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CH 3

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Chapter NTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 3.1 Intelligent Transport System (ITS) 3.2 Smart Vehicles 3.3. Fuels of Future 3.4 GIS- For Transportation 3.5 GPS- For Transportation 3.6 Navigation Systems 3.7 Traffic Safety Management 3.8 E-Ticketing 3.9 Smart Mobility © Review Questions 3.1 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ITS) —An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which aims to provi: and enable users to + innovative services relating to lifferent modes of transport and traffic management port networks. better informed and make safef, more coordinated, and ‘smarter’ use of trans} —Thtelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are the control and information systems that use integrat, communications and data processing technologies for the various purpose’ _# Purposes/Objectives of ITS: _2— improving the mobility of people and goods | | + increasing safety, reducing traffic congestion | meeting transport policy goals and objectives — such as demand management or public transp.| and managing incidents effectively priority measures A Make transportation system more efficient, secure, and safer through the use of informati| | communications and control technologies. Improve the attractiveness of public transport. Tackle rising congestion which increases travel times and industry costs. Reduce the environmental impacts of transport. Save energy, reduce carbon foot print improve traffic flow by reducing congestion quickly detect incidents and appropriately respond to them improve air quality by reducing pollution levels locally and minimizing travel delay improve safety by providing advance warning before potential crash situations minimize the impacts of environmental, highway and human factors that contribute to accide’ NXy lA Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, vs! cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions TIS is defined as sy Systems in whia panagement. as well as f cturel vehicles and users, an ment-and- mobility May af transporting titres with other mage ot a TTS may improve the efficiency and pa umber of situa Jes of transport. [TS may improve the efficieney and technology’ is Being adopted aerogs qi MstiONSs ie. road transport, waffic management, mobility. ete. ITS With the conception of sng. i WoTld to increase capacity of busy roads and reduce journey times| 'S into digital societies, making the life of its citizens ae becomes the mponent among all, In any S0ing to school, college and office or for any other purpose citizens Transport System can casy in every facet, Intelligent “r mobility is a key concern: he use transport system to travel with save their time and make the ein. the city. Laveraging citizens with an Lntellig i he city ¢ i efficiency by minimizing traffic en Mate |telligent Transport System (ITS) aims to achieve traffie convenience real-time running ing ee} Ht enriches users with prior information about traffic, local & information, ‘seat availability ete. which reduces travel time of commuters as well as enhances their safety a the application of ITS j imited to traffic congestion ¢ usage Because of its endless Pe and thus many organizati meet the need. nd comfort. 's today. The use is not just 's widely accepted and used in many cou ‘ontrol and i" _2- ITS : Key Drivers and Tools + > _-tnférmation technology +— Communications technology = Mobile Apps 7% Cloud computing fone CY Cameras - GPS - Digital radio RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) -S— Intelligent transport technologies are: _t—ar navigation; — traffic signal control systems; 21,0 (I) ilar to the conventional internal combustion Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEY) engines are si se they also rely on a constant supply of fuel (hydrogen) and oxygen. nes beca EV: 2 — Advantages of + FCEVs produce much smaller quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that + cause health problems. + Fuel cells emit only heat and water as a byproduct and are far more energy-efficient than traditional combustion technologies. need to be plugged in for charging, like battery-powered EVs. . FC Vsdo 1 bility of resources for produ ing hydrogen, © There is a wide avail EV: dvantages of F + The process of making hydrogen needs energy, often from fossil fuel sources, which raises questions over hydrogen’s green credentials. 