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Experiment No. 10

MORSE TEST ON
4 - CYLINDER 4 - STROKE PETROL
ENGINE

Dept. Of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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MORSE TEST ON
4 - CYLINDER 4 - STROKE PETROL ENGINE

INTRODUCTION

A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and converts it into
mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as External and Internal
Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine, combustion takes place outside the
cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid
which is then expanded to develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where
combustion of the fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed,
fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.

AIM:

 Performance testing of a petrol engine from no load to full load (at constant speed) for a
single cylinder/ multi- cylinder engine in terms of brake power, indicated power,
mechanical efficiency and specific fuel consumption. Also make the heat balance sheet.
APPARATUS:
A Hydraulic Dynamometer Loading

 The equipment consists of a Brand new ISUZU (Ambassador) make Carburetor

Version Engine (Self started) of capacity 30kW at the charsy and 7.5kW at the crank
shaft.

 The Engine is coupled to a Hydraulic Dynamometer for Loading purposes. The coupling is
done by an universal coupling in a bearing house.

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 Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital
temperature indicator with channel selector.

 Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water flow rate

to the engine and calorimeter respectively.

 The Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital
RPM Indicator and Load cell arrangement.

 A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring the
flow rate of air. The pressure difference is measured by means of a Manometer.
 A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing the
fuel to the engine respectively.

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the lubricating oil level.

2. Check the fuel level.
3. Check and Release the load on the dynamometer if loaded.
4. Check the necessary electrical connections and switch on the panel.

5. Provide the Battery Connections.

6. Allow cooling water to engine and calorimeter and set the flow to 6 & 3 LPM respectively.
7. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
8. Start the engine using the starter key.
9. Set the speed of the engine. (Do not exceed 3000rpm)
10. Now slowly load the engine using the loading wheel of the dynamometer.
11. Set the engine speed to before rating.
12. Note the following readings.
13. Engine Speed.
14. Time taken for cc of petrol consumption
15. Rotameter readings.

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16. Manometer readings, in ‘m’ of water &Temperatures. Repeat the experiment for other
loadings

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17. After the completion release the load (while doing so release the accelerator) and then switch of the
engine and the panel.

*Note:
1. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.

2. Allow water only to the calorimeter and not to the engine.

OBSERVATIONS:

Manometer Reading Time for 10 cc of

Sl. Speed, Load hw =
No. rpm Applied h1 h2 fuel collected, t sec
(h1~h2)

Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.

Sl. Engine water Flow rate, calorimeter water flow rate,

No. LPM1
LPM2

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CALCULATIONS:

1 Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of fuel kg/sec

1000 x t

Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
t is time taken in seconds
2 Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol= 43120 kJ/kg
3 Output or Brake Power, BP

BP =W x N x 0.80 kW
2000
Where,

W = Load carried by the dynamometer

= Load indicator Reading in kg

N = Speed of the engine, rpm

4 Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC =Mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP

5 Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth % = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV

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6 Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%
ηmech % = BP x 100
IP

IP is calculated using the Morse test facility

7 Calculation of head of air, Ha

Ha = hw ρwater m
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in ‘m’ of water

8 Volumetric efficiency, ηvol% ηvol =Qa / Qth x 100

Qa = Actual volume of air taken = Cd a √ (2gHa)

Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62

a = area at the orifice, = ∏ (0.025)2 /4
Ha = head in air column, m of air.

Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Qth = (∏/4) x D2 x L x N
60

D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.084m

L = Length of the Stroke = 0.082m
N is speed of the engine in rpm.

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TABULATION:

Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Mechanical Volumetric

Power Power Thermal Efficiency efficiency
Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT:
Graphs to be plotted:

1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V
2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine head and
calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate standard values, however
the user may select the operating range to his convenience not less than 3 & 2 LPM for
engine and calorimeter respectively.
5. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start the engine.

6. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

7. It is recommended to run the engine below 3000rpm otherwise the rotating parts and
bearing of dynamometer may run out.

