International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research

and Science (IJAERS)

Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Vol-10, Issue-12; Dec, 2023
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/
Article DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.1012.4

Fixed Point Results for Single-valued Mappings on a Set

with Two Metrics using a Dass Gupta-type Bilateral
Contraction
Amber Saeed1, Jawad Ahmed1, Muqddas Shabbir1 Muhammad Umair1, Hossain MD
Sabbir2, Shimul Paul2, Mohammad Arfan2, Sheikh Muktadirul Houqe2, Hossain Anowar2
1International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China

Received: 15 Oct 2023, Abstract— The purpose of this paper is to explore some new fixed point
Receive in revised form: 22 Nov 2023, results using a bilateral contraction. The first thing we need to do is recall
the work on fixed-point results that have been done in different research
Accepted: 01 Dec 2023,
papers. By combining the results of two papers, the first was by Rus [12],
Available online: 08 Dec 2023 which discussed different fixed point results on a set with two metrics, and
©2023 The Author(s). Published by AI the second was by Chen [4], which used bilateral contractions to prove
Publication. This is an open access article different fixed point results. In this paper, we present new results for single-
under the CC BY license valued mappings on a single set with two metrics. In order to accomplish all
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). of this, a bilateral contraction of the type used by Dass Gupta has been used.

Keywords— bilateral contractions, Dass

Gupta-type bilateral contraction, fixed point
results, a set with two metrics

NTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARIES in 1981 proved a fixed point theorem in two metrics.
In a variety of branches of mathematics, fixed point theory Kaneko and Sessa [8], in 1989, established an idea about a
provides important aspects to solve problems. During the fixed point theorem for contractive single and multivalued
last five decades, fixed point theory has grown in popularity mappings. Takahashi [13], in 1996, introduced a fixed point
[1]. A metric space is a non-empty set with metric (or of the multivalued mappings in convex metric spaces.
distance function) defined on it. There is much use of metric Muresan [11], in 2007, gave some results about the fixed
spaces in different fields and applications, so it is expanded point theorem of Maia and expressed how to use these
in many ways [2] [3] [5] [9] [16]. In [6] Zhang and Huang results in the sets with two metrics. Joonaghany and
explained cone metric spaces. They briefly explained Karapinar [4], in 2019, enhanced the composition by
Banach's fixed point theorem for such spaces. Banach's combining the execution of results of two bilateral
fixed point theorem explains the conditions for the contractions; which includes Dass Gupta-type bilateral
uniqueness of fixed points. contraction. Stinson, Almuthaybiri and Tisdell [15], in
2020, described a notation about the development of fixed
Maia [10], in 1968 investigated the famous result of the
point theorems in a set containing two metrics with the help
Banach contraction principle using two metrics on a non-
of iterated method.
empty set. Iseki [7], in 1975 described a fixed point theorem
in a metric space. Rus [12], in 1977 proved a fixed point
theorem in a set containing two metrics. Sigh and Pant [14],

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Saeed et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 10(12)-2023

As we begin, we define a Dass Gupta-type bilateral contraction, which is cited in a well-known paper by Chen [4].
Definition 1. Let (𝑆 , 𝜌) be a non-empty set. The function 𝐹 ∶ 𝑆 → 𝑆 is called Dass Gupta-type bilateral contraction, if there
is a 𝜙 ∶ 𝑆 → [0 , ∞) such that for all distinct 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆
𝜌(𝑢 , 𝐹𝑢) > 0
implies
[1 + 𝜌(𝑢 , 𝐹𝑢)] ⋅ 𝜌(𝑣 , 𝐹𝑣)
𝜌(𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢)] ⋅ max {𝜌(𝑢 , 𝑣) , }
1 + 𝜌(𝑢 , 𝑣)

Firstly, suppose that max{𝜌(𝑢 , 𝑣) , 𝜌(𝑣 , 𝐹𝑣)} = 𝜌(𝑢 , 𝑣) then take a set with two metrics, and we make the new result,
which is:

Theorem 1. Let 𝑆 be a non-empty set. Suppose 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 be two metrics on 𝑆 and 𝐹 ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) be a function. If
there is a 𝜙 ∶ 𝑆 → [0 , ∞) and for all 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆
(a) 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
(b) (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) is a complete metric space
(c) 𝐹 ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) is continuous
(d) ∃ 𝜇 ∈ (0 ,1) we have 𝜌2 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
Then 𝐹 has a unique fixed point.
Proof. We prove the theorem by the iterative method. For any 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆, let
𝑢0 = 𝑢
𝑢1 = 𝐹𝑢0
𝑢2 = 𝐹𝑢1
………
………
………
𝑢𝑝 = 𝐹𝑢𝑝−1
where 𝑝 ∈ ℕ.
This implies that {𝑢𝑝 } converges in 𝑆.
If 𝑢𝑝 = 𝐹𝑢𝑝 then our theorem has been proved.
Suppose 𝑢𝑝 ≠ 𝐹𝑢𝑝 . Then for any distinct 𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 ∈ 𝑆 , let 𝜏𝑝 = 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 ) then by the given condition
𝜏𝑝+1 = 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
= 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝐹𝑢𝑝 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝−1 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
= [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 − 1) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
It follows
𝜌1 (𝑢1 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
≤ 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
0< ≤ 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
0 < 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )

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Saeed et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 10(12)-2023

𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) > 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )

We conclude that the sequence {𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )} is not only strictly decreasing but also necessarily positive. So {𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )} converges to
some limit 𝑙 ≥ 0.
Now for each 𝑝 ∈ ℕ we have
𝑝 𝑝
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
∑ ≤ ∑[𝜙(𝑢𝑖−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑖 )]
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑖−1 , 𝑢𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

≤ [𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢1 )] + [𝜙(𝑢1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢2 )] + ⋯ + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )]

≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢1 ) + 𝜙(𝑢1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢2 ) + 𝜙(𝑢2 ) + ⋯ − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) + 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
If 𝑝 → ∞ then 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) → 𝑙
𝑝
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
∑ ≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝑙 < ∞
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑖−1 , 𝑢𝑖 )
𝑖=1
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )
In other words, we can say ∑∞
𝑖=1 is a finite positive number.
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 ,𝑢𝑝 )

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )
By induction, is bounded in (0 , 1), then there exists some 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) we have
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 ,𝑢𝑝 )

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
≤𝜇
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 ) ≤ 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
≤ 𝜇 2 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−2 , 𝑢𝑝−1 )
≤ 𝜇 3 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−3 , 𝑢𝑝−2 )
………
………
………
𝑝
≤ 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )
Now, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ with 𝑝 < 𝑞 such that
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 ) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑞−1 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−2 , 𝑢𝑞−2 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 2 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−3 , 𝑢𝑞−3 )
………
………
………
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 𝑝−1 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢𝑞−𝑝 )
Since, 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) is strictly decreasing, then [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )] is very small and 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) then we can conclude that
[𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 𝑝−1 < 𝜖 then
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 ) < 𝜖 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢𝑞−𝑝 )
<𝜖
This implies that {𝑢𝑝 } is the Cauchy sequence.
Since 𝑆 is complete. By the continuity of ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) , for any 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆

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𝑢0 = lim [𝐹 𝑝 (𝑢0 )]
𝑝→∞

= lim [𝐹. 𝐹 𝑝−1 (𝑢0 )]

𝑝→∞

= 𝐹 ( lim [𝐹 𝑝−1 (𝑢0 )])

𝑝→∞

= 𝐹(𝑢0 )
Thus, 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆 is a fixed point of 𝐹.
Suppose 𝑣0 ∈ 𝑆 is another fixed point of 𝐹, then
𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) = 𝜌(𝐹𝑢0 , 𝐹𝑣0 )
≤ 𝑢 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 )
(1 − 𝜇) ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) ≤ 0
𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) = 0
𝑢0 = 𝑣0
Hence, 𝑢0 is a unique fixed point of 𝐹.

