1.

Fundamentals of Illumination

1) Enlist any four features of good illumination scheme.

Ans: Following features of good illumination scheme:
Comfortable: The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.
Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme the surrounding
area of that location should be pleasant.
Long life: The life of the designed illumination should be large
Economy: The cost of the designed illumination scheme be low.
Less Maintenance: For only type of illumination scheme the maintenance and repairing should be
less.
Appearance: The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
Less glare: The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is designed in such away
that there should be less glare to everyone i.e only electrical & mechanical accidents will be less.
Less flicker: The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always less for any type of
illumination scheme. In the flicker there are changes of stroboscopic effect at the time of workshop
lighting it is very imp.
To avoid hard shadows: The whole illumination scheme is designed for minimum shadows. At the
time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
Sufficient lux level: The lux level is decided by the type of applications, type of location & their
countries standard
Cleanliness: The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or any other air
pollution it should be clean.
Simple control: The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very simple. The
control, multicolor light intensity control is also possible in electrical illumination.

2) Explain lumens or light flux method for calculation of light.

Ans:
Explanation of lumens or light flux method for calculation of light

This method is applied where an average illumination is required also when inform illumination is
required.
Total lumens output is calculated from the efficiency of each lamp and the number of lamp is used in the
circuit. To calculate lumens received on the working plane, The total lumens already calculated
multiplied by the co-efficient of utilization, when the lamps & the surroundings are not perfectly clean
then while calculating the lumens received on the working plane, the depreciation factor or maintenance
factor is taken into consideration,
Beside this the single source method (only one light source is used for whole working plane. For e.g.
flood light) , multisource method ( More than one light source or mix light source from e.g. all types of
lamps & discharge tubes) are commonly used.
Light flux method is more accurate than watt/m2 method and less accurate than point to
point method.
Thus lumens received on working plane =(Number of lamps wattage of each lamp
efficiency of each lamp coefficient of utilization) / (depreciation factor)

3) State and describe laws of illumination with figure.

Ans: Inverse square law:-

This law state that “ the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of distance
between source of light & surface area and it is also directly proportional to the luminous intensity (I) or
candle power of the lamp in that direction.
Illumination at A point = I / r2

2) Lambert’s cosine law:-

This law states that “the illumination E at any point on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of
the angle between the normal at that point and the line of flux. Illumination at B point = I/d2 x cos θ

4) Define (i) Mean spherical candle power (ii) Luminous efficiency (iii) Space to height ratio
Ans:
i) MSCP (Mean Spherical Candle power)
It is the average of all candle powers in all direction in all planes.
iv) Luminous efficiency (lamp efficiency)
It is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux emitting from the source to Its
electrical power input in watts.
(iii) Space to height ratio:
It is the ratio of horizontal distance between two adjacent lamps to the mounting height of
the lamps.

5) State the meaning of polar curve and give two applications of it.
Ans: Meaning of Polar Curves:-
Polar curves are graphical representation of light intensity with respect to angular
position in horizontal or vertical plane passing through the light source.
Applications of polar curve:
1. It indicates coverage of lights which helps lighting scheme.
2. To know the intensity of light emitted by the source in different direction.

5) Define the following terms related to laws of illumination : (1) M.H.C.P. (2) M.S.C.P.
(3) M.H.S.C.P.
Ans:
1) M.H.C.P (Mean horizontal candle power):-
It is defined as average of candle powers in all direction in the horizontal plane containing the source of
light.

2) MSCP (Mean Spherical Candle power):

It is the average of all candle powers in all direction in all planes.

(3) M.H.S.C.P.:
It is defined as the mean of the candle power of source in all directions above and
below the horizontal planea.
 2. Types of lamps
1) Describe working principle and construction of neon lamp with the help of diagram.
Ans:

working principle and construction of neon lamp(Tube)

i) Neon tubes:-

The construction & circuit diagram for neon tube is as shown in fig.

Basically neon tubeis used for advertisement or decoration purpose. The maximum length of tube is 8m.
The available diameter for neon tubes are 5mm,10mm,15mm, 20mm, 30mm, etc.
In the neon tube we can achieve various colours with addition of the chemical powders & some of the
inter gases. For this neon tube the high voltage induced by H.T. transformer secondary (5000 to 7000V)
is applied across the electrodes of advertisement tube.

The neon tube should be installed by government authorized supervisor.

The metal body of the HT transformer must be earthed separately.
Caution notice of danger board is required.

Working principle;- single phase 230 V supply is provided to the input of H.T. Transformer then by
H.T. Transformer very high voltages (5000 to 7000V) is provide across the electrodes due to high
voltages Neon gas will be ionized and light will be emitted through the Neon tube. Colour of light
depends upon combination of inert gases and chemical power

2) Explain with neat sketch the working of HPMV lamp and state its application.

