PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS (Chapter 11)

and

SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA (Chapter 16)

Unit Outline: Homework

Topic(s) Assigned Questions

Classification of Solutions Reading 4.5, 4.6, 11.2

Solubility P.163a #57ab,60,61,63
Molecular View of Dissolving P.663 #23

Solubility Equilibria
1) Solubility → Ksp
2) Ksp → Solubility Reading 16.1, 16.2
3) Predicting Precipitates P.663 #25b,31,35,39,43,53,55
4) Common Ion Effect
5) pH

Ksp Lab Write up handed in on last class of mod

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Part 1: Review

Solution: a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. In this course we focus on

solutions involving at least one liquid component. The liquid solvent in most solutions we
study is water.

Classification of Solutions
This system for classifying solutions is based on the capacity of the solvent to dissolve a
solute
Saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in the given
amount of solvent at a given temperature
Unsaturated solution: contains LESS than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in
the given amount of solvent at a given temperature
Supersaturated solution: contains MORE than the maximum amount of solute dissolved
in the given amount of solvent at a given temperature

Solubility

The general rules for predicting solubility were used in Grade 11.

Table Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water

Soluble Compounds
1. All compounds of the alkali metals (Group 1A) are soluble
2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3-, ClO4-, ClO3- and C2H3O2- are soluble
3. All chlorides, bromides and iodides (salts containing Cl-, Br-, or I-) are soluble except
when combined with Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+
4. All sulfates (salts containing SO42-) are soluble except those of Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Hg22+
and Ba2+

Insoluble Compounds
5. All metal hydroxide (ionic compounds containing OH-) and all metal oxides (ionic
compounds containing O2-) are insoluble except those of Group IA and of Ca2+, Sr2+ and
Ba2+
6. All salts that contain PO43-, CO32-, SO32- and S2- are insoluble, except those of Group
1A and NH4+

Note: for AP Chemistry you need to know that compounds of sodium, nitrates,
ammonium, and potassium are soluble (SNAP)

The quantitative study done in Grade 11 was focused on the solubility of salts, using
solubility curves. We determined solubility in g/L (solubility) or mol/L (molar solubility).

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Writing Reactions involving Solubility

Type I: Precipitation

Reactions involving the formation of a precipitate are double displacement reactions. Aqueous
solutions are reacting. Net ionic reactions are written by removing spectator ions. The solubility
rules are used to decide the solid product.

Molecular: AB(aq) + CD(aq) → AD(aq) + CB(s)

Net Ionic: C+(aq) + B-(aq) → CB(s)

Example
Solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide are mixed

1. Balanced reaction:

2. Ionic equation:

3. Net-ionic equation:

Type II: Solubility Equilibrium

A saturated solution is at equilibrium (dissolving and crystallizing at equal rates). These

equilibria are used to quantitatively study the solubility of slightly soluble salts (found to be solid
by the solubility rules). The reactions are written from the perspective of the salt dissolving
(breaking up into its ions).

Solubility Equilibrium: CB(s) ⇄ C+(aq) + B-(aq)

Example

Practice Questions

P.163a #57ab,61,63
P.663 #23

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Part 2: A Molecular View of the dissolution Process

Three types of interactions in the solution process:

• solvent-solvent interaction
• solute-solute interaction
• solvent-solute interaction

For simplicity, we think of the solution process as occurring in three distinct steps. The
intermolecular attractions that exist play a central role in deciding the ease with which the
solute dissolves.

Factors that affect the solubility of ionic compounds have to do with the strength of the
force holding the ions together (the Coulombic Force).

k q1 q 2
F= 2
r

smaller ions = less soluble (can pack more efficiently, stronger forces)
greater charges (CaCl2 vs NaCl) = less soluble (stronger forces)

In general: ionic compounds with smaller, more highly charged ions have a higher
lattice energy and are less soluble

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Hydration of ions in water

Chromatography AP Problem (see Zumdahl P. 441)

Read 11.2, AP Practice: AP 11A #2 – 5, 8 – 10, 14

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Part 3: Solubility Equilibria

All ionic compounds are soluble to some degree. There is no such thing as insoluble as
every substance dissolves to at least a very slight degree. One of the natural results of this
is limestone caves.

When an ionic solid dissolves in water, it dissociates to give the positive and negative
ions that make up the solid. These ions are hydrated, and are found in solution in the
same relative proportion as in the solid. As more solid dissolves, the concentration of the
ions increases. This build-up allows the reverse reaction, in which the ions crystallize out,
to have a greater possibility of occurring. Eventually, a situation is reached in which the
rate of dissolving is equal to the rate of crystallization. At this point, no more solid can
dissolve, and the solution is said to be saturated. A state of equilibrium has been reached
which can be recognized by a constant color for the solution (if it is coloured), or by a
constant mass left undissolved.

The solubility product constant, Ksp, for an ionic solid is given by the product of the
concentration of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving
reaction. For instance, the Ksp for silver chloride, AgCl , is given the equilibrium law for
the following equilibrium:

AgCl(s) ⇄ Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

Ksp= [Ag+][Cl-]

For a substance such as lead (II) iodide, the Ksp is given by

PbI2 (s) ⇄ Pb2+(aq) + 2I- (aq) Ksp= [Pb2+][I-]2

The Ksp expression gives the relationship between the ions in the saturated solution, and
therefore their maximum possible concentration without causing precipitation.

The following table provides a list of slightly soluble salts and their corresponding Ksp
values. Salts that are very soluble have a large Ksp value and are not listed here.

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Ksp represents the equilibrium concentrations for a saturated solution, it’s the point where
a precipitate is just about to form. When other concentration values are substituted in this
expression it is called a trial ion product (or simply, ion product, Q). Much like the
reaction quotient from before, we compare Q to K...

Q > Ksp precipitate forms

Q < Ksp no precipitate forms
Q = Ksp saturated solution

Molar solubility (mol/L) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of a saturated

solution.

Solubility (g/L) is the number of grams of solute dissolved in 1 L of a saturated solution

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Calculations Involving Ksp

1) Solubility → Ksp

The solubility of CuS is 8.9 × 10-19 mol/L at 25oC. Determine the Ksp.

2) Ksp → Solubility

Determine the molar solubility of Cu(OH)2. Find the Ksp in the table above.

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3) The value of Ksp for Zn(OH)2 is 7.7 x10-17 at 25oC. Determine the solubility (in g/L).

Predicting Precipitation Reactions

1) If 2.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH are added to 1.00 L of 0.100 M CaCl2, will a

precipitate form?

2) The value of Ksp for Zn(OH)2 is 7.7 x10-17 at 25oC. If 50.0mL of 0.100M Zn(NO3)2
is mixed with 50.0mL of 0.300M NaOH, will a precipitate form?

P.663a #27,29,31b,35,53

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Common Ion Effect and Solubility

The presence of a common ion decreases the solubility of the salt.

What is the molar solubility of AgBr in (a) pure water and (b) 0.0010 M NaBr?

pH and Solubility

● The presence of a common ion decreases solubility.

● Insoluble bases dissolve in acidic solutions

● Insoluble acids dissolve in basic solutions

Will the solubility of Cu(OH)2 in a basic solution be greater than or less than its solubility
in pure water?

Practice P.663b #43

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And the Problems on the next page!

Practice Problems
1.

2. Will a precipitate form when 10mL of 0.10M Ca(NO3)2 react with 10mL of 0.20M
Na3PO4? Include a visual representation of the scenario.

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