LAPORAN IP LISTRIK PASIR - Bahasa Inggris

Preliminary
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
1.1. Back ground

Iron ore investigation conducted by researcher based on Technical Assistance
Agreement with PT. Sinar Karya Lestari Mandiri. The technical assistance
provided are geoelectric survey and Induced Polarization (IP) for Iron Ores
exploration. This field investigations conducted for 34 days, started on May 19 -
June 22, 2015.
Locations investigation administratively belongs to Bukit Pasir area, Simpang

Sepayu District, Katapang Regency, West Kalimantan Province (Figure 1.1).
This location can be reached by car or other vehicles from Pangkalan Bun to
Mangkalang village and take time 5-6 hours, in which it is an axis road of West
Kalimantan – Central Kalimantan and then continued by using Kelotok boat
passes Batang Kawa river and it takes time about 2-3 hours (depends on
weather), then passes the Batang Kawa District and shrub areas along rivers and
some rural areas such as Karang Mas, Kina, until Jemuat villages. Getting to the
location from Jemuat village, then continued on the second day by walking on
foot will take 8.6 kilometers (2 day trip).
In general, the location investigation is Primary forest and bordered by Forest

Preserve, with Trees Commodity are Bangkirai and Meranti. The number of local
residents consists of Dayak is around 95% and the rest are newcomers.
Topographic relief in the investigation area in general is as steep undulating
hills in north survey and corrugated medium in the south of the survey location.
Social and public facilities in Jemuat villages provided are education facilities,
from kindergarten to elementary school, places of worship (church), water and
electricity derived from Diesel power/Home Generator. Other facilities that have
Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 1 - 11 - 1

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Bukit Pasir Areas, Simpang Sepayu District., Katapang, West Kalimantan - June 2015
Preliminary
been existed are Assistant Community Health Center, Village Office and village
assembly Office.
1.2 Objective and Purpose

The objective and purpose of this activity are to do Resistivity and Induced
Polarization (IP) survey to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of
iron ore deposits, as well as to increase the trust of data obtained from previous
geomagnetic survey on the distribution of iron ore deposits in investigation
location.
Lokasi penyelidikan
FIGURE 1.1
Map of investigation location, Bukit pasir Area, Hulu Sungai District,
Katapang Regency, West Kalimantan
In particular, the purpose of investigation activities are:

 To find the illustration of the geological conditions in the investigation
area.

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Preliminary
 To recognize the distribution of economic iron ore deposits based on

geophysical parameters (resistivity and chargeability) rocks by dipole-
dipole resistivity survey and induced polarization (IP).
1.3 Scope of Activities

Scope of field activities in the iron ore investigation in the investigation area are
:
 Binding Local GPS point as a reference point.
 Surveying trajectory calculation (base line and grid line) as well as
geological mapping
 Surveying resistivity Dipole-dipole and Induced Polarization
 Data processing, modeling and preparation of reports
The total volume of field work can be seen in Table 1.1
TABEL 1.1
Volume of Works
Types of Work Volume
Making the trajectory calculation 14 Km

Surveying Geoelectric Dipole-dipole
14 Km
and Induced Polarization
Surveying of Geology 50 Ha
Data processing, modeling and
1 package
preparation of reports
1.4 Personnel dan Instruments

In the field investigation of iron ore, personnel involved in comprising :
 1 Senior Surveyor and Geophysical Operator
 1 Geologist

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Preliminary
 2 Surveyor
 2 Geoelectric
 15 local workers
While, the Instruments used consisted of

 1 unit ARES 48 Channel
 1 unit Swicth BOX
 2 units Garmin GPSMAP 62s & 78 Csx
 2 units suunto compass and measuring tape
FIGURE 1.2
Instruments used in Geoelectric Survey
Automatic Resistivity System (ARES) GF - Instruments

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Overview of Geoelectric and IP Methods
CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF GEOELECTRIC AND IP METHODS
Geophysics is the science that studies the application of physics concepts and
laws on the issues or terrestrial phenomena. In geophysics, it is known some
geophysical exploration methods, i.e methods that apply the physics concepts
and laws to predict the physical characteristics of rocks / medium under the
surface. The distribution of physical parameters such as density, magnetic
susceptibility, propagation velocity of seismic wave (vp, vs), resistivity or
conductivity and so on, are associated with the condition, material
characteristics of rocks and certain geological structures. Thus investigations
using geophysical methods can be utilized for the purposes of geological study,
natural resources exploration (water-land, mineral, geothermal, oil and gas) as
well as environmental studies.
In the iron ore investigation carried out in the investigation area, a geophysical
method used is the geomagnetic method.
One example of geophysical methods is gravity method that based on Newton's

laws about gravity. The acceleration of Earth's gravity is a power which taken
place by a unit mass due to the earth gravitation. In general, the density
distribution in the earth causes the gravitational acceleration that measured at
the earth's surface are varied with their positions. Therefore, the measurement
of gravitational acceleration as a position can be used to estimate the density
variation under-surface. Almost the same concepts are also applied in to
geomagnetic in which the variations in Earth's magnetic field is a response to
the distribution of magnetic characteristics of rocks.
In the gravitational method, gravity force arises without requiring excitation or

external interference. On geoelectric method earth response of arises as a result
of excitation from outside on an electric current that flowed into the earth. The
earth response as the media can be measured and it reflects the distribution of
Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Page2 -21- 1
the electrical characteristics (in this case resistivity or electrical conductivity)

under surface. The next discussion will be focused on resistivity method.
2.1 Resistance dan Resistivity