TO DO MORSE TEST FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE BELOW:

1. Start the engine and set to one particular speed and note down the readings and calculate the
B.P of the engine for the particular load and speed.
st
2. Cut - off the 1 cylinder, now the speed reduces , so set the speed to
st
3. the before value by releasing the load and subtract the previous value to get the IP of 1
cylinder.
4. Now, repeat the step 2 for other cylinders.

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OBSERVATION:

Sl. Initial Final Load after cylinder cut – off

Speed st nd rd th
No. Load 1 Cyl 2 Cyl. 3 Cyl 4 Cyl
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION:
1. Brake Power , BP

BP = W x N x 0.8 kW 2000

Where,
W= Load carried by the dynamometer
= Load indicator Reading in kg N = Speed of the engine, rpm
Note: Calculate BP for full load as well as cut-off loads

2. Indicated Power , BP
IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4 kW

Where,
IP1 = BP – BP1 IP2 = BP – BP2 IP3 = BP – BP3 IP4 = BP – BP4

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Experiment No.12 (A)

I.C. Engine Performance Test Single Cylinder 4 Stroke

Diesel Engine
 BABA FARID COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BATHINDA

INTRODUCTION

A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and converts it into
mechanical energy, is known as a Heat Engine. They are classified as External and Internal
Combustion Engine. In an External Combustion Engine, combustion takes place outside the
cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid
which is then expanded to develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where
combustion of the fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. IC engines may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed,
fuel, cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.

Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil as a fuel and
operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working cycle takes place in two
revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this engine, pure air is sucked to the
engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking place at the end of the compression
stroke. The power developed and the performance of the engine depends on the condition of
operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for different conditions based on the requirement.

AIM:
Performance testing of a diesel engine from no load to full load (at constant speed) for a single
cylinder/ multi- cylinder engine in terms of brake power, indicated power, mechanical efficiency
and specific fuel consumption and to measure the smoke density. Also make the heat balance
sheet..

APPARATUS:

The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

 Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)

1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp (3.7kW)
capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is coupled to a Rope Brake Drum Dynamometer
for loading purposes. Coupling is done by an extension shaft in a separate bearing house.
The dynamometer is connected to the spring load assembly for varying the load.
2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital temperature
indicator with channel selector to select the position.
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3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water
flow rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.
4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital RPM
Indicator and spring balance reading.
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring the
flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured by means of
Manometer.

6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing the
fuel to the engine respectively

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the flow rate to 6lpm
& 3lpm respectively.
5. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
6. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope brake drum.
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
 Engine Speed
 Time taken for cc of diesel consumption
 Rotameter reading.
 Manometer readings, in cm of water &
 Temperatures at different locations.

11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the above readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the engine.

13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
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OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Reading Time for

No. rpm 10cc of
hw = fuel collected, t
F1 F2 F= (F1~F2) h1 h2 sec
(h1-h2)

Sl. No. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

(
Sl. No. Engine water flow rate, Calorimeter water flow rate,
LPM1 LPM2

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CALCULATIONS:

1.Mass of fuel consumed, mf

mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel ( kg/sec)

1000 x t

Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml t is time taken in seconds

2.Heat Input, HI

HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel, kW

Where,
Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg

3. Output or Brake Power, BP

Engine output
BP =2Π NT kW
60000

Where,
N = speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m

r = 0.15m

4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC =Mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP
5.Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

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ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV

6.Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

ηmech% =BP x 100

IP
Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN’S LINE method and the procedure is as below:

1. Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power

2. Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
3. The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give the Power losses
(Friction Power loss)
4. With this the IP can be found using the relation:
5. IP = BP + FP

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

INTRODUCTION

A COMPRESSOR is a device, which sucks in air at atmospheric pressure & increases its pressure by
compressing it. If the air is compressed in a single cylinder it is called as a Single Stage Compressor.
If the air is compressed in two or more cylinders it is called as a Multi Stage Compressor.
In a Two Stage Compressor the air is sucked from atmosphere & compressed in the first cylinder
called the low-pressure cylinder. The compressed air then passes through an inter cooler where its
temperature is reduced. The air is then passed into the second cylinder where it is further
compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir where it is stored.

