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    Compton Effect

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    imran hossain
    The Compton effect refers to the observation that x-rays scattered by atomic targets have a longer wavelength than the incident x-rays. This wavelength shift, known as the Compton shift, depends on the scattering angle and can be observed due to x-rays' short wavelengths. The effect is attributed to scattering by the atom's electrons rather than the whole atom. Quantum theory describes the Compton effect as an elastic collision between a photon and electron at rest, and equations are derived relating the photon's energy and momentum to the electron's energy and momentum after scattering. This leads to an expression for the Compton wavelength shift in terms of the scattering angle.

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    Compton Effect

    Uploaded by

    imran hossain
    21 views3 pages
    The Compton effect refers to the observation that x-rays scattered by atomic targets have a longer wavelength than the incident x-rays. This wavelength shift, known as the Compton shift, depends on the scattering angle and can be observed due to x-rays' short wavelengths. The effect is attributed to scattering by the atom's electrons rather than the whole atom. Quantum theory describes the Compton effect as an elastic collision between a photon and electron at rest, and equations are derived relating the photon's energy and momentum to the electron's energy and momentum after scattering. This leads to an expression for the Compton wavelength shift in terms of the scattering angle.

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    Explanation and derivation of compton effect

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    Compton effect

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    The Compton effect refers to the observation that x-rays scattered by atomic targets have a longer wavelength than the incident x-rays. This wavelength shift, known as the Compton shift, depends on the scattering angle and can be observed due to x-rays' short wavelengths. The effect is attributed to scattering by the atom's electrons rather than the whole atom. Quantum theory describes the Compton effect as an elastic collision between a photon and electron at rest, and equations are derived relating the photon's energy and momentum to the electron's energy and momentum after scattering. This leads to an expression for the Compton wavelength shift in terms of the scattering angle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views3 pages

    Compton Effect

    Uploaded by

    imran hossain
    The Compton effect refers to the observation that x-rays scattered by atomic targets have a longer wavelength than the incident x-rays. This wavelength shift, known as the Compton shift, depends on the scattering angle and can be observed due to x-rays' short wavelengths. The effect is attributed to scattering by the atom's electrons rather than the whole atom. Quantum theory describes the Compton effect as an elastic collision between a photon and electron at rest, and equations are derived relating the photon's energy and momentum to the electron's energy and momentum after scattering. This leads to an expression for the Compton wavelength shift in terms of the scattering angle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    The Compton effect pertains to the sca1ering of monochroma4c

    x-rays by atomic targets and


    refers to the observa4on that
    the wavelength of the
    sca1ered x-rays is greater
    than that of the incident
    radia4on.
    Figure 1, illustrates the
    process and iden4fies the
    Compton wavelength shiC in
    terms of the wavelength
    difference
    Figure 1: COMPTON EFFECT

    𝜆! − 𝜆

    This quan4ty is observed to vary as a func4on of the sca1ering angle


    𝜃 shown in the figure. The experiment is performed with x-rays
    because the short wavelengths are needed to have an observable
    effect. A pronounced x-ray wavelength shiC is associated with a
    sca1ering of the x-ray by an electron in an atom rather than by the
    atom as a whole. We demonstrate this experimentally by finding that
    the shiC does not depend on the iden4ty of the atomic sca1erer, and
    so we a1ribute the effect to the electron as the common cons4tuent
    of all target atoms. Our discussion of the Compton efect is given in
    terms of the sca1ering of an x-ray by a free electron, since an x-ray
    quantum carries enough energy to make the dis4nc4on between a
    bound electron and a free electron essen4ally irrelevant.

    The quantum theory of radia4on treats the x-ray beam as a stream of


    photons. For x rays of wavelength 𝜆 the photon energy is given by:

    !"
    𝜖 = ℎ𝜈 = (1)
    #
    The photon is also assigned a momentum according to Einstein's
    revision of the photon concept:

    $ !% !
    𝑝= = = (2)
    " " #

    Figure 2: Compton effect

    The Compton process is then described in terms of a rela4vis4c


    collision involving the elas4c sca1ering of a photon by an electron,

    𝛾+ 𝑒 → 𝛾+ 𝑒

    We take the electron to be at rest ini4ally and to have energy and


    momentum E and P aCer the collision. These variables are related by
    the rela4vis4c formula given by:

    𝐸 & = 𝑃 & 𝑐 & + 𝑚' & 𝑐 ( (3)

    We may write conserva4on of momentum as,

    𝑝⃗ − ---⃗
    𝑝' = 𝑃-⃗

    And square the equality to get,

    ---⃗+ + 𝑐 & 𝑝+ & = 𝑐 & 𝑃&


    𝑐 & 𝑝& − 2𝑐 & 𝑝⃗. 𝑝 (4)

    Since 𝑐𝑝 = 𝜖 and 𝑐𝑝! = 𝜖 ! , the result can be rewri1en as


    𝜖 & − 2𝜖𝜖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜖 +& = 𝐸 & − 𝑚' & 𝑐 ( (5)

    Where equa4on_3 is used to eliminate 𝑃" .


    We also employ conserva4on of rela4vis4c energy by wri4ng,

    𝜖 + 𝑚' 𝑐 & = 𝜖 + + 𝐸 (6)

    Rearranging and squaring produce the following equality:

    𝜖 & − 2𝜖𝜖 + + 𝜖 +& = 𝐸 & − 2𝐸𝑚' 𝑐 & + 𝑚'& 𝑐 ( (7)

    Subtrac4ng equa4on_7 from equa4on_5 we get,

    2𝜖𝜖 + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 2𝑚' 𝑐 & (𝐸 − 𝑚' 𝑐 & )


    = 2𝑚' 𝑐 & (𝜖 − 𝜖 + )

    [using equa4on_6]
    Now we divide by 2𝜖𝜖 ! to obtain,
    , ,
    1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑚' 𝑐 & 6 ! − 7
    $ $

    # ! #
    = 𝑚' 𝑐 & 6 − 7
    !" !"

    using Equa4on_1 at the last step. Finally, we solve for the wavelength
    difference and find,

    !
    Δ𝜆 = 𝜆' − 𝜆 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
    -" "

    As the desired result for the Compton wavelength shiC.

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