In the simple electric circuit (Figure 2.1), it is applied Ohm's Law which connects
to potential difference V (in volts) with electric current I (in amperes) and
resistance (in ohms) by the equation:
V RI (2.1)
Resistance is often referred to as barrier or electrical resistance.
R
I
_
+
FIGURE 2.1
Simple electric circuit
Resistance of an electrical load depends on the material types and dimensions.

For similar material types and diameters (or cross-sectional area), the resistance
is getting large by rising length of the material. Instead, the equal length of
material, the resistance will be reduced if the diameter or cross sectional of
which is risen (Figure 2.1). Thus the resistance is not the magnitude or quantities
which can characterize the electrical characteristics of material due to the
resistance depends on material types and dimensions.

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L11 L2 L1
A1
A2
FIGURE 2.2
Material resistance differences due to dimension differences
(length L and cross-sectional area A).
Resistance is directly proportional to the length L (in meters) and inversely

proportional to the cross-sectional area A (in meter2) and the proportionality of
constant is the resistivity of material (in Ohm.m), so:
L L
R 
 R   (2.2a)
A A
A
R (2.2b)
L
Resistivity is a quantity which can characterize the electrical characteristics of

the material because it only depends on the material type. Resistivity indicates
the simplicity or diffculty level material in conducting electric current. To
indicate the material characteristics in conducting electricity, it can also be used
–1
a conductivity magnitude ) with a unit of Siemens / meter. Geoelectric
method can be used to estimate the resistivity of rock or subsurface geological
formations by providing excitation / injection of flows into the earth and
measuring the response.
2.2 Resistivity of Rocks

The mechanism of electricity in rock formations is dominated by electrolytic
conduction, in which the flow of charged particles (ions) occured in water or

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electrolyte solution that contained in the rock pores. The electricity current
through the rock matrix is generally very small. The resistivity of rocks is
strongly influenced by the rock pores and characteristics of the electrolyte
solution as pores filling. Porosity is the ratio of the volume of empty space in
rocks to the entire volume rock and it is indicated in fractions or percentages
(0.1 or 10%).
The characteristics of electrolyte solution are also indicated by the magnitude of

the resistivity as a function of salinity and its temperature. Both of parameters
determine the number and mobility of ions in solution. The conductivity of
water formation w (in Siemens / meter) can be estimated, it is based on
salinity S (in gram / liter) and the temperature T (in OC) using the following
empirical equation:
w  (1.17013  0.03299 T 1.05257 ) S 0.90347 (2.3)
The equation can also be used to estimate the salinity of an electrolyte solution
is based on the price of conductivity and its temperature. Figure 2.3 showed
conductivity curve of some saline solution as a function of salinity, while Figure
2.4 shows the conductivity variation of NaCl solution as a function of salinity
and temperature.
Archie’s law obtained empirically indicated that resistivity of rock formations

(especially sedimentary rock) f are a function of porosity  and formation water
resistivity w:
 f  a  w  m (2.4)
where a (0.6 <a <1.0) is constant, m (1.3 <m <2.5) is rock cementation factor.
Archie law assumes that all rock pores filled by formation water (saturation).

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FIGURE 2.3
Conductivity some salinity solution (as well as acid and alkaline solutions as a salt
producer of) is a function of salinity (Keller, 1987).
FIGURE 2.4
NaCl solution conductivity as a function of salinity and temperature
(Keller, 1987).
The resistivity of rock formations are also influenced by other factors such as:
• origins of rock (rocks are relatively more resistive to sedimentary rocks),

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• rocks age (the old rocks tend to be more resistive because the secondary
mineralization process, compacting and so on, that cause porosity
decreases),
• texture of rock (rocks composed by homogeneous granules have a higher
porosity so it tends to be more conductive, Figure 2.5),
• geological processes (Figure 2.6),
• lithology / rock type (Figure 2.7).
Rock types can not be determined only by the resistivity because of many
factors that affect resistivity of rock and overlap resistivity ranges. Geoelectric
survey can only estimate the probability of subsurface-surface geological
conditions. Additional supporting data (geology or geophysics) is required to
further sharpen the conclusion of a geoelectric survey.
FIGURE 2.5
Some types of rock textures (Ward, 1990).

