Math-1 Sunday, December 03, 2023

Three dimensional Equation of straight line

1. Straight line passes through the point (4, −2,1) and parallel to 𝑏⃗ = (8,7,9) .

𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 is 𝑟 − 𝑟0 = 𝑡 𝑏⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (4, −2, 1) + 𝑡(8,7,9)
Parametric form: 𝑥 = 8𝑡 + 4, 𝑦 = 7𝑡 − 2, 𝑧 = 9𝑡 + 1
𝑥−4 𝑦+2 𝑧−1
Symmetric form: = 𝑡, = 𝑡, =𝑡
8 7 9

𝑥−4 𝑦+2 𝑧−1

= = =𝑡
8 7 9
𝑥−4 𝑦+2 1−𝑧
2. Straight line passes through the point (2, 1,3) and parallel to = = .
6 5 4
𝑥−4 𝑦+2 𝑧−1
Given, = = ; 𝑏⃗ = (6, 5, −4)
6 5 −4

𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 is 𝑟 − 𝑟0 = 𝑡 𝑏⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, 1,3) + 𝑡(6, 5, −4)
Parametric form: 𝑥 = 6𝑡 + 2, 𝑦 = 5𝑡 + 1, 𝑧 = −4𝑡 + 3

𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3

Symmetric form: = 𝑡, = 𝑡, =𝑡
6 5 −4

𝑥−2 𝑦−1 3−𝑧

= = =𝑡
6 5 4
3. Find the equation of straight line (three forms) passes through two points
(3, 2, −4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4,5,6)
Equation of straight line:
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
= =
3 − 4 2 − 5 −4 − 6
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
= =
−1 −3 −10
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
= = = 𝑡 (𝑆𝑎𝑦) is symmetric form of equation of straight line
1 3 10

Parametric form: 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 3, 𝑦 = 3𝑡 + 2, 𝑧 = 10𝑡 − 4

Parallel vector 𝑏⃗ = (1, 3,10), 𝑟0 = (3, 2, −4),

Vector form of eq. of straight line is (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3, 2, −4) + 𝑡(1, 3,10)

Equation of Plane

⃗ =0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑟 − 𝑟0 ). 𝑁

Q1. Find the equation of plane passes through the point (4,3,2) and perpendicular to
the vector (6, −2,5).
Variable position vector 𝑟 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧),
⃗ = (6, −2, 5)
Position vector 𝑟0 = (4, 3, 2) and perpendicular vector 𝑁
⃗ =0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑟 − 𝑟0 ). 𝑁
⃗ = 𝑟0 . 𝑁
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟. 𝑁 ⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). (6, −2, 5) = (4, 3, 2). (6, −2, 5)

6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 24 − 6 + 10
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 28 Ans.

(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) is perpendicular to the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑

Q. Find the equation of plane passes through three points (1, 2, 3), (4, 6,7), (3, 8, 5).

Let position vector (1, 2, 3)

𝑎 = (4 − 1, 6 − 2,7 − 3) = (3, 4, 4)

𝑏⃗ = (3 − 1, 8 − 2, 5 − 3) = (2, 6, 2)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗ = 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = | 3 4
Perpendicular vector 𝑁 4 | = 𝑖̂ (8 − 24) − 𝑗̂(6 − 8) + 𝑘̂ (18 − 8)
2 6 2
⃗ = (−16, 2, 10)
𝑁
⃗ = 𝑟0 . 𝑁
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟. 𝑁 ⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). (−16, 2, 10) = (1, 2, 3). (−16, 2, 10)

−16𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑧 = −16 + 4 + 30
−16𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 18 Ans.

Q. Find the equation of plane passes through point (1, 2, 3), and perpendicular to the
𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
line = =
4 5 9

⃗ = (4,5,9)
Perpendicular vector 𝑁
⃗ = 𝑟0 . 𝑁
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟. 𝑁 ⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). (4,5,9) = (1,2,3). (4,5,9)

4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 4 + 10 + 27
4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 41
Q. Find the equation of plane passes through point (1, 2, 3), and parallel to the plane
8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 81
⃗ = (8,10,13)
Perpendicular vector 𝑁
⃗ = 𝑟0 . 𝑁
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟. 𝑁 ⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). (8, 10,13) = (1,2,3). (8,10,13)

8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 8 + 20 + 39 =67
Another process
Let equation of plane 8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 𝑘 passes through (1,2,3)
𝑘 = 8 + 20 + 39 = 67
8𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 67 Ans.

