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Dynamics (Linear Impulse and Momentum)

1) Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object. It is calculated as the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity. 2) Impulse is the change in an object's momentum due to an applied force. It is equal to the force applied over time. 3) The total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum.

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16 views4 pages

Dynamics (Linear Impulse and Momentum)

1) Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object. It is calculated as the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity. 2) Impulse is the change in an object's momentum due to an applied force. It is equal to the force applied over time. 3) The total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it, according to the law of conservation of momentum.

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Yadana
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Linear Impulse and Momentum

Impulse and Momentum

Momentum
Assume there’s a car speeding toward you, out of control without its brakes, at a speed of 27 m/s (60 mph).
Can you stop it by standing in front of it and holding out your hand? Why not?

Unless you’re Superman, you probably don’t want to try stopping a moving car by holding out your hand.
It’s too big, and it’s moving way too fast. Attempting such a feat would result in a number of physics
demonstrations upon your body, all of which would hurt. You can’t stop the car because it has too much
momentum. Momentum is a vector quantity, given the symbol p, which measures how hard it is to stop a
moving object. Of course, larger objects have more momentum than smaller objects, and faster objects have
more momentum than slower objects.


The momentum “ P ” of a body of mass m moving with velocity v is
 
p  m v

Momentum is a vector quantity. The unit of momentum is kg.m/s2 in SI Unit and slug.ft/s2 in imperial unit.

MIET7296 Apply Scientific Principles and Techniques

College of Science, Engineering and Health Class Notes Prepared by Yadana Wai

School of Engineering (TAFE) 1


In most problem-solving situations, a change in momentum results from the change in velocity. If the mass
of a particle is constant, then
  
 p  (m v )  m v
 
 
From Newton’s second law,  F  m a  m  v   P . The rate of change of momentum of an object is
t t
equal to the net force acting on it. This is a restatement of Newton’s second law in terms of momentum. This
form of the second law corresponds to Newton’s original formulation, and it also holds for changing mass.

Example 1: Determine the momentum of a 5.0 kg bowling ball rolling with a velocity of 3.5 m/s [North]
toward a set of bowling pins.

Example 2: A body A of mass 5kg moves to the right with a velocity of 4 m/s. A body B of mass 3 kg moves to
the left with a velocity of 8 m/s. Calculate
(i) The momentum of A
(ii) The momentum of B
(iii) The total momentum of A and B

Example 3: What is the mass of a car that is travelling with a velocity of 28 m/s[West] and a momentum of
4.2 × 104 kg · m/s [West]?

Impulse and momentum


As you can see, momentum can change, and a change in momentum is known as an impulse. The concepts
of impulse and momentum are very closely related, even though we speak of the impulse of a force of a
mass. Forces for which impulses are calculated usually act for only very short lengths of time, for example
the blow of a hammer, an explosion, or the impact of a cue on a billiard ball. The impulse of a force is
calculated from the following relationship:
  
Impulse " I "   F  t   P  m v
The vector quantity impulse is represented by a capital I, and since it's a change in momentum, its units are
the same as those for momentum, [kg.m/s], and can also be written as a Newton-second [N.s] in SI Unit.

Example 4: A force of 20N acts on a body of mass 500g for 3 seconds. What change in momentum is
produced in the body?

Example 5: Assume a D3A bomber, which had a momentum of 3.6×105 kg.m/s, comes to a halt on the
ground. What impulse is applied?

MIET7296 Apply Scientific Principles and Techniques

College of Science, Engineering and Health Class Notes Prepared by Yadana Wai

School of Engineering (TAFE) 2


Example 6: The rocket engine of a missile ejects 200kg of exhaust gases per second at a speed of 1000m/s
relative to the engine. Calculate the thrust of the rocket engine when the missile is travelling at 300 m/s.

MIET7296 Apply Scientific Principles and Techniques

College of Science, Engineering and Health Class Notes Prepared by Yadana Wai

School of Engineering (TAFE) 3


Conservaation of moomentum
The conceppt of momeentum is parrticularly im
mportant beccause, if no net externaal force acts on a system
m, the
total momeentum of the system is a conservedd quantity.

omentum bbefore  mo
mo omentum after
a
   
m1 v1  m 2 v 2  m1 v1 ' m1 v 2 ' if  Fext  0

Example 77: A man driiving a car of o mass 1.5 tonnes seess a track ah head and bra rakes hard. His
H wheels lock and
he slides innto the truckk at 25 km/h
h. If the trucck has a ma
ass of 8 tonnnes and wass travelling at 10 km/h in the
same direcction as the car at the tiime, what w would be thee final veloccity of the tw
wo vehicles if they lockked
bumper baars on impacct?

Reference::
Introductioon to Engineeering Mechhanics - Schhlenker/McKern
http://www w.wellesley..edu/Physics/phyllisflem
mingphysiccs/107_o_m
momentum.hhtml
http://uccppbank.k12hssn.org/coursses/APPhyssicsCI/coursse%20files/rreadings/lessson11study
ysheet.pdf

MIET72
296 Apply Scien
ntific Principles and
a Techniquess

ence, Engineering and Health


College of Scie Class N
Notes Preppared by Yadan
na Wai

School of Engiineering (TAFE)) 4

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