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FIGURE 2.6
Resistivity changes as a result of geological processes in rocks (Ward, 1990).
FIGURE 2.7
Interval resistivity of several rock types (Ward, 1990).
2.3 Data Collection Method

Data collection activities are included in the scope of activities as follows:
 Survey of grid lines (base line and trajectory)
Making grid line is conducted by topographic survey team of 2 surveyors by
power applying closure loop techniques for binding Baseline and clinometer
for making track. The instruments used are electronic meters Suunto and

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Garmin GPS 60 CSX. In the investigation area, it is made 14 Km path

measurement with interval is among 50 m. Moreover in each track made
Anjir / wooden sign (Figure 2.6). Baseline trendings are West to East while
trajectory trendings measurements are North to South. Trajectories are used
as trajectory geophysical measurements (geoelectric and IP). At the time,
field activities of each surveyor assisted by 3- 4 people of local workers.
 Survey Geolistrik and IP

Geoelectric and IP data collection is conducted by using the ARES 48
Channel. It is conducted in every stretch of the instrument path along 480 m,
with electrode spacing of 10 m, at the 14 km of track is already available.
The instruments used consisted of one unit ARES 48 Channel with
geoelectric dipole-dipole configuration, in which each measurement was
conducted for 2 hours / stretch. Personnel in a geomagnetic survey
consisted of one person geophysical operator as well as 2 local workers.
2.4 Data Processing Method

2.4.1 Data of Tracks and Observation Point
Data of tracks and observation points by using closure loop techniques are
processed in the site to determine the position of the coordinates and elevation
of all geophysical observation points. Elevation data obtained is then used for
making topographic maps of location investigation (Figure 2.8 and Appendix 1).
Coordinate system used in the data processing as follows:
Type : Transverse Mercator
Meridian : Greenwich
Datum : World Geodetic System 84
False Easthing : 500000 meters
False Northing : 1000000 meters
Meridian Scale Factor : 0.9996
Origin Latitude : 1.0000 degree
Origin Longitude : 111.000 degree

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GAMBAR 2.8
Activity of measurement Resistivity - IP

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Gambar 2.9 Resistivity Line Meaasurement at Bukit Pasir area
Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 22-- 10

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Overview of Geology
CHAPTER 3
OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGY
3.1 Regional Geology of Bukit Pasir

3.1.1 Regional Geology and Physiography
Regionally, investigation are belongs to Geological Map Sheet of Tumbang
Manjul with scale 1 : 250.000 (U. Margono, et. all-R&D Center for Geology, 1995)
contained by Rock Formation of Kerabai Volcano and Sukadana Granite
Formation.
Sukadana Granite Formation composed by quartz monzonite rocks, monzogranite,
syenogranite, alkali feldsspar granite, quartz syenite, monzodiorite quartz, diorite
quartz, thermally, it switched malihan pinoh land from katapang complex,
squashed kerabai volcanic, intruded by sangiyang granite and squashed by basalt
bunga. The age of this formation is lower cretaceous to upper cretaceous.
Meanwhile, Rock Formation of Kerabai Volcanic consists of lava andesite, dacite
and rhyolite lava that most indispensable of pyroclastic rocks (ash, lapilli, crystal
tuff; volcanic breccias and agglomerates). The relationship of other rocks with Laur
Granite is not aligned. It intruded and squashed sukadana granite, then intruded
by sangiyang granite, squashed by basalt bunga and the rest of which are similar
to basalt bunga. The age of this formation is upper cretaceous.
IUP region of PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari has two locations. The wide of first
location is approximately ± 20.300 ha and second one is about ± 623,4 Ha.
Geomorphologycal unit of survey areas are included Geomorphologycal unit of
sloping hills to steep hills, at an altitude between 160 m to 850 m above sea
level.
Geomorphologycal unit of sloping hills to medium hills with the sub-dendritic
drainage pattern of river are in the western observation area. This unit is
composed by Formation of Kebai Volcanic which consisting of andesite lava,
dacite and rhyolite lava, and mostly are inseparable from pyroclastic rocks.

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3 -31- 1
Overview of Geology
Geomorphologycal unit of uphills to downhill with the trellis and anastomatic

drainage patterns of river are in the central observation area to southeastern.
This unit is composed by Formation of Sukadana Granite which consisting of
quartz monzonite rock, monzogranite, synogranite, alkali feldspar granite, a bit
of quartz syenite, quartz monzodiorite, and quartz diorite.
3.1.2 Regional Stratigraphy

Viewing its stratigraphy, there are six formation in observation area sequentally
from old to young, as follow:
 Sukadana granite (Kus) : quartz monzonite rock, monzogranite,
synogranite, alkali feldspar granite, a bit of quartz syenite, quartz
monzodiorite, and quartz diorite, switched Malihan Pinoh thermally from
Katapang Complex, squashed kerabai volcanic, intruded by Sangiyang
Granite and squashed by Basalt Bunga. The age of this formation is Lower
Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous.
 Kerabai Volcanic (Kuk) : lava andesite, dacite and rhyolite lava that mostly are
ineparable from pyroclastic rocks (ash, lapilli, crystal tuff and pause; volcanic
breccias and agglomerates). The relationship of other rocks with Laur Granite is
not aligned. It is intruded and squashed by sukadana granite, then intruded by
Sangiyang Granite, squashed by Basalt Bunga and the part of which are similar
to Basalt Bunga. The age of this formation is Upper Cretaceous.
3.1.3 Regional Structure