4 int Sa safely con are expensive When hydrogen is used as ., water, When hydrogen is used and some trace chemic, Splosive than petrol + These vehicle Decause it is more and fuel dispensi pumps are scarce. & fuel in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVS), the only vehicle emission i an intemal combustion en; nitrogen onides als mostly as = ve vehicle emissions when eda este 8S & fSsUll of using lubricants drogen is used as an LDV fuel, varyi ine, the emissions are water, some though CO, emissions are absent nounts of GHGs are emitted dur fi : ydrogen production, The two major challenge areas are the folk the followin Making low-cost hydrogen with low GHG emissions Building the hydrogen infrastructure will be a Hydrogen-fueling stations would have wo be ae ge, comples, and expensive undertaking available before FCEVs ean be sold. 34 GIS- FOR TRANSPORTATION me focus of most transportation professionals in the urban areas of the world has shifted from the construction of new highway facilities to m: evelopment of new public transport f emerged on usin ing infrastructure. and the aximizing the utility of exi n ilities and capabilities At the same time, a renewed focus has technology effectively to make urban centers more efficient, livable and sustainable. These tends have produced two overlapping initiatives: [intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and the concept of smart cities. It is clear that GIS technology will play an ever increasing role in both initiatives. AS a platform to integrate and fuse vast amounts of information, GIS has already come to play a significant role in a large number of ITS systems. | Geographic Information System (GIS) are becoming more widely used in transportation planning agencies, especially among metropolitan cae ef nizations. In many developed countries, highway maintenance management is becoming a critical issue. Many more authorities are now able to use GIS for Highways and transport management, due to falling dosts and GIS increasing overfriendliness. GIS offer tansposeplannes a medium for storing and analyzing data on population densit The most important objectives for using GIS are map/display and data integ potential issues that can be addressed through a GIS application more e somal than with prevailing methods. ‘A fundamental requirement for most transportation GIS is a structured road network. Additional information concerningy general topography, land cover and land use is pertinent to the consideration of the impact of constructioy.. The lack of appropriate dat@Tor GIS remains a chronic problem. GIS describes a world in terms of longitudes and latitudes and other projection systems consisting of a hierarchical structure of graphical objects. The typical GIS represent the world as a map. . land uses, travel behavior, ation. Agencies must identify iciently and effectively, and more The major requirements and issues surrounding GIS management technology are building and maintaining a database, selecting and upgrading hardware and software, using the technology to solve problems, funding, networking, providing acess, and others. Standard GIS functions include thematic mapping, statistics, charting, matris Smampulation, decision support system, modelin simultaneous access to several databases. \ and algorithms and Tae main advantage of using GIS is its ability to access and analyze spatially distributed data with respect to its actual spatial location overlaid on a base map of the area of coveragé that allows analysis not possible with the other database management systems, The main benefit of usiifg the GIS is not merely the usercriendly visual access and display, but also the spatial analysis capability and the applicability to apply standard GIS functionalities such as thematic mapping, charting, network-level analysis, simultaneous access to several layers of data and the overlayment of same, as well as the ability to interface with external programs and software for decision support, data management, and user-specific functions. 70 Infrastructure for Smart Cig) n i e Mowing * \otential applications for GIS in transportation planning include the fo + ~ highway maintenance, “™~ traffic modeling, 0 + accident analysis, Ne planning ~N environmental impact assessment of road schemes. —T// Executive information system. Pavement management system. + Bridge management, © Maintenance management. + Safety management. Xz__ Transportation system management (TSM) + Travel demand forecasting A. Corridor preservation and right-of-way + Construction management + Hazardous cargo routing Overweight/oversize vehicles permit routing, Its graphical display capabilities allow not only visualization of the different routes but also the sequence in which they are built, which allows the understanding of the logic behind the routing network | design. [he interaction between the transportation system and its surrounding environment makes the GIS _ technology ideally suited for hazardous material, routing design, risk analysis, and decision making. GIS | can also be integrated with sophisticated mathematical models and search procedures to analyze different | management options and policies, Some of the applications 6f GIS in Transportation planning are described as under: 9 Planning : ‘Fansportation agencies face an enormous challenge in keeping their infrastructure operating smoothly and efficiently. The world’s leading travel demand forecasting packages are integrated with GIS technology. helping transportation professionals conduct the complex analyses required to plan the transportation systems of the future/Increasingly, transportation planners are integrating land-use, environmental, and greenhouse gas considerations, along with energy consumption factors, into their planning processes. In doing so, they have discovered that GIS can bring all these factors together in the type of comprehensive planning models that yifl be required to help effectively plan the future. Design : Transportation engineers are discovering the advantages of integrating GIS into their design’ processes By bringing imagery, elevation, and environmental information jinto the CAD environment, engineers can continue working with familiar software while gaining access to important GIS datz Design files ean be brought into a GIS and linked to financial software for better labor and materialS~dnd total project cost estimation. With these types of capabilities, GIS is an essential component of the engineering information systems of the future. 