Quiz-02 will be held on Thursday (14/12/2023) at 9:30 am Room No. D0907

Final exam will be held on Sunday (17/12/2023)
 Math-1 Sunday, December 03, 2023
Vector analysis:

𝐴 = 𝑖̂𝐴1 + 𝑗̂ 𝐴2 + 𝑘̂ 𝐴3 = (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 )
Here 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 are the lengths along 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 respectively
𝑖̂ is the unit vector along 𝑥axis,
𝑗̂ is unit vector along y-axis

𝑘̂ is unit vector along z-axis.

Unit vector: Whose magnitude unity.

|𝐴| 𝐴
𝐴
1 = 𝐴̂
|𝐴|
 |𝐴̂| = 1, |𝑖̂| = 1, |𝑗̂| = 1, |𝑘̂ | = 1,

𝐴
𝐴̂ = =,
|𝐴|

|𝐴| = √𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 𝐴23

𝐴 1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐴̂ = = 𝐴̂ = (𝑖̂𝐴1 + 𝑗̂ 𝐴2 + 𝑘̂ 𝐴3 ) = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
|𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴|
𝐴1 𝐴
𝐴 makes an angle with positive 𝑥a xis be 𝛼; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = , ∝= cos −1 ( 1 )
|𝐴| |𝐴|

𝐴2 𝐴
𝐴 makes an angle with positive 𝑦 axis be 𝛽 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = , 𝛽 = cos −1 ( 2 )
|𝐴| |𝐴|

𝐴3 𝐴
𝐴 makes an angle with positive 𝑧 axis be 𝛾 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = , 𝛾 = cos −1 ( 3 )
|𝐴| |𝐴|

𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 are called directional cosines

𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐴̂ = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ +𝑗̂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑘̂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾
|𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴|

Q1. Given 𝐴 = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ = (3, −2,6)

Find magnitude and direction of the vector; Find the magnitude and directional cosines,
Find unit vector,

Magnitude |𝐴| = √32 + (−2)2 + 62 = √9 + 4 + 36 = 7

𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 3 −2 6
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴̂ = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
|𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴| |𝐴| 7 7 7

3 2 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = − , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 =
7 7 7
3 2 6
Directional cosines are ( , − , )
7 7 7
3
∝= cos −1 ( ) = 64.62𝑜 ; 𝛽 = 106.60 ; 𝛾 = 31𝑜
7

# Vector = Final (Terminal) point- Initial point

Q1. Given Initial point (3,2,1) and final point (5,4,6). Find the vector
Vector =(5,4,6) − (3,2,1) = (2, 2,5)

Or Vector = (5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) − (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

Q2. Given Initial point (3,2,1) and vector (2,2,5). Find the final point
Q3. Given vector (2,2,5) and final point (5,4,6). Find the initial point.
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 7, 2023, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) = (tan−1 𝑥 ) = ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = (sin−1 𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
(cosh(𝑥)) = sinh(𝑥) , (sinh(𝑥)) = cosh(𝑥) , sinh(𝑥) = ;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh(𝑥) = ;
2
Differentiation By Chain rule:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑
𝑦 = sin(5𝑥), putting 𝑡 = 5𝑥, = (5𝑥) = 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ∗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 5 = 5 cos (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 ) = 5 cos (5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = sin(5𝑥),
𝑑 𝑑
[sin(5𝑥)] = cos(5𝑥) (5𝑥) = 5 cos(5𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = cos4 3𝑥 = (cos(3𝑥))4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
# = (cos(3𝑥))4 = 4(cos(3𝑥))3 cos(3𝑥) = −4𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (cos(3𝑥))3 (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −12𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (cos(3𝑥))3
𝑑 2 2) 𝑑 2) 𝑑
# [𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 ) ] = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 (cos(𝑥 2 )) = − sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2)
−2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑥(𝑥
Page-204

#7. 𝐹 (𝑥) = (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )4

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝐹 (𝑥)] = (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )4 = 4(5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )3 (5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐹′(𝑥) = 4(30𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 2 )(5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 )3 Ans.