Topography and geomagnetic survey area is included Geological Map Sheet of
Tumbang Manjul, in general almost sheets covered by Schwarner Batholith with
composition rocks are Cretaceous Granites. Faults and Fractures have general
direction of the northwest in the southern Sheet, while in the northern, it is
turned to northwest-southeast. The straight directed west-east is probably a
normal fault.
Based on plate tectonics, Sepauk Tonalite and Laur Granite from Schwaner
batholith are estimated to relate to piercng activity in the south. The

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3 -32- 2
Overview of Geology
assumption is based on the exposure of bancuh rock of Serabang Complex at

West Serawak and Lembar Sambas Siluas as well as bancuh Boyan at Lembar
Sintang (all of the are in the north Lembar areas). The eruption of shallow dikes
of Paleogene age (Sintang Intrusion) showed that there are stretch and no
available sedimentary rocks show that this area has been stable since
cretaceous period.
3.1.4 Mineral Resources and Energy

Mineral Resources at Lembar Tumbang Manjul are gold, muscovite and
Kecubung. Placer gold found in river sand and processed by local community
around Kampung Penyumpa in the river bank of Pembuang. Muscovite pages
are available in pegmatite at Tisiknaga are, upstream of Mendawai River.
Kecubung sized gravel derived from the crushing of pegmatite found in
Tumbangkaman at upstream Arut River.

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3 -33- 3
Overview of Geology
FIGURE 3.1
Geological Map of Regional Location Of PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari
Resistivity-IP survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Page 3 - 4

Overview of Geology
3.1.5 The Existence of Mineral Ore Deposits

Monitoring result of geology and the distribution of rock, fragment as well as
surface magnetic rock, indicated variation of magnetic characteristics, higher-
medium- and non-magnetic which produced anomaly magnetic as the pole
residue. It became a group of rocks which have high magnetic value. The
magnetic value described magnetic rocks in the form of fragments, or the
exposure of magnetic rocks spread out at yard or surface of survey area. The
distribution of medium-high anomaly magnetic are spread out at the center to
the eastern survey area slightly. The distribution area directed to north-south,
from geological observation on surface showed that this area composed by
fragment, or lump as contact result between metasomatism rock and granite as
host rock, which has a high magnetic characteristics at the distribution area.
Some samples are taken from the surface, shaped of fragment, lump sized at
the center to the eastern survey area slightly, with the distribution directed to
northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest.
3.1.6 Ore Geology

a. Surface Indication
Monitoring result of the availability of mineral ore at the survey and its
surrounding areas showed by the exposure of altered granitic rock which
contains balck-gray iron ore with metallic luster. There is a corrosive destruction
of iron mineral that has fairly high magnetic characteristics (indication to use
magnetic pen), it spread out at the center of survey area to the eastern survey
area slightly, with the distribution directed to northwest-southeast and
northeast-southwest.
b. Geological Environment of Magnetic Area
Most of magnetic rocks at the survey area are on altered granitic rocks, in which
granite is getting contact metasomatism process in that area. Components of
magnetic rocks associated with formation of mineral ore deposit. Visually,
mineral ore as iron oxide estimated as magnetite (Fe3O4) or Hematite (Fe2O3).
Resistivity and IP Survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Page 3 - 5

at Bukit Pasir, Simpang Sepayu Distric, Katapang Regency, West Kalimantan - Juni 2015
Overview of Geology
3.2 Local Geology

3.2.1 Geomorphology
The landscape yard of Bukit Pasir set by 3 (three) of geomorphology units
(Figure 3.2), as follows :
a. Geomorphology Unit of Sloping Hills,
This unit has a sloping landform at high contour 275-337 m above sea level
and slope ranges are between 8 – 13 degrees, placed by batang awak
tributary deposit at western to north – east, with the wide of distribution is
about 15 % of survey area, composed by sand – gravel, and clay. While, the
surrounding areas are forest wood, bengkirai and meranti trees.
b. Geomorphology Unit of Undulating Hills
This unit has somewhat steep landforms to steep at high contour 350 -400
m above sea level and slope ranges are between 14 – 20 degrees, with the
wide of distribution is about 50 % of survey area, composed by granite
which is included sukadana granite formation. While, the surrounding areas
are composed by forest wood, bengkirai and meranti trees.
c. Geomorphology Unit of Steep Hills
This unit has steep landforms to extremely steep at high contour 400-475 m
above sea level and slope ranges are between 21 – 55 degrees, the
distribution area is in the center to the eastern survey area slightly, spread
out from south to north, with the wide of distribution is about 35% of survey
area, composed by altered granitic rock which containing iron ore and
granite rock. While, the surrounding areas are composed by forest wood,
bengkirai and meranti trees.
3.2.2 Geology Rock Unit