2” Traffic Engine! (Congestion management programs can be most suitably developed in a GIS environment. GIS based congestion management systems can start with the highway base maps and attribute databases used for loné range transportation planning in urban ces ee regional base maps will provide the framework fot identifying and monitoring congestion from a tegional perspective. Additional more detailed bas databases can be developed to manage congestion in real time in critical corridors. ¢ maps and avelter Unformation Systeme Ghe current information on te information trom vations information Systems Were one of the first applications in LTS, and were designed to provide the public with attic condi Hows and alternative travel optiongy Such systems brought together Automated systems to provide a single souree of up-to-the-minute travel es information on real-time traffic speeds along with travel options (and transport, ear sharin locals and tourists Sensors and md choices It combs a journey planner) for pub which is widely used by bicyeting and packing availability into a single application alike, “y safgy-Alanagement The analysis of acide, , | inventory and othe ‘ ‘dent data coupled with roadway features and characteristics, traffic volumes, bridge : Fi velop cant the Scographical presentation of this information in GIS environments will be safet} management system. Inventory files such as traffic signals, narrow brid Ould be analyzed more efficiently using GIS——— very usefull to develop and railroad crossings ¢, Bridge Maintenance major benefits derived from GIS use . " Will be in obtaining bridge information through general que opatieaeamnle includes bridge condition surveys, sufficiency ratings, functionally deficient bridges, posted capacity distributions cleamess ete, Through relational database, bridge maintenance engineers could Hanning and ec termation like average daily traffic, as well as system and functional classification from planning and research maps, : Rowses analysis of hazardous materials <— GIS is am ideal environment for routing analysis of hazardous materials because this requires overly of many highway network attributes as well as other Mabases (e.g, demographic, topographic, weather etc.) on individual road segments in order to properly characterize accient environment. and consequence to population and Epvfronmental Management Tansportation infrastructure management requires careful consideration of the environment/ GIS is uniquely capable of assisting transportation professionals in understanding these issues and selecting the most environmentally sensitive solutions. With GIS, you can understand the impact of land-use decisions and evaluate smart-growth alternatives. GIS integrates environmental factors with land-use, housing, and employment density analysis to help communities address growth issues. Construction Management When integrated with construction management and financial software, GIS can help track the performance of one or multiple infrastructure projects, GIS makes a wealth of information, such as schedules, éstimates, and contracts, easily available from a spatial interfacol For project tracking, GIS can help organize all relevant information, from survey data, soils, and geotechnical studies to planning, environmental studies, and engineering drawings. Having quick and easy access to data during construction can greatly. increase efficiency and reduce time spent searching for needed informatior Transportation applications of GIS have become increasingly popular in recent years, so much so that they are now routinely referred to by the acronym GIS-T(Geographical Information Systems in Transportation). 