By applying some more conditions to the above theorem, we make a new result. More conditions were taken from the paper
by Rus [12].

Theorem 2. Let 𝑆 be a non-empty set. Suppose 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 be two metrics on 𝑆 and 𝐹 , 𝐹𝑝 ∶ 𝑆 → 𝑆 be the functions. If for all
𝑢 , 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 such that
(a) (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) , (𝑆 , 𝜌2 ) and 𝐹 satisfy the hypothesis of Theorem 1
(b) The sequence 𝐹𝑝 uniformly converges on (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) to 𝐹
(c) ∃ 𝜆 > 0 we have 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣) ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
Then for every 𝑢𝑝 ∈ 𝑆, sequence {𝑢𝑝 } converges to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 of 𝐹.
Proof. We prove that every sequence {𝑢𝑝 } ⊆ 𝑆 converges to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆. Since for some 𝑝 ∈ ℕ
𝐹 𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝑢𝑝
Now,

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) = 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜌1 (𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )]𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 )

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )]𝜇𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 )

Since
[𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )]𝜇𝜆 < 1
=> [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )]𝜇𝜆 → 0
=> [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )]𝜇𝜆 < 𝜖
Then

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 )

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(1 − 𝜖) ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))

≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜌1 (𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))]

≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 ))]

It is given that 𝐹𝑝 uniformly converges to 𝐹 in metric 𝜌1 , then 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) → 0 and 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 )) → 0 as
𝑝 → ∞. Thus

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 ))] → 0

It means
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) → 0
as 𝑝 → ∞.
Hence, {𝑢𝑝 } converges in (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 of 𝐹.

[1+𝜌(𝑢 ,𝐹𝑢)]⋅𝜌(𝑣 ,𝐹𝑣)

Now, suppose in the definition-1, if max{𝜌(𝑢 , 𝑣) , 𝜌(𝑣 , 𝐹𝑣)} = then one more new result is generated.
1+𝜌(𝑢 ,𝑣)

Theorem 3 Let 𝑆 be a non-empty set. Suppose 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 be two metrics on 𝑆 and 𝐹 ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) be a function. If
there is a 𝜙 ∶ 𝑆 → [0 , ∞) and for all 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 such that
[1+𝜌2 (𝑢 ,𝐹𝑢)]⋅𝜌2 (𝑣 ,𝐹𝑣)
(a) 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢)] ⋅
1+𝜌2 (𝑢 ,𝑣)
(b) (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) is a complete metric space
(c) 𝐹 ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) is continuous
(d) ∃ 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) we have 𝜌2 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
Then 𝐹 has a unique fixed point.
Proof. We prove the theorem by the iterative method. For any 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆, let
𝑢0 = 𝑢
𝑢1 = 𝐹𝑢0
𝑢2 = 𝐹𝑢1
………
………
………
𝑢𝑝 = 𝐹𝑢𝑝−1
where 𝑝 ∈ ℕ.
This implies that {𝑢𝑝 } converges in 𝑆.
If 𝑢𝑝 = 𝐹𝑢𝑝 then our theorem has been proved.
Suppose 𝑢𝑝 ≠ 𝐹𝑢𝑝 . Then for any distinct 𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 ∈ 𝑆, let 𝜏𝑝 = 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 ) then by the given condition
𝜏𝑝+1 = 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
= 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝐹𝑢𝑝 )
[1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝐹𝑢𝑝−1 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝐹𝑢𝑝 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝−1 )] ⋅
1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )

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[1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )

≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅
1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
It follows
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
≤ 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
0< ≤ 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
0 < 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) > 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
We conclude that the sequence {𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )} is not only strictly decreasing but also necessarily positive. So {𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )} converges to
some limit 𝑙 ≥ 0.
Now for each 𝑝 ∈ ℕ we have
𝑝 𝑝
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
∑ ≤ ∑[𝜙(𝑢𝑖−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑖 )]
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

≤ [𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢1 )] + [𝜙(𝑢1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢2 )] + ⋯ + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )]

≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢1 ) + 𝜙(𝑢1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢2 ) + 𝜙(𝑢2 ) + ⋯ − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) + 𝜙(𝑢𝑝−1 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 )
If 𝑝 → ∞ then 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) → 𝑙
𝑝
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
∑ ≤ 𝜙(𝑢0 ) − 𝑙 < ∞
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑖+1 )
𝑖=1
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )
In other words, we can say ∑∞
𝑖=1 is a finite positive number.
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )
By induction, is bounded in (0 , 1), then there exists some 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) we have
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 ,𝑢𝑝+1 )

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
≤𝜇
𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 ) ≤ 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑝+1 )
≤ 𝜇 2 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑝 )
≤ 𝜇 3 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−2 , 𝑢𝑝−1 )
………
………
………
𝑝+1
≤𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )
Now, for each 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ with 𝑝 < 𝑞 such that
[1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝐹𝑢𝑞 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝐹𝑢𝑞 )
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 ) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢𝑝 )] ⋅
1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 )
[1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞+1 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞+1 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )] ⋅
1 + 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 )

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≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞+1 )

≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 2 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢𝑝−1 , 𝑢𝑞 )
………
………
………
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 𝑝 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢1 , 𝑢𝑞−𝑝+2 )
≤ [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 𝑝+1 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢𝑞−𝑝+1 )
Since, 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) is strictly decreasing, then [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )] is very small and 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) then we can conclude that
[𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 𝑝+1 < 𝜖 then
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢𝑞 ) < 𝜖 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑢𝑞−𝑝+1 )
<𝜖
This implies that {𝑢𝑝 } is the Cauchy sequence.
Since 𝑆 is complete. By the continuity of ∶ (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) → (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) , for any 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆
𝑢0 = lim [𝐹 𝑝 (𝑢0 )]
𝑝→∞

= lim [𝐹. 𝐹 𝑝−1 (𝑢0 )]

𝑝→∞

= 𝐹 ( lim [𝐹 𝑝−1 (𝑢0 )])

𝑝→∞

= 𝐹(𝑢0 )
Thus, 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆 is a fixed point of 𝐹.
Suppose 𝑣0 ∈ 𝑆 is another fixed point of 𝐹, then
𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) = 𝜌(𝐹𝑢0 , 𝐹𝑣0 )
≤ 𝑢 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 )
(1 − 𝜇) ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) ≤ 0
𝜌2 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) = 0
𝑢0 = 𝑣0
Hence, 𝑢0 is a unique fixed point of 𝐹.

Similarly, by applying some more conditions to the above result, we make a new result.

Theorem 4. Let 𝑆 be a non-empty set. Suppose 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 be two metrics on 𝑆 and 𝐹 , 𝐹𝑝 ∶ 𝑆 → 𝑆 be the functions. If for all
𝑢 , 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 such that
(a) (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) , (𝑆 , 𝜌2 ) and 𝐹 satisfy the hypothesis of Theorem 3
(b) The sequence 𝐹𝑝 uniformly converges on (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) to 𝐹
(c) ∃ 𝜆 > 0 we have 𝜌2 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
Then for every 𝑢𝑝 ∈ 𝑆, sequence {𝑢𝑝 } converges to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 of 𝐹.
Proof. We prove that every sequence {𝑢𝑝 } ⊆ 𝑆 converges to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑆. Since for some 𝑝 ∈ ℕ
𝐹 𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝑢𝑝
Now,

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) = 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

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≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜌1 (𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢0 ))

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝐹𝑢𝑝 , 𝐹𝑢0 )

≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 )

Since 𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) is strictly decreasing then [𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )] is very small and 𝜇 ∈ (0 , 1) then we conclude that
[𝜙(𝑢𝑝 ) − 𝜙(𝑢𝑝+1 )]𝜇𝜆 < 𝜖 then

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 )

(1 − 𝜖) ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))

≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜌1 (𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 2 (𝑢𝑝 ))]

≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹. 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 ))]

It is given that 𝐹𝑝 uniformly converges to 𝐹 in metric 𝜌1 , then 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) → 0 and 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 )) → 0 as
𝑝 → ∞. This implies that

𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) ≤ (1 − 𝜖)−1 ⋅ [𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝2 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 )) + 𝜖1 ⋅ 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑝 (𝑢𝑝 ) , 𝐹(𝑢𝑝 ))] → 0

It means
𝜌1 (𝑢𝑝 , 𝑢0 ) → 0
as 𝑝 → ∞.
Hence, {𝑢𝑝 } converges in (𝑆 , 𝜌1 ) to a unique fixed point 𝑢0 of 𝐹.