The distribution of rock types found in the survey region as we can be seen in
Figure 3.2, more dominated by two types of rocks, as follow:

Overview of Geology
a. Granite Unit, is one of the part of Sukadana Granite Formation which come
from Early Cretaceous - Late Cretacoeus. This unit has the feature as follow,
light brown - white pink, massive with with medium - coarse grained sized,
hard, phaneritic, hypidiomorphic-granular texture, holocrystalline, anhedral -
euhedral, partly altered due to intruded by diabase. Minerals which appeared
in the specimen are milky quartz, grey - pink colored feldspar, plagioclase,
biotite and hornblende. This unit is intruded by diabase which has grey -
greenish grey colored, turn to brown colored around the altered area, hard,
aphanitic, massive, holocrystalline, euhedral, minerals which appeared in the
specimen plagioclase, pyroxene, magnetite, and small portion of chlorate,
locally found pyrite and or chalcopyrite. A typical feature is the alteration of
pyroxene to chlorite which gives the rock greenish color. Diabase also has
magnetism due to its mineral content but not too strong. This unit can be
found in the valley, creeks and also in the north, west and east edge of
prospect area.
b. Altered Granite Unit that contains Iron Ore, also one of the part of
Sukadana Granite Formation. This unit has altered by the metasomatic
contact process and changed the rock forming mineral and formed ore
mineral. The ore mineral that formed in the prospect area is magnetite or
hematite which also as the prospect target.
Magnetite has the feature as follow, brown, greyish black to bluish black,
vughy, slightly weathered, moderately hard - hard, partly altered to hematite
and limonite, on hematite shows botryoidal habit, weak - strong magnetism,
pyrite and or chalcopyrite and galena (?) found spotted in very fine grain size,
and also associated with quartz. Found as outcrop and float in cobble -
boulder size.
In prospect area this unit can be found in the valley, creeks, centre part and
south edge. While magnetite around the ridge in the centre to the eastern
boundary of the prospect area. Floats scattered along the creeks and centre
to eastern ridge area.

Overview of Geology
3.2.3 Geological Structure

Structurally the prospect area is much affected by the regional geology. Based
on the field observation the fault which developed in this area has general
direction/bearing north - south and northwest - southeast. It is confirmed by
cutting impression on the outcrops which have the same general
direction/bearing.
Contact metasomatism process occurred within the weak zone and followed by
the mineralisation process of iron ore. Iron ore distributed from the to the
eastern part of prospect area

Tinjauan Umum Geologi
FIGURE 3.2
Geological Map Bukit Pasir area at PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari
Resistivity and IP Survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 3 - 9

Tinjauan Umum Geologi
FIGURE 3.3
Geomorfology Map Bukit Pasir area at PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari
Resistivity and IP Survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 3 - 10

Result And Discussion
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Geophysical Interpretation

IP measurement results can be grouped into 3 potential types based on the
resistivity and chargeability value which shown in 2D section (Fig. 05):
1. Potential Zone Type 1, iron ore potential zone with relatively high
resistivity (1000 < Rho < 3000 Ohm-m) and high chargeability value
(chargeability/IP > 100 msec)
2. Potential Zone Type 2, other associated mineral potential zone with
relatively low or possibly alteration zone (10 < Rho < 1000 Ohm-m)
and high chargeability value (chargeability/IP > 100 msec)
3. Potential Zone Type 3, other associated mineral potential zone with
relatively high (Rho > 2000 Ohm-m) and high chargeability value
(chargeability/IP > 100 msec).
Geological study needs to be conducted to confirm this zone.
From the description above, the survey location can be divided into iron ore
potential zone and other mineral potential zone.
4.2 Topographic Line Sketch

Induced Polarization (IP) measurement line sketch and topographic image
and contour sketch presented separately as follows:
 IP Line Sketch
The purpose in the making of this sketch was to show the distribution of IP
lines in the northern and southern part of survey area; line direction and IP
line spacing. IP lines was made in north - south direction and crossing line in
east -west direction. Average line length 500 - 900 m with 50 m spacing.
Electrode/IP measuring point spacing 10 m (Fig 4.1).
Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Page 4 - 1

 Topographic Contours Sketch

The topographic map was provided by the company from the previous
survey. Generally survey location has elevation variations ± 150m or from the
lowest level 300 m to the highest level 450 m. Descending from the west
toward east with the highest point (>400 m) lies in the central part of north
and south of survey area.
 Topographic Contours Sketch
The image was made to provide the information of elevation variations of
measurement points and the lines of IP and represented by the colour of the
elevation. From the lowest to the highest elevation is dark blue, blue, green,
light green, yellow and red (Fig 4.2)