1 𝑑 1 1 4 𝑑
10. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 1)− 3 = − (𝑥 2 − 1)− 3 (𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = − (𝑥 2 − 1)−3 Ans.
3

Differentiation by Product/division rule:

𝑑 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
(𝑖 ) (𝑈𝑉 ) = 𝑈 +𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑈
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
𝑑 𝑈 𝑉 −𝑈
(𝑖 ) ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 𝑉 2

13. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 −4𝑥 𝑑 −4𝑥 𝑑 3
= (𝑥 𝑒 ) = 𝑥 3 (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −4𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 3 (𝑒 −4𝑥 )(−4) + 𝑒 −4𝑥 (3𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 −4𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 ) 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑥
8
𝑢3 −1
25. 𝑔(𝑢) = ( )
𝑢3 +1

8 7
′(
𝑑 𝑢3 − 1 𝑢3 − 1 𝑑 𝑢3 − 1
𝑔 𝑢) = ( ) = 8( 3 ) ( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑢3 + 1 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢3 + 1
7
𝑢3 − 1
8( 3 ) [(𝑢3 + 1)3𝑢2 − (𝑢3 − 1)3𝑢2 ]
𝑢 +1
=
(𝑢 3 + 1 )2
 ′(
48 𝑢2 (𝑢3 − 1)7
𝑔 𝑢) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
(𝑢 3 + 1) 9
Page-188, (Ex.3-15)
𝑡 3 +3𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑡 3 +3𝑡 (𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3)(3𝑡 2 +3)−(𝑡 3 +3𝑡)(2𝑡−4)
15. 𝑦 = , = [ ]= =?
𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3 (𝑡 2 −4𝑡+3)2

𝑑 𝑑 1
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2√𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 ; (𝑔(𝑥)) = [(𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 + (1 + 2 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑒 𝑥
2
1
𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥 + 2√𝑥) + (1 + )] 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
√𝑥
Page 196 (Ex 1-13)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡)3 (𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1+𝑡)3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
13(i). 𝑦 = ; =
(1+𝑡)3 𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡)6

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑡 )3 (𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 )2 (0 + 1)

=
𝑑𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 )6
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡)3 (𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1+𝑡)2
= (1+𝑡)6
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
5. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= sec 3 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝜃
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 21, 2023, Saturday, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm
Limit: By using L. Hospital Rule

0 ∞
( , , 0 × ∞, ∞ × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝑘 ∞ , 00 , ∞∞ )
0 ∞
Indeterminate form.

0 ∞ 0 ∞
( , , 0 × ∞, ∞ × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝑘 ∞ , 00 , ∞∞ ) → ( , 𝑂𝑅 )
0 ∞ 0 ∞

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑦 = lim ( ) = lim ( ) 𝐿. 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥 )

𝑥 1
Ex.51. Evaluate lim ( − ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 (∞ − ∞)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑥 1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1) 0
lim ( − ) = lim ( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑙𝑛𝑥 0
Using L. Hospital rule we have
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 +− 1) 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥) 0
lim ( 𝑥 ) = lim ( );
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 0
𝑙𝑛𝑥 +
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1 1
lim ( )=
𝑥→1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1 + 1 2
𝑥 1 1
lim ( − )= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
52. lim(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) ; ∞ − ∞,
𝑥→0

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
lim(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = lim ( ) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1

1 1
54. lim+ ( − ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∞−∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

1 1 tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 0
lim ( − ) = lim+ ( ); 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0+ 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 0

1
2−1 −𝑥 2 0
= lim+ ( 1 + 𝑥 𝑥 ) = lim ( ) ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥→0+ (1 + x 2 )tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 0
1 + 𝑥2

−2𝑥 0
= lim+ ( ) = − = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 2xtan−1 𝑥+1+1 2
57. lim (𝑥)√𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 00
𝑥→0+

𝑦 = lim+(𝑥)√𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+𝑙𝑛(𝑥)√𝑥 = lim+ √𝑥 ln 𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 0 × ∞

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑥 ∞
= lim+ 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 ∞
𝑥 −2
1
= lim+ 𝑥 == lim+ −2√𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0 1 −32 𝑥→0
− 𝑥
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0 = 𝑙𝑛1 => 𝑦 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

1
59. lim(1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1∞
𝑥→0
 1
𝑦 = lim(1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 ;
𝑥→0

ln(1 − 2𝑥) 0
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
2
− 2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim 1 − 2𝑥 ; = lim − = −2
𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0 1 − 2𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = −2 = ln(𝑒 −2 ) = . 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