Working of HPMV:-
Whenever 1-ph, 230V, AC Supply is provided to the discharge tube of MVL initially to current will
flow from Phase to the choke to the starting electrode to neutral.
Sometimes the starting electrode or resistance is made by tungsten filament having the more resistance
( 5 to 10 K ohm) so that whenever current flows through the tungsten filament as per the thermal
emission the light is emitted through the filament ( tungsten immediately) so that initially colour of light
is blue.
At the same time the rated voltages is applied in between the filament No.1 & filament No.2. Due to
this voltage, there will be collision Of neon gas particles & current will start flow through the discharge
tube,
Whenever temperature surrounding the inner tube increases up to 600 C the mercury powder will start
vaporizing & the continuous collision process of all inert gases is taking place so that full light is emitted
through the discharge tube.
The colour of light is bluish white. The full light is emitted after 10-15 min
.
3) Explain the construction and working of sodium vapour lamp with a neat sketch.
Construction:-
Above figure shows constructional details of sodium vapour lamp. It consists of ‘U’ shaped tube and at
the ends of the tube two electrodes are sealed.
This tube is filled with sodium and small quantity of neon gas. Since there is great effect of the change of
surrounding temperature on the light output given by the lamp, hence the inner tube is enclosed in an
outer double walled glass tube.
Before sealing the lamp vaccum is created between the two glass tube (inner & outer).
Working:-
Before the lamp starts working, the sodium is usually in the solid form deposited on the sides of the inner
tube wall.
When the voltage is applied to the lamp it warms up and starts vaporizing slowly and radiates out yellow
colour light and after about 10 to 20 minutes, the lamp starts giving it’s full output.

4) Write any four advantages of halogen lamps.

Ans: Advantages of halogen lamps
1. Compact Size
2. No Ballast
3. Good colour rendering
4. Excellent optical control5. Excellent lumens maintenance
6. Available in various size.
7. Higher lumens output.
8. High operating temperature
9. No blackening of lamp

5)Distinguish between incandescent lamp and flourescent lamp on the basis of following
(1) Lumen output (2) Luminous efficiency (3) Initial cost (4) Brightness(5) Voltage
Regulation (6) Energy saving

Ans:
Points Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp
1 Lumen output Less More

2 Luminous efficiency Less More

3 Initial cost Less More

4 Brightness More Less

5 Voltage Regulation Yes No

6 Energy saving No Yes

6) State which type of lamps are used for decorative lighting and why.
Ans:
Type of lamps are used for decorative lighting
1. Flood Fight
2. Neon Lamp
3. Mercury vapour lamp
4. Spdium vapour lamp
5. Multi colour LED Lamp
6. Compact Fluorescent lmap
7. Halogen Lamp
8. Small capacity projector lamp
9. Metal Halide Lamp
For the following reasons of decorative lighting are used:
1. For decoration of ancient and VIP Buildings.
2. For decoration of gardens.
3. To increase the beauty of interior and exterior applications.
4. To increase the festival mood.
5. For domestics function.
6. For various stages.
7. For advertisement of commercial building.
To improve energy saving, economy, reliability of lighting system

7) State any two advantages and two disadvantages of CFL lamps.

Ans: Advantages of CFL lamps
1) Available in any shape
2) Power consumption is less
3) Illumination efficiency is high
4) Life in working hours is large as compare to incandescent lamp.
5) Compact tube size as compare to fluorescent tube.
6) Maintenance cost is less
7) Can be available in various colours.
Disadvantages of CFL lamps
1) The initial cost of CFL is high.
2) Starting time is about 3 to 5 min.
3) The CFL produces electronic interference to the electronic equipments.

8) Compare sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour lamp on the following aspects (i)
Working principle (ii) Life in Hours (iii) Starting time (iv) Lumens per watt (v) Initial cost
(vi) Brightness
Ans:

S.No Points Sodium Vapour lamp Mercury Vapour lamp

1 Workingprinciple Discharge principal Discharge principal

2 Life in Hour Life more 12000-16000 hrs. Life less than SV lamp 12000hrs
 3 Starting time More Less

4 Lumens per watt 80-100 60

5 Initial cost High Low

6 Brightness Less More

9) Compare the AC and DC Arc lamps.

Write any four advantages of halogen lamps.

Ans: Advantages of halogen lamps:
1. Compact Size
2. No Ballast
3. Good colour rendering
4. Excellent optical control
5. Excellent lumens maintenance
6. Available in various size.
7. Higher lumens output.
8. High operating temperature
9. No blackening of lamp

Compare sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour lamp on the following aspects (i)
Working principle (ii) Life in Hours (iii) Starting time (iv) Lumens per watt (v) Initial cost
(vi) Brightness
 3. Illumination Control and control
circuits
1) Draw a neat diagram of resistance dimmer circuit and explain in brief its working.
Ans:
Resistance dimmer circuit -

Above figure shows the resistance or rheostat dimmer arrangement, In this method the rheostat is
connected in series with lamp, by moving the sliding contacts of the rheostat.
The voltage across the lamp can be controlled from 0 to 100 %.
Hence accordingly the level of illuminations can be controlled.
 In this method as resistance changes output voltage across the light sources changes of that light intensity
will be changes.

2) State the purpose of lighting control equipment.