3 PS- FOR TRANSPORTATION ai It is estimated that delays from congestion on highways, streets, and transit systems throughout the World result in productivity losses in the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Other negative effects of congestion include property damage, personal injuries, increased air pollution, and inefficient fuel consumption. / The availability and accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) offers increased efficiencies and safety for vehicles using highways, streets, an ATASit systems. Many of the problems ae ~~ a Infrastructure for Smart CD 72 iste h cantly reduced of eliminated with & ‘with the routing and dispatch of commercial vehicles is si tly reduced 3 f 1 ns, road maintenance cre . This is also true for the management of mass trai . real ms, cy vehicles. a ation systems that are widely , GPS enables automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle nav ; ; w i chnology with systems that can display geo; throughout the world today. By combining GPS position technology with systems tha ets : 2 to display screens or computers, 2 |. information or with systems that can automatically transmit ¢: dimension in surface transportation is realized. : A seographic information system (GIS) stores, analyzes, and displays geographically referen,, information provided in large part by GP, Today GIS is used to monitor vehicle location, making poss effective strategies that can keep transit vehicles on Schedule and inf v3 Mass transit Systems use this capability to track rail, bus, and other services to improve on-ume performed 2 GPS technology to help track and forecast the movement of freight has made a logis. In time-definite delivery] tre ly of precise arrival tin.) form Pp: n, including an application known as time-definite delivery f for tracking to guarantee delivery and pickup at the time promised, whether over sh. a computer function, ang companies use GP: distances or across time zones. When an order comes in, 2 dispatcher punc! list of trucks appears on the screen, displaying 2 full array of detailed information on the status of ex of them. If a truck is running late or strays off route, an alert is sent to the dispatcher. Catany nations use GPS to help survey thei 19 ighway networks, by identifying the locziy of features on, near, or adjacent to the Siworks. These include service stations, maintenance a emergency services and supplies, entry and exit ramps, damage to the road system, etc. The informatiy serves as an input to the GIS data gathering process. \This database of knowledge helps transportation agens: ntenance and service costs and enhances the safety of drivers using the roads. to reduce,ima Vehigt® tracking + a the transportation and logistics business, a tool to help drivers to navigate from locations. industry. They are mobile app developers that can hand you advanced GPS vehicle tracking, include business-effectual tools required by your business and customer needs. —from your smart mobile, device, you can easily locate your vehicles, effectively plan drives) assignments and manage cos s/ese features are ideal for running a successful transportation or logis business without making so many calls or going through bulky reports to make decisions. ABith GPS tracking technology, you ean movin ENS sondrrete: cine start-up and shut dow! | jpn and routes, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is an example of a GPS application. GPS can be applied in the follow! 3 fields of traffic engineering effectively due to its higher accuracy. VE utomatic vehicle location Zs Ae. Dynamic route guidance “THE application also includes support to emergency vehicles (police search & res monitoring of cars, taxis dangerous/hazardous or valuable cargos, trucks and_railw, applied in the following fields, but yet not found effective compared to other positioning 7 Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) aes 7 AdFanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) : 7- Commercial Vehicle Operation (CVO) - Advanced Public Transport System (APTS) ps PS or GPS technology today extends further than PS technology has fully transformed the transpo: [systems t [intelligent Transport Systems jy Aet@matic Vehicle Location (AVL) 7 AVL system, tracks the positions of a fleet of vel to a host via a communication qecuracy needed is of the involves a transmission init the actwal location to the hos the vehicles latitude 73 cles in a particular area and reports the information infrastructure //GPS positioning system is more appropriate because the order of centimeters. Determination of the location of each vehicle typically ted by the mobile vehicle. In this system, the communication syst { server. ‘The transmission contains a position report data packet, wl de and longitude derived using a GPS receiver installed in the mobile vehi A generic distributed AVL system: In this system, the only location determination compon on board GPS receiver, After receiving the reported position from the mobile GPS unit, the known route plus the position information will provide enough information for the host to obtain a rough estimate of m transmits h includes t is an Jocation, (b) GGreral Fleet Operation The mi ajor benefit of positioning for Meet applications is that it makes it possible to send the closest vehicle 10 @ dispatch point, with consequent saving of fuel and time. This can be used both for commercial vehicle operation and emergency vehicle management, The accuracy required depends on the size of fleet and total area being serviced. For Meet operation in metropolitan areas a wide area of coverage is sufficient. For interstate/inter-country fleet operations, a positioning system with global coverage satisfies the requirement ps ee ng requirement for interstate/ inter-country fleet operat better fulfilled