Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents a description of the research methodology and research instruments

employed in the conduct of the study

Research Design

The research design presented by Jilcha Sileyew (2019) is designed to provide a

suitable framework for a study; nevertheless, choosing a research approach is also a very

important decision in the research design process because it defines how relevant

information for a study will be acquired. This study used quantitative technique, utilizing

descriptive-inferential statistics using correlational research through survey, to better

understand which among the different modular assessment interventions was related to

the learners’ progress in Math of Canubing National High School Senior High School

learners.

According to Young (2014), descriptive correlational design is "a thorough study

of a social unit, be it a person, a group of persons, an institute, a community, or a family."

It has to do with how Canubing National High School students rate themselves. Learners

were asked to describe how modular assessment interventions were utilized, which

helped the study gain some triangulation. The researcher, on the other hand, took a

descriptive approach to learn about students' experiences with classroom evaluation and

how they felt about it. While descriptive statistics summarized the characteristics of a

data set, inferential statistics help you come to conclusions and make predictions based

1
on your data. When you have collected data from a sample, you can use inferential

statistics to understand the larger population from which the sample is taken.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were from the six (6) sections of grade 12 students

of Canubing National High School's Senior High School Department school year 2022-

2023. Simple random sampling was used to choose a total of 158 students.

Table 1
Learner – Participants of the Study

Section Total Number of Learners Respondents

STEM (DGL) 39 23

HUMSS (MGS) 39 23

GAS a (JBS) 44 26

GAS b (CPD) 39 23

TVL a (JIC) 54 33

TVL b (DMC) 49 30

TOTAL 261 158

Research Sampling technique

Due to the impossibility of studying a whole community, researchers usually rely

on sampling to obtain a subset of the population for an experiment or observational study.

It is critical that the group chosen be representative of the population and not

2
systematically skewed. The researcher chose student participants for the survey utilizing

the simple random sampling, which composed of 158 students calculated using

Cochran’s method from selected Senior High School students who were informed about

the study's topic. Learners were asked to freely engage in the study. Individual students

were allowed to participate in some classes once they were re-evaluated.

Research Instrument

Building instruments for research that can be used effectively in the collecting of

data is the process of instrumentation. Data collection is a crucial stage of the analytical

process. Meanwhile, a survey questionnaire created by the researcher was used in this

study.

The primary data collection tool the researcher used to assess the respondents'

perspectives on the modular assessment intervention and their learning progress in Math

was a self-made questionnaire. The researcher formulated the questionnaire for the

purpose of gathering necessary information from the students. The survey questionnaire

was divided into three indicators with the items that measure the modular assessment

3
interventions in terms of parental involvement, teacher’s intervention and school

authorities’ participation in the students’ learning progress in Math.

The Grade 12 students’ grades also in their written works and performance tasks

in math for the School Year 2022 – 2023 were asked from their teachers for analysis. The

teacher gave the copy of the Grade 12 students’ grade on their performance tasks and

quarterly assessments for the School Year 2022 – 2023 to the researcher.

Scaling and quantification

Table 2 presents the general interpretation guide for Cronbach's Alpha values.

Table 2
The Alpha Cronbach's Value (Konting et al., 2009)

Cronbach's Alpha Value Interpretation

0.91 and above Excellent
0.81 to 0.90 Good
0.71 to 0.80 Good and Acceptable
0.61 to 0.70 Acceptable
0.01 to 0.60 Non-Acceptable

The researcher used 4-point Likert scale which is basically known as a forced

Likert scale. The reason it is named as such is that the user is forced to form an opinion.

There is no safe 'neutral' option. Ideally a good scale for market researchers, they make

use of the 4-point scale to get specific responses.

(A 4-point Likert scale would use the categories Very High Extent (VHE), High

Extent (HE), Low Extent (LE), and Very Low or No Extent (NE). Researcher assign

these categories ordinal values A = 4, O = 3, S = 2, and N = 1.

4
 Table 3 presents the Numerical Scale, Statistical Limits, Verbal Descriptions and

Interpretations for the modular assessment intervention in terms of Parents’ intervention,

Teachers’ intervention and School Authority.

Table 3
Numerical Scale, Statistical limits, Verbal Descriptions and Interpretations

Numerical Scale Statistical Limits Verbal Descriptions Interpretations

4 3.26 – 4.00 Very High Extent Very High Level

3 2.51 – 3.25 High Extent High Level

2 1.76 – 2.50 Low Extent Low Level

Very Low or No Very Low Level

1 1.0 – 1.75
Extent

Table 4 presents the range, description, and its interpretation for the assessment of the

level of learning progress in Math of Grade 12 students.

Table 4
Level of Learning Progress in Math

Range Description Interpretation

90 -100 Advanced Outstanding
85-89 Proficient Very satisfactory
80-84 Approaching Skills Satisfactory
75-79 Developing Fairly satisfactory
70 -74 Beginning Did not meet expectations
Source: DepEd Order No. 8. Series of 2015 also known as Policy Guidelines on
Classroom Assessment for the K to 12 Basic Education

Table 5 presents the correlation matrix for the modular assessment intervention and the
learning progress in Math of Grade 12 learners

Table 5

5
 Correlational Matrix for the Modular Assessment Intervention and the Learning
Progress in Math of Grade 12 Learners

Scale Interpretation
1 Perfect Correlation
.81-.99 Very High Correlation
.61-.80 High Correlation
.41-.60 Moderate Correlation
.21-.40 Low Correlation
.01-.20 Very Low Correlation
0 No Correlation
Source: Sedgwick, P. (2012). Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Bmj, 345.

