization of health and safety function
o Planning and implementation of policy
o Measuring performance
o Reviewing performance
Safety and Health Policy
o The policy for the organisation should be concise,
clearly written, dated and signed by the most senior
accountable person
o Include a clear statement of commitment
o Should give direction and influence activities.
o Involve workers for ownership
o Be readily accessible to all workers
o Be made available to other interested parties
o Be reviewed for continuing suitability.
 Reviewing effectiveness
of H&S policy
o Degree of compliance with health and safety
compliance standards
o Areas where standards are non existent or
inadequate
o Achievement within set time scales
o Accident, illness data –analyses –trends and
common features
o Lessons learned from your mistakes and success.
EMPLOYEE ROLE
o To cooperate with their employer to ensure success of
the policy
o Be interested in learning and developing skills on OSH
o Comply with all safe work procedures and practices
o Make use of the protective appliances provided for use
o Report all unsafe conditions, acts and practices noted
Way forward
o Manage health and safety just as you manage
other functions of the Organization to Protect
people and control loss.
o Act today - Do not wait to react to an accident
tomorrow.
Health and
Safety
Management
 What is an OH&S
Management System
• An Occupational Health and Safety management System

(OH&S MS) is a coordinated and systematic approach to

managing health and safety risks

 Elements of OHS
Management
o The Four elements of OHS Management:

1. Hazard Identification

2. Hazard Prevention and Control

3. Education & Training

4. OHS Program Evaluation

Hazard and risk
Hazard Anything with a potential to cause harm (injury or damage to
property).

E.g. Cooking gas at the kitchen

Risk: Likelihood of a particular hazard to cause harm and the severity of

that harm
 Definition of workplace hazard
• A workplace hazard is any condition or situation that has potential for
causing harm to anybody who gets exposed to it or damage to exposed
property.
• Health Hazards

• Factors or conditions in the working environment that create a risk or harm

to health and may cause occupational diseases

 Recognition of hazards

• Sense of smell alerts a person to the presence of a wide range of

chemicals and other substances.

• Sense of hearing alerts one to the presence of high levels of noise or

defect in machinery

• Feeling- Heat and cold can recognised.

• Eyesight is very important in identifying hazards

 Recognition cont---

• Taste can enable one to recognize a problem in what is being taken

orally.

• And above all knowledge. Knowledge increases the perception of

danger and the strategies of handling the hazard at hand. Sources of

knowledge include; technical manuals, encyclopaedias, material data

sheets, research institutes

 Types of hazards
Hazards are often categorised as follows;

1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

3. Physical

4. Biological

5. Ergonomical /Physiological

6. Psychosocial
 1. Mechanical hazards

• Trappings by Moving Parts

• Entanglement by Rotating Parts,
• Contact With Sharp or Hot Parts
• Ejection of Parts - Explosions
• Impact with moving machine or Part.
• Tools particularly when not used appropriately
• Dangerous falls
• Falling objects
 2. Physical hazards

• Noise- noise induced hearing deafness, irritation

• Vibration- lead to vibration white fingers

• Ionising Radiation- x-rays, gamma rays mutation, cancers

• Non-ionising Radiation - UV –cataracts

• Light- glare eyestrain

• Extreme hot temperatures - heat stress, heat exhaustion

Physical hazards cont--

• Humidity

• Extreme cold temperatures - frostbite

• High Pressures –decompression sickness and low Pressures -

pressure difference in the ear.

• Electrical energies- electrocution and electric fog

 3. Chemical hazards
• Types of chemicals and their natural physical states determine the

health effects.

• The modes of exposure are by inhalation, skin absorption and

ingestion

• Some chemical agents will be in form of dust, gas, fumes, vapour,

mist and smoke.