Ans:
Purpose of Lighting Control:
1. Shadows: - Shadows should be minimum.
2. Glare: - Glare should be minimum.
3. Uniformity: - uniform distribution of light throughout the working plane.
4. Colour of light: - Choose fitting which produces colour like a day light e.g. Fluorescent tube
5. To turn ON or OFF the the lamps
6. For dimming, the dimming control permits the adjustment of lighting over a range.
7. For changing the lighting levels according to need or desired of the owner.
8. For energy saving.
9. To increase the life of lighting source.
10. To increase the safety of lighting system.
11. In some types of industrial or automation there is anent of lighting control.
12. To provide proper lux level on working plane the lighting control is required.
13. To provide proper lux level on working plane the lighting control is required.
14. As per Indian or international standard
15. To control the brightness of T.V monitor there is need of lighting control

3) Draw and explain the circuit for single lamp controlled by two switches.
Ans: One Lamp controlled by Two switch :-

This system is commonly used for stair case wiring. It consists of two way switches (the switch operates
always in one of the two possible positions) the circuit diagram is as shown in figure above.
Assume that the lamp is in between ground floor and first floor with switch S 1 is on ground floor and S2 is
on first floor. When the position of the switches S 1 & S2 is as shown in figure then the lamps is ‘ON’.
When a person reaches on first floor the lamp is required to be switched ‘OFF’ so the person will change
the position of switch S2 such that the lamp will be switched ‘OFF’.

5) State the purpose of lighting control. List different types of dimmer. Explain any two
dimmers in detail with suitable diagrams.
Ans: Purpose of Dimmer:-
In the electrical dimmer electrical components for e.g. rheostat, transformer etc are
commonly used. In the electrical dimmer the input voltage is always constant and output
voltage across lamp is changed to control the brightness of light intensity. In the electrical
dimmer there are four types.
1. To turn ON or OFF the lamps
2. For dimming, the dimming control permits the adjustment of lighting over a range.
3. For changing the lighting levels according to need or desired of the owner.
4. For energy saving.
5. To increase the life of lighting source.
6. To increase the safety of lighting system.
7. In some types of industrial or automation there is need of lighting control.
8. To provide proper lux level on working plane the lighting control is required.
9. To fulfillment light intensity as per Indian or international standard
10. To control the brightness of T.V monitor there is need of lighting control
Types Of Dimmer :
1) Dimmer by using changing résistance (Rheostatic)
2) By using auto transformer
3) By salt water method
4) By two winding transformer tap changing method
5) Thyristor or SCR operated dimmer
6) Triac operated Dimmer
7) PWM (Pulse width modulation) Controlled technique

1) Dimmer by using changing resistance –

In this method as resistance changes output voltage across the light sources changes of that light intensity will
be changes.
2) By using auto transformer –
3) By using auto transformer-

As position of dimmer or auto transformer changes output voltages across light source will changes .So that
light intensity also changes.
3) By salt Water method –

As position of rod in immersed position changes output voltage across lightsources will be changes .So that
light intensity also will be changes.
5) Thyristor or SCR operated dimmer:–

The SCR is generally used as switching component in electrical system. In the SCR when the anode
terminal is +ve cathode is –ve and if the trigger pulse is applied to the gate of the SCR, then at that
moment SCR will start conducting.
In the present circuit the capacitor is charged through variable resistance R2 so that Charging time
constant ( R2C) will be decided and after that whenever capacitor is fully charged it will discharge
through the gate terminal, and SCR will be fired [ON].
The firing period is decided by the value of R2C i.e. why conduction & firing angle
will be changed. This firing angle may be vary 0 to 180º i.e. why the fired output voltage can be
(variable) available across the lamp. So that light intensity will be changes, By the SCR only +ve half
cycle are controlled.
6) Triac operated Dimmer:–
In this method, the limitation of thyristor operated dimmer is overcome. The triac is nothing but two SCR
connected back to back and gate terminal is common. It will conduct +ve or –ve half cycles.
Whenever capacitor C1 & C2 are charged through the resistance R1 & R2 for +ve half cycle, capacitor
C2 will be discharged through the gate terminal i.e. why the firing angle or conduction angle is decided
by this R2C2 values.
But for the –ve half cycles the capacitor C1 is charged & discharged through the R1 & firing angle is
decided by this R1C1 values.
In this way both half cycles are controlled by using triac type dimmer. To get the unidirectional pulse
diac is used in series with the gate.
This method is commonly used for light intensity control and other application also e.g. fan regulator.

6) Describe semi-direct and semi-indirect scheme for illumination.

Ans: i) Semi direct lighting scheme :-

In this method, the 70 to 80% light will be directly reflected on the working plane and 20 to 30 % light will be
reflected on the ceiling and walls. The efficiency and economy is slightly less than direct lighting scheme. But
the glare and shadows are less as compare to direct lighting scheme

ii) Semi indirect lighting scheme :-

In this lighting scheme, 70 to 80% light is reflected on ceiling & walls and 20 to 30% light will be available on
the working plane directly. It is economical and efficiency as compared to indirect lighting scheme.

7) Explain single lamp control by three point method and four point method.
Ans: Single lamp control by three point method:
 It consists of two way switches & intermediate switch (the lamp is controlled by three different
positions) the circuit diagram is as shown in figure above.

