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CRYSTALLIZATION

1. The document provides sample problems and questions related to crystallization processes. 2. It gives information on solubility, crystallization yields, heat of crystallization, and operating parameters for crystallizers. 3. The questions cover topics like supersaturation, nucleation, crystallizer types, and calculating crystal yields from solutions.

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Ejay Cabangcala
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
491 views5 pages

CRYSTALLIZATION

1. The document provides sample problems and questions related to crystallization processes. 2. It gives information on solubility, crystallization yields, heat of crystallization, and operating parameters for crystallizers. 3. The questions cover topics like supersaturation, nucleation, crystallizer types, and calculating crystal yields from solutions.

Uploaded by

Ejay Cabangcala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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b. mother liquor d.

none of these
CRYSTALLIZATION
3. Solubility is defined as the maximum weight of anhydrous solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent. In the
food industry, the solvent is generally
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
a. brine c. water
b. hexane d. none of these
Sample Problem No. 1:
The HETP of a certain packed tower may be taken as 8 inches. A binary mixture with a constant relative volatility
4. If sodium chloride solution, at a temperature of 40°C, has a concentration of 50% when the solubility of
of 1.120 is to be separated in this unit. The tower is used as an enriching section, and the liquid concentration of
sodium chloride at this temperature is 36.6 g / 100 g water, calculate the quantity of sodium chloride crystals
the more volatile component in the still pot is maintained at a mole fraction of 0.15. If the tower is packed to a
that will form once crystallization has been started.
height of 15 ft, what is the maximum composition of distillate obtainable under any conditions?
a. 36.5 kg c. 63.4 g
b. 23.6 kg d. 46.1 g
Solution:
HETP = 8 inches = 0.6667 ft
5. What is the theoretical yield of crystals which may be obtained by cooling a solution containing 1000 kg of
N = z = 15 = 22.5
sodium sulfate in 5000 kg water to 283 K? The solubility of sodium sulfate at 283 K is 9 kg anhydrous
HETP 0.6667
salt/100 kg water and the deposited crystals will consist of the decahydrate (molecular mass = 322 kg/kmol). It
may be assumed that 2 per cent of the water will be lost by evaporation during cooling.
a. 1226 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O c. 1432 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O
xD = 0.71
b. 1591 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O d. 1709 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O

6. Which of the following is the main function of any crystallizer?


a. superheated solution c. pre-heated solution
b. supersaturation d. saturation

7. It is a result of rapid local fluctuations on a molecular scale in a homogenous phase?


a. crystallization c. primary nucleation
b. nucleation contact d. nucleation

8. A DTB crystallizer works on a principle of


QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
a. circulating magma crystallizer c. circulationg liquor crystallizer
b. cooling type crystallizer d. heating type crystallizer
1. Soluble components are removed from solution by adjusting the conditions so that the solution becomes ____
and excess solute crystallizes out in a pure form. 9. When a solution is cooled to produce a supersaturated solution and hence to cause crystallization, the heat
a. saturated c. unsaturated that must be removed is the sum of the _ necessary to cool the solution and the heat of crystallization.
b. supersaturated d. none of these a. heat of reaction c. enthalpy
b. sensible heat content d. heat of condensation
2. The equilibrium is established between the crystals and the surrounding solution, _.
a. organic matrix c. supersaturated solution
10. The heat of crystallization is the opposite of 17. In practice, slow cooling maintaining a low level of supersaturation produces _ crystals and fast cooling
a. heat of dilution c. heat of solution produces _crystals.
b. heat of vaporization d. heat of fusion a. small, large c. large, small
b. fine, coarse d. none of these
11. A substance capable of forming more than one different crystal is said to exhibit _
a. polymerism c. polycarbonism 18. What is the yield of sodium acetate crystals (CH 3COONa x 3H2O) obtainable from a vacuum crystallizer
b. polymorphism d. polycondensation operating at 1.33 kN/m2 when it is supplied with 0.56 kg/s of a 40% aqueous solution of the salt at 353 K? The
boiling point elevation of the solution is 11.5 deg K.
For numbers 12 to 15: Data:
Lactose syrup is concentrated to 8 g lactose per 10 g of water and then run into a crystallizing vat which Heat of crystallisation, q = 144 kJ/kg trihydrate
contains 2500 kg of the syrup. In this vat, containing 2500 kg of syrup, it is cooled from 57°C to 10°C. Lactose Heat capacity of the solution, Cp = 3.5 kJ/kg deg K
crystallizes with one molecule of water of crystallization. The specific heat of the lactose solution is 3470 J kg -
Latent heat of water at 1.33 kN/m2, λ = 2.46 MJ/kg
°C . The heat of solution for lactose monohydrate is -15,500 kJ mol . The molecular weight of lactose
- -
Boiling point of water at 1.33 kN/m2 = 290.7 K
monohydrate is 360 and the solubility of lactose at 10°C is 1.5 g / 10 g water. Assume that 1% of the water Solubility of sodium acetate at 290.7 K = 0.539 kg/kg water.
evaporates and that the heat loss through the vat walls is 4 x 10 kJ. Calculate the heat to be removed in the
4
a. 0.183 kg/s c. 0.157 kg/s
cooling process. b. 0.208 kg/s d. 0.264 kg/s