FIGURE 4.1 Line Map of Induced Polarization

FIGURE 4.2 Topographic Contour Map

4.3 Resistivity Sketch and Image

The resistivity distribution value can be provided from the sketch horizontally
on the surface where the apparent resistivity value varies from 10 - 13000
Ohm-m and represented by the colour of dark blue - light blue - light green
- green - yellow - pink - red respectively (represents low to high resistivity).
Based on the resistivity data, the survey area consists of relatively low
resistivity zone (10 Ohm-m) to relatively high resistivity zone (13000 Ohm-m)
and can be interpreted as soil, volcanic rock and dense rock such as granite.
Certain locations indicated the value of high resistivity > 3000 Ohm-m and
possible granite while the volcanic rock has low resistivity (< 1000 Ohm-m).
Granitoid is assumed as basement rock and relatively shallow and become
shallower to the east. Iron ore possibly lies on the contact zone between
granite and overlying volcanic rock with resistivity value 1000 - 3000 Ohm-m.
The area with the relatively high resistivity value 1000 < Rho < 3000 Ohm-m
lies in the middle part of southern area and covering ±5 ha area while in the
middle part of northern area coverage area is ±4 ha.

FIGURE 4.3 Resistivity Contour Map

FIGURE 4.4 2D Resistivity Map

4.4 Chargeability Sketch and Image

This sketch can provide the information about the distribution of sulphide
mineralisation rate horizontally on the surface where the contour of
chargeability value varies from 10 - 800 msec and represented by the colour
of dark blue - light blue - light green - green - yellow - pink respectively
(represents low to high chargeability). The survey area is dominated by low
chargeability value (< 50 msec) and interpreted that the area has low
sulphide mineralisation or no mineralisation occurred. The area with the
relatively high chargeability value (> 100 msec) interpreted as sulphide
mineralisation zone and located in the middle part of southern area and in
the middle part of northern area. Chargeability anomaly pattern has direction
east - west and shows the indication of iron ore potential zone and or the
other minerals such as gold (Au), copper (Cu) and galena (Pb).

FIGURE 4.5 Chargibility Contour Map

FIGURE 4.6 2D Chargibility Map

4.5 Induced Polarisation (IP) Sketch

The IP anomaly sketch made based on the overlaying/intersection of 2D
section between the high chargeability value (> 100 msec) which conform
with relatively high/medium resistivity value (1000 < Rho < 3000 Ohm-m).
The area which has high resistivity value (>2000 Ohm-m) is interpreted as
type 1 and type 2 potential zone (see art. 8). IP anomaly sketch provide the
information about IP anomaly distribution in the whole average depth. Also
correlation of the sulphide mineralisation rate with resistivity value vertically
and horizontally and on the map shown in dash green line. The most of
survey area is high resistivity value (IP anomaly) and interpreted as igneous
rock dominated such as granite and associated with high sulphide
mineralisation. The coverage area is more than 70% from total area, both in
the northern and southern part of the area. Iron ore and other mineral
indication are included in this IP anomaly zone and other parameter is
needed in order to separate magnetite with the other mineral or rock. Due to
no indication of high chargeability value then there is no IP anomaly and
interpreted that there is no mineralisation occurred in the remaining location
(30%).

Hasil dan Pembahasan
FIGURE 4.7 Anomaly Map Of Induced Polarization (IP)

4.6 Magnetic Anomaly Sketch

Magnetic data is collected from earlier survei, its can give the information of
anomaly distribution within the whole average depth. Lateral (surface)
distribution of iron ore (magnetite) is shown in dash red line. Magnetic
anomaly zone that lie/located in the middle part of southern area and in the
middle part of northern area can be interpreted as magnetite iron ore zone.
Total coverage of this iron ore zone is ± 20% from the total survey area. The
remaining area (80%) is possibly barren (no magnetic anomaly) and or only
Fe boulder found scattered locally close to the surface.

FIGURE 4.8 Anomaly Map Of Magnetic

4.7 Iron Ore Potential Sketch

Iron ore potential sketch was made based on the overlaying/intersection of
IP anomaly and magnetic anomaly. Lateral (surface) distribution of iron ore
(magnetite) is shown in dash red line. Magnetic anomaly zone that lie/located
in the middle part of southern area and in the middle part of northern area
can be interpreted as magnetite iron ore zone. Total coverage of this iron ore
zone is ± 20% from the total survey area. The remaining area (80%) is
possibly barren (high resistivity value) and or only Fe boulder found scattered
locally close to the surface.

FIGURE 4.9 Iron Ore Potential Map

4.8 Sketsa 3D Resistivity & Chargebility

Purpose of the presentation of this sketch is to visualise the distribution of
resistivity and high chargeability in 3D form. From southeast viewpoint can
be seen clearly that the occurrence/distribution of high resistivity value and
high chargeability are located in the southern and middle part of survey area.
This iron ore zone is mixed with the other dense rock and impurity elements.

