CRYSTALLIZATION
CRYSTALLIZATION
none of these
CRYSTALLIZATION
3. Solubility is defined as the maximum weight of anhydrous solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent. In the
food industry, the solvent is generally
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
a. brine c. water
b. hexane d. none of these
Sample Problem No. 1:
The HETP of a certain packed tower may be taken as 8 inches. A binary mixture with a constant relative volatility
4. If sodium chloride solution, at a temperature of 40°C, has a concentration of 50% when the solubility of
of 1.120 is to be separated in this unit. The tower is used as an enriching section, and the liquid concentration of
sodium chloride at this temperature is 36.6 g / 100 g water, calculate the quantity of sodium chloride crystals
the more volatile component in the still pot is maintained at a mole fraction of 0.15. If the tower is packed to a
that will form once crystallization has been started.
height of 15 ft, what is the maximum composition of distillate obtainable under any conditions?
a. 36.5 kg c. 63.4 g
b. 23.6 kg d. 46.1 g
Solution:
HETP = 8 inches = 0.6667 ft
5. What is the theoretical yield of crystals which may be obtained by cooling a solution containing 1000 kg of
N = z = 15 = 22.5
sodium sulfate in 5000 kg water to 283 K? The solubility of sodium sulfate at 283 K is 9 kg anhydrous
HETP 0.6667
salt/100 kg water and the deposited crystals will consist of the decahydrate (molecular mass = 322 kg/kmol). It
may be assumed that 2 per cent of the water will be lost by evaporation during cooling.
a. 1226 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O c. 1432 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O
xD = 0.71
b. 1591 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O d. 1709 kg Na2SO4 x 10H2O
Temperature, °C 10 20 30
Solubility, g/100g water 12.5 21.5 38.8
crystallizer is 25 BTU/h·ft2·°F and each foot of crystallizer has 3 sq ft of cooling surface. How many 10-ft units
a. 20oC c. 26oC of crystallizer will be required to produce 1 ton/h of Glauber’s Salt
b. 14 C
o
d. 100C a. 20 units c. 10 units
b. 30 units d. 40 units
22. A batch of seed crystals has the size distribution shown in the ff table. If in a crystallizer the seeds grow so that
the ΔD is 0.009 cm compute the quantity of the product per pound of seeds. For numbers 26 to 29:
Screen Analysis of Seed Crystals A salt solution weighing 10,000 kg with 30% wt Na 2CO3 is cooled to 293 K. the salt crystallizes as the
Mesh Differential Cumulative decahydrate. 18.
-14+20 0.028 0.028
-20+28 0.176 0.204 26. What will be the yield of Na 2CO3 x 10H2O crystals if the solubility is 21.5 kg anhydrous Na 2CO3 / 100 kg of
-28+35 0.293 0.497 total water? Assume that no water is evaporated.
-35+48 0.336 0.833 a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
-48+65 0.128 0.961 c. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg
-65 0.039 1.000
1.000 27. What will be the yield of Na 2CO3 x 10H2O crystals if the solubility is 21.5 kg anhydrous Na 2CO3 / 100 kg of
total water? Assume that 3% of the total weight of the solution is lost by evaporation of water in cooling.
a. 1.902 lb/lb of seeds c. 1.505 lb/lb of seeds a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
b. 1.345 lb/lb of seeds d. 1.897 lb/lb of seeds b. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg
23. CuSO4 x H2O containing 3.5% of a soluble impurity is dissolved continuously in sufficient water and recycled 28. What will be the amount of solution after crystallization?
mother liquor to make a saturated solution at 80°C. The solution is then cooled to 25°C and crystals of CuSO 4 a. 3070 kg c. 3630 kg
x 5H2O thereby obtained. These crystals carry 10% of their dry weight as adhering mother liquor. The crystals b. 6630 kg d. 6370 kg
are the dried to zero free water (CuSO 4 x 5H2O). The allowable impurity in the product is 0.6%. Calculate the
percentage recovery of copper sulfate, assuming that the mother liquor not recycled is discarded. The
solubility of CuSO4 x 5H2O at 80°C is 120 g per 100 g of free H2O and at 25°C is 40 g per 100 g of free H2O.
a. 90.2% c. 92.1%
b. 91.2% d. 92.0%
29. A solution containing 23% by mass of sodium phosphate is cooled from 313 to 298 K in a Swenson-Walker
24. Agitator is provided in a crystallizer for Crystallizer to form crystals of Na 3PO4 x12H2O. The solubility of Na3PO4 (mw is 163.97) at 298 K is 15.5 kg
a. avoiding deposition on cooler surfaces c. formation of nuclei per 100 kg water and the required product rate of crystals is 0.063 kg/s. The mean heat capacity of the
b. crystal growth d. all (a), (b) and (c) solution is 3.2 kJ/kg-K and the heat of crystallization is 146.5 kJ/kg. If cooling water enters and leaves at 288
and 293 K, respectively and the overall coefficient of heat transfer is 140 W/m 2-K, what length of crystallizer
25. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 40 parts Na 2SO4 per 100 parts of water at 30°C, and 13.5 parts at 15°C. is required assuming that the area available is typically 1 m 2/m length of exchanger required?