65. lim (1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 1∞

𝑥→0+

𝑦 = lim+(1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ 𝑙𝑛(1 + 4𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = lim+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ln (1 + 4𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 0
= lim+ ln (1 + 4𝑥) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
1 4 4 cos2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = lim+ [ ] = lim+ [ ] =4=
𝑥→0 sec 2 𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 𝑥→0 1 + 4𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 4 = ln(𝑒 4 ) => 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 22, 2023, Sunday, Time: 11:00-12:30 pm
Limit: By using L. Hospital Rule

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
Ex13. lim+ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝜋 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
𝑥→
2

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
lim+ = lim+ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = −tan ( ) = ∞ 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.
𝑥→
𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 2
2 2
tan(3𝑥) 0
14. lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 0

3 sec 2 (3𝑥) 3
lim = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑥→0 2cos(2𝑥 ) 2
 tan(3𝑥) 3 2𝑥 tan(3𝑥) 3
Another method: lim = lim lim =
𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 2 𝑥→0 sin(2𝑥) 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2
1
ln (𝑥 2 ) 1 ln x ∞
22. lim = lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 ∞

1
1 1 1 11
lim x = lim = = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 2 ∞

Polar form of a point

Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦)
Polar coordinate (𝑟, 𝜃)

OP makes the angle with positive 𝑥 −axis, be 𝜃

𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟
𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 => 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = => 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) ; 𝑥≥0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦
If 𝑥 < 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan−1 ( ) ;
𝑥
Q1. Covert (−2,5) to polar form (𝑟, 𝜃)
5
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−2)2 + 52 = √29; here 𝑥 = −2 < 0, 𝜃 = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) =
−2
180𝑜 − tan−1 (2.5) == 180𝑜 − 68.19850 = 180𝑜 − 68.20𝑜 = 111.800

polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√29 , 111.800 )

Q2. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√29 , 111.800 ) to cartesian(rectangular)

coordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √29 cos(111.800 ) = −1.9998 ≈ −2

𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √29 sin(111.800 ) = 5.000 ≈ 5

(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−2,5)
𝜋
Q3. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = (√2 , ) to cartesian(rectangular) coordinates.
4
𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = √2 cos ( ) = 1
4
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2 sin ( ) = 1
4
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1, 1)
Q. Covert (−3, −4) to polar form (𝑟, 𝜃)
𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −4

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−3)2 + (−4)2 = 5;
−4 4
here 𝑥 = −3 < 0, 𝜃 = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) = 180𝑜 + tan−1 ( ) = 180𝑜 + 53.130 =
−3 3
233.130
(𝑟, 𝜃) = (5, 233.13𝑜 )
Q5. Convert polar form (𝑟, 𝜃) = ((5, 233.13𝑜 )) to cartesian(rectangular)
coordinates.
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 5 cos(233.130 ) = −3
𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 sin(233.130 ) = −4
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−3, −4)
Pages, 658 , exam1, page-666 ex. 1-6
Quiz-3 will be held on FIRST class after MIDTERM Exam

Differential Calculus (math1), Date October 31, 2023, Tuesday Time: 11:00 am-12:30 pm
Ordinary differentiation: Function contains one independent variable, differentiating
𝑑
with respect the independent variable is called ordinary differentiation, and is an
𝑑𝑥
ordinary differential operator.
Partial Differentiation: Function contains more than one independent variables,
differentiating with respect to one independent variable and other variable(s) remain
𝜕 𝜕
constant is called partial differentiation, and , are the partial differential
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
operators.

𝑧 = 𝑥2𝑦2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2 2 𝜕
= 𝑧𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑦 ) = 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 2
( )= = 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥 (𝑦 ) = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Again,
𝑧 = 𝑥2𝑦2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2 2 𝜕
= 𝑧𝑦 = (𝑥 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
( )= = 𝑧𝑦𝑥 = (2𝑥 2 𝑦) = 2𝑦 (𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧𝑦𝑥 is called Clairaut rule.
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Q1. Verify Clairaut rule for 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

We have to verify 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑓𝑦𝑧𝑥 = 𝑓𝑧𝑥𝑦
 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑥 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑦𝑧) = 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑧
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑦 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑧 = (3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑧) = 9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝜕
𝑓𝑦𝑧𝑥 = (9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 3 3 3
𝑓𝑧 = (𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕
𝑓𝑧𝑥 = (3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑥𝑦) = 9𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑓𝑧𝑥𝑦 = (9𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 + 3𝑦) = 27𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 3
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Q. Differentiate 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑢

𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧, 𝑢𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧, 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) + 𝑦(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) + 𝑧(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

= 3(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 3𝑢
 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 𝑙, 𝑧 = 𝑙
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 is homogenous function of degree 3.
Then From Euler theorem 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑢𝑧 = 3𝑢

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 is homogeneous function of degree 4, So from Euler theorem

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
we have 𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦 = 4𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Euler theorem: Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) is homogeneous function of order 𝑛, then

𝑥𝑓𝑥 + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 + 𝑧𝑓𝑧 + 𝑡𝑓𝑡 = 𝑛𝑓
𝑥 𝑧 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙
𝑣= + + ; = = 𝑙1−1 = 𝑙0
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧 𝑦 𝑙
𝑣 is homogeneous function of degree 0,
𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 0𝑣 = 0
𝑥 𝑧 𝑦
Q. Verify Euler theorem for 𝑣 = + + ;
𝑦 𝑥 𝑧

Here, 𝑣 is homogeneous function of degree 0, then from Euler theorem we have

𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 0
1 𝑧 𝑥 1 1 𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = − , 𝑣𝑦 = − + , 𝑣𝑧 = −
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧2
1 𝑧 𝑥 1 1 𝑦
𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 𝑥 ( − 2 ) + 𝑦 (− 2 + ) + 𝑧 ( − 2 )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
= − − + + − =0 verified Euler theorem
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧

Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 05, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Page-924.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Ex26. 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = sin (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃); , , , , prove the Clairaut rule
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2

Given, 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = sin (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )] = − cos 2 𝜃 sin (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕
= [sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )] = cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕
= [−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )]
𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝜃
= −𝑟[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (− sin(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )) ∗ (−𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + cos(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

Ex15. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥𝑦 3 , 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥

𝑓𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑦 3 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 12𝑥 2
𝑓𝑦 = 15𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 30𝑥𝑦,

𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 15𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 15𝑦 2 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.

𝑥
Ex22. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥+𝑦)2 Find partial first derivatives

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑥 = [𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ] = (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 (𝑥) + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 + 𝑥 (−2)(𝑥 + 𝑦)−3 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
1 2𝑥
= −
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )3
𝜕 2𝑥
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 [(𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ] = − 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 3
𝑠
Ex41. 𝑅(𝑠, 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 exp ( ) ; 𝑅𝑡 (0,1)
𝑡
𝑠
𝑅(𝑠, 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡
𝜕 𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 𝑠 𝜕
𝑅𝑡 (𝑠, 𝑡 ) = (𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑡 ( 𝑒 𝑡 ) + 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 ) =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 ( ) + 𝑒𝑡 . 1
𝜕𝑡 𝑡
𝑠 1 𝑠
= 𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 (− ) + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡2
𝑅𝑡 (0, 1) = 𝑒 0 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
1
42. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 sin−1 (𝑥𝑦); 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (1, )
2
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = [𝑦 sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)] = 𝑦 [sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)] + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦) [𝑦]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕
=𝑦 (𝑥𝑦) + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)
2
√1 − 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = + sin−1 (𝑥𝑦)
√1 − 𝑥2𝑦2
1
1 2 1
𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = + sin−1 ( )
2 2
√1 − 1
4
1 1 𝜋
𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = + 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 √3 6
58. 𝑤 = √1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 all second partial derivative
𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
We need to find ; ;
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑤 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 1 1
= √1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 = (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 )−2 (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 ) = (1 + 𝑢𝑣 2 )−2 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑤 1 2 𝜕 1
2 )− 2
1 4 3
2 )− 2
= 𝑣 ( 1 + 𝑢𝑣 = − 𝑣 ( 1 + 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑢2 2 𝜕𝑢 4
Exercises 53-58 will be done by you.

Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 12, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Verify Clairaut’s rule:
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑥 2 𝑦),
𝜕 2
𝑢𝑥 = − sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) (𝑥 𝑦) = −2𝑥𝑦 sin (𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥 [𝑦 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦)] = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 𝑦). 𝑥 2 ]
𝜕𝑦
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦)]
𝜕 𝜕
𝑢𝑦 = cos(𝑥 2 𝑦) = − sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) (𝑥 2 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) ,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 𝜕 2
𝑢𝑦𝑥 = − [𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦)] = −[2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦) 2𝑥𝑦]
𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑦𝑥 = −2𝑥 [sin(𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦)]

Verified Clairaut’s rule.