Single lamp control by Four point method:

It consists of two way switches & intermediate switch (the lamp is controlled by four different
positions) the circuit diagram is as shown in figure above.
4 Illumination for Interior Application
1) Explain any four factor that govern the design consideration for industrial premises.
Ans:
Factors while designing industrial premises:-
1) The type of industry or factory.
2) The total premises area of the whole factory in m2.
3) The location of the factory.
4) The surrounding conditions. e.g. wind pressure, natural sun light, rainfall, etc.
5) The type of product which are manufactured in the factory.
6) The total indoor & outdoor area of the given factory.
7) The necessary lux level for the outdoor locations to increase the beauty of the factory at
night, and pleasant working conditions.
8) The working plane required for the indoor application whether it is a ground surface or above ground
surface.
9) The application of every room in the given factory. e.g. office, workshop, Research & development
centre, testing centre, maintenance & repairing department, quality control department, sales department,
commissioning department, showroom, guest room etc.
10) The required lux level for indoor premises in the given factory is decided as per application of
department. e.g. In Workshop - 200 lux, e.g. In Showroom - 350 lux Above lux level is assumed.
11) As per civil construction work, the colour of ceiling walls & machines. The waste Light factor,
utilization factor & depreciation factor is decided.
12) To minimize the stroboscopic effect & to minimize the glare the combination of various types of
lighting source are selected.
13) The location & mounting of light source are selected in such a way that electrical & mechanical
accident will be less.
14) The maintenance and repairing work for the whole illumination scheme should be less.
15) The overall cost of the illumination scheme should be less.
16) The lighting sources are selected in such a way that the overall power consumption will be less.
17) The lighting sources are selected and the illumination scheme is designed in such a way that the
replacement of lighting accessories will be simple.
18) If expansion is required then it should be possible in present illumination scheme

2) Write the recommended level of illumination in lux for the following areas of an office (i)
Entrance halls and reception area (ii) Conference room (iii) Stairs (iv) Lift landing

i) Entrance halls and reception area 150 to 200 Lux

ii) Conference room 300 Lux
iii) Stairs 70 to 100 Lux
iv) Lift landing 70 o 100 Lux

3) State general illumination level in lux as per Indian standards for following places at a
sports complex.
(1) Badminton court (2) Carrom Hall (3) Table Tennis Hall (4) Basket Ball Court
Ans:
1 Badminton court 750 Lux
2 Carrom Hall 500 Lux
3 Table Tennis Hall 500 Lux
4 Basket Ball Court 500 Lux
4) Explain the stepwise procedure for designing illumination scheme for commercial unit.
Ans:
The stepwise procedure for designing illumination scheme for commercial unit:
1. Visit to corresponding site and make the proper survey of every room and its interior applications.
Measure the dimensions of every room (length, width, height). Make the proper plan layout with proper
isometric view.
2. Find out application and working plane of every room.
3. As per the illumination standard decide proper lux level on that particular working plane.
4. As per quality of civil work and surrounding conditions and colour of walls and ceiling decide waste
light factor, utilization factor, depreciation factor etc.
5. Find out total lumens required on working plane.
6. Decide the type and wattage of lamp which is to be used for that particular application
7. Assume the proper illumination efficiency of those specific lamps which are to be used on that
working plane
8. Find out total no. of lamps and tubes for that particular working plane and after that find out total no.
of lamps & tubes or any other lamps for interior application of commercial installation. By assuming
proper space to height ratio make the proper illumination scheme. This procedure is repeated for every
working plane in every room.
9. Find out total no. of lamps or tubes for that particular working plane
10. Find out total power consumption of all interior applications for calculated lamps and tubes.
11. Find out the rated current for all applications.
If 1Ph, 230V supply is provided, P = VI cos
If 3ph, 400V supply is provided, P = √3 VI cos
12. Determine size of wire or cable required for whole residential or commercial installation. The size of
wire is decided by the starting current, which is 1.5 times rated current, for momentary overload S.C.
future expansion and starting surge.

5) State illumination level in lux as per I.S. for residential purposes in following places :
(i) Living Room (ii) Bedroom (iii) Kitchen (iv) Stairs (v) Dining Room (vi) Dressing
table (vii) Bathroom mirror (viii) Study table
Ans:
i Living Room 300 Lux
ii Bedroom 200 Lux
iii Kitchen 200 Lux
iv Stairs 100 Lux
v Dining Room 150 Lux
vi Dressing table 200 Lux
vii Bathroom mirror 700 Lux
viii Study table 300 Lux

6) State the general requirements and lighting scheme adopted for hospitals and health care
buildings.
Ans
General requirement for illumination of Health care centers and hospitals:
1. Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to
everybody.
2. Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination
scheme the surrounding area of that location should be pleasant.
3. Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
4. Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
5. Less maintenance: - For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance &
repairing should be less.
6. Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
7. Fewer glares: - The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is
designed is such a way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical
& mechanical accidents will be less.
8. Fewer Flickers: - The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be
always less for any type of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of
stroboscopic effect at the time of workshop lighting in it is very important.
9. To avoid hard Shadows: - The whole illumination scheme is designing for
minimum shadows. At the time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
10. Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of
location.
11. Cleanliness: - The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke
or any other air pollution it should be clean.
12. Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is
very simple. The control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in
electrical illumination.
lighting scheme adopted for hospitals and health care buildings:
1. Direct lighting scheme
2. Indirect lighting Scheme
3. Semi indirect scheme
4. General lighting scheme

7) State any four specific requirement of flood lighting.