12. The heat of crystallization of the solution is For numbers 20 to 21:


a. -40.8 x 104 kJ c. -43.1 kJ /kg A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO 4 per 100 kg total water is cooled to 293.2 K,
b. -8675 kJ d. -3.14 x 10 kJ. 4
where MgSO4 x 7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO 4 per 100 kg total water.
The average heat capacity of the feed solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg-K and the heat of solution at
13. Sensible heat lost from solution is 291.2 K is -13.31 x 103 kJ/kgmol MgSO4 x7H2O.
a. 40.8 x 104 kJ c. 43.1 kJ /kg
b. 8675 kJ d. 3.14 x 104 kJ. 19. The yield of crystals
a. 1651.1 kg MgSO4 x 7H2O c. 616.9 kg MgSO4 x 7H2O
14. Total hydrated lactose crystallized out is b. 1025.2 kg MgSO4 x 7H2O d. none of these
a. 945 kg c. 139 kg
b. 13.9 kg d. 94.5 kg

15. Water evaporated is


a. 945 kg c. 139 kg 20. Determine the total heat absorbed assuming that no water is vaporized.
b. 13.9 kg d. 94.5 kg a. -33,312 kJ c. -261912 kJ
b. - 248240 kJ d) none of these
16. Heat removed by evaporation is
a. 40.8 x 104 kJ c. 43.1 kJ /kg 21. A tank holds 10,000 kg of a saturated Na 2CO3 at 30°C. You want to crystallize from this solution 3000 kg of
b. 8675 kJ d. 3.14 x 10 kJ.
4
Na2CO3 x10H2O without accompanying water. To what temperature must the solution be cooled?

Temperature, °C 10 20 30
Solubility, g/100g water 12.5 21.5 38.8
crystallizer is 25 BTU/h·ft2·°F and each foot of crystallizer has 3 sq ft of cooling surface. How many 10-ft units
a. 20oC c. 26oC of crystallizer will be required to produce 1 ton/h of Glauber’s Salt
b. 14 C
o
d. 100C a. 20 units c. 10 units
b. 30 units d. 40 units
22. A batch of seed crystals has the size distribution shown in the ff table. If in a crystallizer the seeds grow so that
the ΔD is 0.009 cm compute the quantity of the product per pound of seeds. For numbers 26 to 29:
Screen Analysis of Seed Crystals A salt solution weighing 10,000 kg with 30% wt Na 2CO3 is cooled to 293 K. the salt crystallizes as the
Mesh Differential Cumulative decahydrate. 18.
-14+20 0.028 0.028
-20+28 0.176 0.204 26. What will be the yield of Na 2CO3 x 10H2O crystals if the solubility is 21.5 kg anhydrous Na 2CO3 / 100 kg of
-28+35 0.293 0.497 total water? Assume that no water is evaporated.
-35+48 0.336 0.833 a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
-48+65 0.128 0.961 c. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg
-65 0.039 1.000
1.000 27. What will be the yield of Na 2CO3 x 10H2O crystals if the solubility is 21.5 kg anhydrous Na 2CO3 / 100 kg of
total water? Assume that 3% of the total weight of the solution is lost by evaporation of water in cooling.
a. 1.902 lb/lb of seeds c. 1.505 lb/lb of seeds a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
b. 1.345 lb/lb of seeds d. 1.897 lb/lb of seeds b. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg

23. CuSO4 x H2O containing 3.5% of a soluble impurity is dissolved continuously in sufficient water and recycled 28. What will be the amount of solution after crystallization?
mother liquor to make a saturated solution at 80°C. The solution is then cooled to 25°C and crystals of CuSO 4 a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
x 5H2O thereby obtained. These crystals carry 10% of their dry weight as adhering mother liquor. The crystals b. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg
are the dried to zero free water (CuSO 4 x 5H2O). The allowable impurity in the product is 0.6%. Calculate the
percentage recovery of copper sulfate, assuming that the mother liquor not recycled is discarded. The
solubility of CuSO4 x 5H2O at 80°C is 120 g per 100 g of free H2O and at 25°C is 40 g per 100 g of free H2O.
a. 90.2% c. 92.1%
b. 91.2% d. 92.0%