by GPS () BYmamic Route Guidance : A dynamic navigation system uses real time traffic information to assist users traveling on the road networks. This technique is also known as dynamic route guidance. The other sensors along with GPS receiver used for route guidance in a vehicle are described below: ‘The sensors those are used along with GPS for dynamic route guid: are as follows: 2 Ginerie GPS Aided vehicle Navigation system : a. Odometer iM is a di or the transmis tance sensor t n of the vehicl as” Magnetic Compass : \t measures the heading of a vehicle. The most popular electronic compass technology for land vehicle application uses the flux-gate principle ‘e. Tilt Sensor : \t gives information about the pitch and roll angles of the vehicle. It may one or more inelinometers. ‘al may be mounted singly or in pairs on to either the wheel nelude J & Gyroscope TW measures the rate of change of heading of the vehicle & Digital Maps : These are used through GIS to relate mathematical coordinates to locations on the street segments and intersections. In turn, the stored coordinates of the map features provide ‘a means in coordinate space, and hence allow the digital map to contribute the navigation function. Enroute guidance of vehicles is done using the position data received by.a GPS receiver. Once the position is known, proper signals and instructions can be prepared for the driver after comparison of the position against the planned route. This planned route consists of a sequence of road segments stored by digitizing the map through GIS. - nefits of GPS = FF iligher levels of safety and mobility for all surface transportation system users, More accurate position determination to provide greater passenger information SS More effective monitoring to ensure schedule adherence, creating a transit system more responsive to transportation users needs. Better location information with electronic maps to provide in-vehicle navi both commercial and private users, neies and reduced costs in surveying roads, igation systems for lcreased effi Isey ae Sem-Vil-2021 /10 Pe 74 3.6 NAVIGATION SYSTEMS | of monitoring and controlling the moy, eneral ¢: Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the proces place to another. The field of nay jon includes four g aft or vehicle from on ‘gation, aeronautic nave tion, and space navigation gation, marine 1 It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navi, Peng asec sator’s position compared to known locations tasks, All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator’s position com ons gators to perform navigar, patterns, a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination 9} ion. In this sense, navigation includes orienteerin; Navigation, and pedes position and di Land Nay on: ion for cars and other land-based travel typically uses maps. landmarks. and in rece atnav", short for satellite navigation), as well as any means available on ware] times computer navigation (“ Computerized nay lies on GPS for current location information, a navigational mg database of roads and navi optimal rout ation commonly : igable routes, and uses algorithms related to the shortest path problem to ident Satellite Navigation service is an emerging satellite based system with commercial and strategy applications. ISRO is committed to provide the satellite based Navigation services to meet the emerg demands of the Civil Aviation requirements and to meet the user requirements of the positioning, navigatic and timing based on the independent satellite navigation system. To meet the Civil Aviation requirement; ISRO is working jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the GPS Aided Geo Augments! Navigation (GAGAN) system. To meet the user requirements of the positioning, navigation and timing a regional satellite navigation system cal services based on the indigenous system, ISRO is establishi Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) (a) GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) : This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with acura: and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indi Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamle navigation across regional boundaries. ‘The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 « GSAT-10. (b) Indian Regi ) Nav IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designs to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS has operational nat of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation). IRNSS w 1. Standard Positioni nal Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS ill provide two types of services, namely. g Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and 2. Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted ser € provided only to the authorized users The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the prime! service area. The main goal behind designing the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) * to provide accurate position information services to assist in the navigation of ships in Indian Ocean wate NavIC based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehi | s cles in India and it is planned to beco™ available in consumer mobile phones shortly. India becomes 4th Nation to have its own navigation syste" IRNSS Is India’s Own GPS! The IRNSS system comprises a space segment, ground segment and user segment. The constel spit (GEO) at, Mation consists of § satellites, Thred of the eight satellites are To sPeroNMately 36.000 km above earth surface. Remaining five satellites esynehronous orbit (GSO) Ground segment : ted_ in geostationary ein Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRN: gment_ comprises: constellation. The Ground + IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facitity (IRSCF) + ISRO Navigation Centre (Nc) + IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (RIMS) IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT) + IRNSS CDMA Rang 1g Stations (IRCDR) + Laser Ranging Stations IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN) User segment The User segment mainly consists of: ~ Single frequency IRNSS receiver capable of receiv 2 SPS signal at LS or S band frequet 5 fr ies. ~ A dual frequency IRNSS receiver capable of receiving both LS and $ band frequencies A receiver compatible to IRNSS and other G SS. signals. gure specifies the radio frequency interface between space and user segments. provides SPS signals in LS and $ bands ich IRNSS satellite IRNSS Space Segment Space Vehicles (SV) Ls SPS SPS IRNSS User Segment it interface with User segment ; NSS Space segment l Fig. 3.2 IRD 76 @ © applications of IRNSS are = + Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation + Disaster Management + Vehicle tracking and fleet management + Integration with mobile phones + Precise Timing | + Mapping. and Geodetic data capture + Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers + Visual and voice navigation for drivers Terrest measure . 2 andlor al navigation is applied to all techniques that are based on terrestria a nts; however, radio navigation systems are not included. Terrestrial navigation comprises deag reckoning, visual navigation, and some other generic position fixing techniques. These methods are applied | in land, maritime, itic applications a tion used by mariners that uses landmarks as reference points, ship's stat fuel consumption and ship's speed along with tides and currents. This is the opposite of celestial navigation, which plots positions in relation to the stars. It is the method of n Instruments for te ¥ Odor L ‘estrial N: ion: Ss — dist measurement ser ranging — ‘Time of arri W/pulses, — Continuous waves RF techniqu . radar (radio detection and ranging)...... Time of arrival/pulses — Continuous waves Sonar (sound navigation and ra ging) — time of arrival / pulses v v v ¥ — Barometer — measure altitude Y — Radar Altimeter — measure altitude ¥ Doppler sensors Y¥ Accelerometers and Gyroscopes ~ Gyroscopes measure angular rotation rate = Accelerometers measures non-gravitational acceleration | | | | | | ever. in the recent years f vehicles, on the road, the road safety is one of the most serious public health 1 has an impact on everyone, whether one drives a vehicle, Compass - measure direction of magnetic north 3.7 TRAFFIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT : India ranks high when it comes to number of accidents on the road. How. improvement has been seen in this area, With the rapid increase in the number o} traffic conditions are under a lot of pressure. Therefore, issues in our country walks or rides a cycle n It incorporates the development and management of road infrastructure, provision of safer vehicles, legislation and law enforcemen, neebiliy planning, provision of health and hospital services, child safety, urban land use planning ete. In other worlds. its ambit spans engineering aspects of both, roads and vehicles on one hand and the provision of health and hospital services for trauma case (in post-crash scenario) on the other. Road safety is a shared, mult sectoral, responsibility of the government and a range of civil society stakeholders, The success of road safety strategies in all countries depends upon a broad base of support and common action from all stakeholder Road Safety is a multi ectoral and multi-dimensional issue. pwtellinen COUNSPOEE Sygte gg euny 7 Road satety tolvrs t the | le Ky the me; ‘ Rice ens Nues which must be adopted by everyone While using roads, These safety MCI the risk of ‘ Users af ro; j satoty methods also relate to the can SUNMNOIZE ht road safe we just be Followed by alt ‘dents and injuries or eausalitics on the road. These rules ads including pedestrians, eyelists, motorists, and bus and truck drivers construction, “ty involves ‘out of roads as well as traffic regulation systems. So, we 1) the design of ( Hesign of roads and high (i) laws pertai Me lO trattic and vehicles: Gi) systems of trattic sate aa (iv) driver edueation: and control: () school students? edu ) ation; (vi) mass education: (wii) i Ne regulation and road safety signs: (viii) vehicle designs and i (ix) motor vehicle = IMPORTANC Road Safety safety. in: intenance. pection and OF ROAD SAP Some of the major caus (i) Lack of highway