By the above theorems, we proved the new fixed point results on a set with two metrics using the idea of a bilateral
contraction. Now, we will take an example, which helps us to prove the inequalities, which we used in the above results and
disprove the other contraction inequalities.

Example 1. Let 𝑆 = {0 , 1 , 2} endowed with the metric 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 defined for all 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢=𝑣
𝜌1 (𝑢 , 𝑣) = { and 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣) = |𝑢 − 𝑣|
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑢≠𝑣
Let 𝐹 ∶ 𝑆 → 𝑆 defined by
𝐹(0) = 0 , 𝐹(1) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹(2) = 0
Define 𝜙 ∶ 𝑆 → [0 , ∞) as
𝜙(0) = 0 , 𝜙(1) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙(2) = 2
Prove that for all , 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 , 𝐹 satisfies
𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ [𝜙(𝑢) − 𝜙(𝐹𝑢)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣)

We prove for all 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆

(i) For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (0 , 0) :
𝜌1 (𝐹0 , 𝐹0) ≤ [𝜙(0) − 𝜙(𝐹0)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (0 , 0)
𝜌1 (0 , 0) ≤ [𝜙(0) − 𝜙1(0)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (0 , 0)

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0 ≤ [4 − 2] ⋅ |1 − 0|
1≤2
(iii) For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (1 , 1) :
𝜌1 (𝐹1 , 𝐹1) ≤ [𝜙(1) − 𝜙(𝐹1)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (1 , 1)
𝜌1 (2 , 2) ≤ [𝜙(1) − 𝜙(2)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (1 , 1)
0 ≤ [4 − 2] ⋅ |1 − 1|
0≤0
(iv) For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (1 , 2) :
𝜌1 (𝐹1 , 𝐹2) ≤ [𝜙(1) − 𝜙(𝐹1)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (1 , 2)
𝜌1 (2 , 0) ≤ [𝜙(1) − 𝜙(2)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (1 , 2)
1 ≤ [4 − 2] ⋅ |1 − 2|
1≤2
(v) For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (2 , 0) :
𝜌1 (𝐹2 , 𝐹0) ≤ [𝜙(2) − 𝜙(𝐹2)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (2 , 0)
𝜌1 (0 , 0) ≤ [𝜙(2) − 𝜙(0)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (2 , 0)
0 ≤ [2 − 0] ⋅ |2 − 0|
0≤4
(vi) For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (2 , 2) :
𝜌1 (𝐹2 , 𝐹2) ≤ [𝜙(2) − 𝜙(𝐹2)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (2 , 2)
𝜌1 (0 , 0) ≤ [𝜙(2) − 𝜙(0)] ⋅ 𝜌2 (2 , 2)
0 ≤ [2 − 0] ⋅ |2 − 2|
0≤0
Hence, for all , 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 , 𝐹 satisfied the given inequality.
Now, we check 𝐹 doesn’t satisfy other contraction inequalities. Suppose the contraction inequality on two metrics:
𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣)
for some 𝜆 > 0.
For (𝑢 , 𝑣) = (1 , 2) :
𝜌1 (𝐹1 , 𝐹2) ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌2 (1 , 2)
1 ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ |1 − 2|
1 ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ |−1|
1≤𝜆
This is false for 0 < 𝜆 < 1. So
1≰𝜆
Hence, 𝐹 doesn’t satisfy 𝜌1 (𝐹𝑢 , 𝐹𝑣) ≤ 𝜆 ⋅ 𝜌2 (𝑢 , 𝑣).

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