Page925,
76. Determine whether the following functions satisfy the Laplace equation
Laplace equation:
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Let 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) then ∇2 𝑓 = 0 𝑂𝑅 2
+ =0 𝑖𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

76(a). 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2

𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 + 2 = 4 ≠ 0,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(b) 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2, 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑢𝑦 = −2𝑦, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −2

(a) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 − 2 = 0 therefore 𝑢 satisfies the Laplace equation.

1
(𝑑) 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ln (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
2

1 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = =
2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1 − 𝑥2𝑥) 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = = 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑢𝑦 = 2 ; 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Laplace equation: 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥2 2 )2
+ (𝑥2 = 0 satisfied Laplace equation.
+𝑦 +𝑦 2 )2

Ex.78 Show that the following function is the solution of the wave equation
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 .
(a) 𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) , 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑎𝑘 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎2 𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡)
𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) , 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑘 cos(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡);
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎2 𝑘 2 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥
Therefore 𝑢 = sin(𝑘𝑥) sin(𝑎𝑘𝑡 ) is the solution of wave equation.

(d) 𝑢 = sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) + ln (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡)

1
𝑢𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) +
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡
1
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = − sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) −
(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 )2
𝑎
𝑢𝑡 = −𝑎 cos(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) +
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑎2
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = −𝑎2 sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) −
(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 )2
𝑎2
𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎2 [− sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) − (𝑥+𝑎𝑡)2] = 𝑎2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 verified wave equation, therefore

𝑢 = sin(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡 ) + ln (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) is the solution of the given wave equation.

Taylor’s series of the function contains multiple independent variables

Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) about (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
2
+ ⋯∞
Q1. Determine the 1st order Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 near the point
(0,0).
We know the 1st order Taylor’s seirs near the point (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
Here, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 𝑓 (0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)
 𝑓 (0,0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 cos(2𝑥) , 𝑓𝑥 (0, 0) = 2cos ) = 2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 Ans.

Q1. Determine the 2nd order Taylor series of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 near the point
(0,0).
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)]
2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
≈ 𝑓 (0,0) + 𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)
1
+ [𝑥 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0)]
2

𝑓 (0,0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 cos(2𝑥) , 𝑓𝑥 (0, 0) = 2cos ) = 2
𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0

𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −4 sin(2𝑥) ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 + [𝑥 2 0 + 2𝑥𝑦0 + 𝑦 2 (−1)]
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ≈ 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 Ans.
Differential Calculus (math1), Date November 19, 2023, Sunday Time: 11 am-12:30 pm
Local maximum value and local minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑠), 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎, 𝑏) is called critical point.
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is either maximum or minimum if
2
(𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 > 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)

If 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 < 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)

Then point (𝑎, 𝑏) is called Saddle point (Neither max. nor min.)
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏)

Information is not found.

Ex.5 Find the max. or minimum and saddle point of
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1
For critical point(s), 𝑓𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑦 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 => 𝑦 = −2𝑥
1 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 = , 𝑦=−
3 3
1 2
Critical point is ( , − )
3 3
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 1
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 =4−1=3>0
2
𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2 > 0
1 2
𝑓( ,− ) has a minimum value
3 3
 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
1 2 1 2 4 2 1
𝑓( ,− ) = − + − = − is minimum value of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦).
3 3 9 9 9 3 3

Ex11. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 + 3𝑦 2

𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑦
For critical point(s), 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 6𝑥𝑦 = 0
Either, 𝑦 ≠ 0, 𝑥 = 0, => 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑦 2 − 1 = 0, (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0, 𝑦 = 1, −1
(0,1), (0, −1)
OR 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 1, 𝑥 = −1,1,
Points (−1,0), (1,0)
All critical points (−1,0), (1,0), (0,1), (0, −1)
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑦
2
Discriminant 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36𝑥 2 − 36𝑦 2
2
At the point (1,0), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,0) = 6 > 0 indicates 𝑓 (1,0) = −2 is
minimum value
2
At the point (−1,0), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 36 > 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = −6 < 0 indicates
𝑓 (−1,0) = −1 + 3 = 2 is maximum value
2
At the point (0,1), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −36 < 0, indicates (0,1) is saddle point
2
At the point (0, −1), 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = −36 < 0, indicates (0, −1) is saddle point