Ans:
Following are the specific requirements of flood lighting:-
1. Ideal for landscape and architecture lighting.
2. Widely used in home for the showroom purpose, office decoration, garden lighting, VIP
building lighting parking lighting etc.
3. For flood lighting the luminous efficiency is high and the span for the life is long with
less maintenance
4. Best thermal management.
5. Available in various sizes and shapes
6. Compact design can be possible.
7. Light intensity can be controlled.
8. For the flood lighting we can used halogen lamps, metal halide lamp, bunched filament
projector lamps. But for the energy saving purpose we can use LED projector lamp.
9. By using the LED lamps the multicolour shades can be possible.
10. The initial cost and running for the flood lighting can be minimized by proper selection of
flood lighting.
11. Working nights of flood light can be increased.

8) State the recommended illumination level required for any four areas of hospital
lighting.
Ans:
1 Reception & Nursing 250 to 300 lux station
2 Corridors & circulation 40 to 60 lux areas
3 Patient wards - 100 to 200 lux
4 Operation theatres - 600 to 1000 lux
5 ICU - 500 to 700 lux
6 General ward 100 to 200 lux
7 Special ward 150 to 250 lux etc

9) State any four benefits of good industrial lighting.

Ans: Following benefits of good industrial lighting:
1. Good illumination scheme encourage the personnel for better working.
2. In commercial, correctly planned scheme promote the sale.
3. In a factory lighting arrangements are planned to increase productivity & to improve the
quality of production.
4. Correct & good illumination scheme avoid the accidents.
5. Adequate & glare free illumination provides pleasant atmosphere for staff.
6. Good lighting in schools & colleges helps in raising the average grades of the students.
7. In short good illumination scheme increases overall efficiency.
8. By proper illumination scheme energy saving will be effective & with cost saving also.
9. It should have sufficient light.
10. It should not strike the eyes.
11. It should not produce glare.
12. It should be installed at such a place that it gives uniform light.
13. It should be of correct type as needed.
14. It should have suitable sets, reflectors.
 5. Lighting for outdoor and special
application
1) State the specific requirements for : (i) Factory lighting (ii) Sports lighting
Ans:
(i) Factory lighting
1. The operation of factory lighting and its control should be simple.
2. At the time of factory lighting, the surrounding conditions inside the factory should be pleasant to
every worker & officer to increase their work efficiency.
3. The all safety precautions are to be consider at the time of factory lighting to avoid the chances of
electrical & mechanical accidents and danger of fire hazard.
4. The maintenance, repairing and expansion in the factory lighting should be less and simple.
5. The replacement of any lighting device or accessories should be so simple.
6. The cost of factory lighting for indoor and outdoor applications should be less.
7. The indoor and outdoor applications the life of the factory lighting should be high.
8. The percentage of glare in the factory lighting should be less.
9. The stroboscopic effect and Shadows due to the lighting in the workshop should be very less.
10. The overall power consumption of indoor and outdoor applications of factory lighting should be less.
In that case energy saving lamp are to be used.
11. Sometimes, Direct lighting scheme or indirect lighting scheme is also used for the factory lighting
12. For the particular factory, I there is showroom, in that case the various clolour effects by using the
focus lamps are used.
13. For factory lighting for indoor applications, we can use fluorescent tube, incandescent lamp, CFL and
LED etc, but for outdoor applications we can used focus lamp of halogen or metal halide lamps.
14. For the factory lighting, for the indoor applications the illuminations design procedure is regular but
depreciation factor, waste factor are changed.
15. Sometimes for the factory lighting the factory building surface is to be illuminated by flood lights.
ii) Sports Ground lighting design can be done by considering following specific requirements:

1) Types of sports –indoor or outdoor.

2) Illumination level required for that sport.
3) Time of sports whether it is day or night.
4) Area of illumination which is to be illuminated.
5) Surrounding conditions of the ground.
6) Height of the tower for the flood light which is installed near to or surrounding the ground.
7) At the time of sports light regular designing factor for example, working plane area, utilization factor
waste light factor depreciation factor etc. are to be
considered.
8) Power required and available should be also taken into account.
9) Maintenance and repairing cost should be also less.
10) Life of the projector & bunched filament lamp should be high.

2) State and explain the design of street light installation principles.

Ans: Types of the design of street light installation principles:
1. Specular-reflection principle of street lighting
2. Diffusion principle
1) Explain specular-reflection principle of street lighting with figure.
 In this method obstruction will be clearly visible to the driver by using reflectors with small angle of
incidence.
In this method reflectors are used in such a way that driver can see any object clearly from more than 40 m
distance on road. So that accident will be less.
Power consumption required for this method is less.
This method is commonly used for low or medium traffic density area.
2) Diffusion Principle

In this type, the light is directed downwards from the lamps with the intension of producing a uniform
illumination on the road surface.
This is possible by use of suitably design reflectors.
The filament of the lamp is invisible expect from almost beneath it.
This illuminates glare, the road surface has a diffusing mature due to which it diffuses some
proportion of light towards the observer. This makes the road surface bright for the observer.

3)Which type of lamps should be selected for following applications?