FIGURE 4.10 Resistivity 3D Map

FIGURE 4.11 Chargibility 3D Map

4.9 Model 3D Kompilasi Resistivity & Chargebility

Induced Polarization (IP) 3D model was done by the combination processing
softwares. All the section 2D resistivity data in INV format, coordinate and
elevation data are used as the input into 3D modeling process. 3D modeling
result can be presented into one combination form between high
chargeability value (> 100 msec) with relatively high/medium resistivity value
(1000 < Rho < 3000 Ohm-m). In this 3D model combination can be clearly
seen both from southwest and southeast the indication of the iron ore
occurrence although it is still mixed with the other dense rock and impurity
elements.

FIGUR 4.12 Compilation 3D Map of Resistivity and Chargibility

FIGURE 4.13 Compilation 3D Map of Resistivity and Chargibility

4.10 Model 3D Interseksi Resistivity & Chargebility

Potential zone can be obtained by overlaying/intersection between high
chargeability value (> 100 msec) with relatively high/medium resistivity (1000
< Rho < 3000 Ohm-m). Then the volume of iron ore from this potential zone
can be calculated directly using the softwares such as Surfer or Encom Pa. in
3D model intersection can see iron ore indication from south west and from
south east side eventhought, its steel accosiated with another massive rock
and dirt minerals.

Figure 4.14 3D Map Intersection Of Resistivity and Chargibility

FIGURE 4.15 3D Map Intersection Of Resistivity and Chargibility

4.11 Section 2D Modelling Results

IP anomaly will be obtained as the combination result from resistivity,
chargeability and total magnetic intensity and will be presented according to
each line. Most of the line shows the of IP anomaly which indicated from the
with relatively high/medium and high resistivity value (> 1000 Ohm-m) and
high chargeability value (> 100 msec). By combining resistivity and
chargeability section IP anomaly can be obtained, and the anomaly can be
found in Line_21S to line_43S from southern area and line_21U to line_49U.
Potential zone can be seen in 2D section from figure 5 while IP anomaly and
iron ore potential zone sketch in figure 3. Magnetite potential zone can be
obtained by combining/overlaying the magnetic section (assumed that the
magnetic data is correct). And from that combination only few IP lines shown
the magnetite zone.
 For the southern location, magnetite indication only found in the line as
follows: line_27S, 29S, 31S, 33S, 35S, 37S and line_39S.
 For the northern location, magnetite indication only found in the line as
follows: line_23U, 25U, 27U, 31U, 33U, 35U, 37U and line_39U.
2D section is very important in finding the indication of iron ore and the
other mineral potential. Iron ore potential can be indicated from the
intersection/overlaying of IP anomaly and magnetic anomaly. And the other
mineral potential possibility like gold (Au) and or copper (Cu) can be
obtained from the intersection of high chargeability value (> 100 msec) with
low resistivity value (< 1000 Ohm-m).

4.12 Estimation Iron Ore Resources

Induced Polarization (IP) 3D modeling can be done directly from 2D
resistivity modeling data and overlaid with 2D chargeability section to form
block model of the prospect area. The volume of the block then can be
obtained (Fig. 4.14 and 4.15).
From Block Model Calculation, resume potential iron ore volume near to
8.031.250 m3. Gross volume calculation of the iron ore from anomaly IP zone
is: Gross volume (T) = volume based on the IP anomaly (m3) x density (t/m3) x
correction factor (%) = 8,031,250 m3 x 4.6 t/m3 x 50%
Gross volume (T) = 18,471,875 Tonnage ≈18.472.000 Tonnage.
Total Areas potential is 30,99 Hectare, divide into two zone Indicated and
inferred resources area include and exclude consession Area. Indicated and
inferred resources area within consession area is ±13.04 ha (3.32 ha indicated
and 9.72 ha inferred) while the total coverage of the outside consession area
is 17.95 ha (4.73 ha indicated and 13.22 ha inferred). With the iron ore
thickness assumption based on IP result and resistivity is ±25,916 m then the
assumption volume is:
Ore resources volume = coverage area (ha) x thickness (m) x density
(T/m3) x correction factor (%)
Inside IUP:
- Indicated resources = 3,32 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 1.978.946 Ton
≈ 1.979.000 Ton
- Inferred resources = 9,72 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 5.793.781 Ton
≈5.794.000 Ton
 Outside IUP:
- Indicated resources = 4,73 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 2.819.402 Ton
≈2.819.000 Ton
- Inferred resources = 13.22 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 7.880.019
Ton ≈7.880.000 Ton