Ex9. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦

𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 = 4𝑦 3 + 2𝑥

For critical point(s), 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = −𝑥, 2𝑦 3 = −𝑥, => −2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 0

1
𝑥 (2𝑥 2 − 1) = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = ±
√2
1 1
𝑦 = 0, − ,
√2 √2
1 1 1 1
Critical points are (0,0), ( ,− ) , (− , )
√2 √2 √2 √2
 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 2, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 12𝑦 2
2
𝐷 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 24𝑦 2 − 4
At the point (0,0), 𝐷 = −4 < 0, indicates point (0,0) is saddle point.
1 1 24 1 1 1 1 1
At the point ( ,− ), 𝐷= = 12 > 0 indicates 𝑓 ( ,− ) = + − 1 = − is
√2 √2 2 √2 √2 2 4 4
minimum value
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
At the point (− , ), 𝐷 = 12 > 0 indicates 𝑓 (− , ) = + − 1 = − is
√2 √2 √2 √2 2 4 4
minimum value.

Math-1 Sunday, November 26, 2023

Parabola:
Vertex=(0,0)
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦

𝑃𝐹
For parabola eccentricity 𝑒 = 1 = => 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑅

√(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is equation of parabola.
Q1. Find the axis of parabola, vertex, focus, equation of directrix of the following curves
, finally sketch the curves.
(𝑖) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥, (𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 2 = −3𝑥, (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 2 = 𝑦, (𝑖𝑣 ) 𝑥 2 = −5𝑦
(𝑖) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 = 4(2)𝑥
Axis of parabola is 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Vertex (0,0), Focus (2,0), equation of directrix 𝑥 = −2.

5
(𝑖𝑣 ) 𝑥 2 = −5𝑦 = 4 (− ) 𝑦
4
Axis of parabola is 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (0, −1.25), 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑥 (0,0), 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑦 = 1.25

Equation of hyperbola:

From the definition of hyperbola:

Centre (0,0), vertices (±𝑎, 0) 𝐹𝑖𝑔1, (0, ±𝑏) 𝑓𝑖𝑔2.
𝑃𝐹 ′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑎 (𝐹𝑖𝑔1), 𝑃𝐹 ′ − 𝑃𝐹 = 2𝑏
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1 (𝐹𝑖𝑔1); − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑐 𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝑐 = ±√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ; 𝑒= , 𝑒=
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑏
Asymptote: 2
− = 0; 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑎

Q. Find the axis, vertices, foci, eccentricity , asymptote, of following hyperbola

(𝑖) 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 36, (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = −4
𝑥2 𝑦2
(𝑖) − = 1;
4 9

Axis of hyperbola is 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 (0,0), 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 (±2,0), 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑐 = √4 + 9 = 3.6

3.6
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑖 (±3.6,0); Eccentricity 𝑒 = = 1.8,
2
9 3
Asymptotes: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 => 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
4 2

𝑥2 𝑦2
(𝑖𝑖) − + = 1; Center (0,0), 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 of hyperbola is 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (0, ±1),
22 12

𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 = √5, Focii (0, ±1), 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = 2.24

𝑥2 𝑥
Asymptotes: − + 𝑦 2 = 0, 𝑦 = ± = ±0.5𝑥
4 2
Q. Find the center, foci, axis, vertices and eccentricity of the following curves, finally
sketch the curves.
(𝑖 ) (𝑥 − 2) 2 − 4(𝑦 + 1)2 = 4 , (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 8
(𝑖) Given (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4(𝑦 + 1)2 = 4; 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑋, 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑌 => 𝑥 = 𝑋 + 2,
𝑦 =𝑌−1
𝑋2 𝑌2
− = 1, Axis of hyperbola is 𝑋 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
22 12

New Axes(𝑋, 𝑌) Old Axes (𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑥 = 𝑋 + 2, 𝑦 = 𝑌 − 1

Center (0,0) Center (2, −1)
Vertices (2,0), (−2,0) (4, −1), (0, −1)
Foci ((2.24,0), (−2.24,0) (4.24, −1); (−0.24, −1)

2.24
𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒 = = 1.12
2
𝑥
Asymptote 𝑦 = ±
2