Validation of Instrument

To enhance the validity of the study, the researcher collected the data from a

diverse range of individuals who were involved in the study, such as the Department

Head, Master Teacher and a Professor from tertiary level. The reason researcher included

all of them was because the researcher wanted to draw their findings based on a rich

source of data. Maxwell (2005) and Rossman and Rallis (2003) support the idea that by

triangulation a researcher can reduce the risk of any chance combined the data or

covering only one aspect of the phenomenon which results in using a specific method.

Triangulation allows “a better assessment of generality of explanations that one

develops” (Rossman & Rallis, 2003, p. 32). Following methodologists’ suggestions about

being involved in the site for a long period, (see Schram, 2005; Maxwell, 2005; and

Rossman & Rallis, 2003), the researcher spent more than one month and a half in the site

holding formal and informal conversation with students and instructors in the field and

were able to ask them informally about what they felt about classroom assessment and its

impact on learning. In addition, as the researcher used to teach in this institution, she was

6
deeply accustomed with the site. This amplified the researcher’s understanding of the

site, although the timeline of the actual study (observations and questionnaire

administration) was only five weeks. During the survey and observations, respondents

were asked to elaborate on a point they made, and he shared back with them his

understanding of their words. In addition, to reduce personal bias and misinterpretation,

the researcher shared data with some participants, checking whether they were satisfied

with their answers. Sharing the transcriptions with participants helped the researcher

build more trust and confidence among the participants, which is also admired among

research practitioners (see Rossman & Rallis, 2003; and Maxwell, 2005).

Reliability of the Instrument

The researcher will use test–retest reliability calculated using Cronbach alpha to

determine the measure's consistency across time. It is the degree to which this is

genuinely true. Intelligence, for example, is widely assumed to be stable across time. A

person who is extremely intelligent today will continue to be extremely intelligent the

following week. This indicates that any appropriate test of intelligence for this person

should provide nearly the same results next week as it does now. Clearly, a measure that

provides very variable scores over time cannot be a valid measure of a consistent

construct.

Table 6
Results of the Reliability Test of the Instrument

Cronbach Alpha Internal

Variable Interpretation
Value Consistency

Parents’ Intervention 0.834 Good Reliable

7
 Teachers’ Intervention 0.872 Good Reliable

School Authorities 0.946 Excellent Reliable

Data Gathering Procedure

The systematic collection of observations or measurements is known as data

collection (Bhandari, 2020). Confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed throughout

the study, and an informed consent letter was provided prior to the survey. The study was

carried out with the utmost consideration for the subjects. The steps enumerated below

will guide the researcher when collecting data. First the researcher secured a written

permit to the School’s Division Superintendent and to the school principal. After given

permission, the researcher seeks also the permission of the learner/respondents and

parents through a consent letter followed by the explanation of the purpose of study and

then they made sure each participant corresponds to their predefined criteria. The

researcher collected the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises parents’

interventions, teachers’ interventions and school authorities’ involvement in their

modular distance learning journey. During the survey administration, respondents were

assured that the collected data would be of utmost secrecy and confidentiality. After the

respondents answered the survey, the papers were checked, tallied, interpreted and

analyzed.

Statistical treatment of data

8
 Data analysis will be combined in order to support statistical findings and diverse

points. The information gathered was statistically analyzed. The researcher used both

descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics including mean, frequency, and

percentage were used to present clinical characteristics. Multiple regression will be used

to explore correlations between the variables. Multiple regression analysis is a

multivariate technique used to assess the strength and character of the relationship

between multiple independent variables and a single dependent variable by calculating

the coefficient of multiple determination and regression equation using multiple

independent variables and a single dependent variable. The regression coefficient

indicates the relative importance of each of the independent variables in the prediction of

the dependent variable (Sekaran & Bougie, 2009), whereas the coefficient of the

determination, or square, can be used as measure of how good a predictor the regression

equation is likely to be. Therefore, a value of 1 represent a perfect predictor, whereas a

value of 0 means the equation predicts none of the variation.

Ethical Considerations

9
 Before primary data is formally acquired, a brief examination of the study's

objectives was undertaken as part of the academic requirements. The researcher obtained

consent from the respondents of the study and inquired about their availability. The

researcher made certain that the respondents are informed about the study's purpose and

that they agreed to participate voluntarily. Additionally, the researcher sent out parental

consent forms so that the parents may provide their child's approval to take part in the

researcher's study. The researcher also stated that their honesty and integrity would be

critical to the success of this endeavor, and that they have the right to withdraw any data

they provided if they are under duress or fear of retaliation, particularly if their own

interests are jeopardized. The data collection method started as soon as the participants'

full agreement has been accepted.

10