The latent heat of crystallization (liberated when crystals form) is 18,000 g-cal per gmol Na 2SO4. Glauber’s a. 7.5 m c. 9.2 m
salt (Na2SO4 x 10H2O) is to be made in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer by cooling a solution, saturated at 30°C, b. 8.0 m d. 10 m
to 15°C. Cooling water enters at 10°C and leaves at 20°C. The over-all heat transfer coefficient in the
30. Crystals of CaCl2 x 6H2O are to be obtained from a solution of 35 weight % CaCl 2, 10 weight % inert soluble a. 123oF c. 150oF
impurity, and 55 weight % water in an Oslo crystallizer. The solution is fed to the crystallizer at 100°F and b. 167oF d. 130oF
receives 250 BTU/lb of feed from the external heater. Products are withdrawn from the crystallizer at 40°F.
a. 91% c. 94% 2. Calculate the feed rate.
b. 87% d. 89% a. 65357 kg/hr c. 59542 kg/hr
b. 66789 kg/hr d. 56537 kg/hr
1. b 16. d 4. Assuming that the rate of the heterogeneous nucleation of the potassium chloride is consistent with an
2. b 17. c apparent interfacial tension of 2.5 ergs/cm 2, determine the nucleation rate as a function of s at a temperature
3. c 18. a of 80oF.
4. c 19. c a. 0.045 c. 0.025
5. c 20. c b. 0.035 d. 0.067
6. b 21. c
7. c 22. a For numbers 5 to 7:
8. a 23. c A solution of 32.5% MgSO4 originally at 150°F is to be crystallized in a vacuum adiabatic crystallizer to give a
9. b 24. d product containing 4,000 lb/h of MgSO 4 x7H2O crystals from 10,000 lb/h of feed. The solution boiling point
10. c 25. b rise is estimated at 10°F.
11. b 26. d
12. c 27. b 5. Determine the product temperature.
13. a 28. b a. 60oF c. 50oF
14. a 29. c b. 40oF d. 30oF
15. b 30. a
6. Determine the operating pressure.
a. 0.16 psi c. 0.11 psi
b. 0.13 psi d. 0.18 psi
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the weight ratio of mother liquor to crystalline product.
For number 1 to 3: a. 1.32 c. 2.68
A continous vaccum crystallizer is fed with a 31% MgSO 4 solution. The equilibrium temperature of the b. 2.41 d. 1.57
magma in the crystallizer is 86 F and the boiling point elevation of the solution is 2 F. A product magma
o o
containing 5 tons of MgSO4 x 7H2O per hour is obtained. The volume ratio of solid to magma is 0.15; the For numbers 8 to 10:
densities of the crystals and the mother liquor are 105 and 82.5 lb/ft respectively.
3
Sal soda (Na2CO3 x 10H2O) is to be made by dissolving soda ash in a mixture of mother liquor and water to
form a 30% solution by weight at 45°C and then cooling to 15°C. The wet crystals removed from the mother
1. What is the temperature of the feed? liquor consist of 90% sal soda and 10% mother liquor by weight. The mother liquor is to be dried on the
crystals as additional sal soda. The remainder of the mother liquor is to be returned to the dissolving tanks. At
15°C, the solubility of Na2CO3 is 14.2 parts per 100 parts water. Crystallization is to be done in a Swenson-
Walker crystallizer. This is to be supplied with water at 10°C, and sufficient cooling water is to be used to
ensure that the exit water will not be over 20°C. The Swenson-walker crystallizer is built in units 10 ft long,
containing 3 ft2 of heating surface per foot of length. An over-all heat transfer coefficient of 35 BTU/ft2·h·°F
is expected. The latent heat of crystallization of sal soda at 15°C is approximately 25,000 cal/mol. The specific
heat of the solution is 0.85 BTU/lb·°F. A production of 1 ton/h of dried crystals is desired. Radiation losses and
evaporation from the crystallizer are negligible.
10. What is to be the capacity of the refrigeration plant, in tons of refrigeration, if the cooling water is to be
cooled and recycled? One ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 BTU
a. 36.65 b. 41.45
b. 27.85 d. 15.95