THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
PHY062
MKO VEQUIZO
The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of
the principle of conservation of energy.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
Any collection of objects that is convenient to regard
as a unit, and that may have the potential to
exchange energy with its surroundings.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
process in which there are changes in the state of a
thermodynamic system.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
+Q -Q
Heat flows into the Heat flows out of the
system system
Input of energy to the
system
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
+W -W
Work done by the Work done on the
system against its system by the
surroundings surroundings
Corresponds to energy Energy entering the
leaving the system system
Q>0 W>0
SYSTEM
Q<0 W<0
SYSTEM
WORK DONE DURING VOLUME CHANGES
WORK DONE DURING VOLUME CHANGES
WORK DONE DURING VOLUME CHANGES
For a system undergoing an expansion with varying
pressure
WORK DONE DURING VOLUME CHANGES
PATH – series of intermediate states when a
thermodynamic system changes from initial to final
state
“work done by the system depends not only on the
initial and final states, but also on the intermediate
states – that is, on the path”
INTERNAL ENERGY & 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
INTERNAL ENERGY & 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Q W
SYSTEM
∆U
“The change in internal energy of a system during any
thermodynamic process depends only on the initial
and final states, not on the path leading from one to
the other”
SPECIAL CASES OF THE 1ST LAW
SPECIAL CASES OF THE 1ST LAW
IST LAW FOR INFINITESIMAL PROCESS
KINDS OF THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
ADIABATIC PROCESS
ADIABATIC PROCESS
ISOCHORIC PROCESS
ISOBARIC PROCESS
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
A constant temperature
process
Any heat flow into or out of the
system must occur slowly
enough that thermal
equilibrium is maintained
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
1. Adiabat
2. Isochor
3. Isobar
4. Isotherm
INTERNAL ENERGY OF AN IDEAL GAS
The internal energy U of an ideal gas depends only
on its temperature T.
*For non-ideal gases, internal energy depends on both T
and p. This is due to its attractive molecular forces
wherein when the molecules are move farther apart (as
in free expansion), PE increases and KE decreases hence
a temperature drop.
HEAT CAPACITIES OF AN IDEAL GAS
CONSTANT VOLUME CONSTANT PRESSURE
Cv – measured by raising the Cp – let the gas expand just
temperature of an ideal gas in a enough to keep the pressure
rigid container, ignoring thermal constant and the temperature
expansion rises
W = 0 so ∆U = Q = nCv∆T W≠0
Heat input for a constant pressure process > constant volume
process because additional energy is needed for W done during
expansion
Cp > C v
THE RATIO OF HEAT CAPACITIES
IDEAL MONATOMIC GAS IDEAL DIATOMIC GAS
ADIABATIC PROCESS OF AN IDEAL GAS
Real life processes become approximately adiabatic
if the
a) System is well insulated
b) Process time takes quickly there is not enough time
for appreciable heat flow to occur
ADIABATIC PROCESS OF AN IDEAL GAS
ADIABATIC PROCESS OF AN IDEAL GAS
THANK YOU!
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A cylinder with piston contains 0.250 mol of oxygen at 2.40 x10 5 Pa
and 355 K. The oxygen may be treated as an ideal gas. The gas
expands at constant pressure twice its original volume. It is then
compressed isothermally back to its original volume, and finally it is
cooled at constant volume to its original pressure.
a) Show the series of processes on a pV-diagram.
b) Compute the temperature during the isothermal compression.
c) Compute the maximum pressure.
d) Compute the work done by the gas, heat added to it, and its
internal energy change during the initial expansion
e) Compute the work done by the gas, heat added to it, and its
internal energy change during the final cooling.
f) Compute the internal energy change during the isothermal
compression.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Three moles of an ideal gas
are taken around the cycle
abc as shown in Figure 1. For
this gas, Cp = 29.1 J/mol.K.
Process ac is at constant
pressure, process ba is at
constant volume, and process
cb is adiabatic. The
temperatures of the gas in
states a, c and b are Ta = 300
K, Tc = 429 K and Tb = 600 K.
Calculate the total work for
the cycle.