(1) Aquariums (2) Stage lighting (3) Flood lighting (4) Advertisement (5) Factory
lighting (6) Street lighting
Ans: (1) Aquariums : ( Lamp name any one expected)
1) Small size and low power halogen lamps.
2) Ultraviolet lamps and tubes.
3) Compact fluorescent lamps
(2) Stage lighting :
1) High intensity discharge lamp.
2) Multi-colour LED Lamp.
(3) Flood lighting :
1) High intensity discharge lamp. Like
2) High pressure mecurrey vapour lamp.
3) High pressure Sodium vapour lamp.
4) Metal Halide Lamp
(4) Advertisement :
1) Metal Halide Lamp
2) Neon sign tubes
(5) Factory lighting :
1) High pressure mecurrey vapour lamp.
2) High pressure Sodium vapour lamp.
(6) Street lighting :
1) High pressure mecurrey vapour lamp.
2) High pressure Sodium vapour lamp.
3) Fluorescent tube
4) LED Lamp

4) State and explain the general factors to be considered while designing the lighting scheme for
outdoor application.
Ans:
Factors to be considered while designing the illumination for outdoor application:-
1. Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.
2. Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme the surrounding
area of that location should be pleasant.
3. Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
4. Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
5. Less maintenance: - For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing should be less.
6. Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
7. Less glare: - The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is designed is such a
way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical & mechanical accidents will be less.
8. Less Flicker: - The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always less for any type
of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of stroboscopic effect at the time of workshop
lighting in it is very important.
9. To avoid hard Shadows: - The whole illumination scheme is designing for minimum shadows. At the
time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
10. Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of location.
11. Cleanliness: - The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or any other air
pollution it should be clean.
12. Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very simple. The
control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in electrical illumination.

5) State and explain general requirement for illumination of Health care centres and
hospitals.
Ans: General requirement for illumination of Health care centres and hospitals:
In Operation Theater:-
In operation theater of hospital the direct lighting scheme is normally used.
On operation table bunched filament lamps or focus lamps can be used.
On operation table sometimes metal halide lamps of lower wattages with multiple sources are also
used.
Normally high illumination efficiency white colour emitted light source are preferred.
In operation theaters some ultraviolet lamps or tubes are also used as a anti-bacteria
source.
Lux level on the working plane is high. ( 400 to 600 lux)
General requirement for illumination of Health care centers and hospitals:

1. Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.

2. Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme the surrounding
area of that location should be pleasant.
3. Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
4. Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
5. Less maintenance: - For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing should be less.
6. Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
7. Fewer glares: - The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is designed is such a
way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical & mechanical accidents will be less.
8. Fewer Flickers: - The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always less for any
type of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of stroboscopic effect at the time of workshop
lighting in it is very important.
9. To avoid hard Shadows: - The whole illumination scheme is designing for minimum shadows. At the
time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
10. Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of location.
11. Cleanliness: - The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or any other air
pollution it should be clean.
12. Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very simple. The
control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in electrical illumination.

6) Define the following terms related to flood lighting :(i) Coefficient of utilisation
(ii) Depreciation factor (iii) Space to height ratio (iv) Reflection factor
Ans: (i) Coefficient of utilization:
It is defined as the ratio of total number of lumens reaching the working plane to total number of lumens
emitting from the source.
ii) Depreciation factor:
It is the ratio of illumination when everything is clean to the illumination under normal operating
condition.
iv) Reflection factor:
It is the ratio of luminous flux leaving the surface to the luminous flux incident on it.

7) State the fundamental lighting criteria which is to be considered while designing

railway platform lighting installations from following two points of view —
(i) Types of lamp (ii) Types of luminaire
Ans: Following fundamental lighting criteria which is to be considered while designing
railway platform lighting installations:
1. Selection of correct source of light.
2. Adequate level of illumination on the W.P.
3. Correct brightness, relationship eliminating glare and reflection.
4. Appropriate colour of light having regards to: a) requirement of work or process
b) Psychological effects and combination with natural light.
5. Proper shadow characteristics.
6. Provision of auxiliary and emergency lighting for safety.
7. Provisions for operation i.e. current, switching groups, proper switching control.
8. Maximum overall economy consistent with efficiency.
9. Aesthetic blending of light and décor.

8) State the lighting schemes to be preferred for agricultural and horticultural

applications and why.
Ans:
Direct Lighting Scheme is preferred for agricultural and horticultural applications.
Because for the growth of plants, flowers etc the rays of light from the source
(Lamps) should reach them directly.
The warm and light effect is provided as a natural sun light whenever it required.
The wind pressure is also provided by maintaining the exhaust fan/ regular fan.
Room temperature and humidity is also controlled.

9) Which type of lamp is used for fresh water aquarium and why?
Ans: lamp is used for fresh water aquarium
1. Ultraviolet Lamp
2. CFL Lamp
3. LED Lamp
4. Small wattage Halogen Lamp
5. Decorative Lamp
Reason:
1. Due to ultraviolet lamps / tubes the bacteria in the water will kill that is why life of fish
(Aquatic animals) will increased.
2. Beauty of aquarium will increase.
3. The surrounding condition will be fruitful to plants and fishes to increase their life.