• Effects to health include:

• Irritation –upper and lower respiratory tract,

 Chemicals conti---
• Asphyxiation – simple asphyxiation - such as caused by carbon

monoxide and hydrogen cyanide

• Anaesthetics - nervous system depressants such as organic

solvents, alcohol

• Systemic poisons such as lead, benzene and pesticides

• Fire and explosion

• Effects to plants and animals

 4. Biological hazards

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Moulds - found on hay and bagasse

• Animals and their products- brucellosis, anthrax

• Plants - e.g. pollen

• Insects - bees bites

• Vegetable dust - e.g. cotton dust and sisal

 5. Physiological/ergonomics hazards
• Workstation design

• Badly positioned switches

• Work organisation - shift work, long working hours

• Lifting heavy weights

• Wrong lifting postures

• Monotonous work
 6. Psychological/social factors
• Over/under supervision

• Poor human relations at work

• Poor communication

• Inadequate training and instruction

• Terms and conditions of employment, e.g. working hours.

 Hazard Identification
Action Tips

1 Collect existing information • Collect, organize and review information to determine what
about workplace hazards types of hazards are present and workers exposed
2 XxxInspect the workplace • Routine inspections of workflow, equipment, materials and
talk to workers

• Use checklists
3 Conduct Incident Investigations • Develop a plan and procedure for investigating all incidents or
near misses.

• Conduct root cause analysis and investigate with a team.

4 Identify hazards associated with • Assess foreseeable emergency scenarios or non-routine tasks
emergency and non-routine
situations • Test the response plan and procedures regularly
5 Characterize the nature of • Evaluate each hazard by considering the severity and
identified hazards, determine likelihood.
the controls to be implemented • Prioritize hazards so that the greatest risks are addressed
and prioritize the hazards for first.
control • Use interim control measures to protect workers until more
permanent solutions can be implemented
Prevent/Control
Workplace Hazards
o Benefits of effective controls:
o Protect workers from hazards
o Help avoid injuries, illnesses, and incidents
o Minimize/eliminate safety and health risks
o Help employers provide safe/healthful working conditions
Prevent/Control Workplace
Hazards
oInvolve workers
o Understand conditions that create hazards
o Insights into how hazards can be controlled

oIdentify and evaluate options

 Prevent/Control Workplace
Hazards
o Use a hazard control plan

o Develop plans with measures to protect workers during emergencies

and non-routine activities

o Evaluate effectiveness of existing controls and review new

technologies
 Hazard Prevention &
Control
Action Tips

1 XxxIdentify control options • Review literature, Legal Requirements, OHS publications, etc.
for potential control measures

• Get input from workers, safety consultants, or investigate

other workplaces with similar hazards
2 Select controls • Select controls using the hierarchy of controls

• Use a combination when no single method fully protects the

worker
3 Develop and update a hazard • List hazards in order of priority, assign responsibility to a
control plan person(s), establish a target completion date.

• Plan how to track progress and verification of

implementation/effectiveness.
4 Select controls for emergency • Develop procedures to control hazards during these
and non-routine operations situations.

• Assign responsibility for implementing the plan and conduct

emergency drills
 Hazard Prevention &
Control – Cont’d
Action Tips

5 XxxImplement selected controls in • Implement controls starting with highest priority, however,
the workplace regardless of priority employers must protect workers from
recognized serious hazards.
6 Follow up to confirm that • Conduct regular inspections of controls, confirm that work
controls are effective practices are being followed.

• Track progress and implementation and effectiveness

 Education & Training
Action Tips

1 Provide program awareness • Provide training to all managers, supervisors and workers as well
training as contractors and temporary workers on: safety policies and
procedures, program functions, emergencies, injury illness
Xxx reporting, and their rights under the OSH Act

• Ensure the training is provided in a language and literacy level

that all workers can understand
2 Train workers on specific • Instruct workers with specific roles within the safety and health
roles and responsibilities in program on how they should carry out those responsibilities
the safety and health
program • Provide opportunities for workers to ask questions and offer
feedback during training

3 Train workers on hazard • Train managers and workers on techniques for identifying
identification and controls hazards; such as job hazard analysis

• Have workers demonstrate they can recognize hazards and

understand why controls are in place

• Provide training on new tasks and new assignments

• Provide training where required by specific OSH Act such as;

hazard communication and lockout/tagout
 OHS Program Evaluation
Action Tips

1 Verify the program is • Verify that the core elements of the program are fully met and key
implemented and is processes are in place and implemented.
operating effectively
Xxx • Verify injuries are being reported, inspections are conducted,
progress is being tracked in controlling identified hazards to
ensure control measures are effective and data collected to
monitor the program’s performance
2 Correct program deficiencies • Proactively seek input from managers, workers, supervisors and
and identify opportunities to other stakeholders on how you can improve the program
improve
• Determine whether changes in equipment, facilities, material,
personnel or work practices trigger any need for changes in the
program

• Determine whether the metrics and goals are still relevant and
how you could change them to more effectively drive
improvements
Statutory OHS
Audits
 External - H&S Audits
▪ Sec 11 of OSHA 2007 requires Organizations to conduct an H&S Audit every
12 months by a registered OSH Adviser and submit a report to DOSHS.