Gi) Drunken di (iii) Driving sof road oy dents are as follows, ing in an exhausted state for long hours (iv) Using cell phone while driving (¥) Over speeding or rash driving (vi) Driving in wrong lanes wii) g without giving s ing from wrong, a collective responsibility. Therefore each one of us has to take It can be seen that road si steps required of * Collective Responsi Role of Government and Public Sector (i) Develop stricter road safety polices fety awaren junds for road sal les by government (ii) Generate (ii) Stricter enforcement of is and highways iv) Building better r03 Role of General Community (i) Acceptance of road s 1 road safety awareness drive fety rules, regulations and policies Gi) Participation to enhance people’s knowledge about road safety Role of Education Sector (i) Inclusion of road safety modu (ii) Impart road safety education with the help of experts in this area part road $8 (iii) Impart effective driver ta Role of Med (i) Communicat (ii) Support road in school curriculum well as existing drivers ning for learners a road safety messages through print and electronic med e road $3 tives through responsible and objective reporting safety init Infrastructure for SMart Cities) | 78 Role of Health Professionals \ ilities in our country | (i) Strengthen trauma facilities in Our COMMU Gi) Organize workshops for saving the lives oF peor . Improvement in Infrastructure -gu delines “oe ae es while pl (i) Adopt effective and safe traffic management im sures hil role mple, government approved road design. desizn 0 ed both at nal onal and approach should be adopted 1 bridges. + ete, For ex: (ii) A Road Safety Authority should be in te policy and framework based on the rate level Sate System (iii) An appropria “ guide safe road infrastructure design: (iv) The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Codes of practice ns to research. Application of the IRC Codes should be mandato accordance be updated regularly. based on loca, nthe IRC Codes 1 be evaluated continually. (v) Installation of road signages must be done in gn standards: should (vi) Safety performance of roads and their d ce aay i ractice a | (vii) Road safety consultants should be independent, p which is common ati a state level (viiiy A pool of safety auditors should be created both at a national and a st ; c gare (ix) Rating of road safety auditors and contractors should be conducted in reg: experience and expertise. ds to their level of Design of Roads In India the road networks are nearly 3,472,144 KM. The roads are designed only by keeping in n nts are merely increased as to the extent. Designs | all safety aspects but accident rate of the roads accidi of roads are divided as three types: 1) Road junctions 2) Road maintenance 3) Inadequate visibility Roads design depends on the basis of location of the road. traffic congestion, Hospital areas and nal institutions, road dividers and road junctions. Vehicle Technology Speed of the vehicle of the vehicl reasons for desi educal most dangerous think for the accidents. Considering technical factors. a vehicle size and capacity, any motor vehicle should be designed because one of the major idents is vehicle design. To make motor vehick ident free motor vehicles. it should be | ned in such a way that it can be controlled by motor vehicles even before the accident occurs. 10} ensure safe public vehicles, it has been suggested to the governments of all stat ht and length of vehicles, b) The size, nature a ©) Brakes, dL that; a) The width, hi d condition of wheels and tyres, mps and reflectors, ©) Warning devices, 1) ‘The inspection of vehicles, &) Regulating the particulars exhibited on v be exhibited, These Recommendations for vehicles a. chicles and the all should be standardized are: manner in which such particulars shill and strictly implemented. Harmonization of vehicle regulations w Process must take ith the UN ECE Regulations consideration the road traffic situat a BURR ete 4 : The opportunities to dev should be reviewed lop enhanced regulations Tor buses, commercial vehicles, and motor Ml understood c, I should be possible, by the vehicle not meet appli dA vehicle tating program should be finally defined, is. rating programs should be s examined to benefit the Indian make, and get suppor fron all stakeholders, ith 3 buyers of vehicles to make informed’ purchase dee c. Incentives to promote + Hurdles in Road Safety ty) vilians (ii) Pathetic condition of ro: strations should the Appropriate assigned body, to eaneel vehicle re able safely regu ntifically aim to help chase decisions. safely beyond basic regulations should be considered. gence by ads (iii) Unsafe vehicle design (iv) Violation of road safety standards (x) Lack of emergency services (vi) Defects in highway desi ing ROAD SEFETY MANAGEMENT Escnl DESIGN OF VEHICLE ORIVERS ae | ROADS DESIGN BEHAVIOR ROAD tecnica. | | ROAD SEFETY SAFETY JUNCTIONS FACTORS TRAINING EDUCATION poe ROAD spcco or THE | | experience pupae MAINTENANCE VEHICLE aan ee | . puysicat ‘AWARENESS. VEHICLE Siz et INADEQUATE, WASIBILITY | | ANDGAPACITY FITNESS Lottie

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