10)Which type of light source is used for following application :

(i) Advertisement (ii) Flood lighting (iii) Street lighting (iv) Decorative lighting (v) Hospital
(vi) Railway platform lighting
Ans: Recommended illumination level required for any four area of residential premises.

i) Advertisement- Metal halide Lamp, Neon Lamp, Halogen lamp, LED lamp, Neon Tube
ii) Flood lighting - Mercury vapour Lamp, Halogen Lamp ,LED lamp, Metal Halide etc
iii) Street lighting - Mercury vapour Lamp, sodium vapour lamp, Fluorescent lamp, LED Lamp, Metal
Halide lamp etc
iv) Decorative lighting - Metal halde Lamp, Neon Lamp, Multicolour LED Lamp, Small capacity
projector lamp, Neon Tube
v) Hospital Fluorescent lamp, LED lamp, HalogenLamp. Ultraviolet lamp, infrared lamp,CFL, Bunched
filament projector lamp,Focus lamp
vi) Railway platform lighting- Metal halde Lamp, Mercury vapour Lamp,sodium vapour lamp,
Fluorescent lamp,LED Lamp, incandescent lamp

11)Discuss the different factors on which the aquarium lighting design depends.

Ans: The requirement of scheme for Aquariums:-

1. The aquarium lightly depends open the size of the aquariums tank (Length, width and depth.
2. The aquarium lighting depends upon the all sounding condition e.g. colour and size of the given hall in
which the aquarium is placed.
3. The aquarium lighting depend open the maintenance schedule of the tank water and other aquarium
accessories.
4. The aquarium lighting depends open the surrounding temperature and required temperature of water in
the tank.
5. In sum type of aquarium the ultraviolet lamp are provided for the bacteria filling purpose.
6. The aquarium lighting also depends open the various aquarium lighting also depends open the various
aquarium accessories used in the tank.
7. The aquarium lighting should be electricity and mechanically safe to the all type rises and operator
also.
8. The aquarium lighting should be economical.
9. The life of the aquarium lighting should be long.

Sports Ground lighting design can be done by considering following specific

requirements:
1) Types of sports –indoor or outdoor.
2) Illumination level required for that sport.
3) Time of sports whether it is day or night.
4) Area of illumination which is to be illuminated.
5) Surrounding conditions of the ground.
6) Height of the tower for the flood light which is installed near to or surrounding the ground.
7) At the time of sports light regular designing factor for example, working plane area, utilization factor
waste light factor depreciation factor etc. are to be considered.
8) Power required and available should be also taken into account.
9) Maintenance and repairing cost should be also less.
10) Life of the projector & bunched filament lamp should be high.

12)State any four characteristics of flood lighting

Following are the specific characteristics of flood lighting:-

1. Ideal for landscape and architecture lighting.
2. Widely used in home for the showroom purpose, office decoration, garden lighting, VIP building
lighting parking lighting etc.
3. For flood lighting the luminous efficiency is high and the span for the life is long with less
maintenance
4. Best thermal management.
5. Available in various sizes and shapes
6. Compact design can be possible.
7. Light intensity can be controlled.
8. For the flood lighting we can used halogen lamps, metal halide lamp, bunched filament projector
lamps. But for the energy saving purpose we can use LED projector lamp.
9. By using the LED lamps the multicolour shades can be possible.
10. The initial cost and running for the flood lighting can be minimized by proper selection of flood
lighting.
11. Working nights of flood light can be increased.

13) State any four requirements of illumination of shipgards areas.

The requirements of illumination of shipgards areas:-

1. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the all surrounding conditions for e.g. wind pressure, rain
fall, location of shipyard from the sea-share etc.
2. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the type & capacity of alternator which is held in ship for
interior applications and the capacity of alternator which is installed in the ship-yard and any other non-
conventional sources installed in that particulars area for all outdoor application.
3. In the every shipyard there may be limitation conventional sources to over-come these limitations
sometimes non-conventional sources for e.g. solar, tidal, wave-let, etc nonconventional energy sources
are to b used. At the time of illumination design we haveto consider this factor.
4. In the ship-yard after scotching various shipyard is necessary for this case control room, emergency –
control, emergency medical centre. Loading and unloading areas etc. are required, at the time of
illumination design we have to consider all these applications for its standard lux level.
5. In the every ship-yard the electrical & mechanical safety is the prime-moto. At the time of illumination
design the all safety precautions are to be taken.
6. The life of the shipyard lighting should be always more.
7. The cost of the ship-yard lighting should be always economical.
8. The every ship-yard station should be free from any type of pollution for e.g. water pollution, sound
pollution or noise pollution to the commercial communication signals.
9. At the time of ship-yard lighting for the outdoor applications we have consider total area of water,
which is covered by the illumination.
10. The ship-yard lighting is always at the remote place slightly away from the sea-share, so at the time of
ship-yard lighting the wiring & accessories can be replace easily.
11. The maintenance and the repairing of the shipyard lighting system should be simple & less, at the
time of ship-yard lighting the navigation signals and lights are very important to control the various ships
at the time of ship-yard lighting we have to consider this factor also.
12. In the ship-yard lighting the various lamp are used to get the proper lux level and for energy saving
purpose also, the some of the lamps are as below-forge, Bollards, foot lamps, solar grass lamps, LED-
Solar energy lawn lamps, various focus lamps, metal halide lamps etc.