APPARATUS:

1. Consists of Two Stage Reciprocating air compressor of 3hp capacity. The compressor is
fitted with similar capacity Motor as a driver and 160lt capacity reservoir tank.
2. Air tank with orifice plate assembly is provided to measure the volume of air taken and is
done using the Manometer provided.
3. Compressed air is stored in an air reservoir, which is provided with a pressure gauge and
automatic cut-off.
4. Necessary Pressure and Temperature tappings are made on the compressor for making
different measurements
5. Temperature is read using the Digital temperature indicator and speed by Digital RPM
indicator.

AIM:
The experiment is conducted at various pressures to
1. Determine the Volumetric efficiency.
2. Determine the Isothermal efficiency.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Check the necessary electrical connections and also for the direction of the motor.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the compressor.

3. Start the compressor by switching on the motor.

4. The slow increase of the pressure inside the air reservoir in observed.

5. Maintain the required pressure by slowly operating the discharge valve (open/close). (Note
there may be slight variations in the pressure readings since it is a dynamic process and the
reservoir will be filled continuously till the cut-off.)
6. Now note down the following readings in the respective units,

 Speed of the compressor. Manometer readings.

 Delivery pressure. Temperatures.

 Energy meter reading.

7. Repeat the experiment for different delivery pressures.

8. Once the set of readings are taken switch of the compressor.

9. The air stored in the tank is discharged. Be careful while doing so, because the compressed
air passing through the small area also acts as a air jet which may damage you or your
surroundings.

10. Repeat the above two steps after every experiment.

OBSERVATIONS:

Time for ‘n’ Manometer meter reading in

Compressor Delivery revolutions ‘m’
Sl. Speed, N rpm Pressure, ‘P’ energy meter, ‘T’
No. kg/cm² sec h1 h2 HW
1
2
3
4
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5

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CALCULATIONS:

1 Air head causing flow, ha

ha = hw ρwater m of air ρair

ρair
Where,
hw is Water column reading in m of water.
ρwater is density of the water = 1000 kg/m3

ρair is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m3

2 Actual vol. of air compressed at RTP, Qa

Where, Qa = Cd a √ (2gha) m3/s

ha is air head causing the flow in m of air.

Cd = co efficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
a = Area of orifice = (∏d)2 / 4
d = diameter of orifice = 0.02m

3.Theoritical volume of air compressed Qth,

Qth = (∏/4) x D2 x L x N m3/s

60

Where,
D is the diameter of the LP cylinder = 0.07m.
L is Stroke Length = 0.085m
N is speed of the compressor in rpm

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4.Input Power, IP

Input Power = 3600 x N x ηm, kW

KxT

Where,

N= No. of revolutions of energy meter

K = Energy meter constant revs/kW-hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 75%

5.Isothermal Work done, WD

WD = ρa x Qa ln r kW
Where,
ρair = is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m3
Qa = Actual volume of air compressed.
r = Compression ratio

r = Delivery gauge pressure+Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Where Atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa

NOTE: To convert delivery pressure from kg/cm to kPa multiply by 98.1

6.Volumetric efficiency, ηvol

ηvol = Qa/Qth x 100

7.Isothermal efficiency, ηiso

ηiso = Isothermal work done x 100

IP

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TABULATIONS:

Sl Head of air ha, m Act.Vol.of Theo.Vol.of Isother mal work done IsoThermal Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency
. No compres sed air compresse d air kW
Qa mZ/s Qth, mZ/s ηiso, % , ηvol, %

1
2
3
4
5
6

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not run the blower if supply voltage is less than 380V

2. Check the direction of the motor, if the motor runs in opposite direction change the phase line
of the motor to run in appropriate direction.
3. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.

RESULT:

Volumetric efficiency, ηvol = ---------

Isothermal efficiency, ηiso = -----------

GRAPHS TO BE PLOTTED:0
1. Delivery Pressure vs. ηvol
2. Delivery Pressure vs. ηiso

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