FIGURE 4.16 Calculated Potensial Iron Ore

Resume and Recommendation
CHAPTER 5
RESUME AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Resume
From the description and details of IP results then can be concluded as follows:
 From the IP result shows that the survey area is dominated by the high
resistivity value (> 2000 Ohm-m) and can be interpreted as the indication
of dense rock such as granite which is the basement rock beside the
volcanic rock and soil.
 Presumably the iron ore potential zone is located between the contact
zone of granite with the overlying volcanic rock. And is controlled by
structural zone in the form of fault which has direction east - west or
northwest - southeast fault.
 Result of resources calculation volume (assumption) from block model is
8.031.250 m³ x 4,6 x 50% (faktor koreksi) = 18.471.875 Ton ≈18.472.000
Tonnage. With total areas potential is 30,99 Hectare, divide into two zone
Indicated and inferred resources area include and exclude consession
Area. Indicated and inferred resources area within consession area is
±13.04 ha (3.32 ha indicated and 9.72 ha inferred) while the total
coverage of the outside consession area is 17.95 ha (4.73 ha indicated
and 13.22 ha inferred). With the iron ore thickness assumption based on
IP result and resistivity is ±25,916 m then the assumption volume is:
Ore resources volume = coverage area (ha) x thickness (m) x density
(T/m3) x correction factor (%)
Inside IUP :
- Indicated resources = 3,32 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 1.978.946
Ton ≈ 1.979.000 Tonnage
- Inferred resources = 9,72 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 5.793.781
Ton ≈5.794.000 Tonnage

Outside IUP :
- Indicated resources = 4,73 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 2.819.402
Ton ≈2.819.000 Tonnage
 Inferred resources = 13.22 Ha x 25.916 m x 4,6 x 50% = 7.880.019 Ton
≈7.880.000 Tonnage
 The resources volume number is only an assumption and need to be
proven by drilling program to confirm the occurrence and delineate the
ore body dimension.
5.2. Recommendation
 To prove all those prediction from survey result, should been doing
drilling activity to comfirm and make sure that all.
 Drilling program can be inclined or vertical and should be placed in the
combination zone which has IP and magnetic anomaly and or IP anomaly
only, the rock contact zone and fault area which has a role as control.
Drilling program is not limited for exploration purpose but also for
geotechnical assessment if the area is feasible and viable for mining.
 Some of the lines and IP measurement point can be considered for
drilling location. Those line are: line_23U point 250, line_25U point 230,
line_35U point 100 ,line_37U point 100, line_27U point 170, line 31U
point 180, line_33U point 250, line_29U point 200 dan line_27S point 430.
In determining drilling location it is recommended using 2D section.
 Considering the geological condition of survey area is favourable for the
other mineralisation, an additional exploration program for precious and
base metal can be conducted to expand the opportunity.

FIGURE 5.1 Plan Map Drilling Hole at Bukit Pasir Area


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Preliminary

1.1. Back ground

Locations investigation administratively belongs to Bukit Pasir area, Simpang

In general, the location investigation is Primary forest and bordered by Forest

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 1 - 11 - 1

1.2 Objective and Purpose

In particular, the purpose of investigation activities are:

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 1 - 21 - 2

 To recognize the distribution of economic iron ore deposits based on

1.3 Scope of Activities

The total volume of field work can be seen in Table 1.1

Types of Work Volume

Making the trajectory calculation 14 Km

1.4 Personnel dan Instruments

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 1 - 31 - 3

While, the Instruments used consisted of

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 1 - 41 - 4

One example of geophysical methods is gravity method that based on Newton's

In the gravitational method, gravity force arises without requiring excitation or

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

the electrical characteristics (in this case resistivity or electrical conductivity)

2.1 Resistance dan Resistivity

Resistance is often referred to as barrier or electrical resistance.

Resistance of an electrical load depends on the material types and dimensions.

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Resistance is directly proportional to the length L (in meters) and inversely

Resistivity is a quantity which can characterize the electrical characteristics of

2.2 Resistivity of Rocks

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

The characteristics of electrolyte solution are also indicated by the magnitude of

w  (1.17013  0.03299 T 1.05257 ) S 0.90347 (2.3)

Archie’s law obtained empirically indicated that resistivity of rock formations

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

2.3 Data Collection Method

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Garmin GPS 60 CSX. In the investigation area, it is made 14 Km path

 Survey Geolistrik and IP

2.4 Data Processing Method

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Gambar 2.9 Resistivity Line Meaasurement at Bukit Pasir area

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab 22-- 10

3.1 Regional Geology of Bukit Pasir

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Geomorphologycal unit of uphills to downhill with the trellis and anastomatic

3.1.2 Regional Stratigraphy

3.1.3 Regional Structure

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

assumption is based on the exposure of bancuh rock of Serabang Complex at

3.1.4 Mineral Resources and Energy

Resistivity-IP survey. PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Bab

Resistivity-IP survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Page 3 - 4

3.1.5 The Existence of Mineral Ore Deposits

3.1.6 Ore Geology

Resistivity and IP Survey PT. Sinar Karya Mandiri Lestari Page 3 - 5

3.2 Local Geology

3.2.2 Geology Rock Unit