29. A solution containing 23% by mass of sodium phosphate is cooled from 313 to 298 K in a Swenson-Walker
24. Agitator is provided in a crystallizer for Crystallizer to form crystals of Na 3PO4 x12H2O. The solubility of Na3PO4 (mw is 163.97) at 298 K is 15.5 kg
a. avoiding deposition on cooler surfaces c. formation of nuclei per 100 kg water and the required product rate of crystals is 0.063 kg/s. The mean heat capacity of the
b. crystal growth d. all (a), (b) and (c) solution is 3.2 kJ/kg-K and the heat of crystallization is 146.5 kJ/kg. If cooling water enters and leaves at 288
and 293 K, respectively and the overall coefficient of heat transfer is 140 W/m 2-K, what length of crystallizer
25. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 40 parts Na 2SO4 per 100 parts of water at 30°C, and 13.5 parts at 15°C. is required assuming that the area available is typically 1 m 2/m length of exchanger required?
The latent heat of crystallization (liberated when crystals form) is 18,000 g-cal per gmol Na 2SO4. Glauber’s a. 7.5 m c. 9.2 m
salt (Na2SO4 x 10H2O) is to be made in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer by cooling a solution, saturated at 30°C, b. 8.0 m d. 10 m
to 15°C. Cooling water enters at 10°C and leaves at 20°C. The over-all heat transfer coefficient in the
30. Crystals of CaCl2 x 6H2O are to be obtained from a solution of 35 weight % CaCl 2, 10 weight % inert soluble a. 123oF c. 150oF
impurity, and 55 weight % water in an Oslo crystallizer. The solution is fed to the crystallizer at 100°F and b. 167oF d. 130oF
receives 250 BTU/lb of feed from the external heater. Products are withdrawn from the crystallizer at 40°F.
a. 91% c. 94% 2. Calculate the feed rate.
b. 87% d. 89% a. 65357 kg/hr c. 59542 kg/hr
b. 66789 kg/hr d. 56537 kg/hr

3. What is the rate of evaporation?


a. 3017 lb/h c. 2567 lb/h
ANSWERS
b. 4357 lb/h d. 2017 lb/h

1. b 16. d 4. Assuming that the rate of the heterogeneous nucleation of the potassium chloride is consistent with an
2. b 17. c apparent interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm 2, determine the nucleation rate as a function of s at a temperature
3. c 18. a of 80oF.
4. c 19. c a. 0.045 c. 0.025
5. c 20. c b. 0.035 d. 0.067
6. b 21. c
7. c 22. a For numbers 5 to 7:
8. a 23. c A solution of 32.5% MgSO4 originally at 150°F is to be crystallized in a vacuum adiabatic crystallizer to give a
9. b 24. d product containing 4,000 lb/h of MgSO 4 x7H2O crystals from 10,000 lb/h of feed. The solution boiling point
10. c 25. b rise is estimated at 10°F.
11. b 26. d
12. c 27. b 5. Determine the product temperature.
13. a 28. b a. 60oF c. 50oF
14. a 29. c b. 40oF d. 30oF
15. b 30. a
6. Determine the operating pressure.
a. 0.16 psi c. 0.11 psi
b. 0.13 psi d. 0.18 psi
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the weight ratio of mother liquor to crystalline product.
For number 1 to 3: a. 1.32 c. 2.68
A continous vaccum crystallizer is fed with a 31% MgSO 4 solution. The equilibrium temperature of the b. 2.41 d. 1.57
magma in the crystallizer is 86 F and the boiling point elevation of the solution is 2 F. A product magma
o o

containing 5 tons of MgSO4 x 7H2O per hour is obtained. The volume ratio of solid to magma is 0.15; the For numbers 8 to 10:
densities of the crystals and the mother liquor are 105 and 82.5 lb/ft respectively.
3
Sal soda (Na2CO3 x 10H2O) is to be made by dissolving soda ash in a mixture of mother liquor and water to
form a 30% solution by weight at 45°C and then cooling to 15°C. The wet crystals removed from the mother
1. What is the temperature of the feed? liquor consist of 90% sal soda and 10% mother liquor by weight. The mother liquor is to be dried on the
crystals as additional sal soda. The remainder of the mother liquor is to be returned to the dissolving tanks. At
15°C, the solubility of Na2CO3 is 14.2 parts per 100 parts water. Crystallization is to be done in a Swenson-
Walker crystallizer. This is to be supplied with water at 10°C, and sufficient cooling water is to be used to
ensure that the exit water will not be over 20°C. The Swenson-walker crystallizer is built in units 10 ft long,
containing 3 ft2 of heating surface per foot of length. An over-all heat transfer coefficient of 35 BTU/ft2·h·°F
is expected. The latent heat of crystallization of sal soda at 15°C is approximately 25,000 cal/mol. The specific
heat of the solution is 0.85 BTU/lb·°F. A production of 1 ton/h of dried crystals is desired. Radiation losses and
evaporation from the crystallizer are negligible.

8. What amount of sal soda is to be added to the dissolver per hour?


a. 1400 c. 892
b. 741 d. 530

9. How many units of crystallizer are needed?


a. 19 c. 12
b. 15 d. 14

10. What is to be the capacity of the refrigeration plant, in tons of refrigeration, if the cooling water is to be
cooled and recycled? One ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 BTU
a. 36.65 b. 41.45
b. 27.85 d. 15.95

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