▪ Organizations should commit to implement the improvement actions

suggested in the reports.

▪ Any DOSHS officer can inspect and audit the facility unannounced. The
offices have the powers to:
▪ Suggest improvements
▪ Close facility depending on findings
▪ Arrest employer as case may be.
 Why Audits

The following are benefits from the audits:

o To meet requirements of OSHA 2007

o Basis for DOSHS monitoring and follow up.

o Provide a facility with information on their current OHS Safety management

and practices.

o Provide a facility with suggestions on development of appropriate OHS

policies and procedures.

o Offers better OHS operational controls.

 OHS Elements Audited

Management Workplace Safety Occupational General Conditions

Conditions Hygiene

•Machinery •PPE •Ergonomics

•Safety Policy safety •Ventilation •Storage and
•Responsibilities •Chemical safety handling of
•Overcrowding
•Performance •Plant safety materials
Monitoring •Lighting
•Electrical safety •Noise •House-keeping
•OHS Training •Welfare
•Fire safety •Vibration
•Occ. Health Facilities
Service •Construction •Radiation
programs safety •Thermal
•Occ diseases Conditions
•Accident
information
•Permits To Work
•Contractors
•Emergencies
 Audit STEPS

Audit
report
Site assessment
and data Analysis
collection
 Contents of an OHS Audit Report
1. TITLE PAGE 3. WORKPLACE HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE CONDITIONS
2. CERTIFICATION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
3. LIST OF ACRONYMS 1. Machinery Safety
4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. Chemical Safety
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. Plant Safety
6. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 4. Electrical Safety
7. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKPLACE 5. Fire Safety
1. AUDIT OBJECTIVE, SCOPE, METHODOLOGY 6. Construction Safety
2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7. Personal Protective Equipment
1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT, 2007 8. Ventilation
9. Overcrowding
2.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SUBSIDIARY 10. Housekeeping
LEGISLATION 11. Lighting
3. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POSTCOVID-19 12. Handling of Materials
RETURN TO WORK ADVISORY 13. Noise
8. CHAPTER TWO: AUDIT FINDINGS 14. Vibration
1. WORKPLACE INFORMATION 15. Radiation
2. MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICIES 16. Thermal Conditions
1. safety and health policy 17. Pressures
2. Safety and Health Responsibilities 18. Ergonomics
3. Safety and Health Organization 19. Welfare Facilities
4. Safety and Health Training Programme 20. Safe means of access and safe place of
5. Occupational Health Provisions/Programs employment
6. Occupational Accidents And Diseases 9. CHAPTER THREE: MATRIX OF FINDINGS AND CORRECTIVE
7. Performance Monitoring ACTIONS
8. Contractors and Suppliers 10. REFERENCES
9. Information Systems 11. APPENDICES
10. Permit to Work (PTW)
11. Emergency Response Plan
 Way forward…

1. Submit reports for review by Facility

2. Review report, suggest amendments

3. Revise report taking into account amendments, then print

4. Submit final hard copy reports to the facility for approvals

5. Submit approved reports to DOSHS

6. Return approved report to Facility Management

7. Commence implementation of the report’s recommendations

8. Conduct annual audits to determine level of implementation.

 Implementation Tips…

1. Receive site specific reports and draft an

action plan for corrective actions

2. Convert GAPS into Objectives and Targets with

timelines for closing – short medium and long
term

3. Engage Consultants for Support as necessary

Open Session
Thank you
James Apamo

QHSE Expert

[email protected]

07 2 8 6 01 1 8 4

At Hesco Consulting Ser vices Ltd