14) State any four desirable characteristics of lighting required in stage area.

The following characteristics with their effects can be obtained by lighting on the stage:
1. The activity or programme on the stage should be performed without any disturbance.
2. The lux level on the stage and light intensity is maintained and controlled as per
requirement of activity.
3. The multi colour effect for particular activity of drama is also possible.
4. The smooth and simple control is also possible.
5. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple and quick.
6. The maintenance and repairing is less.
7. The all operations in the stage lighting are smoothly and simple controlled.
8. Life of the stage lighting is more and it is more economical.
9. The Power consumption should be less.
10. The surrounding mood on the stage is maintained and improved by the stage lighting.

15) State any four basic requirements of street lighting.

Ans: basic requirements of street lighting:

1. The street lighting should be such that the object can be seen driver of any vehicle.
2. The street lighting should be attractive.
3. It should increase the community value.
4. As per the Indian standard, the illumination level required for high traffic density
should be 20:30 lux for medium traffic density it should be 8-15 lux & for low traffic
density it should be minimum 4 lux.
5. It should be such that a river of any vehicle sees the object up to 30 mtr.
6. Percentage of glare should be less so there are less chances of accidents, for that angle
of reflector should be well maintain.
7. It should be electrical & mechanical safe.
8. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple
9. The maintenance & repairing should be simple future expansion should be carries out
without any difficulty.
10. It should be economical.
OR
Main Objectives of street Lighting:
1) To make the road clearly visible.
2) To promote safety & convenience to the traffic.
3) To make the street more attractive.
4) To increase the community value of the street.

16)What are the various arrangements of locating lamps for lighting for advertisements
hoarding? Draw the basic circuitry and explain in detail.
Ans: Various arrangements of locating lamps for lighting for advertisements hoarding;
Explanation:
Arrangement for locating lamps for advertisement hoarding are depends upon
following factors :
a) Total area of the hoarding
b) Height of the hoarding from the ground surface
c) Location of the hoarding
d) Lux level on the hoarding
e) Colour combination of advertisement
The main arrangements for lighting as per above figures this is as per projection of
focus lamp
a) Focus lamps projection on cantilever from top of the hoarding
b) Focus lamps projection on cantilever from bottom of the hoarding
c) Focus lamps projection from ground surface apart from the hoarding
d) Focus lamps projection from additional pole on ground surface apart from the
hoarding
e) Focus lamps can be projected from top, bottom, side and in front of the hoarding.
For the advertisement we can use focus lamps of spread angles
a) Narrow beam Projector
b) Medium angle Projector
c) Wide angle Projector
Total number of lamps in the projector may differ it depends on illumination design, if
the number of lamps are more then series/parallel wiring can be selected.
 Solved Examples
1)An illumination on the working plane of 75 lux is required in a room 72 m x 15 m in size.
The lamp are required to be hung 4 meter above the work bench. Assuming a suitable
space height ratio, a utilisation factor of 0.5, lamp efficiency of 14 lumens/watt and
maintenance factor 0.8. Estimate the number of lamps, rating of lamp and disposition of
lamps.

Given Data:
E = 75 Lux Area of working plane = 72 m x 15 m = 1080 m2
U.F = 0.5 & D.F = 0.8 Assume Wattage of each lamp = 200 watt
Efficiency of lamp = 14 lumens/watt
2)A building 50 m x 15 m is to be illuminated by flood light projector situated 25 m away; if
illumination is 100 lux, coefficient of utilization 0.5, depreciation factor 1.5 and waste light
factor 1.2. Estimate the number, size and angle of the projector assuming 1000 watts lamp
having 17 lumens/watt luminous efficiency.
3)A 250 V lamp has a total flux of 1500 lumens and take a current of 0.4 A. Calculate (i)
Lumen per watt (ii) M.S.C.P. per watt
3) A floor lighting is to be provided on the front of building of 40 m x 25 m for brightness of
18 lumens/m2. The coefficient of reflection of building surface is 0.21. The lamp of 500 W
having lumen output 8400 each are used. If beam factor is 0.65, waste light factor is 1.1,
maintenance factor 0.85, then calculate number of lamp for flood lighting.
4) A uniform illumination of 80 lux obtained on the floor of room measuring 15 m x 15 m by
arranging electric light suitably. Calculate the no. of lamps and watt rating of each lamp if
lamp is 15 lux/watt. Assume and write suitable values required in this calculation.
5)A room 30 m x 20 m is illuminated 20 no. of 200 W lamps. The MSCP of each lamp is 240.
If utilization factor is 0.75 and 1.25 depreciation factor, then find out average illumination
produced on floor.

6)A 230 V lamp has a total flux of 2800 lumens and takes current 0.7 Amp. Calculate lumen
per watt and MSCP per watt.
7)A minimum illumination of 80 lux/m 2 is required in factory shade 80 m x 20 m. Calculate
no. location and wattage of the units to be assume that depreciation factor 0.8, coefficient
of utilization is 0.6 and efficiency lamp unit is. 14 lumen/watt.